Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Vancouver GranvilleMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	116,795	55,025	61,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12,610	6,510	6,100	10.8	11.8	9.9
0 to 4 years	4,450	2,275	2,175	3.8	4.1	3.5
5 to 9 years	4,150	2,160	1,990	3.6	3.9	3.2
10 to 14 years	4,010	2,080	1,930	3.4	3.8	3.1
15 to 64 years	82,785	39,395	43,385	70.9	71.6	70.2
15 to 19 years	4,405	2,295	2,105	3.8	4.2	3.4
20 to 24 years	7,560	3,565	3,995	6.5	6.5	6.5
25 to 29 years	12,260	5,830	6,430	10.5	10.6	10.4
30 to 34 years	12,250	6,000	6,250	10.5	10.9	10.1
35 to 39 years	9,865	4,860	5,005	8.4	8.8	8.1
40 to 44 years	7,935	3,780	4,155	6.8	6.9	6.7
45 to 49 years	7,215	3,360	3,855	6.2	6.1	6.2
50 to 54 years	7,625	3,455	4,170	6.5	6.3	6.8
55 to 59 years	7,250	3,330	3,930	6.2	6.1	6.4
60 to 64 years	6,410	2,915	3,500	5.5	5.3	5.7
65 years and over	21,410	9,125	12,285	18.3	16.6	19.9
65 to 69 years	6,025	2,615	3,405	5.2	4.8	5.5
70 to 74 years	5,765	2,480	3,285	4.9	4.5	5.3
75 to 79 years	3,650	1,595	2,055	3.1	2.9	3.3
80 to 84 years	2,650	1,090	1,560	2.3	2.0	2.5
85 years and over	3,320	1,335	1,985	2.8	2.4	3.2
85 to 89 years	1,865	785	1,075	1.6	1.4	1.7
90 to 94 years	1,055	430	625	0.9	0.8	1.0
95 to 99 years	335	110	225	0.3	0.2	0.4
100 years and over	65	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	10.8	11.8	9.9	10.8	11.8	9.9
15 to 64 years	70.9	71.6	70.2	70.9	71.6	70.2
65 years and over	18.3	16.6	19.9	18.3	16.6	19.9
85 years and over	2.8	2.4	3.2	2.8	2.4	3.2
Average age of the population	42.5	41.3	43.6	42.5	41.3	43.6
Median age of the population	39.6	38.4	41.2	39.6	38.4	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	55,140	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	8,235	...	...	14.9	...	...
Semi-detached house	810	...	...	1.5	...	...
Row house	2,060	...	...	3.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,090	...	...	12.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	25,315	...	...	45.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	11,495	...	...	20.8	...	...
Other single-attached house	115	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	55,140	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	21,890	...	...	39.7	...	...
2 persons	18,835	...	...	34.2	...	...
3 persons	6,665	...	...	12.1	...	...
4 persons	5,010	...	...	9.1	...	...
5 or more persons	2,740	...	...	5.0	...	...
Number of persons in private households	115,200	54,345	60,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	104,190	48,515	55,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	54,380	27,055	27,325	52.2	55.8	49.1
Married	41,890	20,710	21,180	40.2	42.7	38.0
Living common-law	12,490	6,350	6,145	12.0	13.1	11.0
Living common law - Never married	10,840	5,465	5,375	10.4	11.3	9.7
Living common law - Separated	170	100	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,385	730	655	1.3	1.5	1.2
Living common law - Widowed	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	49,805	21,460	28,345	47.8	44.2	50.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	36,700	17,765	18,940	35.2	36.6	34.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,085	760	1,320	2.0	1.6	2.4
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,515	2,130	4,390	6.3	4.4	7.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,500	805	3,700	4.3	1.7	6.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	30,200	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	17,820	...	...	59.0	...	...
3 persons	6,245	...	...	20.7	...	...
4 persons	4,930	...	...	16.3	...	...
5 or more persons	1,200	...	...	4.0	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	30,200	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	25,905	...	...	85.8	...	...
Married couples	19,655	...	...	65.1	...	...
With children⁶	10,195	...	...	33.8	...	...
Without children	9,460	...	...	31.3	...	...
Common-law couples	6,240	...	...	20.7	...	...
With children⁶	895	...	...	3.0	...	...
Without children	5,350	...	...	17.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,300	...	...	14.2	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,560	...	...	11.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	740	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	115,200	54,345	60,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	80,350	39,415	40,940	69.7	72.5	67.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	51,805	26,050	25,755	45.0	47.9	42.3
Parents in one-parent families	4,295	740	3,560	3.7	1.4	5.8
Children⁶	24,245	12,620	11,620	21.0	23.2	19.1
In a two-parent family	18,405	9,585	8,820	16.0	17.6	14.5
In a one-parent family	5,840	3,040	2,800	5.1	5.6	4.6
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	34,850	14,935	19,915	30.3	27.5	32.7
Living alone	21,890	8,770	13,120	19.0	16.1	21.6
Living with other relatives⁷	3,105	1,155	1,950	2.7	2.1	3.2
Living with non-relatives only	9,850	5,005	4,840	8.6	9.2	8.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	55,140	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,255	...	...	47.6	...	...
Couple-family households	22,810	...	...	41.4	...	...
With children⁶	9,520	...	...	17.3	...	...
Without children	13,290	...	...	24.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,450	...	...	6.3	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,215	...	...	2.2	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	300	...	...	0.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,395	...	...	2.5	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,075	...	...	7.4	...	...
One-person households	21,890	...	...	39.7	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	102,595	47,840	54,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	99,770	46,460	53,305	97.2	97.1	97.4
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,400	50,000	43,600	46,400	50,000	43,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	99,810	46,480	53,330	97.3	97.2	97.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	44,400	39,600	41,600	44,400	39,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	92,205	42,945	49,255	89.9	89.8	90.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,200	49,200	38,800	43,200	49,200	38,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	73,875	35,520	38,360	72.0	74.2	70.1
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	50,000	40,000	44,400	50,000	40,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,400	34,250	44,150	76.4	71.6	80.6
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,300	7,000	7,650	7,300	7,000	7,650
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,335	3,105	4,230	7.1	6.5	7.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,440	5,480	5,480	5,440	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	27,375	12,895	14,475	26.7	27.0	26.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,500	8,500	8,500	8,500	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	103,000	48,155	54,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	100,085	46,785	53,305	97.2	97.2	97.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	70,700	83,500	59,450	70,700	83,500	59,450
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	100,120	46,800	53,325	97.2	97.2	97.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,050	62,800	48,240	55,050	62,800	48,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	92,825	43,380	49,450	90.1	90.1	90.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	68,400	83,000	55,650	68,400	83,000	55,650
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	74,410	35,980	38,435	72.2	74.7	70.1
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	65,500	78,400	53,450	65,500	78,400	53,450
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,225	34,335	43,890	75.9	71.3	80.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,260	8,950	9,500	9,260	8,950	9,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,290	3,085	4,200	7.1	6.4	7.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,400	5,585	7,010	6,400	5,585	7,010
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	27,210	13,025	14,190	26.4	27.0	25.9
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,350	9,320	9,380	9,350	9,320	9,380
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	103,000	48,155	54,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	35,245	18,440	16,810	34.2	38.3	30.7
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	74,000	79,500	69,000	74,000	79,500	69,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	97,700	112,500	81,500	97,700	112,500	81,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	30,360	13,540	16,820	29.5	28.1	30.7
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,200	23,200	20,000	21,200	23,200	20,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	38,520	44,800	33,480	38,520	44,800	33,480
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	89.8	92.2	86.8	89.8	92.2	86.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.8	72.2	64.8	68.8	72.2	64.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	10.2	7.9	13.2	10.2	7.9	13.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	0.9	0.7	0.4	0.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.3	3.6	5.2	4.3	3.6	5.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.6	3.1	4.2	3.6	3.1	4.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	102,595	47,840	54,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	2,825	1,380	1,450	2.8	2.9	2.6
