Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	VictoriaMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	123,485	58,395	65,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12,510	6,320	6,190	10.1	10.8	9.5
0 to 4 years	3,840	1,995	1,845	3.1	3.4	2.8
5 to 9 years	4,305	2,155	2,155	3.5	3.7	3.3
10 to 14 years	4,360	2,170	2,195	3.5	3.7	3.4
15 to 64 years	80,305	38,825	41,480	65.0	66.5	63.7
15 to 19 years	4,545	2,235	2,315	3.7	3.8	3.6
20 to 24 years	8,320	3,695	4,625	6.7	6.3	7.1
25 to 29 years	10,250	4,970	5,275	8.3	8.5	8.1
30 to 34 years	10,375	5,205	5,160	8.4	8.9	7.9
35 to 39 years	8,910	4,495	4,415	7.2	7.7	6.8
40 to 44 years	7,600	3,775	3,830	6.2	6.5	5.9
45 to 49 years	6,995	3,450	3,550	5.7	5.9	5.5
50 to 54 years	7,295	3,555	3,740	5.9	6.1	5.7
55 to 59 years	7,795	3,690	4,110	6.3	6.3	6.3
60 to 64 years	8,215	3,750	4,460	6.7	6.4	6.9
65 years and over	30,670	13,255	17,420	24.8	22.7	26.8
65 to 69 years	8,475	3,775	4,695	6.9	6.5	7.2
70 to 74 years	8,395	3,845	4,550	6.8	6.6	7.0
75 to 79 years	5,530	2,535	2,990	4.5	4.3	4.6
80 to 84 years	3,640	1,540	2,100	2.9	2.6	3.2
85 years and over	4,640	1,560	3,080	3.8	2.7	4.7
85 to 89 years	2,425	925	1,495	2.0	1.6	2.3
90 to 94 years	1,650	490	1,155	1.3	0.8	1.8
95 to 99 years	495	125	375	0.4	0.2	0.6
100 years and over	65	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	10.1	10.8	9.5	10.1	10.8	9.5
15 to 64 years	65.0	66.5	63.7	65.0	66.5	63.7
65 years and over	24.8	22.7	26.8	24.8	22.7	26.8
85 years and over	3.8	2.7	4.7	3.8	2.7	4.7
Average age of the population	45.7	44.5	46.8	45.7	44.5	46.8
Median age of the population	44.4	42.8	46.0	44.4	42.8	46.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	62,820	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	14,470	...	...	23.0	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,355	...	...	2.2	...	...
Row house	2,625	...	...	4.2	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	5,905	...	...	9.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	26,910	...	...	42.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	11,420	...	...	18.2	...	...
Other single-attached house	105	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	35	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	62,820	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	28,180	...	...	44.9	...	...
2 persons	22,205	...	...	35.3	...	...
3 persons	6,130	...	...	9.8	...	...
4 persons	4,375	...	...	7.0	...	...
5 or more persons	1,935	...	...	3.1	...	...
Number of persons in private households	119,070	56,485	62,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	110,975	52,075	58,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	54,650	27,255	27,395	49.2	52.3	46.5
Married	40,095	19,985	20,115	36.1	38.4	34.2
Living common-law	14,560	7,275	7,285	13.1	14.0	12.4
Living common law - Never married	11,560	5,750	5,810	10.4	11.0	9.9
Living common law - Separated	320	175	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	2,470	1,265	1,210	2.2	2.4	2.1
Living common law - Widowed	200	85	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	56,320	24,820	31,500	50.8	47.7	53.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	36,520	18,570	17,950	32.9	35.7	30.5
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,960	1,225	1,735	2.7	2.4	2.9
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	10,700	3,780	6,920	9.6	7.3	11.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,145	1,245	4,900	5.5	2.4	8.3
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	30,745	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	20,430	...	...	66.4	...	...
3 persons	5,195	...	...	16.9	...	...
4 persons	4,005	...	...	13.0	...	...
5 or more persons	1,110	...	...	3.6	...	...
Average size of census families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	30,745	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	26,385	...	...	85.8	...	...
Married couples	19,110	...	...	62.2	...	...
With children⁶	7,770	...	...	25.3	...	...
Without children	11,345	...	...	36.9	...	...
Common-law couples	7,275	...	...	23.7	...	...
With children⁶	1,265	...	...	4.1	...	...
Without children	6,005	...	...	19.5	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,360	...	...	14.2	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,475	...	...	11.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	885	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	119,065	56,490	62,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	78,325	38,215	40,110	65.8	67.6	64.1
Married spouses or common-law partners	52,770	26,370	26,395	44.3	46.7	42.2
Parents in one-parent families	4,360	885	3,475	3.7	1.6	5.6
Children⁶	21,200	10,955	10,245	17.8	19.4	16.4
In a two-parent family	15,250	7,825	7,425	12.8	13.9	11.9
In a one-parent family	5,955	3,135	2,820	5.0	5.5	4.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	40,740	18,275	22,465	34.2	32.4	35.9
Living alone	28,180	12,065	16,115	23.7	21.4	25.8
Living with other relatives⁷	2,000	890	1,105	1.7	1.6	1.8
Living with non-relatives only	10,560	5,320	5,240	8.9	9.4	8.4
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	62,820	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,995	...	...	44.6	...	...
Couple-family households	24,235	...	...	38.6	...	...
With children⁶	8,175	...	...	13.0	...	...
Without children	16,060	...	...	25.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,760	...	...	6.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	565	...	...	0.9	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	255	...	...	0.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,395	...	...	2.2	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,425	...	...	7.0	...	...
