Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	South Surrey--White RockMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	118,280	56,045	62,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17,545	9,015	8,530	14.8	16.1	13.7
0 to 4 years	4,995	2,570	2,425	4.2	4.6	3.9
5 to 9 years	6,035	3,120	2,915	5.1	5.6	4.7
10 to 14 years	6,520	3,325	3,190	5.5	5.9	5.1
15 to 64 years	70,625	33,765	36,865	59.7	60.2	59.2
15 to 19 years	6,350	3,305	3,045	5.4	5.9	4.9
20 to 24 years	5,590	2,870	2,720	4.7	5.1	4.4
25 to 29 years	5,160	2,570	2,585	4.4	4.6	4.2
30 to 34 years	6,235	2,995	3,240	5.3	5.3	5.2
35 to 39 years	6,805	3,160	3,650	5.8	5.6	5.9
40 to 44 years	7,175	3,240	3,935	6.1	5.8	6.3
45 to 49 years	8,030	3,735	4,300	6.8	6.7	6.9
50 to 54 years	8,310	3,925	4,380	7.0	7.0	7.0
55 to 59 years	8,605	4,040	4,560	7.3	7.2	7.3
60 to 64 years	8,360	3,910	4,450	7.1	7.0	7.2
65 years and over	30,105	13,265	16,840	25.5	23.7	27.1
65 to 69 years	8,155	3,705	4,445	6.9	6.6	7.1
70 to 74 years	7,730	3,450	4,280	6.5	6.2	6.9
75 to 79 years	5,705	2,655	3,050	4.8	4.7	4.9
80 to 84 years	3,975	1,740	2,235	3.4	3.1	3.6
85 years and over	4,550	1,725	2,825	3.8	3.1	4.5
85 to 89 years	2,555	1,060	1,495	2.2	1.9	2.4
90 to 94 years	1,445	525	915	1.2	0.9	1.5
95 to 99 years	460	120	345	0.4	0.2	0.6
100 years and over	90	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.8	16.1	13.7	14.8	16.1	13.7
15 to 64 years	59.7	60.2	59.2	59.7	60.2	59.2
65 years and over	25.5	23.7	27.1	25.5	23.7	27.1
85 years and over	3.8	3.1	4.5	3.8	3.1	4.5
Average age of the population	45.7	44.3	47.0	45.7	44.3	47.0
Median age of the population	47.6	46.0	49.2	47.6	46.0	49.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	47,000	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	20,625	...	...	43.9	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,690	...	...	3.6	...	...
Row house	7,675	...	...	16.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	5,065	...	...	10.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	10,040	...	...	21.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,805	...	...	3.8	...	...
Other single-attached house	50	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	55	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	47,000	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	12,935	...	...	27.5	...	...
2 persons	16,530	...	...	35.2	...	...
3 persons	6,950	...	...	14.8	...	...
4 persons	6,775	...	...	14.4	...	...
5 or more persons	3,805	...	...	8.1	...	...
Number of persons in private households	115,420	55,010	60,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	100,730	47,030	53,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	61,705	30,620	31,090	61.3	65.1	57.9
Married	54,885	27,205	27,685	54.5	57.8	51.6
Living common-law	6,820	3,415	3,410	6.8	7.3	6.4
Living common law - Never married	4,145	2,080	2,065	4.1	4.4	3.8
Living common law - Separated	310	180	130	0.3	0.4	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	2,105	1,035	1,075	2.1	2.2	2.0
Living common law - Widowed	260	120	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	39,025	16,410	22,610	38.7	34.9	42.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	22,315	11,630	10,680	22.2	24.7	19.9
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,440	950	1,495	2.4	2.0	2.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,435	2,420	5,020	7.4	5.1	9.3
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,840	1,415	5,430	6.8	3.0	10.1
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	34,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	18,160	...	...	52.7	...	...
3 persons	7,275	...	...	21.1	...	...
4 persons	6,825	...	...	19.8	...	...
5 or more persons	2,175	...	...	6.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	34,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	29,575	...	...	85.9	...	...
Married couples	26,165	...	...	76.0	...	...
With children⁶	13,510	...	...	39.2	...	...
Without children	12,655	...	...	36.8	...	...
Common-law couples	3,410	...	...	9.9	...	...
With children⁶	1,030	...	...	3.0	...	...
Without children	2,380	...	...	6.9	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,855	...	...	14.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,900	...	...	11.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	960	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	115,420	55,005	60,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	96,790	47,740	49,050	83.9	86.8	81.2
Married spouses or common-law partners	59,145	29,570	29,575	51.2	53.8	49.0
Parents in one-parent families	4,855	960	3,895	4.2	1.7	6.4
Children⁶	32,790	17,210	15,575	28.4	31.3	25.8
In a two-parent family	25,825	13,550	12,275	22.4	24.6	20.3
In a one-parent family	6,960	3,660	3,305	6.0	6.7	5.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	18,630	7,270	11,360	16.1	13.2	18.8
Living alone	12,935	4,715	8,225	11.2	8.6	13.6
Living with other relatives⁷	2,420	860	1,565	2.1	1.6	2.6
Living with non-relatives only	3,270	1,700	1,570	2.8	3.1	2.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	46,995	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	29,200	...	...	62.1	...	...
Couple-family households	25,405	...	...	54.1	...	...
With children⁶	12,315	...	...	26.2	...	...
Without children	13,090	...	...	27.9	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,795	...	...	8.1	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,800	...	...	3.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	460	...	...	1.0	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,400	...	...	3.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,205	...	...	2.6	...	...
