Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Vancouver QuadraMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	114,785	54,260	60,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14,120	7,380	6,740	12.3	13.6	11.1
0 to 4 years	3,780	1,955	1,820	3.3	3.6	3.0
5 to 9 years	4,495	2,405	2,095	3.9	4.4	3.5
10 to 14 years	5,845	3,025	2,820	5.1	5.6	4.7
15 to 64 years	79,580	37,310	42,275	69.3	68.8	69.9
15 to 19 years	7,545	3,795	3,755	6.6	7.0	6.2
20 to 24 years	10,740	5,155	5,580	9.4	9.5	9.2
25 to 29 years	9,800	4,790	5,010	8.5	8.8	8.3
30 to 34 years	8,160	3,940	4,220	7.1	7.3	7.0
35 to 39 years	6,745	3,240	3,505	5.9	6.0	5.8
40 to 44 years	6,140	2,745	3,390	5.3	5.1	5.6
45 to 49 years	7,315	3,040	4,275	6.4	5.6	7.1
50 to 54 years	8,890	3,900	4,995	7.7	7.2	8.3
55 to 59 years	7,945	3,830	4,115	6.9	7.1	6.8
60 to 64 years	6,300	2,880	3,420	5.5	5.3	5.7
65 years and over	21,080	9,570	11,515	18.4	17.6	19.0
65 to 69 years	5,885	2,720	3,165	5.1	5.0	5.2
70 to 74 years	5,665	2,665	3,000	4.9	4.9	5.0
75 to 79 years	3,910	1,780	2,130	3.4	3.3	3.5
80 to 84 years	2,640	1,220	1,420	2.3	2.2	2.3
85 years and over	2,985	1,180	1,800	2.6	2.2	3.0
85 to 89 years	1,745	755	990	1.5	1.4	1.6
90 to 94 years	885	330	560	0.8	0.6	0.9
95 to 99 years	305	90	215	0.3	0.2	0.4
100 years and over	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.3	13.6	11.1	12.3	13.6	11.1
15 to 64 years	69.3	68.8	69.9	69.3	68.8	69.9
65 years and over	18.4	17.6	19.0	18.4	17.6	19.0
85 years and over	2.6	2.2	3.0	2.6	2.2	3.0
Average age of the population	41.8	40.8	42.8	41.8	40.8	42.8
Median age of the population	40.4	38.0	42.0	40.4	38.0	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	49,500	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	14,385	...	...	29.1	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,195	...	...	2.4	...	...
Row house	1,370	...	...	2.8	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,190	...	...	14.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	17,390	...	...	35.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	7,935	...	...	16.0	...	...
Other single-attached house	35	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	49,500	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	16,460	...	...	33.3	...	...
2 persons	16,655	...	...	33.6	...	...
3 persons	7,445	...	...	15.0	...	...
4 persons	6,070	...	...	12.3	...	...
5 or more persons	2,875	...	...	5.8	...	...
Number of persons in private households	112,225	52,980	59,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	100,660	46,880	53,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	53,275	25,950	27,320	52.9	55.4	50.8
Married	44,195	21,370	22,825	43.9	45.6	42.4
Living common-law	9,075	4,580	4,500	9.0	9.8	8.4
Living common law - Never married	7,495	3,750	3,750	7.4	8.0	7.0
Living common law - Separated	140	80	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,320	695	625	1.3	1.5	1.2
Living common law - Widowed	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	47,390	20,925	26,460	47.1	44.6	49.2
Not married and not living common law - Never married	35,985	17,785	18,205	35.7	37.9	33.8
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,070	725	1,340	2.1	1.5	2.5
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,575	1,675	3,900	5.5	3.6	7.3
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,755	740	3,020	3.7	1.6	5.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	30,005	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,800	...	...	52.7	...	...
3 persons	6,790	...	...	22.6	...	...
4 persons	5,805	...	...	19.3	...	...
5 or more persons	1,610	...	...	5.4	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	30,005	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	25,080	...	...	83.6	...	...
Married couples	20,540	...	...	68.5	...	...
With children⁶	11,685	...	...	38.9	...	...
Without children	8,855	...	...	29.5	...	...
Common-law couples	4,535	...	...	15.1	...	...
With children⁶	845	...	...	2.8	...	...
Without children	3,690	...	...	12.3	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,925	...	...	16.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,145	...	...	13.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	775	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	112,225	52,980	59,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	83,575	40,730	42,845	74.5	76.9	72.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	50,160	25,110	25,050	44.7	47.4	42.3
Parents in one-parent families	4,925	775	4,145	4.4	1.5	7.0
Children⁶	28,490	14,845	13,650	25.4	28.0	23.0
In a two-parent family	21,550	11,200	10,345	19.2	21.1	17.5
In a one-parent family	6,940	3,640	3,300	6.2	6.9	5.6
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	28,655	12,250	16,395	25.5	23.1	27.7
Living alone	16,460	6,610	9,850	14.7	12.5	16.6
Living with other relatives⁷	2,400	960	1,445	2.1	1.8	2.4
Living with non-relatives only	9,790	4,690	5,105	8.7	8.9	8.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	49,500	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,655	...	...	53.8	...	...
Couple-family households	22,490	...	...	45.4	...	...
With children⁶	11,270	...	...	22.8	...	...
Without children	11,220	...	...	22.7	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,170	...	...	8.4	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	920	...	...	1.9	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	275	...	...	0.6	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,350	...	...	2.7	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,840	...	...	7.8	...	...
One-person households	16,455	...	...	33.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	98,165	45,635	52,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,150	43,670	50,485	95.9	95.7	96.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,600	49,200	40,000	43,600	49,200	40,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,200	43,705	50,495	96.0	95.8	96.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	43,600	36,400	39,600	43,600	36,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	87,235	40,385	46,850	88.9	88.5	89.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	48,400	35,200	40,800	48,400	35,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	64,165	31,095	33,070	65.4	68.1	63.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	46,400	32,800	38,800	46,400	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,695	31,105	40,590	73.0	68.2	77.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,080	6,000	6,280	6,080	6,000	6,280
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,460	1,925	2,535	4.5	4.2	4.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,160	5,520	5,480	5,160	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	23,535	10,930	12,605	24.0	24.0	24.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	98,200	45,725	52,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,165	43,680	50,490	95.9	95.5	96.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	79,100	97,500	63,150	79,100	97,500	63,150
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,210	43,715	50,500	95.9	95.6	96.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,750	71,000	50,000	59,750	71,000	50,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,155	40,395	46,760	88.8	88.3	89.1
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	78,300	98,800	60,600	78,300	98,800	60,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	64,145	31,175	32,965	65.3	68.2	62.8
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	70,800	88,100	54,500	70,800	88,100	54,500
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,710	31,125	40,590	73.0	68.1	77.4
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,650	8,510	8,760	8,650	8,510	8,760
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,710	2,040	2,670	4.8	4.5	5.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,430	5,815	6,910	6,430	5,815	6,910
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	23,120	10,895	12,225	23.5	23.8	23.3
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,780	8,810	8,760	8,780	8,810	8,760
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	98,200	45,725	52,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	27,675	15,020	12,660	28.2	32.8	24.1
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	78,000	86,000	71,000	78,000	86,000	71,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	118,400	141,000	91,500	118,400	141,000	91,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,220	11,935	15,285	27.7	26.1	29.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,600	18,000	17,400	17,600	18,000	17,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,840	42,000	32,800	36,840	42,000	32,800
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	91.6	93.8	88.8	91.6	93.8	88.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	61.0	64.6	56.3	61.0	64.6	56.3
Government transfers (%)²⁰	8.3	6.2	11.1	8.3	6.2	11.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.4	0.3	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	3.3	2.6	4.1	3.3	2.6	4.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	2.7	2.3	3.4	2.7	2.3	3.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	98,170	45,635	52,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	4,015	1,965	2,050	4.1	4.3	3.9
With total income	94,150	43,670	50,485	95.9	95.7	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	13,475	6,020	7,460	14.3	13.8	14.8
$10,000 to $19,999	9,940	4,350	5,590	10.6	10.0	11.1
$20,000 to $29,999	11,540	4,760	6,780	12.3	10.9	13.4