One-person households	28,175	...	...	44.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	106,595	50,190	56,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	104,420	49,095	55,330	98.0	97.8	98.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	48,000	41,600	44,400	48,000	41,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	104,480	49,125	55,350	98.0	97.9	98.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	42,800	38,000	40,000	42,800	38,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	96,535	45,380	51,155	90.6	90.4	90.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	44,400	34,000	38,800	44,400	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	74,050	36,085	37,965	69.5	71.9	67.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	42,800	34,400	38,400	42,800	34,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,925	38,870	48,050	81.5	77.4	85.2
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,900	9,300	10,200	9,900	9,300	10,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,865	3,575	4,290	7.4	7.1	7.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,320	5,200	5,400	5,320	5,200	5,400
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	27,625	12,850	14,780	25.9	25.6	26.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	106,685	50,235	56,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	104,485	49,250	55,230	97.9	98.0	97.8
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,850	67,700	52,800	59,850	67,700	52,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	104,525	49,275	55,250	98.0	98.1	97.9
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,960	53,700	44,760	48,960	53,700	44,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	96,465	45,465	51,005	90.4	90.5	90.4
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,250	64,600	46,840	55,250	64,600	46,840
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	74,165	36,265	37,900	69.5	72.2	67.1
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,450	58,900	44,320	51,450	58,900	44,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,700	38,915	47,780	81.3	77.5	84.6
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,670	10,250	11,010	10,670	10,250	11,010
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,625	3,445	4,180	7.1	6.9	7.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,285	5,990	6,520	6,285	5,990	6,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	27,225	12,615	14,610	25.5	25.1	25.9
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,020	8,920	9,110	9,020	8,920	9,110
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	106,685	50,235	56,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	33,520	17,800	15,720	31.4	35.4	27.9
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,500	68,000	62,000	64,500	68,000	62,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	79,200	85,800	71,600	79,200	85,800	71,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	32,260	14,510	17,750	30.2	28.9	31.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,600	22,000	18,000	19,600	22,000	18,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,560	34,640	27,240	30,560	34,640	27,240
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.2	88.0	82.0	85.2	88.0	82.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	61.0	64.0	57.6	61.0	64.0	57.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	14.8	11.9	18.0	14.8	11.9	18.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.6	0.9	0.8	0.6	0.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.8	4.1	5.7	4.8	4.1	5.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.9	3.4	4.6	3.9	3.4	4.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	106,595	50,190	56,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	2,170	1,095	1,080	2.0	2.2	1.9
With total income	104,425	49,095	55,330	98.0	97.8	98.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,305	3,330	3,980	7.0	6.8	7.2
$10,000 to $19,999	10,030	4,395	5,645	9.6	8.9	10.2
$20,000 to $29,999	15,815	6,480	9,335	15.1	13.2	16.9
$30,000 to $39,999	13,560	5,915	7,645	13.0	12.0	13.8
$40,000 to $49,999	12,130	5,470	6,665	11.6	11.1	12.0
$50,000 to $59,999	10,095	4,495	5,600	9.7	9.1	10.1
$60,000 to $69,999	7,845	3,745	4,100	7.5	7.6	7.4
$70,000 to $79,999	6,295	3,145	3,150	6.0	6.4	5.7
$80,000 to $89,999	4,790	2,515	2,275	4.6	5.1	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	3,695	1,915	1,780	3.5	3.9	3.2
$100,000 and over	12,855	7,695	5,155	12.3	15.7	9.3
$100,000 to $149,999	7,880	4,430	3,450	7.5	9.0	6.2
$150,000 and over	4,975	3,275	1,705	4.8	6.7	3.1
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	106,595	50,190	56,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	2,115	1,060	1,050	2.0	2.1	1.9
With after-tax income	104,480	49,125	55,355	98.0	97.9	98.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,815	3,515	4,300	7.5	7.1	7.8
$10,000 to $19,999	10,440	4,550	5,890	10.0	9.3	10.6
$20,000 to $29,999	17,965	7,520	10,450	17.2	15.3	18.9
$30,000 to $39,999	15,880	7,000	8,880	15.2	14.2	16.1
$40,000 to $49,999	13,935	6,260	7,675	13.3	12.8	13.9
$50,000 to $59,999	10,670	5,005	5,670	10.2	10.2	10.2
$60,000 to $69,999	7,800	3,910	3,885	7.5	8.0	7.0
$70,000 to $79,999	5,715	2,940	2,775	5.5	6.0	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	4,015	2,155	1,860	3.8	4.4	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	2,650	1,410	1,240	2.5	2.9	2.2
$100,000 and over	7,595	4,855	2,735	7.3	9.9	4.9
$100,000 to $124,999	3,365	2,040	1,325	3.2	4.2	2.4
$125,000 and over	4,225	2,815	1,410	4.0	5.7	2.5
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	106,595	50,190	56,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	32,545	14,100	18,440	30.5	28.1	32.7
With employment income	74,050	36,085	37,965	69.5	71.9	67.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,045	4,575	5,470	13.6	12.7	14.4
$5,000 to $9,999	5,780	2,490	3,290	7.8	6.9	8.7
$10,000 to $19,999	8,730	3,800	4,925	11.8	10.5	13.0
$20,000 to $29,999	6,960	3,225	3,740	9.4	8.9	9.9
$30,000 to $39,999	6,525	3,145	3,370	8.8	8.7	8.9
$40,000 to $49,999	6,530	3,090	3,440	8.8	8.6	9.1
$50,000 to $59,999	6,275	2,915	3,365	8.5	8.1	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	5,010	2,420	2,585	6.8	6.7	6.8
$70,000 to $79,999	4,090	2,110	1,980	5.5	5.8	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	3,300	1,765	1,535	4.5	4.9	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	2,665	1,400	1,265	3.6	3.9	3.3
$100,000 and over	8,140	5,145	2,995	11.0	14.3	7.9
$100,000 to $124,999	3,645	2,065	1,580	4.9	5.7	4.2
$125,000 and over	4,495	3,080	1,410	6.1	8.5	3.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	106,595	50,190	56,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	102,090	47,895	54,195	95.8	95.4	96.1
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	46,000	38,000	41,600	46,000	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	102,230	47,935	54,295	95.9	95.5	96.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,400	34,400	36,800	40,400	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	95,560	44,890	50,670	89.6	89.4	89.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,000	34,000	38,400	44,000	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,780	37,075	39,705	72.0	73.9	70.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	40,400	32,000	36,000	40,400	32,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,395	30,585	40,805	67.0	60.9	72.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,080	3,720	5,720	5,080	3,720	5,720
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,905	2,250	2,650	4.6	4.5	4.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,280	4,960	5,680	5,280	4,960	5,680
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	106,685	50,235	56,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	102,255	48,055	54,200	95.8	95.7	96.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,700	64,900	49,400	56,700	64,900	49,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	102,390	48,125	54,260	96.0	95.8	96.1
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,560	52,100	41,640	46,560	52,100	41,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	95,520	44,985	50,535	89.5	89.5	89.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,700	64,000	46,400	54,700	64,000	46,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,740	37,250	39,490	71.9	74.2	70.0
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,520	56,150	41,320	48,520	56,150	41,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,365	30,380	40,980	66.9	60.5	72.6
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,020	7,930	8,100	8,020	7,930	8,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,935	2,200	2,730	4.6	4.4	4.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,880	6,075	7,530	6,880	6,075	7,530
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	106,685	50,235	56,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	33,085	17,525	15,555	31.0	34.9	27.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,000	63,600	56,800	60,000	63,600	56,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,900	80,500	64,300	72,900	80,500	64,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	30,845	13,890	16,960	28.9	27.7	30.0
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,800	26,600	22,000	23,800	26,600	22,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,600	41,480	30,760	35,600	41,480	30,760
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.2	92.2	87.6	90.2	92.2	87.6
Employment income (%)	64.2	67.0	61.0	64.2	67.0	61.0
Government transfers (%)	9.9	7.7	12.4	9.9	7.7	12.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.4	0.8	0.6	0.4	0.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	62,820	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...	64,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	28,175	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,800	...	...	44,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400	...	...	40,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	34,645	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	62,830	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	99,500	...	...	99,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	81,500	...	...	81,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	28,155	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	56,850	...	...	56,850	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,920	...	...	45,920	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	34,670	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	134,200	...	...	134,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,300	...	...	110,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	62,825	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	905	...	...	1.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	430	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	700	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,710	...	...	2.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,265	...	...	5.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,540	...	...	4.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,545	...	...	4.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,760	...	...	4.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,680	...	...	4.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,725	...	...	4.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,185	...	...	8.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,825	...	...	7.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,455	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,795	...	...	6.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,285	...	...	5.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,015	...	...	33.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,230	...	...	9.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,270	...	...	6.8	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,985	...	...	7.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,525	...	...	8.8	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	62,825	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,040	...	...	1.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	445	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	720	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,760	...	...	2.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,470	...	...	5.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,985	...	...	4.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,050	...	...	4.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,190	...	...	5.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,275	...	...	5.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,125	...	...	5.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	6,035	...	...	9.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,205	...	...	8.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,705	...	...	7.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,830	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,255	...	...	5.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	16,720	...	...	26.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,920	...	...	9.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,780	...	...	6.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,025	...	...	11.2	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	30,935	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	16,745	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	9,070	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	148,000	...	...	148,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...	127,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,240	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...	64,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	38,745	17,385	21,355	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,400	40,800	40,000	40,400	40,800	40,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	37,200	36,800	36,800	37,200	36,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	30,910	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	137,800	...	...	137,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,400	...	...	112,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	16,775	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	128,200	...	...	128,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,900	...	...	105,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,125	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	183,400	...	...	183,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,000	...	...	145,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,165	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,300	...	...	81,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,600	...	...	69,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	38,860	17,365	21,500	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,200	52,300	50,360	51,200	52,300	50,360
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,320	40,800	43,520	42,320	40,800	43,520
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	119,065	56,485	62,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	15,100	7,625	7,480	12.7	13.5	12.0
0 to 5 years	4,665	2,400	2,260	3.9	4.2	3.6
18 to 64 years	76,255	36,480	39,770	64.0	64.6	63.6
65 years and over	27,710	12,385	15,330	23.3	21.9	24.5
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	14,245	6,460	7,780	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,850	930	925	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	630	305	325	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	8,585	4,030	4,555	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,800	1,505	2,295	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.0	11.4	12.4	12.0	11.4	12.4
0 to 17 years (%)	12.3	12.2	12.4	12.3	12.2	12.4
0 to 5 years (%)	13.5	12.7	14.4	13.5	12.7	14.4
18 to 64 years (%)	11.3	11.0	11.5	11.3	11.0	11.5
65 years and over (%)	13.7	12.2	15.0	13.7	12.2	15.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	119,065	56,485	62,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	15,100	7,625	7,480	12.7	13.5	12.0
0 to 5 years	4,665	2,400	2,260	3.9	4.2	3.6
18 to 64 years	76,255	36,480	39,770	64.0	64.6	63.6
65 years and over	27,710	12,385	15,330	23.3	21.9	24.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	7,035	3,420	3,620	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	790	370	415	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	210	100	105	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,590	2,740	2,850	...	...	...