One-person households	12,935	...	...	27.5	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	97,895	46,000	51,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,635	44,400	50,235	96.7	96.5	96.8
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	53,200	38,000	44,000	53,200	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,760	44,470	50,290	96.8	96.7	96.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	47,200	34,800	39,600	47,200	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	87,095	41,265	45,835	89.0	89.7	88.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	48,800	28,800	36,800	48,800	28,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	62,230	31,095	31,140	63.6	67.6	60.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	50,400	31,000	39,200	50,400	31,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	75,950	32,950	43,000	77.6	71.6	82.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,200	10,600	11,600	11,200	10,600	11,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	5,855	2,295	3,555	6.0	5.0	6.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,320	5,840	5,560	5,320	5,840
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	23,465	10,685	12,785	24.0	23.2	24.6
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,500	8,000	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	97,645	45,880	51,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,380	44,180	50,200	96.7	96.3	97.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	63,550	78,300	50,560	63,550	78,300	50,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,500	44,255	50,245	96.8	96.5	97.1
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,450	61,400	42,640	51,450	61,400	42,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,060	41,130	45,930	89.2	89.6	88.7
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,000	75,500	44,240	59,000	75,500	44,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	62,100	31,075	31,020	63.6	67.7	59.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,450	70,800	44,120	57,450	70,800	44,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	75,720	32,660	43,060	77.5	71.2	83.2
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,380	10,860	11,780	11,380	10,860	11,780
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	5,720	2,175	3,545	5.9	4.7	6.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,990	5,590	7,850	6,990	5,590	7,850
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	23,405	10,630	12,775	24.0	23.2	24.7
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,380	9,120	9,600	9,380	9,120	9,600
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	97,645	45,880	51,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,155	16,090	12,060	28.8	35.1	23.3
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	73,000	82,000	63,600	73,000	82,000	63,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,700	103,400	73,800	90,700	103,400	73,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,795	10,655	14,140	25.4	23.2	27.3
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,800	20,200	16,000	17,800	20,200	16,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,320	41,720	26,960	33,320	41,720	26,960
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.6	89.8	80.0	85.6	89.8	80.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	59.5	63.6	53.9	59.5	63.6	53.9
Government transfers (%)²⁰	14.4	10.2	20.0	14.4	10.2	20.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.1	0.7	0.4	1.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.5	3.4	6.1	4.5	3.4	6.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.7	2.8	4.8	3.7	2.8	4.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	97,895	46,000	51,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,260	1,600	1,660	3.3	3.5	3.2
With total income	94,635	44,400	50,235	96.7	96.5	96.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,465	4,015	5,450	10.0	9.0	10.8
$10,000 to $19,999	10,435	4,100	6,335	11.0	9.2	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	13,555	5,255	8,295	14.3	11.8	16.5
$30,000 to $39,999	10,285	4,015	6,270	10.9	9.0	12.5
$40,000 to $49,999	9,100	3,745	5,355	9.6	8.4	10.7
$50,000 to $59,999	7,715	3,305	4,405	8.2	7.5	8.8
$60,000 to $69,999	6,345	3,085	3,255	6.7	6.9	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	5,120	2,640	2,485	5.4	5.9	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	4,295	2,415	1,875	4.5	5.4	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	3,555	1,970	1,585	3.8	4.4	3.1
$100,000 and over	14,775	9,860	4,915	15.6	22.2	9.8
$100,000 to $149,999	8,635	5,400	3,240	9.1	12.2	6.4
$150,000 and over	6,140	4,460	1,675	6.5	10.1	3.3
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	97,895	46,000	51,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,135	1,530	1,605	3.2	3.3	3.1
With after-tax income	94,760	44,470	50,290	96.8	96.7	96.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,220	4,290	5,930	10.8	9.6	11.8
$10,000 to $19,999	10,925	4,275	6,655	11.5	9.6	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	14,840	5,820	9,020	15.7	13.1	17.9
$30,000 to $39,999	11,800	4,690	7,110	12.5	10.5	14.1
$40,000 to $49,999	10,500	4,395	6,110	11.1	9.9	12.2
$50,000 to $59,999	8,525	4,040	4,490	9.0	9.1	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	6,615	3,505	3,115	7.0	7.9	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	5,120	2,835	2,285	5.4	6.4	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	4,005	2,340	1,665	4.2	5.3	3.3
$90,000 to $99,999	2,790	1,745	1,045	2.9	3.9	2.1
$100,000 and over	9,415	6,550	2,865	9.9	14.7	5.7
$100,000 to $124,999	4,185	2,745	1,440	4.4	6.2	2.9
$125,000 and over	5,230	3,805	1,425	5.5	8.5	2.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	97,895	46,000	51,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	35,665	14,910	20,750	36.4	32.4	40.0
With employment income	62,230	31,095	31,140	63.6	67.6	60.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,095	4,600	5,495	16.2	14.8	17.7
$5,000 to $9,999	5,190	2,180	3,010	8.3	7.0	9.7
$10,000 to $19,999	6,780	2,855	3,925	10.9	9.2	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	4,940	2,105	2,835	7.9	6.8	9.1
$30,000 to $39,999	4,385	1,785	2,595	7.0	5.7	8.4
$40,000 to $49,999	4,350	1,925	2,420	7.0	6.2	7.8
$50,000 to $59,999	4,375	1,985	2,390	7.0	6.4	7.7
$60,000 to $69,999	3,735	1,885	1,850	6.0	6.1	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	3,045	1,635	1,410	4.9	5.2	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	2,740	1,580	1,155	4.4	5.1	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	2,510	1,415	1,095	4.0	4.6	3.5
$100,000 and over	10,080	7,135	2,945	16.2	22.9	9.4
$100,000 to $124,999	3,905	2,510	1,390	6.3	8.1	4.5
$125,000 and over	6,175	4,625	1,555	9.9	14.9	5.0
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	97,895	46,000	51,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,795	42,945	48,845	93.8	93.4	94.1
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	53,200	35,200	42,400	53,200	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	92,025	42,990	49,040	94.0	93.5	94.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	46,400	32,000	38,000	46,400	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,815	40,555	45,265	87.7	88.2	87.2
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	50,400	30,600	38,800	50,400	30,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,960	32,045	32,910	66.4	69.7	63.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	48,800	30,200	37,600	48,800	30,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	61,410	24,950	36,455	62.7	54.2	70.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,750	7,900	7,700	7,750	7,900	7,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,925	1,405	2,525	4.0	3.1	4.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,840	4,920	6,600	5,840	4,920	6,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	97,645	45,880	51,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,715	42,955	48,760	93.9	93.6	94.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	62,550	78,500	48,560	62,550	78,500	48,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,965	43,005	48,960	94.2	93.7	94.6
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,400	61,550	40,640	50,400	61,550	40,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,730	40,560	45,170	87.8	88.4	87.3
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,550	77,600	45,160	60,550	77,600	45,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,890	32,020	32,865	66.5	69.8	63.5
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,900	69,400	42,760	55,900	69,400	42,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	61,490	24,905	36,580	63.0	54.3	70.7
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,930	8,890	8,960	8,930	8,890	8,960
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,880	1,395	2,485	4.0	3.0	4.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,840	6,340	8,680	7,840	6,340	8,680
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	97,645	45,880	51,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	27,925	15,950	11,980	28.6	34.8	23.1
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,000	77,500	59,200	69,000	77,500	59,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	86,400	98,700	70,000	86,400	98,700	70,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,380	10,030	13,350	23.9	21.9	25.8
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,800	27,200	21,800	23,800	27,200	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	39,800	49,440	32,520	39,800	49,440	32,520
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.4	93.4	86.2	90.4	93.4	86.2
Employment income (%)	63.2	66.0	59.4	63.2	66.0	59.4
Government transfers (%)	9.6	6.6	13.8	9.6	6.6	13.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.5	0.3	0.9	0.5	0.3	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	47,000	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	12,940	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,000	...	...	48,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,800	...	...	42,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	34,060	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	46,945	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	127,800	...	...	127,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	103,500	...	...	103,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	12,920	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	65,800	...	...	65,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,100	...	...	53,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	34,025	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	151,400	...	...	151,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,700	...	...	122,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	47,000	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	600	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	280	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	395	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	785	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,605	...	...	3.4	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,450	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,315	...	...	2.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,490	...	...	3.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,570	...	...	3.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,510	...	...	3.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,025	...	...	6.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,990	...	...	6.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,825	...	...	6.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,625	...	...	5.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,450	...	...	5.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,075	...	...	47.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,030	...	...	10.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,085	...	...	8.7	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,515	...	...	11.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,445	...	...	15.8	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	47,000	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	820	...	...	1.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	295	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	435	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	815	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,685	...	...	3.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,605	...	...	3.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,510	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,725	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,850	...	...	3.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,755	...	...	3.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,535	...	...	7.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,460	...	...	7.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,210	...	...	6.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,940	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,645	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,710	...	...	39.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,480	...	...	11.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,090	...	...	8.7	...	...