With total income	99,765	46,460	53,305	97.2	97.1	97.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,825	4,435	5,390	9.9	9.5	10.1
$10,000 to $19,999	9,710	4,320	5,390	9.7	9.3	10.1
$20,000 to $29,999	13,495	5,790	7,710	13.5	12.5	14.5
$30,000 to $39,999	10,935	4,660	6,275	11.0	10.0	11.8
$40,000 to $49,999	9,200	3,965	5,240	9.2	8.5	9.8
$50,000 to $59,999	7,915	3,340	4,575	7.9	7.2	8.6
$60,000 to $69,999	6,770	3,030	3,740	6.8	6.5	7.0
$70,000 to $79,999	5,675	2,700	2,970	5.7	5.8	5.6
$80,000 to $89,999	4,950	2,315	2,635	5.0	5.0	4.9
$90,000 to $99,999	3,970	1,980	1,985	4.0	4.3	3.7
$100,000 and over	17,320	9,920	7,395	17.4	21.4	13.9
$100,000 to $149,999	9,535	5,075	4,460	9.6	10.9	8.4
$150,000 and over	7,790	4,845	2,940	7.8	10.4	5.5
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	102,595	47,840	54,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	2,780	1,355	1,430	2.7	2.8	2.6
With after-tax income	99,810	46,480	53,330	97.3	97.2	97.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,370	4,690	5,680	10.4	10.1	10.6
$10,000 to $19,999	10,080	4,485	5,590	10.1	9.6	10.5
$20,000 to $29,999	15,135	6,535	8,600	15.2	14.1	16.1
$30,000 to $39,999	12,545	5,390	7,155	12.6	11.6	13.4
$40,000 to $49,999	10,880	4,630	6,250	10.9	10.0	11.7
$50,000 to $59,999	8,985	3,990	5,000	9.0	8.6	9.4
$60,000 to $69,999	7,245	3,420	3,825	7.3	7.3	7.2
$70,000 to $79,999	5,970	2,900	3,065	6.0	6.2	5.7
$80,000 to $89,999	4,295	2,105	2,195	4.3	4.5	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	3,190	1,670	1,525	3.2	3.6	2.9
$100,000 and over	11,115	6,680	4,440	11.1	14.4	8.3
$100,000 to $124,999	4,515	2,560	1,955	4.5	5.5	3.7
$125,000 and over	6,605	4,120	2,485	6.6	8.9	4.7
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	102,595	47,840	54,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	28,720	12,320	16,400	28.0	25.8	30.0
With employment income	73,875	35,520	38,355	72.0	74.3	70.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,025	4,100	4,930	12.2	11.5	12.9
$5,000 to $9,999	5,615	2,440	3,175	7.6	6.9	8.3
$10,000 to $19,999	8,035	3,500	4,540	10.9	9.8	11.8
$20,000 to $29,999	6,100	2,710	3,395	8.3	7.6	8.8
$30,000 to $39,999	5,625	2,480	3,140	7.6	7.0	8.2
$40,000 to $49,999	5,575	2,500	3,075	7.5	7.0	8.0
$50,000 to $59,999	5,330	2,375	2,955	7.2	6.7	7.7
$60,000 to $69,999	4,900	2,350	2,545	6.6	6.6	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	4,210	2,100	2,110	5.7	5.9	5.5
$80,000 to $89,999	3,835	1,825	2,010	5.2	5.2	5.2
$90,000 to $99,999	3,165	1,580	1,585	4.3	4.5	4.1
$100,000 and over	12,450	7,550	4,900	16.9	21.3	12.8
$100,000 to $124,999	4,715	2,590	2,125	6.4	7.3	5.5
$125,000 and over	7,735	4,960	2,775	10.5	14.0	7.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	102,595	47,840	54,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	96,560	44,775	51,780	94.1	93.6	94.6
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,000	48,800	40,800	44,000	48,800	40,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	96,735	44,815	51,920	94.3	93.7	94.8
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	42,800	36,400	39,200	42,800	36,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	90,620	42,075	48,545	88.3	87.9	88.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,600	49,200	39,200	43,600	49,200	39,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	74,560	35,510	39,045	72.7	74.2	71.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	48,400	38,400	42,800	48,400	38,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	61,185	25,490	35,690	59.6	53.3	65.2
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,470	960	1,960	1,470	960	1,960
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,895	1,590	2,305	3.8	3.3	4.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	4,760	6,800	5,640	4,760	6,800
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	103,000	48,155	54,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	96,905	45,065	51,835	94.1	93.6	94.5
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	69,100	83,600	56,400	69,100	83,600	56,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	97,075	45,130	51,940	94.2	93.7	94.7
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,300	63,850	46,000	54,300	63,850	46,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,055	42,465	48,590	88.4	88.2	88.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	69,300	85,300	55,300	69,300	85,300	55,300
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	74,940	35,890	39,055	72.8	74.5	71.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	63,250	77,000	50,600	63,250	77,000	50,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	61,040	25,415	35,630	59.3	52.8	65.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,240	5,740	6,600	6,240	5,740	6,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,890	1,520	2,365	3.8	3.2	4.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,710	5,695	9,010	7,710	5,695	9,010
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	103,000	48,155	54,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	34,495	17,980	16,515	33.5	37.3	30.1
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	67,000	73,000	61,600	67,000	73,000	61,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,300	105,500	73,600	90,300	105,500	73,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	28,480	12,710	15,770	27.7	26.4	28.8
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,800	30,200	26,000	27,800	30,200	26,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	46,720	57,350	38,160	46,720	57,350	38,160
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	94.4	96.2	92.0	94.4	96.2	92.0
Employment income (%)	70.8	73.2	67.6	70.8	73.2	67.6
Government transfers (%)	5.7	3.9	8.0	5.7	3.9	8.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.5	0.2	0.7	0.5	0.2	0.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	55,140	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...	75,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	21,890	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,400	...	...	52,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,000	...	...	46,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	33,250	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...	121,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	55,210	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	128,200	...	...	128,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	99,800	...	...	99,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	21,840	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	67,600	...	...	67,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	54,000	...	...	54,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	33,365	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	167,800	...	...	167,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	129,800	...	...	129,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	55,140	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,310	...	...	2.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	555	...	...	1.0	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	705	...	...	1.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,235	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,185	...	...	4.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,700	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,715	...	...	3.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,890	...	...	3.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,710	...	...	3.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,860	...	...	3.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,650	...	...	6.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,560	...	...	6.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,365	...	...	6.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,060	...	...	5.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,780	...	...	5.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	23,860	...	...	43.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,675	...	...	10.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,240	...	...	7.7	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,680	...	...	10.3	...	...
$200,000 and over	8,265	...	...	15.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	55,140	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,540	...	...	2.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	570	...	...	1.0	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	710	...	...	1.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,295	...	...	2.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,345	...	...	4.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,955	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,985	...	...	3.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,160	...	...	3.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,225	...	...	4.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,220	...	...	4.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,350	...	...	7.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,130	...	...	7.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,670	...	...	6.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,295	...	...	6.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,940	...	...	5.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,750	...	...	35.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,715	...	...	10.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,200	...	...	7.6	...	...