65 years and over	655	305	350	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.9	6.1	5.8	5.9	6.1	5.8
0 to 17 years (%)	5.2	4.9	5.6	5.2	4.9	5.6
0 to 5 years (%)	4.5	4.3	4.6	4.5	4.3	4.6
18 to 64 years (%)	7.3	7.5	7.2	7.3	7.5	7.2
65 years and over (%)	2.4	2.5	2.3	2.4	2.5	2.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	119,065	56,485	62,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	57,945	26,700	31,250	48.7	47.3	49.9
In bottom decile	14,575	6,760	7,815	12.2	12.0	12.5
In second decile	11,670	5,155	6,510	9.8	9.1	10.4
In third decile	10,850	5,070	5,780	9.1	9.0	9.2
In fourth decile	10,295	4,805	5,490	8.6	8.5	8.8
In fifth decile	10,555	4,905	5,655	8.9	8.7	9.0
In top half of the distribution	61,120	29,790	31,330	51.3	52.7	50.1
In sixth decile	10,540	4,990	5,545	8.9	8.8	8.9
In seventh decile	10,560	5,080	5,485	8.9	9.0	8.8
In eighth decile	11,545	5,620	5,925	9.7	9.9	9.5
In ninth decile	12,735	6,270	6,460	10.7	11.1	10.3
In top decile	15,745	7,825	7,920	13.2	13.9	12.7
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	119,065	...	...	119,065	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.376	...	...	0.376	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.470	...	...	0.470	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.329	...	...	0.329	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.4	...	...	4.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	120,720	57,125	63,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	103,425	49,745	53,685	85.7	87.1	84.4
French only	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	16,290	6,960	9,335	13.5	12.2	14.7
Neither English nor French	955	405	550	0.8	0.7	0.9
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	120,720	57,125	63,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	117,305	55,600	61,710	97.2	97.3	97.0
French	2,060	945	1,110	1.7	1.7	1.7
English and French	440	195	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Neither English nor French	910	385	530	0.8	0.7	0.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	120,720	57,125	63,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	117,415	55,630	61,785	97.3	97.4	97.2
Official languages	100,155	48,125	52,035	83.0	84.2	81.8
English	98,100	47,175	50,920	81.3	82.6	80.1
French	2,060	950	1,110	1.7	1.7	1.7
Non-official languages	17,260	7,505	9,755	14.3	13.1	15.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	17,210	7,490	9,725	14.3	13.1	15.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,035	545	495	0.9	1.0	0.8
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	930	495	435	0.8	0.9	0.7
Amharic	75	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	745	410	335	0.6	0.7	0.5
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	60	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	320	130	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	290	120	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,695	655	1,045	1.4	1.1	1.6
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,345	510	835	1.1	0.9	1.3
Waray-Waray	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	245	140	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	125	80	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	8,185	3,710	4,475	6.8	6.5	7.0
Albanian	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,595	660	935	1.3	1.2	1.5
Baltic languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,555	645	915	1.3	1.1	1.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	130	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	390	165	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
Russian	470	195	275	0.4	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	230	90	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	60	30	35	0.0	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	190	65	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,085	860	1,225	1.7	1.5	1.9
Frisian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,320	520	800	1.1	0.9	1.3
German	1,260	495	765	1.0	0.9	1.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	550	250	305	0.5	0.4	0.5
Afrikaans	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dutch	455	195	260	0.4	0.3	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	210	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Swedish	55	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	1,985	1,015	975	1.6	1.8	1.5
Indo-Aryan languages	1,410	725	680	1.2	1.3	1.1
Assamese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	330	185	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	535	255	280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	175	95	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	575	290	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	535	255	280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	460	220	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,315	1,065	1,255	1.9	1.9	2.0
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	305	145	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	515	225	290	0.4	0.4	0.5
Romanian	125	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	1,365	630	730	1.1	1.1	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	655	170	490	0.5	0.3	0.8
Korean	680	280	405	0.6	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,560	1,515	2,050	2.9	2.7	3.2
Chinese languages	3,520	1,490	2,030	2.9	2.6	3.2
Hakka	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,975	795	1,180	1.6	1.4	1.9
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,385	630	755	1.1	1.1	1.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	160	40	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	155	40	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	140	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	305	130	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Estonian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	85	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,305	1,495	1,810	2.7	2.6	2.8
English and French	710	310	400	0.6	0.5	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	2,200	1,020	1,185	1.8	1.8	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	245	100	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	120,720	57,125	63,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	101,785	48,665	53,120	84.3	85.2	83.5
French	405	190	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	3,720	1,710	2,015	3.1	3.0	3.2
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,715	1,700	2,015	3.1	3.0	3.2
English and French	1,830	785	1,045	1.5	1.4	1.6
English and non-official language(s)	11,945	5,325	6,620	9.9	9.3	10.4
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	665	290	380	0.6	0.5	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	330	145	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	120,720	57,125	63,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	118,085	55,925	62,155	97.8	97.9	97.7
Official languages	110,505	52,420	58,085	91.5	91.8	91.3
English	109,890	52,145	57,750	91.0	91.3	90.8
French	615	280	335	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official languages	7,580	3,505	4,075	6.3	6.1	6.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,575	3,500	4,070	6.3	6.1	6.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	595	295	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Berber languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	540	270	270	0.4	0.5	0.4
Amharic	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	445	235	210	0.4	0.4	0.3
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	165	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	160	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	915	415	500	0.8	0.7	0.8
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	770	345	425	0.6	0.6	0.7
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	140	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tamil	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,615	1,270	1,345	2.2	2.2	2.1
Albanian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	480	220	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baltic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	480	220	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	225	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	210	90	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	135	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	960	520	440	0.8	0.9	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages	620	345	275	0.5	0.6	0.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	60	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Gujarati	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	145	90	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	215	120	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	340	175	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	315	155	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	280	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	885	400	485	0.7	0.7	0.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	250	110	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	530	240	290	0.4	0.4	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	235	80	155	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korean	420	185	235	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,200	975	1,230	1.8	1.7	1.9
Chinese languages	2,175	960	1,220	1.8	1.7	1.9
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,370	600	770	1.1	1.1	1.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	750	330	420	0.6	0.6	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	60	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	60	30	35	0.0	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,635	1,195	1,435	2.2	2.1	2.3
English and French	285	125	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,220	1,010	1,205	1.8	1.8	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	120,720	57,125	63,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	108,050	51,540	56,515	89.5	90.2	88.9
English	3,235	1,500	1,735	2.7	2.6	2.7
French	1,465	620	845	1.2	1.1	1.3
Non-official language	6,315	2,700	3,610	5.2	4.7	5.7
Indigenous³⁹	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	6,220	2,655	3,570	5.2	4.6	5.6