$30,000 to $39,999	9,160	3,830	5,330	9.7	8.8	10.6
$40,000 to $49,999	7,535	3,125	4,410	8.0	7.2	8.7
$50,000 to $59,999	6,530	2,680	3,845	6.9	6.1	7.6
$60,000 to $69,999	5,485	2,375	3,105	5.8	5.4	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	4,685	2,165	2,515	5.0	5.0	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	3,760	1,805	1,960	4.0	4.1	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	3,200	1,505	1,685	3.4	3.5	3.3
$100,000 and over	18,840	11,045	7,795	20.0	25.3	15.5
$100,000 to $149,999	8,760	4,665	4,095	9.3	10.7	8.1
$150,000 and over	10,085	6,385	3,700	10.7	14.6	7.3
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	98,170	45,635	52,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,965	1,930	2,035	4.0	4.2	3.9
With after-tax income	94,200	43,705	50,495	96.0	95.8	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	14,290	6,380	7,915	15.2	14.6	15.7
$10,000 to $19,999	10,330	4,510	5,820	11.0	10.3	11.5
$20,000 to $29,999	12,820	5,275	7,550	13.6	12.1	14.9
$30,000 to $39,999	10,185	4,250	5,935	10.8	9.7	11.8
$40,000 to $49,999	8,795	3,670	5,125	9.3	8.4	10.1
$50,000 to $59,999	7,255	3,145	4,110	7.7	7.2	8.1
$60,000 to $69,999	5,930	2,765	3,165	6.3	6.3	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	4,695	2,215	2,480	5.0	5.1	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	3,605	1,780	1,825	3.8	4.1	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	2,805	1,490	1,315	3.0	3.4	2.6
$100,000 and over	13,490	8,230	5,255	14.3	18.8	10.4
$100,000 to $124,999	4,550	2,525	2,025	4.8	5.8	4.0
$125,000 and over	8,935	5,705	3,235	9.5	13.1	6.4
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	98,170	45,635	52,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	34,000	14,535	19,470	34.6	31.9	37.1
With employment income	64,165	31,095	33,070	65.4	68.1	62.9
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,315	4,565	5,750	16.1	14.7	17.4
$5,000 to $9,999	5,485	2,395	3,090	8.5	7.7	9.4
$10,000 to $19,999	7,415	3,310	4,100	11.5	10.6	12.4
$20,000 to $29,999	4,990	2,220	2,765	7.8	7.2	8.4
$30,000 to $39,999	4,310	1,840	2,470	6.7	5.9	7.5
$40,000 to $49,999	4,210	1,825	2,390	6.6	5.9	7.2
$50,000 to $59,999	3,985	1,725	2,260	6.2	5.5	6.8
$60,000 to $69,999	3,430	1,580	1,850	5.3	5.1	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	2,880	1,425	1,455	4.5	4.6	4.4
$80,000 to $89,999	2,545	1,255	1,295	4.0	4.0	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	2,210	1,100	1,105	3.4	3.6	3.3
$100,000 and over	12,395	7,855	4,535	19.3	25.3	13.7
$100,000 to $124,999	3,660	2,005	1,655	5.7	6.4	5.0
$125,000 and over	8,730	5,850	2,880	13.6	18.8	8.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	98,165	45,635	52,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	89,675	41,430	48,245	91.4	90.8	91.8
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,000	48,400	38,000	42,000	48,400	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	89,890	41,485	48,410	91.6	90.9	92.2
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,400	34,000	37,600	42,400	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	84,865	39,245	45,620	86.5	86.0	86.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	48,000	36,000	40,800	48,000	36,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,575	31,070	33,505	65.8	68.1	63.8
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	44,000	30,600	36,400	44,000	30,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	56,375	23,490	32,885	57.4	51.5	62.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,400	900	1,880	1,400	900	1,880
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	2,480	1,035	1,445	2.5	2.3	2.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,120	5,280	6,750	6,120	5,280	6,750
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	98,200	45,725	52,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	89,485	41,225	48,265	91.1	90.2	92.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	77,900	96,400	62,150	77,900	96,400	62,150
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	89,685	41,300	48,390	91.3	90.3	92.2
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,100	70,600	49,240	59,100	70,600	49,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	84,845	39,120	45,730	86.4	85.6	87.2
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	78,100	98,000	61,100	78,100	98,000	61,100
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,695	31,160	33,535	65.9	68.1	63.9
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	67,700	85,100	51,600	67,700	85,100	51,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	56,375	23,375	33,005	57.4	51.1	62.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,135	6,000	6,235	6,135	6,000	6,235
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,665	1,175	1,495	2.7	2.6	2.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,180	7,040	9,070	8,180	7,040	9,070
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	98,200	45,725	52,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	27,030	14,620	12,410	27.5	32.0	23.7
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	73,000	81,000	65,000	73,000	81,000	65,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	109,600	131,600	83,800	109,600	131,600	83,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,285	11,125	14,165	25.7	24.3	27.0
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,800	23,000	20,800	21,800	23,000	20,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	42,720	49,880	37,120	42,720	49,880	37,120
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	95.0	96.4	93.2	95.0	96.4	93.2
Employment income (%)	62.8	66.8	57.7	62.8	66.8	57.7
Government transfers (%)	5.0	3.5	6.9	5.0	3.5	6.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.3	0.2	0.5	0.3	0.2	0.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	49,500	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...	78,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	16,455	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,800	...	...	48,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,600	...	...	43,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	33,045	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...	122,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	49,535	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	150,400	...	...	150,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	113,700	...	...	113,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	16,430	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...	74,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	57,150	...	...	57,150	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	33,105	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	188,000	...	...	188,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	141,800	...	...	141,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	49,500	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,835	...	...	3.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	845	...	...	1.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	785	...	...	1.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,190	...	...	2.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,830	...	...	3.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,565	...	...	3.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,450	...	...	2.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,490	...	...	3.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,445	...	...	2.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,485	...	...	3.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,810	...	...	5.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,805	...	...	5.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,725	...	...	5.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,455	...	...	5.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,175	...	...	4.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,620	...	...	45.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,550	...	...	9.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,465	...	...	7.0	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,840	...	...	9.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	9,765	...	...	19.7	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	49,500	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,180	...	...	4.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	860	...	...	1.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	810	...	...	1.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,225	...	...	2.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,950	...	...	3.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,765	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,670	...	...	3.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,665	...	...	3.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,690	...	...	3.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,725	...	...	3.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,380	...	...	6.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,205	...	...	6.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,030	...	...	6.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,585	...	...	5.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,340	...	...	4.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,420	...	...	39.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,770	...	...	9.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,550	...	...	7.2	...	...