$150,000 and over	9,835	...	...	17.8	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	30,105	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...	122,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	13,805	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	11,095	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	157,000	...	...	157,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...	133,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,985	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...	75,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	31,740	13,780	17,960	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,800	43,200	45,600	44,800	43,200	45,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,400	39,200	41,200	40,400	39,200	41,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	30,195	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	171,600	...	...	171,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	131,400	...	...	131,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,780	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	157,600	...	...	157,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	121,700	...	...	121,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,280	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	218,400	...	...	218,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	165,800	...	...	165,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,940	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	103,400	...	...	103,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,700	...	...	76,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	31,700	13,910	17,785	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	59,700	60,650	59,000	59,700	60,650	59,000
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,680	49,240	48,280	48,680	49,240	48,280
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	115,200	54,345	60,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	15,190	7,855	7,335	13.2	14.5	12.1
0 to 5 years	5,290	2,705	2,585	4.6	5.0	4.2
18 to 64 years	79,960	37,900	42,060	69.4	69.7	69.1
65 years and over	20,045	8,590	11,460	17.4	15.8	18.8
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	14,640	6,640	8,000	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,060	1,080	975	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	595	315	280	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	9,665	4,420	5,240	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,920	1,140	1,775	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.7	12.2	13.1	12.7	12.2	13.1
0 to 17 years (%)	13.5	13.8	13.3	13.5	13.8	13.3
0 to 5 years (%)	11.2	11.6	10.8	11.2	11.6	10.8
18 to 64 years (%)	12.1	11.7	12.5	12.1	11.7	12.5
65 years and over (%)	14.6	13.3	15.5	14.6	13.3	15.5
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	115,200	54,345	60,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	15,190	7,855	7,335	13.2	14.5	12.1
0 to 5 years	5,290	2,705	2,585	4.6	5.0	4.2
18 to 64 years	79,960	37,900	42,060	69.4	69.7	69.1
65 years and over	20,045	8,590	11,460	17.4	15.8	18.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	11,680	5,565	6,110	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,480	770	710	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	390	210	180	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	8,850	4,235	4,615	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,350	565	785	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	10.1	10.2	10.0	10.1	10.2	10.0
0 to 17 years (%)	9.7	9.8	9.7	9.7	9.8	9.7
0 to 5 years (%)	7.3	7.6	7.0	7.3	7.6	7.0
18 to 64 years (%)	11.1	11.2	11.0	11.1	11.2	11.0
65 years and over (%)	6.7	6.6	6.9	6.7	6.6	6.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	115,200	54,345	60,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	49,135	22,520	26,615	42.7	41.4	43.7
In bottom decile	15,160	7,070	8,095	13.2	13.0	13.3
In second decile	9,315	4,200	5,115	8.1	7.7	8.4
In third decile	8,435	3,890	4,545	7.3	7.2	7.5
In fourth decile	7,935	3,610	4,325	6.9	6.6	7.1
In fifth decile	8,285	3,755	4,535	7.2	6.9	7.5
In top half of the distribution	66,065	31,825	34,235	57.3	58.6	56.3
In sixth decile	8,955	4,145	4,815	7.8	7.6	7.9
In seventh decile	9,445	4,430	5,005	8.2	8.2	8.2
In eighth decile	10,910	5,195	5,715	9.5	9.6	9.4
In ninth decile	13,355	6,410	6,940	11.6	11.8	11.4
In top decile	23,405	11,650	11,760	20.3	21.4	19.3
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	115,200	...	...	115,200	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.432	...	...	0.432	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.504	...	...	0.504	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.378	...	...	0.378	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.5	...	...	5.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	115,655	54,520	61,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	98,390	47,275	51,115	85.1	86.7	83.6
French only	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	12,355	5,295	7,060	10.7	9.7	11.5
Neither English nor French	4,830	1,915	2,915	4.2	3.5	4.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	115,655	54,520	61,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	108,175	51,360	56,815	93.5	94.2	92.9
French	2,045	980	1,060	1.8	1.8	1.7
English and French	675	300	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Neither English nor French	4,755	1,875	2,885	4.1	3.4	4.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	115,655	54,520	61,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	109,750	51,835	57,920	94.9	95.1	94.7
Official languages	64,405	31,825	32,580	55.7	58.4	53.3
English	62,490	30,900	31,590	54.0	56.7	51.7
French	1,915	925	985	1.7	1.7	1.6
Non-official languages	45,345	20,010	25,340	39.2	36.7	41.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	45,330	20,000	25,335	39.2	36.7	41.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	855	480	370	0.7	0.9	0.6
Berber languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	840	475	365	0.7	0.9	0.6
Amharic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	455	260	190	0.4	0.5	0.3
Aramaic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	340	185	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	645	270	375	0.6	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	640	265	375	0.6	0.5	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,060	1,170	1,890	2.6	2.1	3.1
Bikol	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	100	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	170	60	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	230	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,315	880	1,440	2.0	1.6	2.4
Waray-Waray	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	610	345	270	0.5	0.6	0.4
Kannada	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	125	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	310	165	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Telugu	150	95	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	14,575	6,960	7,610	12.6	12.8	12.4
Albanian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,550	1,105	1,445	2.2	2.0	2.4
Baltic languages	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,490	1,085	1,410	2.2	2.0	2.3
Belarusian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Macedonian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	430	190	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	880	370	510	0.8	0.7	0.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	620	270	345	0.5	0.5	0.6
Bosnian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	170	60	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Serbian	385	175	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	90	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	175	75	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,485	680	810	1.3	1.2	1.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,025	445	575	0.9	0.8	0.9
German	940	415	520	0.8	0.8	0.9
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	280	150	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Afrikaans	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	200	115	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	175	75	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Danish	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	310	155	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	6,090	3,050	3,040	5.3	5.6	5.0
Indo-Aryan languages	4,985	2,475	2,505	4.3	4.5	4.1
Assamese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	175	95	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	210	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	860	450	405	0.7	0.8	0.7
Kacchi	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	55	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,345	1,605	1,735	2.9	2.9	2.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	195	110	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,105	570	530	1.0	1.0	0.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,035	530	505	0.9	1.0	0.8
Dari	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	900	460	435	0.8	0.8	0.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	90	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,050	1,940	2,105	3.5	3.6	3.4
Catalan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	395	205	185	0.3	0.4	0.3
Portuguese	875	425	450	0.8	0.8	0.7
Romanian	225	95	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	2,530	1,200	1,330	2.2	2.2	2.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,415	460	950	1.2	0.8	1.6
Korean	1,560	625	940	1.3	1.1	1.5
Mongolian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Akan (Twi)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	21,780	9,285	12,500	18.8	17.0	20.4
Chinese languages	21,745	9,260	12,480	18.8	17.0	20.4
Hakka	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	9,590	4,025	5,565	8.3	7.4	9.1
Min Dong	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	830	350	480	0.7	0.6	0.8
Wu (Shanghainese)	180	50	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	10,855	4,715	6,140	9.4	8.6	10.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	175	65	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	135	35	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	120	30	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	265	160	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	245	145	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	280	125	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Estonian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	70	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	190	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,900	2,690	3,215	5.1	4.9	5.3
English and French	525	250	270	0.5	0.5	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	4,535	2,085	2,445	3.9	3.8	4.0
French and non-official language(s)	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	120	40	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	605	255	355	0.5	0.5	0.6
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	115,655	54,520	61,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	68,230	33,200	35,025	59.0	60.9	57.3
French	460	220	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official language	13,910	6,045	7,860	12.0	11.1	12.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13,905	6,045	7,860	12.0	11.1	12.9
English and French	1,640	750	890	1.4	1.4	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	29,005	13,255	15,745	25.1	24.3	25.8
French and non-official language(s)	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	885	405	485	0.8	0.7	0.8
Multiple non-official languages	1,480	620	855	1.3	1.1	1.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	115,655	54,520	61,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	109,555	51,695	57,855	94.7	94.8	94.6
Official languages	83,450	40,095	43,355	72.2	73.5	70.9
English	82,705	39,755	42,950	71.5	72.9	70.3
French	745	345	405	0.6	0.6	0.7
Non-official languages	26,105	11,595	14,505	22.6	21.3	23.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	26,100	11,600	14,500	22.6	21.3	23.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	385	210	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	380	205	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	195	110	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	180	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	345	150	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	345	150	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,560	650	915	1.3	1.2	1.5
Bikol	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,265	530	735	1.1	1.0	1.2
Waray-Waray	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	375	200	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
Kannada	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	215	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	6,730	3,220	3,505	5.8	5.9	5.7
Albanian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	940	410	530	0.8	0.8	0.9