English and French	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	480	235	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	440	195	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	665	300	365	0.6	0.5	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	119,225	56,530	62,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	118,210	56,110	62,100	99.1	99.3	99.0
English	118,170	56,105	62,070	99.1	99.2	99.0
French	16,320	7,035	9,285	13.7	12.4	14.8
Non-official languages	27,455	12,370	15,085	23.0	21.9	24.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	375	150	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
Algonquian languages	200	60	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	120	35	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	105	30	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	105	25	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	45	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	27,135	12,255	14,875	22.8	21.7	23.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,545	810	735	1.3	1.4	1.2
Berber languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Somali	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,465	770	695	1.2	1.4	1.1
Amharic	130	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,070	595	475	0.9	1.1	0.8
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	235	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	490	205	280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	420	175	250	0.4	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,535	1,010	1,525	2.1	1.8	2.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	195	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indonesian	110	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,300	905	1,395	1.9	1.6	2.2
Waray-Waray	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	455	260	195	0.4	0.5	0.3
Kannada	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	220	135	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamil	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	160	85	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	15,170	7,090	8,085	12.7	12.5	12.9
Albanian	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,130	990	1,145	1.8	1.8	1.8
Baltic languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,085	965	1,120	1.7	1.7	1.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	150	55	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	470	220	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	850	400	450	0.7	0.7	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	360	175	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	185	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	300	155	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Irish	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,985	1,825	2,160	3.3	3.2	3.4
Frisian	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,785	1,285	1,495	2.3	2.3	2.4
German	2,745	1,280	1,465	2.3	2.3	2.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	50	0	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Yiddish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	910	385	520	0.8	0.7	0.8
Afrikaans	220	140	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Dutch	675	245	430	0.6	0.4	0.7
Low German, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	455	220	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Danish	175	85	90	0.1	0.2	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	155	90	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Swedish	180	80	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	2,655	1,370	1,290	2.2	2.4	2.1
Indo-Aryan languages	2,085	1,080	1,000	1.7	1.9	1.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	170	90	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	1,035	595	445	0.9	1.1	0.7
Kacchi	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	115	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	845	435	410	0.7	0.8	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	315	160	155	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	620	320	305	0.5	0.6	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	570	280	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	515	255	260	0.4	0.5	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,980	3,175	3,810	5.9	5.6	6.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,100	405	695	0.9	0.7	1.1
Portuguese	755	370	390	0.6	0.7	0.6
Romanian	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	5,505	2,580	2,920	4.6	4.6	4.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,440	545	895	1.2	1.0	1.4
Korean	850	365	485	0.7	0.6	0.8
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	355	190	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	55	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	330	105	230	0.3	0.2	0.4
American Sign Language	290	75	210	0.2	0.1	0.3
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	55	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,380	1,885	2,490	3.7	3.3	4.0
Chinese languages	4,325	1,850	2,480	3.6	3.3	4.0
Hakka	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,930	1,215	1,715	2.5	2.1	2.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	125	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,865	825	1,040	1.6	1.5	1.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	55	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Burmese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	215	75	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	210	75	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	345	160	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	310	145	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	460	215	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Estonian	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	145	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	280	145	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	119,230	56,530	62,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	5,180	2,330	2,855	4.3	4.1	4.6
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	4,950	2,245	2,700	4.2	4.0	4.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,745	1,335	1,410	2.3	2.4	2.2
Métis	2,175	905	1,270	1.8	1.6	2.0
Inuk (Inuit)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	140	40	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	114,050	54,200	59,850	95.7	95.9	95.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	119,230	56,530	62,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,770	840	930	1.5	1.5	1.5
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	117,460	55,695	61,765	98.5	98.5	98.5
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	62,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	28,885	...	...	46.0	...	...
Renter	33,950	...	...	54.0	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	62,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	16,770	...	...	26.7	...	...
Not condominium	46,065	...	...	73.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	62,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	2,395	...	...	3.8	...	...
1 bedroom	21,460	...	...	34.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	20,750	...	...	33.0	...	...
3 bedrooms	9,725	...	...	15.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	8,500	...	...	13.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	62,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	35,250	...	...	56.1	...	...
5 rooms	8,495	...	...	13.5	...	...
6 rooms	5,160	...	...	8.2	...	...
7 rooms	4,120	...	...	6.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	9,805	...	...	15.6	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.8	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	62,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	61,935	...	...	98.6	...	...
More than one person per room	895	...	...	1.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	62,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	59,745	...	...	95.1	...	...
Not suitable	3,085	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	62,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	21,760	...	...	34.6	...	...
1961 to 1980	20,075	...	...	32.0	...	...
1981 to 1990	5,770	...	...	9.2	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,240	...	...	8.3	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,820	...	...	2.9	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,505	...	...	4.0	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,055	...	...	3.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,600	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	62,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	58,900	...	...	93.7	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,925	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	62,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	36,330	...	...	57.8	...	...
Two-maintainer household	24,015	...	...	38.2	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,480	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	62,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,320	...	...	5.3	...	...
25 to 34 years	11,085	...	...	17.6	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,820	...	...	15.6	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,980	...	...	14.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,215	...	...	16.3	...	...
65 to 74 years	11,145	...	...	17.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	6,005	...	...	9.6	...	...
85 years and over	2,260	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	62,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	42,585	...	...	68.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	20,000	...	...	32.0	...	...
30% to less than 100%	17,725	...	...	28.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	62,825	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	24,715	...	...	39.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	17,925	...	...	28.5	...	...
Not suitable only	2,065	...	...	3.3	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,495	...	...	4.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	800	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,215	...	...	1.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	155	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	60	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	38,115	...	...	60.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	60,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	10,525	...	...	17.5	...	...