$150,000 and over	11,095	...	...	22.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	29,995	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,000	...	...	126,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,740	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	12,550	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	166,000	...	...	166,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	139,000	...	...	139,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,710	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...	68,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	61,600	...	...	61,600	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	26,250	11,295	14,950	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	37,600	39,200	38,400	37,600	39,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	34,800	36,000	35,600	34,800	36,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	30,040	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	196,200	...	...	196,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	146,400	...	...	146,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,610	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	179,600	...	...	179,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	136,000	...	...	136,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,590	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	254,600	...	...	254,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	185,200	...	...	185,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,780	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	97,700	...	...	97,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	26,045	11,175	14,865	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	59,700	62,850	57,300	59,700	62,850	57,300
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,360	49,000	46,120	47,360	49,000	46,120
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	112,225	52,980	59,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	18,120	9,420	8,705	16.1	17.8	14.7
0 to 5 years	4,555	2,350	2,205	4.1	4.4	3.7
18 to 64 years	74,085	34,430	39,655	66.0	65.0	66.9
65 years and over	20,015	9,135	10,880	17.8	17.2	18.4
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	18,335	8,235	10,100	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,260	1,715	1,545	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	735	405	330	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	12,800	5,605	7,195	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,275	920	1,360	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	16.3	15.5	17.0	16.3	15.5	17.0
0 to 17 years (%)	18.0	18.2	17.7	18.0	18.2	17.7
0 to 5 years (%)	16.2	17.2	15.1	16.2	17.2	15.1
18 to 64 years (%)	17.3	16.3	18.1	17.3	16.3	18.1
65 years and over (%)	11.4	10.0	12.5	11.4	10.0	12.5
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	110,580	52,145	58,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,805	9,250	8,560	16.1	17.7	14.6
0 to 5 years	4,475	2,310	2,165	4.0	4.4	3.7
18 to 64 years	73,080	33,920	39,160	66.1	65.0	67.0
65 years and over	19,690	8,980	10,710	17.8	17.2	18.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	15,260	7,005	8,255	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,405	1,245	1,165	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	510	270	240	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	11,675	5,255	6,415	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,185	510	675	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	13.8	13.4	14.1	13.8	13.4	14.1
0 to 17 years (%)	13.5	13.4	13.6	13.5	13.4	13.6
0 to 5 years (%)	11.5	11.8	11.1	11.5	11.8	11.1
18 to 64 years (%)	16.0	15.5	16.4	16.0	15.5	16.4
65 years and over (%)	6.0	5.7	6.3	6.0	5.7	6.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	112,225	52,980	59,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	48,950	22,215	26,730	43.6	41.9	45.1
In bottom decile	19,055	8,680	10,375	17.0	16.4	17.5
In second decile	8,640	3,855	4,780	7.7	7.3	8.1
In third decile	7,475	3,430	4,045	6.7	6.5	6.8
In fourth decile	6,940	3,105	3,835	6.2	5.9	6.5
In fifth decile	6,845	3,145	3,700	6.1	5.9	6.2
In top half of the distribution	63,270	30,765	32,510	56.4	58.1	54.9
In sixth decile	7,285	3,430	3,855	6.5	6.5	6.5
In seventh decile	7,445	3,505	3,945	6.6	6.6	6.7
In eighth decile	8,625	4,105	4,525	7.7	7.7	7.6
In ninth decile	11,940	5,835	6,105	10.6	11.0	10.3
In top decile	27,980	13,895	14,085	24.9	26.2	23.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	112,225	...	...	112,225	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.504	...	...	0.504	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.558	...	...	0.558	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.443	...	...	0.443	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	8.0	...	...	8.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	113,715	53,815	59,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	94,825	45,760	49,060	83.4	85.0	81.9
French only	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and French	14,280	6,145	8,135	12.6	11.4	13.6
Neither English nor French	4,555	1,890	2,670	4.0	3.5	4.5
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	113,715	53,815	59,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	106,425	50,720	55,705	93.6	94.2	93.0
French	1,875	860	1,015	1.6	1.6	1.7
English and French	940	385	550	0.8	0.7	0.9
Neither English nor French	4,480	1,845	2,635	3.9	3.4	4.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	113,715	53,815	59,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	108,700	51,480	57,225	95.6	95.7	95.5
Official languages	66,295	32,705	33,590	58.3	60.8	56.1
English	64,450	31,835	32,620	56.7	59.2	54.5
French	1,845	870	970	1.6	1.6	1.6
Non-official languages	42,405	18,775	23,630	37.3	34.9	39.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	42,375	18,755	23,625	37.3	34.9	39.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	935	505	430	0.8	0.9	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	925	500	425	0.8	0.9	0.7
Amharic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	565	320	240	0.5	0.6	0.4
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	330	170	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Maltese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	300	135	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	290	130	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	860	260	595	0.8	0.5	1.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	170	65	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	555	145	405	0.5	0.3	0.7
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	240	130	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	11,235	5,350	5,885	9.9	9.9	9.8
Albanian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	2,025	865	1,160	1.8	1.6	1.9
Baltic languages	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,990	860	1,135	1.7	1.6	1.9
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Czech	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	345	130	210	0.3	0.2	0.4
Russian	770	345	420	0.7	0.6	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	425	190	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	140	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	240	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	150	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,050	990	1,065	1.8	1.8	1.8
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,340	635	710	1.2	1.2	1.2
German	1,255	590	665	1.1	1.1	1.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Yiddish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	500	255	250	0.4	0.5	0.4
Afrikaans	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	410	200	205	0.4	0.4	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	205	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	835	400	440	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indo-Iranian languages	2,890	1,480	1,405	2.5	2.8	2.3
Indo-Aryan languages	1,380	730	655	1.2	1.4	1.1
Assamese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	155	100	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	345	190	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Kacchi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	485	235	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,505	760	750	1.3	1.4	1.3
Baluchi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,465	725	735	1.3	1.3	1.2
Dari	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,355	675	680	1.2	1.3	1.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,310	1,550	1,760	2.9	2.9	2.9
Catalan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	490	240	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Portuguese	610	275	340	0.5	0.5	0.6
Romanian	180	75	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Spanish	2,015	955	1,055	1.8	1.8	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,080	365	720	0.9	0.7	1.2
Korean	1,795	760	1,035	1.6	1.4	1.7
Mongolian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	24,985	10,850	14,135	22.0	20.2	23.6
Chinese languages	24,965	10,840	14,125	22.0	20.1	23.6
Hakka	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	17,165	7,360	9,800	15.1	13.7	16.4
Min Dong	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	740	330	410	0.7	0.6	0.7
Wu (Shanghainese)	185	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	6,645	2,955	3,690	5.8	5.5	6.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	115	30	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	105	30	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	375	180	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	335	160	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	315	135	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	220	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,015	2,340	2,680	4.4	4.3	4.5
English and French	650	310	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	3,690	1,755	1,940	3.2	3.3	3.2
French and non-official language(s)	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	460	190	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	113,715	53,815	59,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	68,850	33,635	35,215	60.5	62.5	58.8
French	465	215	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official language	14,230	6,150	8,080	12.5	11.4	13.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14,230	6,150	8,080	12.5	11.4	13.5
English and French	1,675	770	905	1.5	1.4	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	26,275	12,135	14,140	23.1	22.5	23.6
French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,010	430	585	0.9	0.8	1.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,180	470	705	1.0	0.9	1.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	113,715	53,815	59,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	108,745	51,495	57,245	95.6	95.7	95.6
Official languages	82,870	40,075	42,790	72.9	74.5	71.4
English	82,085	39,700	42,385	72.2	73.8	70.8
French	785	380	410	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official languages	25,875	11,415	14,455	22.8	21.2	24.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	25,875	11,415	14,455	22.8	21.2	24.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	435	235	200	0.4	0.4	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	430	235	195	0.4	0.4	0.3
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	260	140	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	160	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	245	100	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	145	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kannada	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	4,525	2,125	2,395	4.0	3.9	4.0
Albanian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	735	345	395	0.6	0.6	0.7
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	740	345	395	0.7	0.6	0.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	360	170	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	165	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	125	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	375	175	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	260	125	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	250	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	405	175	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	1,410	655	750	1.2	1.2	1.3
Indo-Aryan languages	440	195	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	105	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	130	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	970	460	505	0.9	0.9	0.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	955	450	500	0.8	0.8	0.8