Baltic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	930	410	525	0.8	0.8	0.9
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	425	185	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	250	110	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	185	80	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	205	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	3,575	1,740	1,835	3.1	3.2	3.0
Indo-Aryan languages	2,925	1,420	1,500	2.5	2.6	2.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	405	205	200	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kacchi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,185	1,035	1,150	1.9	1.9	1.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	115	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	650	315	335	0.6	0.6	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	605	290	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	525	245	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,880	920	960	1.6	1.7	1.6
Catalan	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	495	240	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	1,225	605	615	1.1	1.1	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	700	285	420	0.6	0.5	0.7
Korean	900	390	505	0.8	0.7	0.8
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	14,805	6,355	8,455	12.8	11.7	13.8
Chinese languages	14,780	6,340	8,445	12.8	11.6	13.8
Hakka	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	7,205	3,120	4,085	6.2	5.7	6.7
Min Dong	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	420	180	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Wu (Shanghainese)	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	6,935	2,945	3,995	6.0	5.4	6.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	120	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,105	2,820	3,280	5.3	5.2	5.4
English and French	335	165	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	5,420	2,510	2,910	4.7	4.6	4.8
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	265	110	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	115,655	54,520	61,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	87,560	41,755	45,805	75.7	76.6	74.9
English	9,540	4,395	5,145	8.2	8.1	8.4
French	1,220	560	665	1.1	1.0	1.1
Non-official language	13,595	6,130	7,465	11.8	11.2	12.2
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13,575	6,120	7,460	11.7	11.2	12.2
English and French	105	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,560	690	865	1.3	1.3	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	525	240	290	0.5	0.4	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,505	685	825	1.3	1.3	1.3
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	115,770	54,730	61,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	110,890	52,795	58,090	95.8	96.5	95.2
English	110,855	52,795	58,060	95.8	96.5	95.1
French	12,315	5,195	7,120	10.6	9.5	11.7
Non-official languages	59,980	26,985	32,995	51.8	49.3	54.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	59,930	26,960	32,970	51.8	49.3	54.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,690	895	800	1.5	1.6	1.3
Berber languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,680	880	800	1.5	1.6	1.3
Amharic	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	720	425	290	0.6	0.8	0.5
Aramaic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	900	420	480	0.8	0.8	0.8
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	910	365	540	0.8	0.7	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	890	355	540	0.8	0.6	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,565	1,810	2,750	3.9	3.3	4.5
Bikol	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	110	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	130	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	290	90	200	0.3	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	415	190	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Pangasinan	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,900	1,525	2,380	3.4	2.8	3.9
Waray-Waray	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	930	515	420	0.8	0.9	0.7
Kannada	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	185	115	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamil	575	300	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Telugu	160	85	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	22,580	10,775	11,805	19.5	19.7	19.3
Albanian	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Armenian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	3,110	1,390	1,720	2.7	2.5	2.8
Baltic languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,070	1,375	1,695	2.7	2.5	2.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	515	240	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
Russian	1,290	555	735	1.1	1.0	1.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	810	360	445	0.7	0.7	0.7
Bosnian	190	80	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Croatian	320	120	205	0.3	0.2	0.3
Serbian	495	250	245	0.4	0.5	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	105	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	375	185	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	200	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Irish	160	85	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,960	1,290	1,665	2.6	2.4	2.7
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,135	905	1,235	1.8	1.7	2.0
German	2,015	850	1,165	1.7	1.6	1.9
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	95	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	570	270	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afrikaans	225	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	335	145	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	365	155	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Swedish	180	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	560	260	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	8,425	4,260	4,160	7.3	7.8	6.8
Indo-Aryan languages	7,095	3,565	3,535	6.1	6.5	5.8
Assamese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	310	170	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	310	130	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Hindi	2,970	1,620	1,350	2.6	3.0	2.2
Kacchi	65	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	35	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	95	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,905	2,430	2,475	4.2	4.4	4.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	390	220	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iranian languages	1,360	725	640	1.2	1.3	1.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	1,280	670	610	1.1	1.2	1.0
Dari	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,175	620	555	1.0	1.1	0.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,140	3,815	4,325	7.0	7.0	7.1
Catalan	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italian	1,005	470	535	0.9	0.9	0.9
Portuguese	1,240	570	675	1.1	1.0	1.1
Romanian	290	135	150	0.3	0.2	0.2
Spanish	6,270	2,965	3,310	5.4	5.4	5.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,365	905	1,460	2.0	1.7	2.4
Korean	2,035	850	1,190	1.8	1.6	1.9
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	160	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	90	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	26,125	11,405	14,725	22.6	20.8	24.1
Chinese languages	26,070	11,375	14,695	22.5	20.8	24.1
Hakka	220	125	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mandarin	15,640	6,765	8,875	13.5	12.4	14.5
Min Dong	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,515	640	880	1.3	1.2	1.4
Wu (Shanghainese)	210	70	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	14,415	6,200	8,210	12.5	11.3	13.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	160	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	265	105	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Lao	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	230	90	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	340	170	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	330	170	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	425	200	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Estonian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	290	135	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,770	54,725	61,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,790	825	965	1.5	1.5	1.6
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,735	790	945	1.5	1.4	1.5
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,030	480	550	0.9	0.9	0.9
Métis	690	305	385	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuk (Inuit)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	113,980	53,900	60,075	98.5	98.5	98.4
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,770	54,725	61,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	725	365	360	0.6	0.7	0.6
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	115,045	54,365	60,680	99.4	99.3	99.4
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	55,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	26,545	...	...	48.1	...	...
Renter	28,665	...	...	51.9	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	55,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	22,210	...	...	40.2	...	...
Not condominium	33,000	...	...	59.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	55,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,890	...	...	3.4	...	...
1 bedroom	19,635	...	...	35.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	17,715	...	...	32.1	...	...
3 bedrooms	6,880	...	...	12.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	9,090	...	...	16.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	55,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	33,570	...	...	60.8	...	...
5 rooms	7,305	...	...	13.2	...	...
6 rooms	4,120	...	...	7.5	...	...
7 rooms	2,755	...	...	5.0	...	...
8 or more rooms	7,455	...	...	13.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.6	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	55,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	53,810	...	...	97.5	...	...
More than one person per room	1,400	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	55,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	51,445	...	...	93.2	...	...
Not suitable	3,765	...	...	6.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	55,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	12,315	...	...	22.3	...	...
1961 to 1980	12,885	...	...	23.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	8,255	...	...	15.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,105	...	...	12.9	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,580	...	...	4.7	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,130	...	...	5.7	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,330	...	...	6.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	5,605	...	...	10.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	55,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	51,560	...	...	93.4	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,645	...	...	6.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	55,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	30,925	...	...	56.0	...	...
Two-maintainer household	21,540	...	...	39.0	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,745	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	55,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,285	...	...	4.1	...	...
25 to 34 years	12,075	...	...	21.9	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,810	...	...	17.8	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,290	...	...	16.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,430	...	...	15.3	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,660	...	...	13.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,925	...	...	7.1	...	...
85 years and over	1,735	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	54,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	36,655	...	...	66.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	18,240	...	...	33.2	...	...
30% to less than 100%	14,675	...	...	26.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	55,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	23,155	...	...	41.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	16,055	...	...	29.1	...	...
Not suitable only	2,530	...	...	4.6	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,140	...	...	3.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	925	...	...	1.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,190	...	...	2.2	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	245	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	65	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	32,055	...	...	58.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	51,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	8,945	...	...	17.4	...	...