Not in core need	49,790	...	...	82.5	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	28,870	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	52.3	...	...	52.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	19.7	...	...	19.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	7.4	...	...	7.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,290	...	...	1,290	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,704	...	...	1,704	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	...	...	900,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,045,000	...	...	1,045,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	33,945	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.1	...	...	11.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	42.4	...	...	42.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	26.2	...	...	26.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,310	...	...	1,310	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,404	...	...	1,404	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	119,230	56,525	62,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,330	595	735	1.1	1.1	1.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,305	580	720	1.1	1.0	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,075	490	585	0.9	0.9	0.9
Métis single ancestry	215	85	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	4,875	2,265	2,610	4.1	4.0	4.2
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	4,700	2,195	2,495	3.9	3.9	4.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,280	1,630	1,640	2.8	2.9	2.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,405	555	840	1.2	1.0	1.3
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	175	65	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	170	60	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	113,020	53,670	59,355	94.8	94.9	94.7
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	119,230	56,525	62,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	108,715	51,590	57,120	91.2	91.3	91.1
Canadian citizens aged under 18	14,175	7,085	7,090	11.9	12.5	11.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	94,540	44,505	50,030	79.3	78.7	79.8
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	10,515	4,935	5,575	8.8	8.7	8.9
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	119,230	56,525	62,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	91,050	43,515	47,535	76.4	77.0	75.8
Immigrants⁸¹	24,415	11,175	13,240	20.5	19.8	21.1
Before 1980	8,400	3,790	4,610	7.0	6.7	7.4
1980 to 1990	2,490	1,185	1,305	2.1	2.1	2.1
1991 to 2000	3,085	1,355	1,730	2.6	2.4	2.8
2001 to 2010	4,015	1,790	2,225	3.4	3.2	3.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	6,425	3,055	3,370	5.4	5.4	5.4
2011 to 2015	2,470	1,155	1,315	2.1	2.0	2.1
2016 to 2021	3,955	1,900	2,055	3.3	3.4	3.3
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,765	1,835	1,930	3.2	3.2	3.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	24,415	11,175	13,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,570	1,200	1,370	10.5	10.7	10.3
5 to 14 years	3,990	2,065	1,935	16.3	18.5	14.6
15 to 24 years	4,340	1,905	2,435	17.8	17.0	18.4
25 to 44 years	11,245	5,035	6,205	46.1	45.1	46.9
45 years and over	2,265	970	1,295	9.3	8.7	9.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	24,415	11,175	13,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,315	1,895	2,425	17.7	17.0	18.3
Brazil	135	70	60	0.6	0.6	0.5
Colombia	145	60	85	0.6	0.5	0.6
El Salvador	80	35	40	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyana	45	20	25	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	25	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.2
Jamaica	140	85	55	0.6	0.8	0.4
Mexico	290	140	150	1.2	1.3	1.1
Peru	60	20	45	0.2	0.2	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	55	15	50	0.2	0.1	0.4
United States of America	2,730	1,160	1,565	11.2	10.4	11.8
Other places of birth in Americas	600	285	315	2.5	2.6	2.4
Europe	9,685	4,590	5,100	39.7	41.1	38.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	15	25	0.2	0.1	0.2
Croatia	55	20	35	0.2	0.2	0.3
France	245	95	140	1.0	0.9	1.1
Germany	805	375	430	3.3	3.4	3.2
Greece	50	40	15	0.2	0.4	0.1
Hungary	185	95	85	0.8	0.9	0.6
Italy	185	90	90	0.8	0.8	0.7
Netherlands	475	185	290	1.9	1.7	2.2
Poland	345	175	170	1.4	1.6	1.3
Portugal	120	40	75	0.5	0.4	0.6
Romania	130	65	55	0.5	0.6	0.4
Russian Federation	340	150	185	1.4	1.3	1.4
Serbia⁸⁶	95	45	50	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ukraine	150	80	70	0.6	0.7	0.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	5,275	2,575	2,700	21.6	23.0	20.4
Other places of birth in Europe	1,205	540	665	4.9	4.8	5.0
Africa	1,415	695	720	5.8	6.2	5.4
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	75	60	15	0.3	0.5	0.1
Eritrea	50	30	25	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ethiopia	135	45	90	0.6	0.4	0.7
Morocco	105	55	55	0.4	0.5	0.4
Nigeria	75	30	35	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somalia	25	20	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	420	195	225	1.7	1.7	1.7
Other places of birth in Africa	525	265	265	2.2	2.4	2.0
Asia	8,530	3,700	4,830	34.9	33.1	36.5
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	355	185	165	1.5	1.7	1.2
Iraq	50	30	20	0.2	0.3	0.2
Lebanon	60	20	35	0.2	0.2	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	190	115	70	0.8	1.0	0.5
Turkey	160	85	70	0.7	0.8	0.5
China⁹⁰	1,925	805	1,130	7.9	7.2	8.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	295	140	160	1.2	1.3	1.2
Korea, South⁹²	495	210	285	2.0	1.9	2.2
Taiwan	215	75	140	0.9	0.7	1.1
Philippines	2,120	855	1,265	8.7	7.7	9.6
Viet Nam	280	125	155	1.1	1.1	1.2
Bangladesh	75	45	35	0.3	0.4	0.3
India	830	455	370	3.4	4.1	2.8
Pakistan	185	85	100	0.8	0.8	0.8
Sri Lanka	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	1,230	445	790	5.0	4.0	6.0
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	470	295	175	1.9	2.6	1.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	3,955	1,900	2,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	605	275	330	15.3	14.5	16.1
Brazil	55	25	30	1.4	1.3	1.5
Colombia	25	0	20	0.6	0.0	1.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	15	10	10	0.4	0.5	0.5
Mexico	50	25	25	1.3	1.3	1.2
United States of America	355	155	200	9.0	8.2	9.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	10	15	0.6	0.5	0.7
Other places of birth in Americas	80	45	35	2.0	2.4	1.7
Europe	590	330	260	14.9	17.4	12.7
France	35	15	20	0.9	0.8	1.0
Germany	60	20	40	1.5	1.1	1.9
Ireland⁹⁶	50	30	20	1.3	1.6	1.0
Italy	15	15	0	0.4	0.8	0.0
Russian Federation	25	0	20	0.6	0.0	1.0
Ukraine	30	10	25	0.8	0.5	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	255	165	90	6.4	8.7	4.4
Other places of birth in Europe	115	60	55	2.9	3.2	2.7
Africa	360	160	200	9.1	8.4	9.7
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	10	10	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Eritrea	20	15	0	0.5	0.8	0.0
Ethiopia	55	15	35	1.4	0.8	1.7
Morocco	20	0	20	0.5	0.0	1.0
Nigeria	45	20	25	1.1	1.1	1.2
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	40	20	20	1.0	1.1	1.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	135	65	75	3.4	3.4	3.6
Asia	2,295	1,050	1,250	58.0	55.3	60.8
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	30	15	10	0.8	0.8	0.5
China⁹⁰	375	130	245	9.5	6.8	11.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	350	185	165	8.8	9.7	8.0
Iran⁸⁸	45	20	20	1.1	1.1	1.0
Iraq	40	20	20	1.0	1.1	1.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	70	25	50	1.8	1.3	2.4
Jordan	10	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	115	40	75	2.9	2.1	3.6
Lebanon	30	0	20	0.8	0.0	1.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	80	45	35	2.0	2.4	1.7
Philippines	680	300	380	17.2	15.8	18.5
Saudi Arabia	15	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.5
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	175	105	75	4.4	5.5	3.6
Turkey	85	60	25	2.1	3.2	1.2
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	45	15	30	1.1	0.8	1.5
Other places of birth in Asia	125	55	70	3.2	2.9	3.4
Oceania and other⁹³	110	90	15	2.8	4.7	0.7
Australia	70	60	15	1.8	3.2	0.7
Other places of birth⁹⁸	35	35	0	0.9	1.8	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	119,230	56,530	62,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	30,905	14,300	16,605	25.9	25.3	26.5
Second generation¹⁰¹	26,860	12,595	14,265	22.5	22.3	22.8
Third generation or more¹⁰²	61,460	29,635	31,825	51.5	52.4	50.8
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	16,015	7,385	8,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	9,060	4,415	4,650	56.6	59.8	53.9
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	4,365	2,385	1,975	27.3	32.3	22.9
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	4,700	2,025	2,680	29.3	27.4	31.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	5,590	2,240	3,350	34.9	30.3	38.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,205	660	555	7.5	8.9	6.4
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	150	70	75	0.9	0.9	0.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	16,015	7,385	8,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	370	205	170	2.3	2.8	2.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,210	1,395	1,820	20.0	18.9	21.1
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	840	365	475	5.2	4.9	5.5
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,430	650	780	8.9	8.8	9.0
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	100	40	55	0.6	0.5	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	10,060	4,730	5,325	62.8	64.0	61.7
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	119,230	56,525	62,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	20,410	9,510	10,900	17.1	16.8	17.4
South Asian	3,450	1,785	1,660	2.9	3.2	2.6
Chinese	5,140	2,320	2,825	4.3	4.1	4.5
Black	1,835	955	875	1.5	1.7	1.4
Filipino	2,775	1,070	1,700	2.3	1.9	2.7
Arab	875	510	365	0.7	0.9	0.6
Latin American	1,420	640	780	1.2	1.1	1.2
Southeast Asian	1,045	435	615	0.9	0.8	1.0
West Asian	630	315	315	0.5	0.6	0.5
Korean	860	380	480	0.7	0.7	0.8
Japanese	1,250	475	770	1.0	0.8	1.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	290	170	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	845	455	385	0.7	0.8	0.6
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	98,820	47,020	51,800	82.9	83.2	82.6
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	119,230	56,525	62,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	10,205	5,240	4,965	8.6	9.3	7.9
English	37,470	17,725	19,745	31.4	31.4	31.5
Irish	23,825	10,635	13,185	20.0	18.8	21.0
Scottish	29,635	13,600	16,030	24.9	24.1	25.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	10,530	4,780	5,755	8.8	8.5	9.2
German	15,295	7,200	8,095	12.8	12.7	12.9
Chinese	5,380	2,435	2,945	4.5	4.3	4.7
Italian	4,185	1,945	2,240	3.5	3.4	3.6
Indian (India)	2,450	1,290	1,165	2.1	2.3	1.9
Ukrainian	5,890	2,665	3,225	4.9	4.7	5.1
Dutch	5,475	2,550	2,925	4.6	4.5	4.7
Polish	4,205	1,960	2,250	3.5	3.5	3.6
Québécois	315	160	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	8,265	3,860	4,405	6.9	6.8	7.0
Filipino	2,720	1,070	1,650	2.3	1.9	2.6
French Canadian	1,380	645	735	1.2	1.1	1.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,590	1,270	1,320	2.2	2.2	2.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,755	855	900	1.5	1.5	1.4
Métis	1,825	725	1,100	1.5	1.3	1.8
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,250	1,600	1,655	2.7	2.8	2.6