Dari	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	895	430	460	0.8	0.8	0.8
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,550	745	810	1.4	1.4	1.4
Catalan	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	315	150	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Spanish	1,045	500	545	0.9	0.9	0.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	555	240	310	0.5	0.4	0.5
Korean	1,215	535	680	1.1	1.0	1.1
Mongolian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	18,350	7,930	10,415	16.1	14.7	17.4
Chinese languages	18,350	7,930	10,420	16.1	14.7	17.4
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	13,690	5,890	7,805	12.0	10.9	13.0
Min Dong	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	365	165	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	4,130	1,810	2,325	3.6	3.4	3.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	195	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	180	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,975	2,315	2,655	4.4	4.3	4.4
English and French	355	155	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	4,375	2,065	2,315	3.8	3.8	3.9
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	175	75	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	113,715	53,815	59,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	87,750	41,965	45,790	77.2	78.0	76.4
English	9,695	4,450	5,245	8.5	8.3	8.8
French	1,240	565	680	1.1	1.0	1.1
Non-official language	11,850	5,400	6,450	10.4	10.0	10.8
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	11,835	5,395	6,440	10.4	10.0	10.8
English and French	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,105	515	590	1.0	1.0	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	615	255	365	0.5	0.5	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,325	615	710	1.2	1.1	1.2
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	112,440	53,170	59,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	107,980	51,415	56,560	96.0	96.7	95.4
English	107,905	51,390	56,515	96.0	96.7	95.3
French	14,435	6,355	8,075	12.8	12.0	13.6
Non-official languages	55,875	25,325	30,555	49.7	47.6	51.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	250	110	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquian languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	190	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Halkomelem	170	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	55,655	25,225	30,435	49.5	47.4	51.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,770	950	825	1.6	1.8	1.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,765	940	825	1.6	1.8	1.4
Amharic	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,085	605	480	1.0	1.1	0.8
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	660	325	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	385	165	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	380	165	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,715	570	1,145	1.5	1.1	1.9
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	100	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	315	130	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	210	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,140	310	835	1.0	0.6	1.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	90	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	405	215	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kannada	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	195	105	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Telugu	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,855	9,090	9,760	16.8	17.1	16.5
Albanian	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Armenian	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	2,500	1,190	1,305	2.2	2.2	2.2
Baltic languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,465	1,180	1,285	2.2	2.2	2.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	60	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Czech	170	90	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Macedonian	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	400	170	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	1,120	520	600	1.0	1.0	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	530	285	245	0.5	0.5	0.4
Bosnian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	225	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	295	170	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	275	95	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	320	190	130	0.3	0.4	0.2
Irish	285	170	110	0.3	0.3	0.2
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,970	1,990	1,985	3.5	3.7	3.3
Frisian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,920	1,495	1,420	2.6	2.8	2.4
German	2,820	1,460	1,355	2.5	2.7	2.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yiddish	65	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	800	415	385	0.7	0.8	0.6
Afrikaans	240	135	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
Dutch	565	275	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	435	170	270	0.4	0.3	0.5
Danish	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	140	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Swedish	225	85	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,245	610	630	1.1	1.1	1.1
Indo-Iranian languages	4,265	2,210	2,050	3.8	4.2	3.5
Indo-Aryan languages	2,360	1,275	1,080	2.1	2.4	1.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	220	120	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	215	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	1,255	650	605	1.1	1.2	1.0
Kacchi	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	95	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	20	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	735	385	350	0.7	0.7	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	85	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	330	215	115	0.3	0.4	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,915	945	975	1.7	1.8	1.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,850	910	940	1.6	1.7	1.6
Dari	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	1,705	825	880	1.5	1.6	1.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,785	3,545	4,240	6.9	6.7	7.2
Catalan	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italian	1,375	670	700	1.2	1.3	1.2
Portuguese	975	435	540	0.9	0.8	0.9
Romanian	210	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	5,850	2,680	3,175	5.2	5.0	5.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,060	870	1,190	1.8	1.6	2.0
Korean	2,205	945	1,265	2.0	1.8	2.1
Mongolian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	185	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	95	25	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	90	25	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	29,380	12,990	16,390	26.1	24.4	27.7
Chinese languages	29,345	12,960	16,385	26.1	24.4	27.6
Hakka	80	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mandarin	23,525	10,310	13,215	20.9	19.4	22.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,410	635	775	1.3	1.2	1.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	280	135	150	0.2	0.3	0.3
Yue (Cantonese)	9,085	4,045	5,035	8.1	7.6	8.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	110	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	300	125	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	265	120	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	540	235	300	0.5	0.4	0.5
Azerbaijani	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	385	155	230	0.3	0.3	0.4
Uyghur	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	420	185	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Finnish	75	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	295	140	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	112,440	53,165	59,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,015	995	1,020	1.8	1.9	1.7
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,915	950	965	1.7	1.8	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,425	715	710	1.3	1.3	1.2
Métis	475	220	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuk (Inuit)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	110,420	52,170	58,250	98.2	98.1	98.3
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	112,440	53,165	59,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,230	625	605	1.1	1.2	1.0
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	111,210	52,540	58,670	98.9	98.8	99.0
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	49,535	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	26,590	...	...	53.7	...	...
Renter	22,790	...	...	46.0	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	160	...	...	0.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	49,535	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	14,650	...	...	29.6	...	...
Not condominium	34,885	...	...	70.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	49,535	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,075	...	...	2.2	...	...
1 bedroom	12,995	...	...	26.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	13,970	...	...	28.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	8,660	...	...	17.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,835	...	...	25.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	49,535	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	24,085	...	...	48.6	...	...
5 rooms	5,925	...	...	12.0	...	...
6 rooms	4,425	...	...	8.9	...	...
7 rooms	3,670	...	...	7.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	11,425	...	...	23.1	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.4	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	49,535	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	48,375	...	...	97.7	...	...
More than one person per room	1,160	...	...	2.3	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	49,535	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	46,505	...	...	93.9	...	...
Not suitable	3,030	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	49,535	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	13,785	...	...	27.8	...	...
1961 to 1980	9,555	...	...	19.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,960	...	...	10.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,150	...	...	14.4	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,690	...	...	5.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,395	...	...	6.9	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,840	...	...	7.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,165	...	...	8.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	49,535	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	46,925	...	...	94.7	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,610	...	...	5.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	49,535	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	27,170	...	...	54.9	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,965	...	...	40.3	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,390	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	49,535	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,460	...	...	7.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,970	...	...	16.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,015	...	...	14.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,545	...	...	19.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,495	...	...	17.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,090	...	...	14.3	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,025	...	...	8.1	...	...
85 years and over	1,935	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	48,645	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	29,910	...	...	61.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	18,735	...	...	38.5	...	...
30% to less than 100%	13,065	...	...	26.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	49,535	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	22,150	...	...	44.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	16,725	...	...	33.8	...	...
Not suitable only	1,755	...	...	3.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,510	...	...	3.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,060	...	...	2.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	885	...	...	1.8	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	150	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	60	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	27,380	...	...	55.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	42,975	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,975	...	...	16.2	...	...