$150,000 and over	9,145	...	...	19.5	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	33,315	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	13,445	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,560	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...	150,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...	128,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,440	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...	72,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	16,210	6,410	9,800	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,200	48,400	43,600	45,200	48,400	43,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800	43,200	39,600	40,800	43,200	39,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	33,360	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	150,200	...	...	150,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	121,600	...	...	121,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,465	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	137,200	...	...	137,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,700	...	...	110,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,505	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	181,200	...	...	181,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,600	...	...	145,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,500	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,900	...	...	73,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	15,925	6,265	9,655	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	62,050	71,300	56,050	62,050	71,300	56,050
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,520	54,700	47,800	50,520	54,700	47,800
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	115,420	55,010	60,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,360	11,025	10,340	18.5	20.0	17.1
0 to 5 years	6,130	3,150	2,980	5.3	5.7	4.9
18 to 64 years	66,430	31,530	34,900	57.6	57.3	57.8
65 years and over	27,625	12,455	15,170	23.9	22.6	25.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	12,900	5,700	7,200	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,865	1,500	1,375	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	720	365	355	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	7,220	3,185	4,040	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,805	1,020	1,790	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.2	10.4	11.9	11.2	10.4	11.9
0 to 17 years (%)	13.4	13.6	13.3	13.4	13.6	13.3
0 to 5 years (%)	11.8	11.6	11.9	11.8	11.6	11.9
18 to 64 years (%)	10.9	10.1	11.6	10.9	10.1	11.6
65 years and over (%)	10.2	8.2	11.8	10.2	8.2	11.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	115,345	54,970	60,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,350	11,020	10,330	18.5	20.0	17.1
0 to 5 years	6,125	3,150	2,975	5.3	5.7	4.9
18 to 64 years	66,395	31,510	34,885	57.6	57.3	57.8
65 years and over	27,605	12,450	15,155	23.9	22.6	25.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,100	2,875	3,220	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,420	740	680	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	315	165	150	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,030	1,870	2,165	...	...	...
65 years and over	650	270	380	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.3	5.2	5.3	5.3	5.2	5.3
0 to 17 years (%)	6.7	6.7	6.6	6.7	6.7	6.6
0 to 5 years (%)	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1
18 to 64 years (%)	6.1	5.9	6.2	6.1	5.9	6.2
65 years and over (%)	2.4	2.2	2.5	2.4	2.2	2.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	115,420	55,010	60,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	47,020	21,290	25,735	40.7	38.7	42.6
In bottom decile	11,695	5,325	6,370	10.1	9.7	10.5
In second decile	9,075	3,955	5,125	7.9	7.2	8.5
In third decile	8,420	3,790	4,625	7.3	6.9	7.7
In fourth decile	8,640	3,970	4,675	7.5	7.2	7.7
In fifth decile	9,185	4,245	4,940	8.0	7.7	8.2
In top half of the distribution	68,400	33,720	34,680	59.3	61.3	57.4
In sixth decile	9,610	4,560	5,055	8.3	8.3	8.4
In seventh decile	11,125	5,375	5,750	9.6	9.8	9.5
In eighth decile	11,935	5,865	6,075	10.3	10.7	10.1
In ninth decile	14,660	7,285	7,370	12.7	13.2	12.2
In top decile	21,070	10,635	10,435	18.3	19.3	17.3
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	115,420	...	...	115,420	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.386	...	...	0.386	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.473	...	...	0.473	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.341	...	...	0.341	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.7	...	...	4.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	116,130	55,310	60,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	103,905	50,045	53,865	89.5	90.5	88.6
French only	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	8,080	3,470	4,610	7.0	6.3	7.6
Neither English nor French	4,115	1,780	2,335	3.5	3.2	3.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	116,130	55,310	60,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	110,500	52,870	57,635	95.2	95.6	94.8
French	1,085	465	620	0.9	0.8	1.0
English and French	510	235	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Neither English nor French	4,030	1,740	2,285	3.5	3.1	3.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	116,130	55,310	60,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	111,770	53,260	58,505	96.2	96.3	96.2
Official languages	76,640	37,165	39,480	66.0	67.2	64.9
English	75,545	36,685	38,860	65.1	66.3	63.9
French	1,095	475	620	0.9	0.9	1.0
Non-official languages	35,125	16,100	19,030	30.2	29.1	31.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	35,110	16,095	19,015	30.2	29.1	31.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	425	210	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	410	200	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	360	175	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	195	85	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	195	80	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,115	375	740	1.0	0.7	1.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	915	305	610	0.8	0.6	1.0
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	180	100	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kannada	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tamil	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Telugu	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	15,015	7,015	7,995	12.9	12.7	13.1
Albanian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,255	965	1,290	1.9	1.7	2.1
Baltic languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,235	960	1,275	1.9	1.7	2.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	200	75	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Macedonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	425	185	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	740	310	425	0.6	0.6	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	435	215	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	200	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	205	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	275	105	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,435	1,070	1,365	2.1	1.9	2.2
Frisian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,555	680	875	1.3	1.2	1.4
German	1,520	670	855	1.3	1.2	1.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	580	265	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afrikaans	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	450	210	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	285	120	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Danish	165	85	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Swedish	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	165	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	7,935	3,855	4,080	6.8	7.0	6.7
Indo-Aryan languages	7,585	3,690	3,890	6.5	6.7	6.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	695	325	370	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kacchi	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,065	2,970	3,100	5.2	5.4	5.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	475	235	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	350	165	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	315	150	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	220	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,140	1,005	1,135	1.8	1.8	1.9
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	400	220	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
Portuguese	365	170	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	210	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	1,165	515	645	1.0	0.9	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	345	115	225	0.3	0.2	0.4
Korean	1,465	650	815	1.3	1.2	1.3
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	15,645	7,240	8,405	13.5	13.1	13.8
Chinese languages	15,610	7,225	8,385	13.4	13.1	13.8
Hakka	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	13,335	6,130	7,205	11.5	11.1	11.8
Min Dong	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	460	215	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Wu (Shanghainese)	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,605	780	830	1.4	1.4	1.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	365	160	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	230	100	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,360	2,050	2,310	3.8	3.7	3.8
English and French	325	150	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	3,495	1,680	1,820	3.0	3.0	3.0
French and non-official language(s)	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	415	170	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	116,130	55,310	60,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	79,405	38,275	41,135	68.4	69.2	67.6
French	165	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	12,250	5,640	6,615	10.5	10.2	10.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,250	5,640	6,615	10.5	10.2	10.9
English and French	915	385	530	0.8	0.7	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	21,995	10,305	11,685	18.9	18.6	19.2
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	615	255	360	0.5	0.5	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	775	380	395	0.7	0.7	0.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	116,130	55,310	60,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	111,580	53,160	58,420	96.1	96.1	96.1
Official languages	89,950	43,040	46,910	77.5	77.8	77.1
English	89,700	42,930	46,765	77.2	77.6	76.9
French	255	110	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official languages	21,630	10,125	11,510	18.6	18.3	18.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	21,625	10,125	11,505	18.6	18.3	18.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	180	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	180	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	165	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	415	185	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	355	150	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	90	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	6,700	3,190	3,505	5.8	5.8	5.8