Russian	2,795	1,255	1,540	2.3	2.2	2.5
Norwegian	4,235	1,910	2,325	3.6	3.4	3.7
Welsh	4,415	2,005	2,415	3.7	3.5	3.9
Portuguese	885	410	475	0.7	0.7	0.8
American	2,780	1,290	1,490	2.3	2.3	2.4
Spanish	1,355	610	740	1.1	1.1	1.2
Swedish	3,040	1,385	1,660	2.5	2.5	2.6
Hungarian	1,650	800	850	1.4	1.4	1.4
Acadian	425	200	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pakistani	235	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	585	315	270	0.5	0.6	0.4
Jewish	1,850	935	915	1.6	1.7	1.5
Punjabi	295	150	150	0.2	0.3	0.2
Vietnamese	560	265	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	350	215	135	0.3	0.4	0.2
Greek	720	330	395	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jamaican	335	160	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	480	180	300	0.4	0.3	0.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	670	300	375	0.6	0.5	0.6
Korean	905	415	485	0.8	0.7	0.8
Romanian	830	405	425	0.7	0.7	0.7
Lebanese	370	190	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian	575	290	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	245	145	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Danish	1,940	885	1,060	1.6	1.6	1.7
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	555	315	240	0.5	0.6	0.4
Sikh	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	1,445	710	735	1.2	1.3	1.2
Belgian	705	355	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haitian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	165	105	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mexican	625	300	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mennonite	400	195	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	920	425	500	0.8	0.8	0.8
Finnish	1,075	500	565	0.9	0.9	0.9
Sri Lankan	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	540	255	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	1,400	540	855	1.2	1.0	1.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	215	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,085	490	595	0.9	0.9	0.9
Muslim	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	215	125	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	230	100	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	720	365	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Colombian	240	95	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	605	290	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Syrian	180	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Guyanese	85	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	325	165	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ojibway	275	115	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Newfoundlander	180	110	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hong Konger	145	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	110	30	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	205	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	175	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Turkish	355	155	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	125	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	95	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	300	130	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	480	195	285	0.4	0.3	0.5
Somali	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Taiwanese	230	95	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraqi	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Salvadorean	95	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	95	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	470	280	190	0.4	0.5	0.3
South African	425	190	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Australian	430	210	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Palestinian	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chilean	160	55	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Congolese	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	90	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	120	35	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	90	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Peruvian	180	80	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	70	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Berber	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Albanian	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	145	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	410	180	230	0.3	0.3	0.4
New Brunswicker	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Eritrean	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
African Canadian	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	140	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	140	45	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bulgarian	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
African American	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	145	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	75	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bosnian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	115	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	250	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cameroonian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	120	25	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Laotian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	225	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	310	130	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
British Columbian	470	225	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ecuadorian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	75	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	175	70	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kurdish	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	105	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	220	80	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Dominican	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	245	100	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Malaysian	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	35	35	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nicaraguan	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	60	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Manitoban	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cape Bretoner	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	55	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Senegalese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Burmese	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	95	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tanzanian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Basque	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Costa Rican	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	119,230	56,525	62,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,590	665	925	1.3	1.2	1.5
Christian	35,650	15,375	20,275	29.9	27.2	32.3
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	6,310	2,785	3,530	5.3	4.9	5.6
Anabaptist	125	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	6,180	2,585	3,595	5.2	4.6	5.7
Baptist	1,070	515	555	0.9	0.9	0.9
Catholic	11,970	5,320	6,650	10.0	9.4	10.6
Christian Orthodox	700	310	390	0.6	0.5	0.6
Jehovah's Witness	390	150	240	0.3	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	175	55	120	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lutheran	880	395	490	0.7	0.7	0.8
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	185	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	645	240	405	0.5	0.4	0.6
Presbyterian	925	395	530	0.8	0.7	0.8
Reformed	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	3,810	1,450	2,365	3.2	2.6	3.8
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,225	1,005	1,220	1.9	1.8	1.9
Hindu	895	505	390	0.8	0.9	0.6
Jewish	1,310	620	690	1.1	1.1	1.1
Muslim	2,135	1,155	980	1.8	2.0	1.6
Sikh	645	315	330	0.5	0.6	0.5
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	285	95	190	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other religions and spiritual traditions	2,485	1,035	1,450	2.1	1.8	2.3
No religion and secular perspectives	74,225	36,750	37,465	62.3	65.0	59.8
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	118,470	56,125	62,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	96,695	45,975	50,720	81.6	81.9	81.3
Movers	21,780	10,150	11,630	18.4	18.1	18.7
Non-migrants	13,335	6,335	6,995	11.3	11.3	11.2
Migrants	8,445	3,815	4,630	7.1	6.8	7.4
Internal migrants	6,935	3,195	3,740	5.9	5.7	6.0
Intraprovincial migrants	3,980	1,805	2,175	3.4	3.2	3.5
Interprovincial migrants	2,955	1,395	1,570	2.5	2.5	2.5
External migrants	1,505	620	885	1.3	1.1	1.4
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	115,385	54,480	60,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	58,300	27,565	30,735	50.5	50.6	50.5
Movers	57,085	26,915	30,175	49.5	49.4	49.5
Non-migrants	16,430	8,010	8,415	14.2	14.7	13.8
Migrants	40,660	18,905	21,755	35.2	34.7	35.7
Internal migrants	33,705	15,580	18,125	29.2	28.6	29.8
Intraprovincial migrants	24,055	11,040	13,010	20.8	20.3	21.4
Interprovincial migrants	9,650	4,540	5,110	8.4	8.3	8.4
External migrants	6,955	3,330	3,630	6.0	6.1	6.0
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	106,690	50,240	56,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,955	5,375	4,585	9.3	10.7	8.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	96,735	44,870	51,860	90.7	89.3	91.9
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	66,230	31,930	34,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,025	2,450	1,575	6.1	7.7	4.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	62,205	29,485	32,720	93.9	92.3	95.4
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	106,685	50,240	56,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,580	4,595	3,980	8.0	9.1	7.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	25,100	12,350	12,750	23.5	24.6	22.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	73,010	33,295	39,720	68.4	66.3	70.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,520	11,665	13,855	23.9	23.2	24.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,435	3,670	1,760	5.1	7.3	3.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,545	1,305	1,240	2.4	2.6	2.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,890	2,365	525	2.7	4.7	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,720	6,695	10,025	15.7	13.3	17.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,370	1,300	2,070	3.2	2.6	3.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	47,490	21,630	25,865	44.5	43.1	45.8
Bachelor's degree	27,785	12,320	15,460	26.0	24.5	27.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,890	1,250	1,635	2.7	2.5	2.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,565	905	655	1.5	1.8	1.2