Not in core need	36,000	...	...	83.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	26,310	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	43.0	...	...	43.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	30.7	...	...	30.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.3	...	...	10.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,480	...	...	1,480	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,612	...	...	2,612	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	2,440,000	...	...	2,440,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	2,676,000	...	...	2,676,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	22,665	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.3	...	...	7.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	47.6	...	...	47.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	23.3	...	...	23.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,800	...	...	1,800	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,050	...	...	2,050	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	155	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	9.7	...	...	9.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	250	...	...	250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	400	...	...	400	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	112,440	53,165	59,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	905	485	425	0.8	0.9	0.7
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	900	485	420	0.8	0.9	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	830	440	390	0.7	0.8	0.7
Métis single ancestry	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,535	700	840	1.4	1.3	1.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,480	665	815	1.3	1.3	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,085	505	585	1.0	0.9	1.0
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	380	155	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	109,995	51,985	58,010	97.8	97.8	97.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	112,440	53,165	59,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	90,065	42,535	47,530	80.1	80.0	80.2
Canadian citizens aged under 18	15,575	8,265	7,310	13.9	15.5	12.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	74,490	34,280	40,210	66.2	64.5	67.8
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	22,375	10,630	11,750	19.9	20.0	19.8
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	112,440	53,165	59,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	59,080	29,130	29,955	52.5	54.8	50.5
Immigrants⁸¹	44,305	19,680	24,625	39.4	37.0	41.5
Before 1980	7,930	3,565	4,365	7.1	6.7	7.4
1980 to 1990	4,110	1,775	2,335	3.7	3.3	3.9
1991 to 2000	7,680	3,420	4,255	6.8	6.4	7.2
2001 to 2010	11,325	4,805	6,520	10.1	9.0	11.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	13,270	6,115	7,155	11.8	11.5	12.1
2011 to 2015	5,970	2,630	3,340	5.3	4.9	5.6
2016 to 2021	7,300	3,490	3,815	6.5	6.6	6.4
Non-permanent residents⁸³	9,050	4,355	4,695	8.0	8.2	7.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	44,305	19,680	24,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,340	2,110	2,235	9.8	10.7	9.1
5 to 14 years	7,895	3,900	3,995	17.8	19.8	16.2
15 to 24 years	6,355	2,730	3,625	14.3	13.9	14.7
25 to 44 years	21,335	8,960	12,375	48.2	45.5	50.3
45 years and over	4,385	1,980	2,400	9.9	10.1	9.7
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	44,305	19,680	24,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,330	1,920	2,410	9.8	9.8	9.8
Brazil	275	115	160	0.6	0.6	0.6
Colombia	85	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
El Salvador	40	30	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Guyana	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mexico	470	200	270	1.1	1.0	1.1
Peru	85	50	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	60	30	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
United States of America	2,720	1,235	1,485	6.1	6.3	6.0
Other places of birth in Americas	510	210	300	1.2	1.1	1.2
Europe	9,015	4,365	4,655	20.3	22.2	18.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	85	35	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatia	140	75	60	0.3	0.4	0.2
France	465	235	230	1.0	1.2	0.9
Germany	740	330	410	1.7	1.7	1.7
Greece	485	250	235	1.1	1.3	1.0
Hungary	145	60	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	305	140	160	0.7	0.7	0.6
Netherlands	210	105	105	0.5	0.5	0.4
Poland	275	140	135	0.6	0.7	0.5
Portugal	45	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	205	70	130	0.5	0.4	0.5
Russian Federation	370	165	200	0.8	0.8	0.8
Serbia⁸⁶	140	65	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	235	85	145	0.5	0.4	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,500	1,795	1,705	7.9	9.1	6.9
Other places of birth in Europe	1,680	780	900	3.8	4.0	3.7
Africa	1,325	730	600	3.0	3.7	2.4
Algeria	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	115	65	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	15	10	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Morocco	70	40	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
Nigeria	65	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	670	360	310	1.5	1.8	1.3
Other places of birth in Africa	365	215	150	0.8	1.1	0.6
Asia	28,740	12,180	16,555	64.9	61.9	67.2
Afghanistan	30	25	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	1,240	610	635	2.8	3.1	2.6
Iraq	85	45	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Lebanon	70	30	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	75	35	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkey	145	60	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
China⁹⁰	14,620	6,155	8,460	33.0	31.3	34.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	3,690	1,660	2,035	8.3	8.4	8.3
Korea, South⁹²	1,345	555	790	3.0	2.8	3.2
Taiwan	2,560	1,025	1,535	5.8	5.2	6.2
Philippines	1,045	345	705	2.4	1.8	2.9
Viet Nam	255	110	150	0.6	0.6	0.6
Bangladesh	70	40	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
India	900	455	450	2.0	2.3	1.8
Pakistan	125	80	50	0.3	0.4	0.2
Sri Lanka	110	55	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	2,365	905	1,465	5.3	4.6	5.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	895	485	410	2.0	2.5	1.7
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	7,300	3,485	3,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,000	430	565	13.7	12.3	14.8
Brazil	175	80	95	2.4	2.3	2.5
Colombia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	135	45	90	1.8	1.3	2.4
United States of America	575	260	315	7.9	7.5	8.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	90	35	55	1.2	1.0	1.4
Europe	1,885	1,005	880	25.8	28.8	23.1
France	195	100	95	2.7	2.9	2.5
Germany	90	45	50	1.2	1.3	1.3
Ireland⁹⁶	350	200	150	4.8	5.7	3.9
Italy	75	45	30	1.0	1.3	0.8
Russian Federation	95	40	55	1.3	1.1	1.4
Ukraine	35	10	20	0.5	0.3	0.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	655	365	285	9.0	10.5	7.5
Other places of birth in Europe	395	195	205	5.4	5.6	5.4
Africa	215	100	115	2.9	2.9	3.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	30	15	15	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigeria	50	15	30	0.7	0.4	0.8
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	75	40	35	1.0	1.1	0.9
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	50	20	25	0.7	0.6	0.7
Asia	3,855	1,725	2,130	52.8	49.5	55.8
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
China⁹⁰	2,275	995	1,275	31.2	28.6	33.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	90	35	55	1.2	1.0	1.4
India	220	115	105	3.0	3.3	2.8
Iran⁸⁸	215	100	110	2.9	2.9	2.9
Iraq	15	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Israel	75	40	35	1.0	1.1	0.9
Japan	85	30	50	1.2	0.9	1.3
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	180	85	95	2.5	2.4	2.5
Lebanon	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	30	20	10	0.4	0.6	0.3
Philippines	140	50	90	1.9	1.4	2.4
Saudi Arabia	20	20	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	50	15	30	0.7	0.4	0.8
Turkey	35	20	20	0.5	0.6	0.5
United Arab Emirates	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	100	45	55	1.4	1.3	1.4
Other places of birth in Asia	285	110	175	3.9	3.2	4.6
Oceania and other⁹³	355	230	125	4.9	6.6	3.3
Australia	285	180	105	3.9	5.2	2.8
Other places of birth⁹⁸	70	50	20	1.0	1.4	0.5
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	112,440	53,165	59,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	56,335	25,605	30,730	50.1	48.2	51.8
Second generation¹⁰¹	25,880	12,985	12,895	23.0	24.4	21.8
Third generation or more¹⁰²	30,235	14,580	15,655	26.9	27.4	26.4
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	36,380	16,120	20,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	29,080	13,235	15,845	79.9	82.1	78.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	10,895	6,325	4,565	29.9	39.2	22.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	18,185	6,910	11,280	50.0	42.9	55.7
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	6,060	2,270	3,790	16.7	14.1	18.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	805	460	345	2.2	2.9	1.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	435	155	285	1.2	1.0	1.4
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	36,380	16,120	20,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	325	175	150	0.9	1.1	0.7
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,650	2,230	2,420	12.8	13.8	11.9
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,130	970	1,160	5.9	6.0	5.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,630	1,245	1,380	7.2	7.7	6.8
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	110	20	85	0.3	0.1	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	26,540	11,475	15,065	73.0	71.2	74.3
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	112,440	53,165	59,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	51,335	23,435	27,905	45.7	44.1	47.1
South Asian	3,905	2,070	1,835	3.5	3.9	3.1
Chinese	32,925	14,825	18,105	29.3	27.9	30.5
Black	905	440	465	0.8	0.8	0.8
Filipino	1,515	570	950	1.3	1.1	1.6
Arab	850	485	370	0.8	0.9	0.6
Latin American	1,750	830	920	1.6	1.6	1.6
Southeast Asian	1,180	515	665	1.0	1.0	1.1
West Asian	1,815	875	935	1.6	1.6	1.6
Korean	2,385	1,055	1,325	2.1	2.0	2.2
Japanese	1,760	695	1,060	1.6	1.3	1.8
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	525	225	305	0.5	0.4	0.5
Multiple visible minorities	1,810	845	975	1.6	1.6	1.6
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	61,100	29,735	31,370	54.3	55.9	52.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	112,440	53,165	59,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	6,680	3,410	3,270	5.9	6.4	5.5
English	19,030	9,260	9,775	16.9	17.4	16.5
Irish	14,150	6,650	7,500	12.6	12.5	12.7
Scottish	15,065	7,135	7,930	13.4	13.4	13.4
French, n.o.s.¹²²	5,790	2,650	3,135	5.1	5.0	5.3
German	8,705	4,165	4,540	7.7	7.8	7.7
Chinese	29,875	13,460	16,415	26.6	25.3	27.7
Italian	3,380	1,635	1,745	3.0	3.1	2.9
Indian (India)	2,845	1,490	1,350	2.5	2.8	2.3
Ukrainian	3,180	1,415	1,760	2.8	2.7	3.0
Dutch	2,610	1,350	1,260	2.3	2.5	2.1
Polish	3,065	1,385	1,685	2.7	2.6	2.8
Québécois	200	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	5,035	2,455	2,580	4.5	4.6	4.4
Filipino	1,895	680	1,210	1.7	1.3	2.0