Not in core need	42,390	...	...	82.6	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	26,545	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	48.2	...	...	48.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	26.1	...	...	26.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.4	...	...	10.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,480	...	...	1,480	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,204	...	...	2,204	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,390,000	...	...	1,390,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,974,000	...	...	1,974,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	28,665	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.9	...	...	7.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.9	...	...	39.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.0	...	...	24.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,620	...	...	1,620	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,748	...	...	1,748	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	115,775	54,730	61,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	475	210	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	465	200	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	390	175	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis single ancestry	75	20	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,790	825	975	1.5	1.5	1.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,765	810	955	1.5	1.5	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,210	570	645	1.0	1.0	1.1
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	530	230	300	0.5	0.4	0.5
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	113,505	53,695	59,805	98.0	98.1	98.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	115,770	54,725	61,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	96,400	45,365	51,045	83.3	82.9	83.6
Canadian citizens aged under 18	14,070	7,190	6,875	12.2	13.1	11.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	82,340	38,170	44,170	71.1	69.7	72.4
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	19,370	9,365	10,000	16.7	17.1	16.4
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	115,770	54,725	61,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	62,275	30,495	31,780	53.8	55.7	52.1
Immigrants⁸¹	45,875	20,400	25,475	39.6	37.3	41.7
Before 1980	8,425	3,730	4,700	7.3	6.8	7.7
1980 to 1990	6,210	2,615	3,595	5.4	4.8	5.9
1991 to 2000	10,620	4,625	5,995	9.2	8.5	9.8
2001 to 2010	9,215	4,040	5,175	8.0	7.4	8.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	11,405	5,395	6,010	9.9	9.9	9.8
2011 to 2015	4,425	1,935	2,485	3.8	3.5	4.1
2016 to 2021	6,980	3,465	3,525	6.0	6.3	5.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	7,620	3,830	3,790	6.6	7.0	6.2
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	45,875	20,400	25,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,615	1,755	1,865	7.9	8.6	7.3
5 to 14 years	7,450	3,605	3,840	16.2	17.7	15.1
15 to 24 years	8,150	3,570	4,580	17.8	17.5	18.0
25 to 44 years	21,640	9,310	12,330	47.2	45.6	48.4
45 years and over	5,025	2,160	2,860	11.0	10.6	11.2
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	45,875	20,400	25,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,155	1,965	2,190	9.1	9.6	8.6
Brazil	410	200	210	0.9	1.0	0.8
Colombia	190	85	105	0.4	0.4	0.4
El Salvador	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Guyana	30	0	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Haiti	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Jamaica	70	45	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mexico	635	300	335	1.4	1.5	1.3
Peru	165	70	90	0.4	0.3	0.4
Trinidad and Tobago	80	30	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
United States of America	1,945	975	965	4.2	4.8	3.8
Other places of birth in Americas	540	210	330	1.2	1.0	1.3
Europe	7,830	3,890	3,945	17.1	19.1	15.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	175	70	110	0.4	0.3	0.4
Croatia	70	15	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
France	410	210	205	0.9	1.0	0.8
Germany	535	240	300	1.2	1.2	1.2
Greece	155	70	90	0.3	0.3	0.4
Hungary	150	45	95	0.3	0.2	0.4
Italy	275	160	120	0.6	0.8	0.5
Netherlands	135	80	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
Poland	350	150	200	0.8	0.7	0.8
Portugal	105	65	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
Romania	260	115	140	0.6	0.6	0.5
Russian Federation	365	145	215	0.8	0.7	0.8
Serbia⁸⁶	265	145	120	0.6	0.7	0.5
Ukraine	310	135	175	0.7	0.7	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,700	1,450	1,250	5.9	7.1	4.9
Other places of birth in Europe	1,570	805	765	3.4	3.9	3.0
Africa	1,255	650	610	2.7	3.2	2.4
Algeria	35	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	75	45	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	70	40	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Morocco	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	495	275	215	1.1	1.3	0.8
Other places of birth in Africa	495	225	270	1.1	1.1	1.1
Asia	31,710	13,425	18,280	69.1	65.8	71.8
Afghanistan	40	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	910	465	445	2.0	2.3	1.7
Iraq	50	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	75	45	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	70	30	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
Turkey	170	80	95	0.4	0.4	0.4
China⁹⁰	9,515	4,005	5,510	20.7	19.6	21.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	4,890	1,985	2,905	10.7	9.7	11.4
Korea, South⁹²	1,365	560	805	3.0	2.7	3.2
Taiwan	2,965	1,230	1,735	6.5	6.0	6.8
Philippines	3,835	1,485	2,350	8.4	7.3	9.2
Viet Nam	770	300	475	1.7	1.5	1.9
Bangladesh	130	70	70	0.3	0.3	0.3
India	3,415	1,705	1,710	7.4	8.4	6.7
Pakistan	190	105	80	0.4	0.5	0.3
Sri Lanka	270	140	135	0.6	0.7	0.5
Other places of birth in Asia	3,045	1,185	1,865	6.6	5.8	7.3
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	925	470	450	2.0	2.3	1.8
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,980	3,460	3,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,145	585	555	16.4	16.9	15.7
Brazil	280	135	145	4.0	3.9	4.1
Colombia	70	35	30	1.0	1.0	0.9
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	230	120	120	3.3	3.5	3.4
United States of America	415	235	185	5.9	6.8	5.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	0	25	0.4	0.0	0.7
Other places of birth in Americas	105	55	55	1.5	1.6	1.6
Europe	1,595	900	690	22.9	26.0	19.6
France	145	75	80	2.1	2.2	2.3
Germany	85	35	50	1.2	1.0	1.4
Ireland⁹⁶	305	210	95	4.4	6.1	2.7
Italy	60	35	30	0.9	1.0	0.9
Russian Federation	120	40	70	1.7	1.2	2.0
Ukraine	50	40	20	0.7	1.2	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	455	265	190	6.5	7.7	5.4
Other places of birth in Europe	370	210	160	5.3	6.1	4.5
Africa	135	80	55	1.9	2.3	1.6
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	20	20	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.3
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	60	35	30	0.9	1.0	0.9
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	25	20	10	0.4	0.6	0.3
Asia	3,830	1,715	2,120	54.9	49.6	60.1
Afghanistan	25	15	15	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bangladesh	25	0	20	0.4	0.0	0.6
China⁹⁰	1,145	505	650	16.4	14.6	18.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	175	45	130	2.5	1.3	3.7
India	730	435	290	10.5	12.6	8.2
Iran⁸⁸	115	55	65	1.6	1.6	1.8
Iraq	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Israel	65	30	40	0.9	0.9	1.1
Japan	120	30	90	1.7	0.9	2.6
Jordan	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	155	50	100	2.2	1.4	2.8
Lebanon	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	20	15	10	0.3	0.4	0.3
Philippines	660	265	395	9.5	7.7	11.2
Saudi Arabia	50	30	25	0.7	0.9	0.7
Sri Lanka	40	15	20	0.6	0.4	0.6
Syria⁸⁹	40	20	20	0.6	0.6	0.6
Turkey	60	30	35	0.9	0.9	1.0
United Arab Emirates	25	10	15	0.4	0.3	0.4
Viet Nam	50	20	25	0.7	0.6	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	265	105	160	3.8	3.0	4.5
Oceania and other⁹³	285	180	100	4.1	5.2	2.8
Australia	225	145	80	3.2	4.2	2.3
Other places of birth⁹⁸	60	40	20	0.9	1.2	0.6
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	115,770	54,730	61,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	55,675	25,235	30,435	48.1	46.1	49.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	29,195	14,570	14,630	25.2	26.6	24.0
Third generation or more¹⁰²	30,905	14,920	15,980	26.7	27.3	26.2
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	37,450	16,670	20,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	25,540	11,785	13,755	68.2	70.7	66.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	10,685	5,825	4,860	28.5	34.9	23.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	14,860	5,960	8,900	39.7	35.8	42.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	9,630	3,820	5,810	25.7	22.9	28.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,655	830	825	4.4	5.0	4.0
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	630	245	385	1.7	1.5	1.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	37,450	16,670	20,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	680	380	300	1.8	2.3	1.4
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,455	2,380	3,070	14.6	14.3	14.8
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,860	870	990	5.0	5.2	4.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,965	1,350	1,615	7.9	8.1	7.8
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	145	45	100	0.4	0.3	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	26,340	11,645	14,695	70.3	69.9	70.7
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	115,775	54,730	61,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	59,420	27,115	32,305	51.3	49.5	52.9
South Asian	9,580	4,915	4,665	8.3	9.0	7.6
Chinese	30,435	13,530	16,905	26.3	24.7	27.7
Black	1,095	565	540	0.9	1.0	0.9
Filipino	4,850	2,000	2,855	4.2	3.7	4.7
Arab	510	320	190	0.4	0.6	0.3
Latin American	2,620	1,245	1,375	2.3	2.3	2.3
Southeast Asian	1,965	850	1,110	1.7	1.6	1.8
West Asian	1,345	720	625	1.2	1.3	1.0
Korean	2,125	935	1,190	1.8	1.7	1.9
Japanese	2,120	770	1,350	1.8	1.4	2.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	505	200	305	0.4	0.4	0.5
Multiple visible minorities	2,265	1,070	1,195	2.0	2.0	2.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	56,350	27,615	28,740	48.7	50.5	47.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	115,775	54,725	61,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	5,880	2,960	2,920	5.1	5.4	4.8
English	17,250	8,695	8,555	14.9	15.9	14.0
Irish	12,815	6,075	6,745	11.1	11.1	11.1
Scottish	13,640	6,415	7,220	11.8	11.7	11.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	5,530	2,580	2,950	4.8	4.7	4.8
German	8,815	4,280	4,535	7.6	7.8	7.4
Chinese	27,730	12,380	15,345	24.0	22.6	25.1
Italian	3,365	1,625	1,740	2.9	3.0	2.9
Indian (India)	6,055	3,060	2,995	5.2	5.6	4.9
Ukrainian	3,785	1,745	2,035	3.3	3.2	3.3
Dutch	2,590	1,160	1,430	2.2	2.1	2.3
Polish	3,065	1,390	1,675	2.6	2.5	2.7
Québécois	185	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,445	2,200	2,235	3.8	4.0	3.7