Master's degree	12,300	5,325	6,970	11.5	10.6	12.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,960	1,815	1,140	2.8	3.6	2.0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	66,230	31,935	34,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,235	2,015	1,220	4.9	6.3	3.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,545	7,060	5,480	18.9	22.1	16.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	50,450	22,855	27,595	76.2	71.6	80.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,755	8,105	8,650	25.3	25.4	25.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,565	2,485	1,080	5.4	7.8	3.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,615	875	740	2.4	2.7	2.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,950	1,605	340	2.9	5.0	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,035	4,685	6,355	16.7	14.7	18.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,160	935	1,220	3.3	2.9	3.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,695	14,750	18,945	50.9	46.2	55.2
Bachelor's degree	20,120	8,875	11,245	30.4	27.8	32.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,930	810	1,120	2.9	2.5	3.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,095	575	520	1.7	1.8	1.5
Master's degree	8,950	3,620	5,330	13.5	11.3	15.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,600	875	725	2.4	2.7	2.1
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	106,685	50,235	56,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	33,675	16,945	16,730	31.6	33.7	29.6
Education	5,150	1,445	3,705	4.8	2.9	6.6
13. Education	5,150	1,445	3,705	4.8	2.9	6.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,180	1,765	2,415	3.9	3.5	4.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	255	220	35	0.2	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	3,920	1,545	2,380	3.7	3.1	4.2
Humanities	6,280	2,555	3,720	5.9	5.1	6.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	795	165	625	0.7	0.3	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	2,000	710	1,295	1.9	1.4	2.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,115	470	650	1.0	0.9	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	270	80	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
38. Philosophy and religious studies	470	305	165	0.4	0.6	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	310	200	105	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	1,105	580	525	1.0	1.2	0.9
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	220	45	170	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	13,780	5,275	8,505	12.9	10.5	15.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	400	105	295	0.4	0.2	0.5
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,425	540	880	1.3	1.1	1.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,185	100	1,080	1.1	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	1,960	860	1,100	1.8	1.7	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	430	145	285	0.4	0.3	0.5
42. Psychology	2,680	825	1,855	2.5	1.6	3.3
45. Social sciences	5,710	2,700	3,010	5.4	5.4	5.3
Business, management and public administration	12,390	5,420	6,970	11.6	10.8	12.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,725	455	1,275	1.6	0.9	2.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,660	4,965	5,695	10.0	9.9	10.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,080	2,185	1,895	3.8	4.3	3.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,910	835	1,075	1.8	1.7	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	640	275	360	0.6	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,350	995	350	1.3	2.0	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	65	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,430	2,385	1,045	3.2	4.7	1.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,445	1,890	555	2.3	3.8	1.0
25. Library science	385	80	305	0.4	0.2	0.5
27. Mathematics and statistics	515	345	165	0.5	0.7	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	90	75	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,355	7,200	1,155	7.8	14.3	2.0
04. Architecture and related services	725	435	295	0.7	0.9	0.5
14. Engineering	2,895	2,380	520	2.7	4.7	0.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,580	1,440	140	1.5	2.9	0.2
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,715	1,605	105	1.6	3.2	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	815	770	50	0.8	1.5	0.1
48. Precision production	610	570	40	0.6	1.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,540	800	745	1.4	1.6	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	675	305	370	0.6	0.6	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	860	490	370	0.8	1.0	0.7
Health and related fields	10,960	2,830	8,130	10.3	5.6	14.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	830	380	450	0.8	0.8	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	9,475	2,070	7,400	8.9	4.1	13.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	645	365	275	0.6	0.7	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,815	1,415	1,400	2.6	2.8	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,905	725	1,180	1.8	1.4	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35	35	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	50	50	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	415	240	170	0.4	0.5	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	415	370	40	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	66,230	31,935	34,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	15,780	9,080	6,700	23.8	28.4	19.5
Education	2,680	740	1,945	4.0	2.3	5.7
13. Education	2,680	740	1,945	4.0	2.3	5.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,985	1,265	1,725	4.5	4.0	5.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	165	140	25	0.2	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,820	1,125	1,690	4.3	3.5	4.9
Humanities	4,150	1,635	2,510	6.3	5.1	7.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	520	80	440	0.8	0.3	1.3
23. English language and literature/letters	1,300	445	850	2.0	1.4	2.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	795	305	490	1.2	1.0	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	175	60	110	0.3	0.2	0.3
38. Philosophy and religious studies	345	225	125	0.5	0.7	0.4
39. Theology and religious vocations	140	80	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	745	400	345	1.1	1.3	1.0
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	130	35	95	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	10,000	3,635	6,365	15.1	11.4	18.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	325	80	245	0.5	0.3	0.7
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,180	420	760	1.8	1.3	2.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	865	70	790	1.3	0.2	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	1,340	505	830	2.0	1.6	2.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	345	115	230	0.5	0.4	0.7
42. Psychology	1,750	480	1,270	2.6	1.5	3.7
45. Social sciences	4,200	1,960	2,240	6.3	6.1	6.5
Business, management and public administration	8,635	3,730	4,905	13.0	11.7	14.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,175	310	865	1.8	1.0	2.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,460	3,420	4,040	11.3	10.7	11.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,725	1,370	1,355	4.1	4.3	4.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,360	560	800	2.1	1.8	2.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	425	185	240	0.6	0.6	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	835	580	255	1.3	1.8	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,660	1,955	705	4.0	6.1	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,100	1,650	445	3.2	5.2	1.3
25. Library science	195	45	150	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	315	210	105	0.5	0.7	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	50	50	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	5,855	4,920	930	8.8	15.4	2.7
04. Architecture and related services	540	285	255	0.8	0.9	0.7
14. Engineering	2,125	1,685	435	3.2	5.3	1.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	975	890	85	1.5	2.8	0.2
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,270	1,175	90	1.9	3.7	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	550	520	30	0.8	1.6	0.1
48. Precision production	395	360	30	0.6	1.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,190	560	630	1.8	1.8	1.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	490	200	290	0.7	0.6	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	700	355	340	1.1	1.1	1.0
Health and related fields	7,510	2,005	5,505	11.3	6.3	16.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	615	270	335	0.9	0.8	1.0
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,485	1,525	4,965	9.8	4.8	14.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	405	205	200	0.6	0.6	0.6
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,005	1,030	980	3.0	3.2	2.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,350	555	800	2.0	1.7	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	350	195	150	0.5	0.6	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	275	245	30	0.4	0.8	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	66,230	31,935	34,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	15,780	9,080	6,700	23.8	28.4	19.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	50,450	22,855	27,590	76.2	71.6	80.4
Location of study inside Canada	41,025	18,690	22,335	61.9	58.5	65.1
Same as province or territory of residence	28,925	12,850	16,075	43.7	40.2	46.9
Different than province or territory of residence	12,095	5,840	6,255	18.3	18.3	18.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	9,430	4,170	5,255	14.2	13.1	15.3
Americas	2,630	1,105	1,525	4.0	3.5	4.4
United States of America	1,955	810	1,140	3.0	2.5	3.3
Mexico	180	85	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cuba	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	165	65	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Colombia	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	150	65	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	2,655	1,335	1,315	4.0	4.2	3.8
Belgium	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	160	70	90	0.2	0.2	0.3
Germany	165	65	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Netherlands	105	45	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Switzerland	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungary	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	45	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Romania	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	115	50	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	80	50	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,390	750	635	2.1	2.3	1.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	30	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	290	160	135	0.4	0.5	0.4
Africa	380	195	185	0.6	0.6	0.5
Nigeria	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	135	75	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	145	70	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asia	3,280	1,245	2,035	5.0	3.9	5.9
Iran⁸⁸	165	65	95	0.2	0.2	0.3
Iraq	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	90	50	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	515	180	335	0.8	0.6	1.0
Taiwan	45	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	275	60	215	0.4	0.2	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	250	100	150	0.4	0.3	0.4
Philippines	1,035	365	670	1.6	1.1	2.0
Viet Nam	45	0	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	455	250	205	0.7	0.8	0.6
Pakistan	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	170	65	110	0.3	0.2	0.3
Oceania	480	280	200	0.7	0.9	0.6
Australia	375	220	155	0.6	0.7	0.5
New Zealand	100	60	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	106,690	50,235	56,450	...	...	...