French Canadian	640	230	410	0.6	0.4	0.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,275	1,125	1,155	2.0	2.1	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	800	375	425	0.7	0.7	0.7
Métis	500	230	270	0.4	0.4	0.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,045	1,020	1,030	1.8	1.9	1.7
Russian	2,735	1,265	1,470	2.4	2.4	2.5
Norwegian	1,890	800	1,085	1.7	1.5	1.8
Welsh	1,785	785	995	1.6	1.5	1.7
Portuguese	810	415	395	0.7	0.8	0.7
American	1,875	820	1,055	1.7	1.5	1.8
Spanish	1,655	810	845	1.5	1.5	1.4
Swedish	1,725	700	1,030	1.5	1.3	1.7
Hungarian	1,285	580	700	1.1	1.1	1.2
Acadian	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	320	210	105	0.3	0.4	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	335	165	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jewish	3,030	1,590	1,435	2.7	3.0	2.4
Punjabi	270	160	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Vietnamese	495	220	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	345	175	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Greek	1,995	1,040	955	1.8	2.0	1.6
Jamaican	180	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,760	775	990	1.6	1.5	1.7
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	165	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Korean	2,365	1,075	1,290	2.1	2.0	2.2
Romanian	645	330	320	0.6	0.6	0.5
Lebanese	330	160	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian	1,565	780	790	1.4	1.5	1.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	330	145	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	950	490	460	0.8	0.9	0.8
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	110	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	1,065	505	560	0.9	0.9	0.9
Belgian	405	195	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	155	90	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mexican	835	410	425	0.7	0.8	0.7
Mennonite	305	160	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Swiss	690	310	380	0.6	0.6	0.6
Finnish	440	230	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lankan	190	110	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Croatian	610	290	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	2,060	830	1,220	1.8	1.6	2.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	235	90	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	85	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	560	225	340	0.5	0.4	0.6
Muslim	165	80	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Egyptian	280	160	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	285	115	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Tamil	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	470	235	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombian	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	420	210	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syrian	200	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	85	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	365	210	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ojibway	60	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Newfoundlander	75	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Konger	1,355	710	650	1.2	1.3	1.1
Ontarian	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	580	295	285	0.5	0.6	0.5
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	475	195	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	125	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	40	40	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Brazilian	450	205	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigerian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Armenian	135	40	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slovak	290	145	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	525	235	290	0.5	0.4	0.5
Somali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	2,475	1,080	1,395	2.2	2.0	2.4
Iraqi	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
African Caribbean	45	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	330	115	215	0.3	0.2	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	190	110	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	105	30	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	365	175	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
South African	510	280	235	0.5	0.5	0.4
Australian	805	415	390	0.7	0.8	0.7
Palestinian	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ethiopian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	125	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	140	80	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Yoruba	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slovenian	185	65	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	225	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Brunswicker	30	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Eritrean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	30	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	260	120	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mohawk	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
African American	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	165	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cuban	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	190	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	310	150	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Laotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	195	80	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	160	85	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
British Columbian	265	155	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ecuadorian	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	170	55	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Kurdish	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	125	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jatt	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	265	105	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Dominican	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	225	120	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sudanese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	240	95	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Plains Cree	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mauritian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	45	40	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	25	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	50	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mongolian	105	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uruguayan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	112,440	53,165	59,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	3,415	1,435	1,985	3.0	2.7	3.3
Christian	33,970	14,705	19,270	30.2	27.7	32.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,285	3,195	4,090	6.5	6.0	6.9
Anabaptist	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Anglican	3,890	1,675	2,210	3.5	3.2	3.7
Baptist	800	380	415	0.7	0.7	0.7
Catholic	13,195	5,650	7,545	11.7	10.6	12.7
Christian Orthodox	2,285	1,100	1,185	2.0	2.1	2.0
Jehovah's Witness	205	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latter Day Saints	70	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	720	330	385	0.6	0.6	0.6
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	310	110	205	0.3	0.2	0.3
Presbyterian	725	290	430	0.6	0.5	0.7
Reformed	65	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Church	2,625	1,015	1,605	2.3	1.9	2.7
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,535	675	860	1.4	1.3	1.5
Hindu	985	525	465	0.9	1.0	0.8
Jewish	3,310	1,640	1,675	2.9	3.1	2.8
Muslim	2,910	1,485	1,425	2.6	2.8	2.4
Sikh	720	355	360	0.6	0.7	0.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	185	80	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,260	490	775	1.1	0.9	1.3
No religion and secular perspectives	65,680	32,455	33,230	58.4	61.0	56.1
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	111,765	52,775	58,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	90,460	42,700	47,755	80.9	80.9	81.0
Movers	21,310	10,080	11,230	19.1	19.1	19.0
Non-migrants	12,555	5,880	6,680	11.2	11.1	11.3
Migrants	8,750	4,200	4,545	7.8	8.0	7.7
Internal migrants	4,410	2,070	2,345	3.9	3.9	4.0
Intraprovincial migrants	2,395	1,140	1,255	2.1	2.2	2.1
Interprovincial migrants	2,020	930	1,090	1.8	1.8	1.8
External migrants	4,335	2,135	2,205	3.9	4.0	3.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	108,610	51,055	57,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	59,015	27,615	31,395	54.3	54.1	54.6
Movers	49,590	23,445	26,150	45.7	45.9	45.4
Non-migrants	18,610	8,915	9,700	17.1	17.5	16.9
Migrants	30,980	14,530	16,450	28.5	28.5	28.6
Internal migrants	16,645	7,625	9,015	15.3	14.9	15.7
Intraprovincial migrants	10,895	5,080	5,820	10.0	10.0	10.1
Interprovincial migrants	5,745	2,545	3,195	5.3	5.0	5.6
External migrants	14,340	6,905	7,435	13.2	13.5	12.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	98,195	45,730	52,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	7,090	3,820	3,275	7.2	8.4	6.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	91,105	41,905	49,200	92.8	91.6	93.8
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	60,770	27,955	32,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	1,460	920	545	2.4	3.3	1.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	59,305	27,035	32,270	97.6	96.7	98.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	98,200	45,725	52,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,630	3,535	3,095	6.8	7.7	5.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	20,230	9,565	10,665	20.6	20.9	20.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	71,345	32,630	38,715	72.7	71.4	73.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	15,550	6,820	8,730	15.8	14.9	16.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,605	1,715	890	2.7	3.8	1.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,390	775	620	1.4	1.7	1.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,210	935	275	1.2	2.0	0.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,665	3,805	5,855	9.8	8.3	11.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,280	1,305	1,980	3.3	2.9	3.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	55,800	25,810	29,990	56.8	56.4	57.2
Bachelor's degree	30,820	13,735	17,080	31.4	30.0	32.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,115	1,220	1,900	3.2	2.7	3.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,350	1,360	995	2.4	3.0	1.9
Master's degree	14,630	6,635	7,995	14.9	14.5	15.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,880	2,860	2,020	5.0	6.3	3.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	60,765	27,955	32,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,190	730	470	2.0	2.6	1.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	7,935	3,925	4,005	13.1	14.0	12.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	51,640	23,300	28,340	85.0	83.3	86.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	10,675	4,845	5,835	17.6	17.3	17.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,650	1,135	515	2.7	4.1	1.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	885	530	360	1.5	1.9	1.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	765	600	160	1.3	2.1	0.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	6,560	2,680	3,875	10.8	9.6	11.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,470	1,035	1,435	4.1	3.7	4.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	40,965	18,460	22,510	67.4	66.0	68.6