Albanian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	890	400	490	0.8	0.7	0.8
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	885	395	490	0.8	0.7	0.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	445	200	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	75	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	225	95	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	4,635	2,250	2,390	4.0	4.1	3.9
Indo-Aryan languages	4,450	2,160	2,295	3.8	3.9	3.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	325	150	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,655	1,790	1,865	3.1	3.2	3.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	360	165	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	165	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	880	420	465	0.8	0.8	0.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	555	270	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,130	510	620	1.0	0.9	1.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	12,590	5,870	6,720	10.8	10.6	11.0
Chinese languages	12,580	5,865	6,715	10.8	10.6	11.0
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	11,205	5,195	6,010	9.6	9.4	9.9
Min Dong	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	280	135	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	965	465	495	0.8	0.8	0.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,550	2,150	2,400	3.9	3.9	3.9
English and French	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	4,200	2,000	2,200	3.6	3.6	3.6
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	116,130	55,310	60,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	95,680	45,825	49,850	82.4	82.9	82.0
English	7,800	3,735	4,065	6.7	6.8	6.7
French	835	355	485	0.7	0.6	0.8
Non-official language	9,465	4,335	5,130	8.2	7.8	8.4
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,455	4,330	5,120	8.1	7.8	8.4
English and French	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	960	440	520	0.8	0.8	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	340	140	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	970	450	520	0.8	0.8	0.9
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	115,080	54,810	60,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	111,110	53,110	58,000	96.6	96.9	96.2
English	111,090	53,100	57,985	96.5	96.9	96.2
French	8,165	3,405	4,760	7.1	6.2	7.9
Non-official languages	44,585	20,420	24,165	38.7	37.3	40.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	44,575	20,415	24,155	38.7	37.2	40.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	805	395	410	0.7	0.7	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	790	380	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	650	320	330	0.6	0.6	0.5
Aramaic languages	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	175	65	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	175	65	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,745	615	1,135	1.5	1.1	1.9
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	75	20	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	75	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,565	540	1,025	1.4	1.0	1.7
Waray-Waray	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	295	155	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kannada	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	21,510	10,030	11,480	18.7	18.3	19.0
Albanian	20	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,775	1,210	1,565	2.4	2.2	2.6
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,775	1,210	1,560	2.4	2.2	2.6
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Czech	280	110	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Macedonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	490	185	300	0.4	0.3	0.5
Russian	1,180	525	655	1.0	1.0	1.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	550	265	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bosnian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	325	180	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Serbian	290	125	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	80	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	385	165	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,470	1,575	1,895	3.0	2.9	3.1
Frisian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,250	1,045	1,205	2.0	1.9	2.0
German	2,215	1,030	1,185	1.9	1.9	2.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	850	380	465	0.7	0.7	0.8
Afrikaans	285	140	145	0.2	0.3	0.2
Dutch	540	230	305	0.5	0.4	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	490	210	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
Danish	225	95	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	75	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Swedish	210	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	290	145	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	10,940	5,370	5,570	9.5	9.8	9.2
Indo-Aryan languages	10,620	5,195	5,425	9.2	9.5	9.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	335	170	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	3,050	1,430	1,620	2.7	2.6	2.7
Kacchi	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,520	4,195	4,325	7.4	7.7	7.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	805	410	390	0.7	0.7	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	370	200	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	340	180	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian Persian	245	135	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,510	2,015	2,500	3.9	3.7	4.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	880	435	445	0.8	0.8	0.7
Portuguese	585	260	330	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	320	125	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Spanish	2,985	1,325	1,665	2.6	2.4	2.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	670	295	370	0.6	0.5	0.6
Korean	1,655	750	900	1.4	1.4	1.5
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	250	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	65	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	160	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	17,720	8,155	9,565	15.4	14.9	15.9
Chinese languages	17,690	8,145	9,545	15.4	14.9	15.8
Hakka	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	16,335	7,505	8,830	14.2	13.7	14.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	900	420	475	0.8	0.8	0.8
Wu (Shanghainese)	165	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	2,425	1,065	1,360	2.1	1.9	2.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	165	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Uyghur	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	445	185	260	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	295	120	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,075	54,815	60,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,470	1,195	1,270	2.1	2.2	2.1
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,380	1,150	1,230	2.1	2.1	2.0
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,130	590	540	1.0	1.1	0.9
Métis	1,215	550	665	1.1	1.0	1.1
Inuk (Inuit)	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	112,610	53,620	58,995	97.9	97.8	97.9
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,075	54,815	60,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	660	320	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	114,420	54,495	59,930	99.4	99.4	99.4
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	46,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	35,905	...	...	76.5	...	...
Renter	11,025	...	...	23.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	46,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	13,175	...	...	28.1	...	...
Not condominium	33,770	...	...	71.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	46,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	155	...	...	0.3	...	...
1 bedroom	4,965	...	...	10.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	13,640	...	...	29.1	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,830	...	...	27.3	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	15,365	...	...	32.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	46,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	13,420	...	...	28.6	...	...
5 rooms	7,570	...	...	16.1	...	...
6 rooms	6,360	...	...	13.5	...	...
7 rooms	5,405	...	...	11.5	...	...
8 or more rooms	14,190	...	...	30.2	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.4	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	46,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	46,220	...	...	98.5	...	...
More than one person per room	730	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	46,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	45,355	...	...	96.6	...	...
Not suitable	1,590	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	46,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	2,140	...	...	4.6	...	...
1961 to 1980	8,325	...	...	17.7	...	...
1981 to 1990	9,115	...	...	19.4	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,110	...	...	15.1	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,540	...	...	7.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,705	...	...	10.0	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,050	...	...	10.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,960	...	...	14.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	46,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	45,395	...	...	96.7	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,550	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	46,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	22,775	...	...	48.5	...	...
Two-maintainer household	21,755	...	...	46.3	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,415	...	...	5.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	46,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	470	...	...	1.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,945	...	...	8.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,720	...	...	14.3	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,080	...	...	19.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,545	...	...	20.3	...	...
65 to 74 years	9,250	...	...	19.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	5,675	...	...	12.1	...	...
85 years and over	2,260	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	46,605	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	33,265	...	...	71.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	13,340	...	...	28.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,980	...	...	23.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	46,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	15,515	...	...	33.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	12,445	...	...	26.5	...	...
Not suitable only	1,150	...	...	2.4	...	...
Major repairs needed only	975	...	...	2.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	370	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	510	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	60	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	31,425	...	...	66.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	44,240	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,480	...	...	14.6	...	...