In the labour force	68,890	34,240	34,650	...	...	...
Employed	63,330	31,400	31,935	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,560	2,845	2,720	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	37,795	16,000	21,795	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.6	68.2	61.4	64.6	68.2	61.4
Employment rate	59.4	62.5	56.6	59.4	62.5	56.6
Unemployment rate	8.1	8.3	7.8	8.1	8.3	7.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	106,685	50,235	56,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	37,195	15,950	21,250	34.9	31.8	37.6
Worked	69,490	34,290	35,200	65.1	68.3	62.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	34,520	18,410	16,110	32.4	36.6	28.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	34,970	15,880	19,090	32.8	31.6	33.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.0	41.6	40.4	41.0	41.6	40.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	68,890	34,240	34,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,120	555	560	1.6	1.6	1.6
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	67,770	33,680	34,090	98.4	98.4	98.4
Employee	55,770	26,995	28,780	81.0	78.8	83.0
Permanent position	45,640	22,395	23,245	66.3	65.4	67.1
Temporary position	10,130	4,600	5,530	14.7	13.4	16.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,345	1,490	1,855	4.9	4.4	5.4
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,785	3,110	3,675	9.8	9.1	10.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	11,995	6,690	5,310	17.4	19.5	15.3
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	68,890	34,240	34,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,120	555	560	1.6	1.6	1.6
All occupations¹⁹¹	67,770	33,680	34,090	98.4	98.4	98.4
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,225	730	500	1.8	2.1	1.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,120	4,300	7,825	17.6	12.6	22.6
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,710	4,980	1,730	9.7	14.5	5.0
3 Health occupations	6,785	1,790	4,995	9.8	5.2	14.4
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	11,665	4,590	7,080	16.9	13.4	20.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,685	1,625	2,065	5.3	4.7	6.0
6 Sales and service occupations	16,775	8,200	8,580	24.4	23.9	24.8
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,850	6,020	830	9.9	17.6	2.4
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,055	755	295	1.5	2.2	0.9
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	895	695	200	1.3	2.0	0.6
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	68,890	34,240	34,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,120	555	560	1.6	1.6	1.6
All industries¹⁹¹	67,770	33,680	34,090	98.4	98.4	98.4
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	455	280	170	0.7	0.8	0.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	160	125	40	0.2	0.4	0.1
22 Utilities	105	80	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
23 Construction	3,770	3,305	465	5.5	9.7	1.3
31-33 Manufacturing	1,915	1,390	520	2.8	4.1	1.5
41 Wholesale trade	810	565	250	1.2	1.7	0.7
44-45 Retail trade	6,815	3,290	3,525	9.9	9.6	10.2
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	1,730	1,340	390	2.5	3.9	1.1
51 Information and cultural industries	1,670	945	725	2.4	2.8	2.1
52 Finance and insurance	1,855	1,000	855	2.7	2.9	2.5
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,675	920	750	2.4	2.7	2.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	8,060	4,765	3,295	11.7	13.9	9.5
55 Management of companies and enterprises	120	70	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,005	1,785	1,225	4.4	5.2	3.5
61 Educational services	6,320	2,395	3,920	9.2	7.0	11.3
62 Health care and social assistance	10,430	2,710	7,720	15.1	7.9	22.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,995	995	995	2.9	2.9	2.9
72 Accommodation and food services	5,765	2,780	2,985	8.4	8.1	8.6
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,565	935	1,630	3.7	2.7	4.7
91 Public administration	8,555	3,990	4,555	12.4	11.7	13.1
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	74,130	36,535	37,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	71,190	35,210	35,980	96.0	96.4	95.7
French	135	45	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	235	95	135	0.3	0.3	0.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	235	95	135	0.3	0.3	0.4
English and French	1,020	490	530	1.4	1.3	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	1,405	620	780	1.9	1.7	2.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	135	75	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	74,130	36,535	37,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	73,805	36,375	37,425	99.6	99.6	99.5
Official languages	73,365	36,185	37,180	99.0	99.0	98.9
English	73,085	36,105	36,980	98.6	98.8	98.4
French	275	75	195	0.4	0.2	0.5
Non-official languages	445	195	250	0.6	0.5	0.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	435	195	245	0.6	0.5	0.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	120	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	40	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	195	100	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	195	100	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	120	40	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	65	55	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	325	160	170	0.4	0.4	0.5
English and French	120	45	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	190	105	85	0.3	0.3	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	74,130	36,535	37,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	71,835	35,475	36,360	96.9	97.1	96.7
English	315	120	200	0.4	0.3	0.5
French	775	425	355	1.0	1.2	0.9
Non-official language	940	395	545	1.3	1.1	1.4
Indigenous³⁹	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous	905	380	525	1.2	1.0	1.4
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	140	55	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	63,335	31,395	31,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	19,555	9,300	10,265	30.9	29.6	32.1
Worked outside Canada	160	125	40	0.3	0.4	0.1
No fixed workplace address	6,615	4,655	1,960	10.4	14.8	6.1
Usual place of work	36,995	17,325	19,670	58.4	55.2	61.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	36,995	17,325	19,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	20,610	9,095	11,525	55.7	52.5	58.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	15,500	7,720	7,780	41.9	44.6	39.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	665	380	285	1.8	2.2	1.4
Commute to a different province or territory	220	135	80	0.6	0.8	0.4
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	43,610	21,980	21,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	24,730	12,845	11,885	56.7	58.4	54.9
Car, truck or van - as a driver	22,665	12,095	10,565	52.0	55.0	48.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,075	750	1,320	4.8	3.4	6.1
Public transit	4,560	2,050	2,510	10.5	9.3	11.6
Walked	8,635	3,760	4,870	19.8	17.1	22.5
Bicycle	4,120	2,435	1,685	9.4	11.1	7.8
Other method	1,565	885	680	3.6	4.0	3.1
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	43,610	21,980	21,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	16,230	7,595	8,635	37.2	34.6	39.9
15 to 29 minutes	18,885	9,585	9,295	43.3	43.6	43.0
30 to 44 minutes	6,065	3,335	2,730	13.9	15.2	12.6
45 to 59 minutes	1,335	770	565	3.1	3.5	2.6
60 minutes and over	1,095	690	405	2.5	3.1	1.9
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	43,610	21,980	21,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,270	820	450	2.9	3.7	2.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,360	3,175	2,180	12.3	14.4	10.1
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	11,175	5,910	5,265	25.6	26.9	24.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	11,855	5,350	6,505	27.2	24.3	30.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,805	3,605	4,200	17.9	16.4	19.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,145	3,120	3,025	14.1	14.2	14.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	15,410	7,770	7,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,250	590	660	8.1	7.6	8.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,160	7,180	6,980	91.9	92.4	91.4
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	11,280	5,630	5,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	960	450	510	8.5	8.0	9.0
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	435	195	245	3.9	3.5	4.3
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	520	260	265	4.6	4.6	4.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,315	5,175	5,140	91.4	91.9	91.1

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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