Bachelor's degree	21,995	9,750	12,245	36.2	34.9	37.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,225	835	1,390	3.7	3.0	4.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,535	765	770	2.5	2.7	2.3
Master's degree	11,720	5,205	6,515	19.3	18.6	19.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,490	1,905	1,585	5.7	6.8	4.8
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	98,200	45,725	52,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	26,855	13,100	13,760	27.3	28.6	26.2
Education	4,240	865	3,375	4.3	1.9	6.4
13. Education	4,240	865	3,375	4.3	1.9	6.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,140	1,600	2,540	4.2	3.5	4.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	360	275	85	0.4	0.6	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	3,780	1,325	2,460	3.8	2.9	4.7
Humanities	5,725	2,135	3,595	5.8	4.7	6.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	800	180	615	0.8	0.4	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	1,730	525	1,205	1.8	1.1	2.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,330	475	855	1.4	1.0	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	120	30	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	395	210	180	0.4	0.5	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	290	175	110	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	880	490	395	0.9	1.1	0.8
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	200	45	150	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	12,495	4,810	7,690	12.7	10.5	14.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	295	80	220	0.3	0.2	0.4
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,230	435	795	1.3	1.0	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	745	40	705	0.8	0.1	1.3
22. Legal professions and studies	2,420	1,105	1,315	2.5	2.4	2.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	320	125	195	0.3	0.3	0.4
42. Psychology	2,430	570	1,860	2.5	1.2	3.5
45. Social sciences	5,055	2,445	2,605	5.1	5.3	5.0
Business, management and public administration	14,385	6,720	7,670	14.6	14.7	14.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	585	155	440	0.6	0.3	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,785	6,560	7,225	14.0	14.3	13.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,930	2,975	2,955	6.0	6.5	5.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,790	1,115	1,675	2.8	2.4	3.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	950	450	500	1.0	1.0	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	105	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	2,015	1,350	665	2.1	3.0	1.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	75	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,760	2,410	1,345	3.8	5.3	2.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,500	1,765	740	2.5	3.9	1.4
25. Library science	330	45	280	0.3	0.1	0.5
27. Mathematics and statistics	775	510	260	0.8	1.1	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	160	90	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,995	6,855	2,135	9.2	15.0	4.1
04. Architecture and related services	1,270	735	535	1.3	1.6	1.0
14. Engineering	5,445	4,090	1,355	5.5	8.9	2.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	985	805	180	1.0	1.8	0.3
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	675	655	20	0.7	1.4	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	455	430	30	0.5	0.9	0.1
48. Precision production	165	140	25	0.2	0.3	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,355	640	720	1.4	1.4	1.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	655	285	375	0.7	0.6	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	695	355	345	0.7	0.8	0.7
Health and related fields	8,885	2,885	6,005	9.0	6.3	11.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,005	460	540	1.0	1.0	1.0
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,860	1,810	5,045	7.0	4.0	9.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	965	585	380	1.0	1.3	0.7
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,370	715	660	1.4	1.6	1.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	920	360	560	0.9	0.8	1.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	175	110	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	265	230	40	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	60,770	27,955	32,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	9,130	4,650	4,470	15.0	16.6	13.6
Education	2,515	480	2,035	4.1	1.7	6.2
13. Education	2,515	480	2,035	4.1	1.7	6.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,230	1,245	1,985	5.3	4.5	6.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	290	240	55	0.5	0.9	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,935	1,010	1,930	4.8	3.6	5.9
Humanities	3,930	1,485	2,445	6.5	5.3	7.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	570	130	435	0.9	0.5	1.3
23. English language and literature/letters	1,190	375	815	2.0	1.3	2.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	885	310	575	1.5	1.1	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	75	20	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	275	135	145	0.5	0.5	0.4
39. Theology and religious vocations	205	140	60	0.3	0.5	0.2
54. History	630	345	290	1.0	1.2	0.9
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	105	20	85	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,970	3,405	5,565	14.8	12.2	17.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	220	60	165	0.4	0.2	0.5
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,090	380	710	1.8	1.4	2.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	490	30	470	0.8	0.1	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	1,730	700	1,030	2.8	2.5	3.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	215	85	130	0.4	0.3	0.4
42. Psychology	1,580	355	1,225	2.6	1.3	3.7
45. Social sciences	3,645	1,800	1,845	6.0	6.4	5.6
Business, management and public administration	11,395	5,130	6,260	18.8	18.4	19.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	390	90	300	0.6	0.3	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,995	5,040	5,955	18.1	18.0	18.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,135	2,010	2,125	6.8	7.2	6.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,065	815	1,250	3.4	2.9	3.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	640	285	355	1.1	1.0	1.1
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	70	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
40. Physical sciences	1,320	875	450	2.2	3.1	1.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,910	1,900	1,010	4.8	6.8	3.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,135	1,505	635	3.5	5.4	1.9
25. Library science	170	25	140	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	475	305	175	0.8	1.1	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	125	60	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,475	4,680	1,805	10.7	16.7	5.5
04. Architecture and related services	910	490	425	1.5	1.8	1.3
14. Engineering	4,055	2,870	1,180	6.7	10.3	3.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	635	490	145	1.0	1.8	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	495	485	10	0.8	1.7	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	285	255	20	0.5	0.9	0.1
48. Precision production	95	80	20	0.2	0.3	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	995	460	535	1.6	1.6	1.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	515	225	290	0.8	0.8	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	485	240	245	0.8	0.9	0.7
Health and related fields	6,020	1,940	4,075	9.9	6.9	12.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	695	355	340	1.1	1.3	1.0
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,665	1,240	3,425	7.7	4.4	10.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	620	345	280	1.0	1.2	0.9
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,010	535	475	1.7	1.9	1.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	650	270	380	1.1	1.0	1.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	155	90	60	0.3	0.3	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	200	165	35	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	60,770	27,955	32,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	9,130	4,650	4,470	15.0	16.6	13.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	51,640	23,300	28,340	85.0	83.3	86.4
Location of study inside Canada	31,620	14,690	16,925	52.0	52.5	51.6
Same as province or territory of residence	23,080	10,645	12,440	38.0	38.1	37.9
Different than province or territory of residence	8,535	4,050	4,485	14.0	14.5	13.7
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	20,025	8,610	11,415	33.0	30.8	34.8
Americas	4,590	2,130	2,460	7.6	7.6	7.5
United States of America	3,775	1,795	1,985	6.2	6.4	6.0
Mexico	285	110	175	0.5	0.4	0.5
Cuba	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	265	115	150	0.4	0.4	0.5
Colombia	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	15	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	115	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	5,150	2,555	2,590	8.5	9.1	7.9
Belgium	45	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	450	225	220	0.7	0.8	0.7
Germany	300	165	130	0.5	0.6	0.4
Netherlands	120	75	45	0.2	0.3	0.1
Switzerland	115	70	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hungary	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	155	65	90	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	805	420	375	1.3	1.5	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,335	1,080	1,250	3.8	3.9	3.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Serbia⁸⁶	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	465	245	215	0.8	0.9	0.7
Africa	370	190	180	0.6	0.7	0.5
Nigeria	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	240	145	100	0.4	0.5	0.3
Other locations of study in Africa	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Asia	9,065	3,295	5,760	14.9	11.8	17.6
Iran⁸⁸	415	150	265	0.7	0.5	0.8
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	110	50	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanon	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	40	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Turkey	100	65	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	5,310	1,990	3,320	8.7	7.1	10.1
Taiwan	540	165	375	0.9	0.6	1.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	355	155	205	0.6	0.6	0.6
Japan	390	95	295	0.6	0.3	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	605	170	435	1.0	0.6	1.3
Philippines	465	100	365	0.8	0.4	1.1
Viet Nam	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	35	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sri Lanka	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
India	345	175	170	0.6	0.6	0.5
Pakistan	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	240	95	145	0.4	0.3	0.4
Oceania	855	430	425	1.4	1.5	1.3
Australia	720	335	385	1.2	1.2	1.2
New Zealand	130	95	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	98,200	45,725	52,470	...	...	...