Not in core need	37,760	...	...	85.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	35,765	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	55.4	...	...	55.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.2	...	...	24.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.2	...	...	10.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,440	...	...	1,440	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,994	...	...	1,994	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,100,000	...	...	1,100,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,308,000	...	...	1,308,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	11,010	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.5	...	...	9.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	43.1	...	...	43.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	29.5	...	...	29.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,600	...	...	1,600	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,858	...	...	1,858	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	15	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	x	...	...	x	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	280	...	...	280	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	115,080	54,810	60,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	520	250	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	495	240	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	310	150	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis single ancestry	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,500	1,265	1,235	2.2	2.3	2.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,390	1,210	1,180	2.1	2.2	2.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,565	845	720	1.4	1.5	1.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	805	360	445	0.7	0.7	0.7
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	112,055	53,300	58,760	97.4	97.2	97.5
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	115,075	54,815	60,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	101,990	48,675	53,310	88.6	88.8	88.5
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,215	9,845	9,375	16.7	18.0	15.6
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	82,775	38,835	43,935	71.9	70.8	72.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	13,085	6,130	6,955	11.4	11.2	11.5
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	115,075	54,815	60,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	74,510	36,315	38,200	64.7	66.3	63.4
Immigrants⁸¹	38,405	17,465	20,940	33.4	31.9	34.7
Before 1980	8,750	3,950	4,795	7.6	7.2	8.0
1980 to 1990	3,600	1,610	1,990	3.1	2.9	3.3
1991 to 2000	6,315	2,915	3,400	5.5	5.3	5.6
2001 to 2010	9,265	4,180	5,090	8.1	7.6	8.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	10,475	4,810	5,665	9.1	8.8	9.4
2011 to 2015	5,350	2,470	2,875	4.6	4.5	4.8
2016 to 2021	5,125	2,335	2,790	4.5	4.3	4.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,165	1,030	1,130	1.9	1.9	1.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	38,405	17,465	20,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,380	1,610	1,775	8.8	9.2	8.5
5 to 14 years	6,680	3,320	3,355	17.4	19.0	16.0
15 to 24 years	6,855	2,915	3,940	17.8	16.7	18.8
25 to 44 years	17,135	7,550	9,585	44.6	43.2	45.8
45 years and over	4,350	2,065	2,285	11.3	11.8	10.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	38,405	17,465	20,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,190	1,455	1,730	8.3	8.3	8.3
Brazil	135	75	65	0.4	0.4	0.3
Colombia	145	55	90	0.4	0.3	0.4
El Salvador	105	40	60	0.3	0.2	0.3
Guyana	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	30	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	110	70	40	0.3	0.4	0.2
Mexico	400	190	215	1.0	1.1	1.0
Peru	70	40	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Trinidad and Tobago	105	45	60	0.3	0.3	0.3
United States of America	1,610	695	915	4.2	4.0	4.4
Other places of birth in Americas	435	215	220	1.1	1.2	1.1
Europe	9,635	4,470	5,165	25.1	25.6	24.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	70	45	25	0.2	0.3	0.1
Croatia	160	75	85	0.4	0.4	0.4
France	150	65	85	0.4	0.4	0.4
Germany	890	425	470	2.3	2.4	2.2
Greece	90	50	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hungary	160	55	100	0.4	0.3	0.5
Italy	325	175	150	0.8	1.0	0.7
Netherlands	405	205	200	1.1	1.2	1.0
Poland	365	150	215	1.0	0.9	1.0
Portugal	145	65	85	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romania	260	95	170	0.7	0.5	0.8
Russian Federation	425	165	260	1.1	0.9	1.2
Serbia⁸⁶	125	45	80	0.3	0.3	0.4
Ukraine	310	145	160	0.8	0.8	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,350	2,080	2,270	11.3	11.9	10.8
Other places of birth in Europe	1,395	630	765	3.6	3.6	3.7
Africa	1,335	665	670	3.5	3.8	3.2
Algeria	15	10	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Egypt	110	65	55	0.3	0.4	0.3
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	20	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nigeria	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	525	240	290	1.4	1.4	1.4
Other places of birth in Africa	560	285	270	1.5	1.6	1.3
Asia	23,650	10,605	13,045	61.6	60.7	62.3
Afghanistan	55	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	235	115	120	0.6	0.7	0.6
Iraq	120	60	60	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lebanon	65	30	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	85	30	55	0.2	0.2	0.3
Turkey	55	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	11,050	4,940	6,105	28.8	28.3	29.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	805	415	390	2.1	2.4	1.9
Korea, South⁹²	1,170	550	620	3.0	3.1	3.0
Taiwan	1,675	740	935	4.4	4.2	4.5
Philippines	1,525	550	980	4.0	3.1	4.7
Viet Nam	205	80	125	0.5	0.5	0.6
Bangladesh	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	4,980	2,345	2,635	13.0	13.4	12.6
Pakistan	410	190	220	1.1	1.1	1.1
Sri Lanka	85	60	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
Other places of birth in Asia	1,070	430	640	2.8	2.5	3.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	605	270	340	1.6	1.5	1.6
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,125	2,335	2,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	470	265	205	9.2	11.3	7.3
Brazil	65	35	30	1.3	1.5	1.1
Colombia	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Mexico	60	40	20	1.2	1.7	0.7
United States of America	280	160	115	5.5	6.9	4.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	40	15	20	0.8	0.6	0.7
Europe	420	200	220	8.2	8.6	7.9
France	15	10	10	0.3	0.4	0.4
Germany	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	15	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.5
Italy	20	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.5
Russian Federation	70	25	50	1.4	1.1	1.8
Ukraine	60	35	25	1.2	1.5	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	100	60	40	2.0	2.6	1.4
Other places of birth in Europe	115	55	55	2.2	2.4	2.0
Africa	160	70	90	3.1	3.0	3.2
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	15	10	10	0.3	0.4	0.4
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	50	15	35	1.0	0.6	1.3
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	35	15	20	0.7	0.6	0.7
Asia	4,020	1,760	2,260	78.4	75.4	81.0
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	2,500	1,090	1,410	48.8	46.7	50.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	60	25	40	1.2	1.1	1.4
India	630	315	315	12.3	13.5	11.3
Iran⁸⁸	15	10	10	0.3	0.4	0.4
Iraq	40	15	25	0.8	0.6	0.9
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	45	15	35	0.9	0.6	1.3
Jordan	15	10	10	0.3	0.4	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	135	65	70	2.6	2.8	2.5
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	30	10	20	0.6	0.4	0.7
Philippines	315	115	195	6.1	4.9	7.0
Saudi Arabia	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	30	10	25	0.6	0.4	0.9
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	30	15	15	0.6	0.6	0.5
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	115	45	70	2.2	1.9	2.5
Oceania and other⁹³	60	40	20	1.2	1.7	0.7
Australia	45	25	20	0.9	1.1	0.7
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	15	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	115,080	54,815	60,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	42,220	19,285	22,935	36.7	35.2	38.1
Second generation¹⁰¹	28,310	13,765	14,545	24.6	25.1	24.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	44,550	21,765	22,785	38.7	39.7	37.8
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	29,660	13,510	16,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	20,145	9,540	10,610	67.9	70.6	65.7
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,325	4,525	2,795	24.7	33.5	17.3
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	12,825	5,010	7,815	43.2	37.1	48.4
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,110	3,290	4,820	27.3	24.4	29.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,245	605	640	4.2	4.5	4.0
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	155	85	80	0.5	0.6	0.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	29,660	13,510	16,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	525	280	245	1.8	2.1	1.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,870	1,340	1,535	9.7	9.9	9.5