Filipino	5,075	2,095	2,980	4.4	3.8	4.9
French Canadian	875	430	445	0.8	0.8	0.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,990	960	1,030	1.7	1.8	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	865	390	475	0.7	0.7	0.8
Métis	645	270	370	0.6	0.5	0.6
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,470	1,205	1,265	2.1	2.2	2.1
Russian	2,835	1,285	1,550	2.4	2.3	2.5
Norwegian	1,950	955	990	1.7	1.7	1.6
Welsh	2,015	945	1,075	1.7	1.7	1.8
Portuguese	960	440	520	0.8	0.8	0.9
American	1,645	820	830	1.4	1.5	1.4
Spanish	2,040	950	1,090	1.8	1.7	1.8
Swedish	1,790	865	925	1.5	1.6	1.5
Hungarian	1,115	565	550	1.0	1.0	0.9
Acadian	125	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	290	175	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	340	150	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jewish	3,100	1,545	1,550	2.7	2.8	2.5
Punjabi	1,450	785	660	1.3	1.4	1.1
Vietnamese	1,245	535	710	1.1	1.0	1.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	250	180	75	0.2	0.3	0.1
Greek	965	495	475	0.8	0.9	0.8
Jamaican	220	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,070	950	1,125	1.8	1.7	1.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	220	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	2,200	965	1,240	1.9	1.8	2.0
Romanian	685	335	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	395	215	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Iranian	1,130	605	525	1.0	1.1	0.9
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	345	175	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	1,115	635	480	1.0	1.2	0.8
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	840	395	445	0.7	0.7	0.7
Austrian	975	415	565	0.8	0.8	0.9
Belgian	460	200	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	625	350	275	0.5	0.6	0.5
Mexican	1,265	620	645	1.1	1.1	1.1
Mennonite	300	130	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Swiss	460	240	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	565	250	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sri Lankan	370	190	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatian	520	245	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
Japanese	2,585	960	1,625	2.2	1.8	2.7
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	555	295	260	0.5	0.5	0.4
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	550	270	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Muslim	115	85	30	0.1	0.2	0.0
Egyptian	145	85	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	360	135	225	0.3	0.2	0.4
Tamil	235	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	495	220	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombian	310	160	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Moroccan	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	495	240	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syrian	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	105	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	525	275	250	0.5	0.5	0.4
Ojibway	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	45	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	1,510	645	865	1.3	1.2	1.4
Ontarian	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	295	140	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	365	185	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	150	85	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Algerian	75	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Brazilian	605	260	345	0.5	0.5	0.6
Nigerian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	280	130	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	465	195	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Somali	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	2,970	1,290	1,675	2.6	2.4	2.7
Iraqi	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	125	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	70	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	305	140	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	40	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	355	150	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
South African	375	210	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Australian	600	295	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Palestinian	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	120	25	100	0.1	0.0	0.2
Peruvian	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Maltese	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	260	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Brunswicker	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	385	180	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mohawk	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	110	35	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ghanaian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	140	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	175	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tunisian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	175	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	125	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	195	115	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bengali	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	370	190	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Laotian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	215	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Columbian	220	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ecuadorian	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	240	90	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jatt	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	280	105	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Dominican	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	235	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	255	105	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	130	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	55	30	35	0.0	0.1	0.1
United Empire Loyalist	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	55	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	135	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	115,775	54,725	61,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	3,685	1,445	2,240	3.2	2.6	3.7
Christian	33,950	14,815	19,135	29.3	27.1	31.3
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,270	3,660	4,610	7.1	6.7	7.6
Anabaptist	290	150	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Anglican	2,680	1,085	1,595	2.3	2.0	2.6
Baptist	870	365	500	0.8	0.7	0.8
Catholic	14,770	6,585	8,180	12.8	12.0	13.4
Christian Orthodox	1,485	685	800	1.3	1.3	1.3
Jehovah's Witness	375	150	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	60	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	640	290	355	0.6	0.5	0.6
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	310	140	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Presbyterian	535	190	345	0.5	0.3	0.6
Reformed	75	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Church	2,010	770	1,240	1.7	1.4	2.0
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,535	675	865	1.3	1.2	1.4
Hindu	2,590	1,380	1,210	2.2	2.5	2.0
Jewish	3,570	1,595	1,975	3.1	2.9	3.2
Muslim	2,320	1,220	1,100	2.0	2.2	1.8
Sikh	4,230	2,060	2,175	3.7	3.8	3.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,410	550	860	1.2	1.0	1.4
No religion and secular perspectives	63,965	31,650	32,320	55.2	57.8	52.9
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	114,845	54,285	60,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	93,615	44,205	49,410	81.5	81.4	81.6
Movers	21,230	10,080	11,150	18.5	18.6	18.4
Non-migrants	14,550	6,870	7,680	12.7	12.7	12.7
Migrants	6,680	3,210	3,470	5.8	5.9	5.7
Internal migrants	4,075	1,910	2,165	3.5	3.5	3.6
Intraprovincial migrants	2,250	1,070	1,180	2.0	2.0	1.9
Interprovincial migrants	1,820	840	985	1.6	1.5	1.6
External migrants	2,610	1,305	1,305	2.3	2.4	2.2
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	111,460	52,590	58,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	58,930	27,570	31,365	52.9	52.4	53.3
Movers	52,525	25,020	27,510	47.1	47.6	46.7
Non-migrants	25,205	12,040	13,170	22.6	22.9	22.4
Migrants	27,320	12,980	14,340	24.5	24.7	24.4
Internal migrants	15,615	7,270	8,345	14.0	13.8	14.2
Intraprovincial migrants	10,015	4,635	5,375	9.0	8.8	9.1
Interprovincial migrants	5,605	2,635	2,970	5.0	5.0	5.0
External migrants	11,700	5,705	5,995	10.5	10.8	10.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	103,000	48,155	54,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,045	3,835	4,210	7.8	8.0	7.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	94,955	44,320	50,635	92.2	92.0	92.3
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	70,850	33,720	37,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,410	1,315	1,100	3.4	3.9	3.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	68,440	32,410	36,030	96.6	96.1	97.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	103,000	48,155	54,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,385	3,490	3,890	7.2	7.2	7.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	21,325	10,625	10,695	20.7	22.1	19.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	74,300	34,040	40,255	72.1	70.7	73.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,525	9,445	11,080	19.9	19.6	20.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,690	2,410	1,280	3.6	5.0	2.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,935	1,050	880	1.9	2.2	1.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,755	1,355	395	1.7	2.8	0.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,970	5,470	7,505	12.6	11.4	13.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,860	1,565	2,295	3.7	3.2	4.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	53,770	24,600	29,175	52.2	51.1	53.2
Bachelor's degree	33,095	14,990	18,100	32.1	31.1	33.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,300	1,465	1,830	3.2	3.0	3.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,265	1,260	1,005	2.2	2.6	1.8
Master's degree	12,770	5,625	7,140	12.4	11.7	13.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,345	1,250	1,095	2.3	2.6	2.0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	70,850	33,725	37,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,015	1,095	920	2.8	3.2	2.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,900	5,990	4,910	15.4	17.8	13.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	57,935	26,630	31,295	81.8	79.0	84.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,930	7,220	7,710	21.1	21.4	20.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,680	1,845	835	3.8	5.5	2.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,430	850	580	2.0	2.5	1.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,250	995	255	1.8	3.0	0.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,415	4,170	5,250	13.3	12.4	14.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,835	1,210	1,630	4.0	3.6	4.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	43,005	19,415	23,590	60.7	57.6	63.5