In the labour force	60,500	30,010	30,495	...	...	...
Employed	54,985	27,290	27,700	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,520	2,715	2,800	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	37,695	15,720	21,980	...	...	...
Participation rate	61.6	65.6	58.1	61.6	65.6	58.1
Employment rate	56.0	59.7	52.8	56.0	59.7	52.8
Unemployment rate	9.1	9.0	9.2	9.1	9.0	9.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	98,200	45,725	52,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	38,100	15,935	22,160	38.8	34.8	42.2
Worked	60,105	29,795	30,310	61.2	65.2	57.8
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	29,335	16,040	13,300	29.9	35.1	25.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	30,765	13,750	17,010	31.3	30.1	32.4
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.0	40.8	39.2	40.0	40.8	39.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	60,505	30,005	30,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,650	770	875	2.7	2.6	2.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	58,850	29,235	29,620	97.3	97.4	97.1
Employee	44,625	21,290	23,335	73.8	71.0	76.5
Permanent position	32,490	15,795	16,695	53.7	52.6	54.7
Temporary position	12,135	5,495	6,640	20.1	18.3	21.8
Fixed term (1 year or more)	5,210	2,395	2,815	8.6	8.0	9.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,920	3,100	3,825	11.4	10.3	12.5
Self-employed¹⁹²	14,230	7,950	6,285	23.5	26.5	20.6
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	60,505	30,005	30,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,650	770	875	2.7	2.6	2.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	58,850	29,235	29,620	97.3	97.4	97.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,815	1,315	500	3.0	4.4	1.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,415	4,675	7,740	20.5	15.6	25.4
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,880	4,920	1,960	11.4	16.4	6.4
3 Health occupations	4,920	1,735	3,185	8.1	5.8	10.4
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	11,695	4,685	7,010	19.3	15.6	23.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,820	2,260	2,560	8.0	7.5	8.4
6 Sales and service occupations	11,085	5,280	5,810	18.3	17.6	19.1
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	4,060	3,495	560	6.7	11.6	1.8
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	615	440	175	1.0	1.5	0.6
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	550	435	115	0.9	1.4	0.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	60,505	30,005	30,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,650	770	875	2.7	2.6	2.9
All industries¹⁹¹	58,850	29,235	29,620	97.3	97.4	97.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	305	185	125	0.5	0.6	0.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	260	195	65	0.4	0.6	0.2
22 Utilities	235	140	90	0.4	0.5	0.3
23 Construction	2,475	2,020	460	4.1	6.7	1.5
31-33 Manufacturing	1,655	1,010	645	2.7	3.4	2.1
41 Wholesale trade	1,605	970	635	2.7	3.2	2.1
44-45 Retail trade	4,875	2,455	2,425	8.1	8.2	8.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	1,360	970	390	2.2	3.2	1.3
51 Information and cultural industries	2,640	1,540	1,100	4.4	5.1	3.6
52 Finance and insurance	3,350	1,795	1,555	5.5	6.0	5.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,505	1,285	1,215	4.1	4.3	4.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	10,270	5,840	4,430	17.0	19.5	14.5
55 Management of companies and enterprises	280	130	145	0.5	0.4	0.5
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,615	905	710	2.7	3.0	2.3
61 Educational services	9,705	3,910	5,795	16.0	13.0	19.0
62 Health care and social assistance	6,725	2,070	4,655	11.1	6.9	15.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,775	890	885	2.9	3.0	2.9
72 Accommodation and food services	3,060	1,425	1,635	5.1	4.7	5.4
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,020	610	1,415	3.3	2.0	4.6
91 Public administration	2,130	890	1,235	3.5	3.0	4.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	65,400	32,350	33,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	57,035	28,475	28,560	87.2	88.0	86.4
French	100	25	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	1,915	1,015	900	2.9	3.1	2.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,915	1,015	900	2.9	3.1	2.7
English and French	965	360	605	1.5	1.1	1.8
English and non-official language(s)	5,075	2,355	2,720	7.8	7.3	8.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	170	70	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	135	55	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	65,400	32,350	33,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	64,275	31,805	32,465	98.3	98.3	98.2
Official languages	60,955	30,130	30,820	93.2	93.1	93.3
English	60,715	30,065	30,650	92.8	92.9	92.7
French	235	65	170	0.4	0.2	0.5
Non-official languages	3,320	1,680	1,645	5.1	5.2	5.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,320	1,675	1,645	5.1	5.2	5.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	35	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	225	110	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	110	55	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	35	15	15	0.1	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	135	80	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,795	1,430	1,365	4.3	4.4	4.1
Chinese languages	2,795	1,430	1,365	4.3	4.4	4.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,385	1,200	1,185	3.6	3.7	3.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	385	215	170	0.6	0.7	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,125	545	580	1.7	1.7	1.8
English and French	80	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,020	495	520	1.6	1.5	1.6
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	65,400	32,350	33,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	60,020	29,950	30,065	91.8	92.6	91.0
English	1,280	595	685	2.0	1.8	2.1
French	765	300	465	1.2	0.9	1.4
Non-official language	2,615	1,200	1,415	4.0	3.7	4.3
Indigenous³⁹	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,585	1,185	1,400	4.0	3.7	4.2
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	150	80	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	155	65	95	0.2	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	415	165	245	0.6	0.5	0.7
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	54,990	27,290	27,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	23,250	11,240	12,005	42.3	41.2	43.3
Worked outside Canada	830	530	300	1.5	1.9	1.1
No fixed workplace address	4,670	3,105	1,570	8.5	11.4	5.7
Usual place of work	26,245	12,415	13,825	47.7	45.5	49.9
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	26,245	12,415	13,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	17,835	7,900	9,930	68.0	63.6	71.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	7,990	4,290	3,705	30.4	34.6	26.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	270	150	120	1.0	1.2	0.9
Commute to a different province or territory	145	75	70	0.6	0.6	0.5
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	30,910	15,520	15,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	18,645	9,950	8,695	60.3	64.1	56.5
Car, truck or van - as a driver	16,950	9,450	7,495	54.8	60.9	48.7
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,695	500	1,195	5.5	3.2	7.8
Public transit	5,280	2,205	3,075	17.1	14.2	20.0
Walked	3,565	1,395	2,165	11.5	9.0	14.1
Bicycle	2,325	1,395	925	7.5	9.0	6.0
Other method	1,100	575	530	3.6	3.7	3.4
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	30,910	15,520	15,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	7,545	3,290	4,250	24.4	21.2	27.6
15 to 29 minutes	12,400	6,310	6,085	40.1	40.7	39.5
30 to 44 minutes	7,170	3,775	3,395	23.2	24.3	22.1
45 to 59 minutes	2,200	1,200	995	7.1	7.7	6.5
60 minutes and over	1,600	945	660	5.2	6.1	4.3
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	30,910	15,520	15,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	785	530	255	2.5	3.4	1.7
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,080	1,890	1,195	10.0	12.2	7.8
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	6,620	3,380	3,245	21.4	21.8	21.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,090	4,355	4,730	29.4	28.1	30.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,890	3,645	4,245	25.5	23.5	27.6
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	3,445	1,720	1,725	11.1	11.1	11.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	18,610	9,655	8,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,410	675	730	7.6	7.0	8.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,200	8,980	8,220	92.4	93.0	91.8
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	14,555	7,565	6,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,115	540	575	7.7	7.1	8.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	630	290	345	4.3	3.8	4.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	480	245	235	3.3	3.2	3.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,440	7,035	6,410	92.3	93.0	91.8

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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