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,270	620	645	4.3	4.6	4.0
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,705	795	910	5.7	5.9	5.6
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	150	45	105	0.5	0.3	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	23,140	10,430	12,710	78.0	77.2	78.7
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	115,080	54,810	60,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	42,975	20,290	22,685	37.3	37.0	37.6
South Asian	13,225	6,580	6,650	11.5	12.0	11.0
Chinese	18,925	8,835	10,090	16.4	16.1	16.7
Black	1,325	700	625	1.2	1.3	1.0
Filipino	2,460	965	1,490	2.1	1.8	2.5
Arab	555	255	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Latin American	1,195	545	650	1.0	1.0	1.1
Southeast Asian	635	285	350	0.6	0.5	0.6
West Asian	400	190	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	1,755	800	955	1.5	1.5	1.6
Japanese	935	425	510	0.8	0.8	0.8
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	330	130	205	0.3	0.2	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	1,250	585	660	1.1	1.1	1.1
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	72,100	34,520	37,585	62.7	63.0	62.4
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	115,075	54,810	60,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	9,320	4,650	4,665	8.1	8.5	7.7
English	24,335	11,710	12,625	21.1	21.4	20.9
Irish	14,430	6,765	7,660	12.5	12.3	12.7
Scottish	17,315	8,230	9,085	15.0	15.0	15.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	6,380	3,045	3,335	5.5	5.6	5.5
German	12,480	6,015	6,465	10.8	11.0	10.7
Chinese	17,125	7,930	9,200	14.9	14.5	15.3
Italian	3,365	1,605	1,765	2.9	2.9	2.9
Indian (India)	8,395	4,095	4,295	7.3	7.5	7.1
Ukrainian	5,315	2,590	2,720	4.6	4.7	4.5
Dutch	4,200	1,960	2,240	3.6	3.6	3.7
Polish	3,400	1,605	1,785	3.0	2.9	3.0
Québécois	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	5,625	2,670	2,955	4.9	4.9	4.9
Filipino	2,430	985	1,450	2.1	1.8	2.4
French Canadian	860	415	445	0.7	0.8	0.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,765	880	890	1.5	1.6	1.5
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	945	525	420	0.8	1.0	0.7
Métis	1,115	510	605	1.0	0.9	1.0
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,075	955	1,115	1.8	1.7	1.9
Russian	2,730	1,275	1,450	2.4	2.3	2.4
Norwegian	3,420	1,695	1,720	3.0	3.1	2.9
Welsh	2,355	1,030	1,320	2.0	1.9	2.2
Portuguese	880	475	405	0.8	0.9	0.7
American	1,590	775	815	1.4	1.4	1.4
Spanish	1,320	615	705	1.1	1.1	1.2
Swedish	2,500	1,050	1,445	2.2	1.9	2.4
Hungarian	1,130	535	595	1.0	1.0	1.0
Acadian	120	40	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	705	345	360	0.6	0.6	0.6
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	515	200	315	0.4	0.4	0.5
Jewish	655	335	320	0.6	0.6	0.5
Punjabi	2,655	1,285	1,370	2.3	2.3	2.3
Vietnamese	395	165	230	0.3	0.3	0.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	340	135	205	0.3	0.2	0.3
Greek	735	375	360	0.6	0.7	0.6
Jamaican	345	160	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,390	665	725	1.2	1.2	1.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	240	95	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	1,730	805	925	1.5	1.5	1.5
Romanian	715	290	425	0.6	0.5	0.7
Lebanese	270	125	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	210	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	280	110	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Danish	1,230	590	640	1.1	1.1	1.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	320	170	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Sikh	1,830	905	920	1.6	1.7	1.5
Austrian	1,045	430	615	0.9	0.8	1.0
Belgian	415	190	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
Haitian	70	20	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hindu	455	250	200	0.4	0.5	0.3
Mexican	770	365	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mennonite	550	250	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Swiss	485	250	235	0.4	0.5	0.4
Finnish	650	310	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Sri Lankan	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	700	375	330	0.6	0.7	0.5
Japanese	1,240	570	675	1.1	1.0	1.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	535	220	315	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	605	315	290	0.5	0.6	0.5
Muslim	185	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	165	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamil	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	740	355	390	0.6	0.6	0.6
Colombian	150	55	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Moroccan	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	545	280	270	0.5	0.5	0.4
Syrian	80	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Guyanese	75	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Afghan	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	380	185	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ojibway	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Newfoundlander	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	350	170	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ontarian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	205	130	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	150	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algerian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	290	130	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	255	85	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Somali	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	1,650	810	835	1.4	1.5	1.4
Iraqi	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	165	50	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
African Caribbean	55	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	185	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Algonquin	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	140	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	410	190	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Australian	450	205	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Palestinian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peruvian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	110	40	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mohawk	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	135	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	75	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Albertan	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	90	65	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
African American	135	95	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	155	85	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Venezuelan	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	140	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	190	105	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Laotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	165	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	485	260	230	0.4	0.5	0.4
Ecuadorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	185	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kurdish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	325	135	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
Jatt	170	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	100	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Manitoban	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cape Bretoner	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
United Empire Loyalist	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	55	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	115,080	54,810	60,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,395	610	785	1.2	1.1	1.3
Christian	43,560	19,015	24,545	37.9	34.7	40.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	12,275	5,590	6,680	10.7	10.2	11.1
Anabaptist	285	155	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Anglican	3,915	1,645	2,270	3.4	3.0	3.8
Baptist	1,690	750	940	1.5	1.4	1.6
Catholic	13,270	5,790	7,480	11.5	10.6	12.4
Christian Orthodox	1,295	555	740	1.1	1.0	1.2
Jehovah's Witness	630	270	360	0.5	0.5	0.6
Latter Day Saints	180	65	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lutheran	1,455	625	835	1.3	1.1	1.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	645	265	375	0.6	0.5	0.6
Presbyterian	770	380	390	0.7	0.7	0.6
Reformed	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	4,110	1,585	2,525	3.6	2.9	4.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,810	1,225	1,585	2.4	2.2	2.6
Hindu	1,660	805	855	1.4	1.5	1.4
Jewish	555	235	310	0.5	0.4	0.5
Muslim	2,160	1,040	1,125	1.9	1.9	1.9
Sikh	8,650	4,320	4,330	7.5	7.9	7.2
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,010	425	585	0.9	0.8	1.0
No religion and secular perspectives	56,050	28,350	27,695	48.7	51.7	46.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	114,285	54,415	59,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	96,870	46,025	50,840	84.8	84.6	84.9
Movers	17,415	8,390	9,025	15.2	15.4	15.1
Non-migrants	9,880	4,825	5,055	8.6	8.9	8.4
Migrants	7,540	3,565	3,975	6.6	6.6	6.6
Internal migrants	5,915	2,755	3,155	5.2	5.1	5.3
Intraprovincial migrants	4,775	2,235	2,540	4.2	4.1	4.2