Bachelor's degree	26,475	11,995	14,480	37.4	35.6	39.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,520	1,090	1,425	3.6	3.2	3.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,640	815	825	2.3	2.4	2.2
Master's degree	10,630	4,645	5,980	15.0	13.8	16.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,735	865	875	2.4	2.6	2.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	103,000	48,155	54,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	28,700	14,115	14,590	27.9	29.3	26.6
Education	3,825	875	2,955	3.7	1.8	5.4
13. Education	3,825	875	2,955	3.7	1.8	5.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,870	2,395	3,470	5.7	5.0	6.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	585	385	200	0.6	0.8	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	5,285	2,010	3,275	5.1	4.2	6.0
Humanities	5,360	1,985	3,370	5.2	4.1	6.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	685	125	555	0.7	0.3	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	1,565	485	1,080	1.5	1.0	2.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,435	570	870	1.4	1.2	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	140	45	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	300	165	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	265	115	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
54. History	795	430	360	0.8	0.9	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	175	45	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	12,980	4,995	7,985	12.6	10.4	14.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	300	85	220	0.3	0.2	0.4
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,770	605	1,170	1.7	1.3	2.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	760	85	670	0.7	0.2	1.2
22. Legal professions and studies	2,185	1,045	1,145	2.1	2.2	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	310	110	200	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	2,490	625	1,865	2.4	1.3	3.4
45. Social sciences	5,165	2,440	2,725	5.0	5.1	5.0
Business, management and public administration	15,485	7,090	8,395	15.0	14.7	15.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	820	155	670	0.8	0.3	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,655	6,925	7,725	14.2	14.4	14.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,760	2,360	2,400	4.6	4.9	4.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,265	945	1,325	2.2	2.0	2.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,050	505	545	1.0	1.0	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	85	25	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,290	870	420	1.3	1.8	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,945	2,585	1,360	3.8	5.4	2.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,845	2,030	815	2.8	4.2	1.5
25. Library science	295	55	240	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	600	370	225	0.6	0.8	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	210	125	85	0.2	0.3	0.2
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,160	7,315	1,845	8.9	15.2	3.4
04. Architecture and related services	1,260	700	560	1.2	1.5	1.0
14. Engineering	4,495	3,525	975	4.4	7.3	1.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,365	1,140	230	1.3	2.4	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	980	940	45	1.0	2.0	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	710	705	10	0.7	1.5	0.0
48. Precision production	345	310	35	0.3	0.6	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,140	580	565	1.1	1.2	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	575	285	290	0.6	0.6	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	565	290	275	0.5	0.6	0.5
Health and related fields	9,940	2,995	6,945	9.7	6.2	12.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	810	440	370	0.8	0.9	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	8,145	2,030	6,115	7.9	4.2	11.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	50	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	935	495	435	0.9	1.0	0.8
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,800	850	950	1.7	1.8	1.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,320	480	835	1.3	1.0	1.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	165	105	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	305	265	40	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	70,850	33,720	37,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	12,920	7,090	5,835	18.2	21.0	15.7
Education	2,400	590	1,810	3.4	1.7	4.9
13. Education	2,400	590	1,810	3.4	1.7	4.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,835	2,060	2,775	6.8	6.1	7.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	545	365	175	0.8	1.1	0.5
50. Visual and performing arts	4,295	1,695	2,600	6.1	5.0	7.0
Humanities	4,005	1,480	2,525	5.7	4.4	6.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	560	85	480	0.8	0.3	1.3
23. English language and literature/letters	1,125	345	780	1.6	1.0	2.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,085	430	650	1.5	1.3	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	225	120	110	0.3	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	200	85	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
54. History	580	345	235	0.8	1.0	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	125	35	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	10,445	3,920	6,530	14.7	11.6	17.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	255	75	185	0.4	0.2	0.5
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,555	535	1,020	2.2	1.6	2.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	595	60	535	0.8	0.2	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	1,735	750	980	2.4	2.2	2.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	245	85	160	0.3	0.3	0.4
42. Psychology	1,910	485	1,425	2.7	1.4	3.8
45. Social sciences	4,150	1,920	2,230	5.9	5.7	6.0
Business, management and public administration	12,295	5,600	6,695	17.4	16.6	18.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	495	100	395	0.7	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,795	5,495	6,300	16.6	16.3	17.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,650	1,780	1,870	5.2	5.3	5.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,760	730	1,035	2.5	2.2	2.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	815	385	425	1.2	1.1	1.1
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	970	635	335	1.4	1.9	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	40	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,240	2,165	1,075	4.6	6.4	2.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,460	1,775	680	3.5	5.3	1.8
25. Library science	185	40	150	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	415	235	175	0.6	0.7	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	180	110	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,275	5,680	1,595	10.3	16.8	4.3
04. Architecture and related services	1,015	525	490	1.4	1.6	1.3
14. Engineering	3,655	2,785	870	5.2	8.3	2.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,030	860	175	1.5	2.6	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	805	780	20	1.1	2.3	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	530	520	10	0.7	1.5	0.0
48. Precision production	240	210	35	0.3	0.6	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	895	415	480	1.3	1.2	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	435	190	240	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	460	225	235	0.6	0.7	0.6
Health and related fields	7,495	2,230	5,265	10.6	6.6	14.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	695	375	315	1.0	1.1	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,100	1,525	4,575	8.6	4.5	12.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	680	325	355	1.0	1.0	1.0
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,370	695	675	1.9	2.1	1.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	970	380	590	1.4	1.1	1.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	135	85	50	0.2	0.3	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	255	225	30	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	70,850	33,720	37,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,920	7,090	5,835	18.2	21.0	15.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	57,930	26,635	31,300	81.8	79.0	84.3
Location of study inside Canada	39,925	18,670	21,255	56.4	55.4	57.2
Same as province or territory of residence	29,670	13,665	16,005	41.9	40.5	43.1
Different than province or territory of residence	10,260	5,005	5,250	14.5	14.8	14.1
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	18,005	7,965	10,035	25.4	23.6	27.0
Americas	4,175	1,940	2,240	5.9	5.8	6.0
United States of America	2,790	1,305	1,485	3.9	3.9	4.0
Mexico	570	240	330	0.8	0.7	0.9
Cuba	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	455	225	230	0.6	0.7	0.6
Colombia	120	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	165	85	80	0.2	0.3	0.2
Europe	4,935	2,480	2,455	7.0	7.4	6.6
Belgium	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	385	180	205	0.5	0.5	0.6
Germany	215	90	130	0.3	0.3	0.4
Netherlands	95	60	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Switzerland	90	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Hungary	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	215	95	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	130	65	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	650	400	255	0.9	1.2	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,185	1,100	1,085	3.1	3.3	2.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Italy	105	55	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	85	55	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	485	230	255	0.7	0.7	0.7
Africa	295	140	155	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigeria	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	210	105	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other locations of study in Africa	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Asia	7,615	2,905	4,715	10.7	8.6	12.7
Iran⁸⁸	235	90	150	0.3	0.3	0.4
Iraq	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Israel	115	75	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Lebanon	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	130	90	50	0.2	0.3	0.1
China⁹⁰	2,190	810	1,380	3.1	2.4	3.7
Taiwan	505	180	325	0.7	0.5	0.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	405	140	270	0.6	0.4	0.7
Japan	520	105	415	0.7	0.3	1.1
Korea, South⁹²	500	145	355	0.7	0.4	1.0
Philippines	1,425	455	970	2.0	1.3	2.6
Viet Nam	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	40	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sri Lanka	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	1,035	555	480	1.5	1.6	1.3
Pakistan	60	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	325	135	190	0.5	0.4	0.5
Oceania	980	500	480	1.4	1.5	1.3
Australia	795	395	400	1.1	1.2	1.1
New Zealand	185	105	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	103,000	48,155	54,840	...	...	...