Interprovincial migrants	1,140	525	615	1.0	1.0	1.0
External migrants	1,625	805	820	1.4	1.5	1.4
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	110,200	52,280	57,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	57,835	27,235	30,600	52.5	52.1	52.8
Movers	52,365	25,045	27,320	47.5	47.9	47.2
Non-migrants	20,650	10,040	10,610	18.7	19.2	18.3
Migrants	31,715	15,010	16,705	28.8	28.7	28.8
Internal migrants	25,360	12,090	13,270	23.0	23.1	22.9
Intraprovincial migrants	21,155	10,080	11,075	19.2	19.3	19.1
Interprovincial migrants	4,205	2,010	2,200	3.8	3.8	3.8
External migrants	6,355	2,920	3,430	5.8	5.6	5.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	97,645	45,880	51,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,065	5,585	5,480	11.3	12.2	10.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	86,580	40,295	46,280	88.7	87.8	89.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	58,175	27,415	30,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,200	1,825	1,380	5.5	6.7	4.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	54,975	25,590	29,380	94.5	93.3	95.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	97,645	45,880	51,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,580	4,685	4,895	9.8	10.2	9.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	28,170	13,265	14,905	28.8	28.9	28.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	59,895	27,925	31,970	61.3	60.9	61.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,255	12,840	14,415	27.9	28.0	27.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,220	4,430	1,795	6.4	9.7	3.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,645	1,385	1,255	2.7	3.0	2.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,580	3,045	540	3.7	6.6	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,575	6,565	10,010	17.0	14.3	19.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,455	1,845	2,610	4.6	4.0	5.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	32,635	15,090	17,550	33.4	32.9	33.9
Bachelor's degree	20,350	9,285	11,070	20.8	20.2	21.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,805	1,145	1,660	2.9	2.5	3.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,170	640	530	1.2	1.4	1.0
Master's degree	7,325	3,445	3,880	7.5	7.5	7.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	980	570	410	1.0	1.2	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	58,175	27,415	30,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,585	1,450	1,130	4.4	5.3	3.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	13,510	6,835	6,680	23.2	24.9	21.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	42,080	19,135	22,945	72.3	69.8	74.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,665	8,325	9,340	30.4	30.4	30.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,785	2,730	1,050	6.5	10.0	3.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,625	870	755	2.8	3.2	2.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,160	1,860	300	3.7	6.8	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,770	4,290	6,480	18.5	15.6	21.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,115	1,305	1,810	5.4	4.8	5.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	24,415	10,810	13,605	42.0	39.4	44.2
Bachelor's degree	15,200	6,685	8,520	26.1	24.4	27.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,945	750	1,195	3.3	2.7	3.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	880	430	450	1.5	1.6	1.5
Master's degree	5,740	2,585	3,160	9.9	9.4	10.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	650	360	290	1.1	1.3	0.9
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	97,645	45,880	51,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	37,750	17,955	19,795	38.7	39.1	38.2
Education	5,040	1,025	4,020	5.2	2.2	7.8
13. Education	5,040	1,025	4,020	5.2	2.2	7.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,505	940	1,560	2.6	2.0	3.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	265	200	65	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,235	740	1,495	2.3	1.6	2.9
Humanities	3,770	1,395	2,380	3.9	3.0	4.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	510	85	420	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	955	270	685	1.0	0.6	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,330	505	820	1.4	1.1	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	165	90	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	230	125	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	385	240	140	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	110	15	90	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,400	2,685	4,710	7.6	5.9	9.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	90	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	755	270	490	0.8	0.6	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	695	55	645	0.7	0.1	1.2
22. Legal professions and studies	1,230	435	800	1.3	0.9	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,315	270	1,040	1.3	0.6	2.0
45. Social sciences	3,170	1,575	1,600	3.2	3.4	3.1
Business, management and public administration	14,220	6,420	7,800	14.6	14.0	15.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	460	70	390	0.5	0.2	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,745	6,345	7,405	14.1	13.8	14.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,525	1,315	1,210	2.6	2.9	2.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,005	440	565	1.0	1.0	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	685	340	340	0.7	0.7	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	685	470	210	0.7	1.0	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,465	1,555	905	2.5	3.4	1.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,875	1,280	600	1.9	2.8	1.2
25. Library science	160	0	155	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	370	240	135	0.4	0.5	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,730	8,615	1,110	10.0	18.8	2.1
04. Architecture and related services	390	250	140	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	3,355	2,740	620	3.4	6.0	1.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,795	1,545	250	1.8	3.4	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,100	2,060	40	2.2	4.5	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,265	1,245	20	1.3	2.7	0.0
48. Precision production	820	775	45	0.8	1.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	990	610	385	1.0	1.3	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	730	435	295	0.7	0.9	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	265	175	90	0.3	0.4	0.2
Health and related fields	8,515	1,990	6,525	8.7	4.3	12.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	665	330	335	0.7	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,495	1,465	6,035	7.7	3.2	11.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	330	185	145	0.3	0.4	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,735	1,375	1,360	2.8	3.0	2.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,500	325	1,175	1.5	0.7	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	495	365	135	0.5	0.8	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	715	670	45	0.7	1.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	58,175	27,415	30,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	16,095	8,285	7,810	27.7	30.2	25.4
Education	2,865	520	2,350	4.9	1.9	7.6
13. Education	2,865	520	2,350	4.9	1.9	7.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,890	685	1,200	3.2	2.5	3.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	165	110	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,715	575	1,140	2.9	2.1	3.7
Humanities	2,635	940	1,690	4.5	3.4	5.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	405	80	325	0.7	0.3	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	655	210	445	1.1	0.8	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	955	335	615	1.6	1.2	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	45	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	105	55	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	130	60	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	250	155	95	0.4	0.6	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	70	0	60	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,565	1,895	3,670	9.6	6.9	11.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	620	190	430	1.1	0.7	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	460	40	425	0.8	0.1	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	965	310	655	1.7	1.1	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	85	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	990	175	815	1.7	0.6	2.6
45. Social sciences	2,375	1,125	1,250	4.1	4.1	4.1
Business, management and public administration	10,625	4,595	6,030	18.3	16.8	19.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	320	50	260	0.6	0.2	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,295	4,540	5,760	17.7	16.6	18.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,740	870	870	3.0	3.2	2.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	720	315	410	1.2	1.1	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	460	215	245	0.8	0.8	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	460	295	165	0.8	1.1	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,930	1,225	705	3.3	4.5	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,605	1,070	530	2.8	3.9	1.7