In the labour force	70,420	34,875	35,545	...	...	...
Employed	64,945	32,110	32,835	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,475	2,765	2,715	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	32,580	13,280	19,300	...	...	...
Participation rate	68.4	72.4	64.8	68.4	72.4	64.8
Employment rate	63.1	66.7	59.9	63.1	66.7	59.9
Unemployment rate	7.8	7.9	7.6	7.8	7.9	7.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	103,000	48,155	54,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	33,230	13,845	19,385	32.3	28.8	35.3
Worked	69,775	34,315	35,455	67.7	71.3	64.6
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	36,750	19,440	17,310	35.7	40.4	31.6
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	33,025	14,875	18,145	32.1	30.9	33.1
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.2	42.0	40.4	41.2	42.0	40.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	70,420	34,875	35,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,300	690	610	1.8	2.0	1.7
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	69,115	34,185	34,930	98.1	98.0	98.3
Employee	55,595	26,535	29,060	78.9	76.1	81.7
Permanent position	44,795	21,695	23,110	63.6	62.2	65.0
Temporary position	10,795	4,840	5,960	15.3	13.9	16.8
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,595	2,070	2,525	6.5	5.9	7.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,205	2,770	3,435	8.8	7.9	9.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	13,525	7,655	5,870	19.2	21.9	16.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	70,420	34,875	35,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,300	690	610	1.8	2.0	1.7
All occupations¹⁹¹	69,115	34,185	34,930	98.1	98.0	98.3
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,395	895	505	2.0	2.6	1.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,865	5,745	9,125	21.1	16.5	25.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,955	5,685	2,270	11.3	16.3	6.4
3 Health occupations	6,605	2,000	4,605	9.4	5.7	13.0
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,720	3,530	6,185	13.8	10.1	17.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,960	2,885	3,085	8.5	8.3	8.7
6 Sales and service occupations	15,045	7,115	7,935	21.4	20.4	22.3
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,170	5,435	730	8.8	15.6	2.1
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	470	325	145	0.7	0.9	0.4
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	930	585	345	1.3	1.7	1.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	70,420	34,875	35,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,300	690	610	1.8	2.0	1.7
All industries¹⁹¹	69,115	34,185	34,930	98.1	98.0	98.3
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	250	150	95	0.4	0.4	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	200	155	45	0.3	0.4	0.1
22 Utilities	340	220	115	0.5	0.6	0.3
23 Construction	3,185	2,675	510	4.5	7.7	1.4
31-33 Manufacturing	2,245	1,420	825	3.2	4.1	2.3
41 Wholesale trade	1,835	1,155	680	2.6	3.3	1.9
44-45 Retail trade	6,460	2,945	3,515	9.2	8.4	9.9
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,725	2,035	685	3.9	5.8	1.9
51 Information and cultural industries	4,015	2,360	1,655	5.7	6.8	4.7
52 Finance and insurance	3,715	1,980	1,735	5.3	5.7	4.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,390	1,330	1,055	3.4	3.8	3.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	11,165	6,170	4,995	15.9	17.7	14.1
55 Management of companies and enterprises	255	125	135	0.4	0.4	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,260	1,220	1,045	3.2	3.5	2.9
61 Educational services	6,865	2,435	4,430	9.7	7.0	12.5
62 Health care and social assistance	9,210	2,565	6,645	13.1	7.4	18.7
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,015	935	1,075	2.9	2.7	3.0
72 Accommodation and food services	4,280	2,040	2,245	6.1	5.8	6.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,770	930	1,845	3.9	2.7	5.2
91 Public administration	2,940	1,335	1,595	4.2	3.8	4.5
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	74,885	36,830	38,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	67,135	33,310	33,825	89.7	90.4	88.9
French	105	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	1,425	715	710	1.9	1.9	1.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,420	715	705	1.9	1.9	1.9
English and French	880	345	540	1.2	0.9	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	5,080	2,315	2,765	6.8	6.3	7.3
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	130	50	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	120	50	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	74,885	36,830	38,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	73,665	36,185	37,480	98.4	98.2	98.5
Official languages	70,975	34,900	36,075	94.8	94.8	94.8
English	70,760	34,830	35,930	94.5	94.6	94.4
French	215	70	145	0.3	0.2	0.4
Non-official languages	2,690	1,285	1,405	3.6	3.5	3.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,685	1,280	1,400	3.6	3.5	3.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	385	200	180	0.5	0.5	0.5
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	135	95	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	125	90	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	120	85	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	195	85	105	0.3	0.2	0.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	160	75	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	130	55	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korean	150	75	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,885	900	985	2.5	2.4	2.6
Chinese languages	1,885	900	985	2.5	2.4	2.6
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,215	565	645	1.6	1.5	1.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	660	330	330	0.9	0.9	0.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,215	645	570	1.6	1.8	1.5
English and French	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,070	580	490	1.4	1.6	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	30	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	74,885	36,830	38,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	69,680	34,590	35,095	93.0	93.9	92.2
English	1,105	495	615	1.5	1.3	1.6
French	685	280	405	0.9	0.8	1.1
Non-official language	2,490	1,075	1,405	3.3	2.9	3.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,485	1,075	1,400	3.3	2.9	3.7
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	180	75	105	0.2	0.2	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	645	270	375	0.9	0.7	1.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	64,940	32,110	32,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	23,935	11,595	12,340	36.9	36.1	37.6
Worked outside Canada	530	300	225	0.8	0.9	0.7
No fixed workplace address	6,415	4,545	1,870	9.9	14.2	5.7
Usual place of work	34,065	15,675	18,400	52.5	48.8	56.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	34,065	15,670	18,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	24,390	10,270	14,120	71.6	65.5	76.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	9,315	5,225	4,090	27.3	33.3	22.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	250	135	115	0.7	0.9	0.6
Commute to a different province or territory	115	45	70	0.3	0.3	0.4
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	40,480	20,220	20,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	22,440	12,335	10,100	55.4	61.0	49.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	20,400	11,725	8,675	50.4	58.0	42.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,040	610	1,430	5.0	3.0	7.1
Public transit	8,740	3,805	4,930	21.6	18.8	24.3
Walked	5,610	2,070	3,535	13.9	10.2	17.4
Bicycle	2,510	1,420	1,095	6.2	7.0	5.4
Other method	1,190	580	605	2.9	2.9	3.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	40,480	20,220	20,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	9,235	3,980	5,255	22.8	19.7	25.9
15 to 29 minutes	16,570	8,340	8,230	40.9	41.2	40.6
30 to 44 minutes	9,810	5,320	4,490	24.2	26.3	22.2
45 to 59 minutes	3,065	1,560	1,505	7.6	7.7	7.4
60 minutes and over	1,805	1,015	790	4.5	5.0	3.9
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	40,480	20,220	20,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,350	930	420	3.3	4.6	2.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,800	2,890	1,915	11.9	14.3	9.4
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,320	4,480	4,845	23.0	22.2	23.9
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	10,765	4,995	5,765	26.6	24.7	28.4
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	9,335	4,405	4,925	23.1	21.8	24.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,915	2,520	2,395	12.1	12.5	11.8
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	15,490	8,015	7,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,435	695	745	9.3	8.7	10.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,055	7,325	6,730	90.7	91.4	90.0
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	10,745	5,595	5,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,035	505	525	9.6	9.0	10.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	735	350	380	6.8	6.3	7.4
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	300	155	145	2.8	2.8	2.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,715	5,090	4,625	90.4	91.0	89.8

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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