25. Library science	55	0	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	240	135	100	0.4	0.5	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,550	5,635	915	11.3	20.6	3.0
04. Architecture and related services	290	180	110	0.5	0.7	0.4
14. Engineering	2,515	1,980	530	4.3	7.2	1.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,100	915	185	1.9	3.3	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,405	1,370	30	2.4	5.0	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	755	735	25	1.3	2.7	0.1
48. Precision production	490	460	35	0.8	1.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	625	375	250	1.1	1.4	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	450	275	175	0.8	1.0	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	175	100	75	0.3	0.4	0.2
Health and related fields	5,790	1,455	4,335	10.0	5.3	14.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	545	265	285	0.9	1.0	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,010	1,090	3,920	8.6	4.0	12.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	225	100	125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,865	935	935	3.2	3.4	3.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	995	215	775	1.7	0.8	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	400	280	120	0.7	1.0	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	470	430	40	0.8	1.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	58,175	27,415	30,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	16,095	8,285	7,810	27.7	30.2	25.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	42,075	19,130	22,950	72.3	69.8	74.6
Location of study inside Canada	28,455	13,020	15,435	48.9	47.5	50.2
Same as province or territory of residence	22,650	10,280	12,370	38.9	37.5	40.2
Different than province or territory of residence	5,805	2,745	3,060	10.0	10.0	9.9
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	13,625	6,110	7,515	23.4	22.3	24.4
Americas	2,470	1,245	1,230	4.2	4.5	4.0
United States of America	1,940	1,010	935	3.3	3.7	3.0
Mexico	200	70	125	0.3	0.3	0.4
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	105	55	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	60	15	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	110	60	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	2,155	1,095	1,055	3.7	4.0	3.4
Belgium	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	55	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Germany	110	55	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Netherlands	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Poland	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	110	55	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	200	105	95	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ukraine	175	80	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	940	500	435	1.6	1.8	1.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	15	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Italy	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	30	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	215	105	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Africa	300	165	135	0.5	0.6	0.4
Nigeria	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	200	120	80	0.3	0.4	0.3
Other locations of study in Africa	45	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	8,400	3,445	4,955	14.4	12.6	16.1
Iran⁸⁸	80	25	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iraq	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Israel	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	35	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
China⁹⁰	4,715	2,020	2,695	8.1	7.4	8.8
Taiwan	470	145	320	0.8	0.5	1.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	105	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japan	135	30	100	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	470	165	310	0.8	0.6	1.0
Philippines	605	195	415	1.0	0.7	1.3
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,355	600	755	2.3	2.2	2.5
Pakistan	125	50	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	200	105	95	0.3	0.4	0.3
Oceania	300	155	145	0.5	0.6	0.5
Australia	250	120	130	0.4	0.4	0.4
New Zealand	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	97,645	45,880	51,765	...	...	...
In the labour force	56,645	29,090	27,560	...	...	...
Employed	52,070	26,850	25,215	...	...	...
Unemployed	4,575	2,235	2,345	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	41,000	16,790	24,205	...	...	...
Participation rate	58.0	63.4	53.2	58.0	63.4	53.2
Employment rate	53.3	58.5	48.7	53.3	58.5	48.7
Unemployment rate	8.1	7.7	8.5	8.1	7.7	8.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	97,645	45,880	51,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	40,755	16,860	23,895	41.7	36.7	46.2
Worked	56,890	29,020	27,870	58.3	63.3	53.8
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	29,685	17,110	12,575	30.4	37.3	24.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,200	11,910	15,295	27.9	26.0	29.5
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.8	42.1	39.4	40.8	42.1	39.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	56,645	29,085	27,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,270	640	635	2.2	2.2	2.3
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	55,370	28,450	26,920	97.7	97.8	97.7
Employee	42,055	20,630	21,425	74.2	70.9	77.8
Permanent position	35,565	17,855	17,715	62.8	61.4	64.3
Temporary position	6,490	2,775	3,720	11.5	9.5	13.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,075	800	1,275	3.7	2.8	4.6
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,415	1,975	2,435	7.8	6.8	8.8
Self-employed¹⁹²	13,310	7,820	5,490	23.5	26.9	19.9
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	56,645	29,085	27,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,270	640	635	2.2	2.2	2.3
All occupations¹⁹¹	55,370	28,450	26,920	97.7	97.8	97.7
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,375	1,090	280	2.4	3.7	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,170	3,700	7,475	19.7	12.7	27.1
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,085	3,215	870	7.2	11.1	3.2
3 Health occupations	4,385	1,140	3,245	7.7	3.9	11.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,325	2,485	4,840	12.9	8.5	17.6
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,580	1,105	1,480	4.6	3.8	5.4
6 Sales and service occupations	13,750	6,420	7,330	24.3	22.1	26.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	8,485	7,665	820	15.0	26.4	3.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	935	685	250	1.7	2.4	0.9
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,280	950	325	2.3	3.3	1.2
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	56,645	29,085	27,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,270	640	635	2.2	2.2	2.3
All industries¹⁹¹	55,370	28,450	26,920	97.7	97.8	97.7
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	695	380	320	1.2	1.3	1.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	175	155	25	0.3	0.5	0.1
22 Utilities	335	210	120	0.6	0.7	0.4
23 Construction	4,850	4,030	810	8.6	13.9	2.9
31-33 Manufacturing	2,985	2,095	890	5.3	7.2	3.2
41 Wholesale trade	2,600	1,665	935	4.6	5.7	3.4
44-45 Retail trade	6,095	3,105	2,995	10.8	10.7	10.9
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,190	2,280	910	5.6	7.8	3.3
51 Information and cultural industries	1,285	860	425	2.3	3.0	1.5
52 Finance and insurance	2,820	1,305	1,515	5.0	4.5	5.5
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,980	1,010	970	3.5	3.5	3.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,920	3,335	2,580	10.5	11.5	9.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	170	95	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,030	1,085	950	3.6	3.7	3.4
61 Educational services	4,705	1,365	3,340	8.3	4.7	12.1
62 Health care and social assistance	6,325	1,325	5,000	11.2	4.6	18.1
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,360	645	720	2.4	2.2	2.6
72 Accommodation and food services	2,755	1,125	1,630	4.9	3.9	5.9
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,995	815	1,180	3.5	2.8	4.3
91 Public administration	3,100	1,570	1,530	5.5	5.4	5.6
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	61,425	31,165	30,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	54,600	27,775	26,825	88.9	89.1	88.6
French	75	15	65	0.1	0.0	0.2
Non-official language	1,370	715	655	2.2	2.3	2.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,370	715	655	2.2	2.3	2.2
English and French	455	140	310	0.7	0.4	1.0
English and non-official language(s)	4,835	2,470	2,365	7.9	7.9	7.8
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	61,425	31,165	30,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	60,385	30,615	29,770	98.3	98.2	98.4
Official languages	57,670	29,265	28,400	93.9	93.9	93.8
English	57,540	29,250	28,295	93.7	93.9	93.5
French	125	20	110	0.2	0.1	0.4
Non-official languages	2,715	1,355	1,360	4.4	4.3	4.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,715	1,355	1,360	4.4	4.3	4.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	410	220	190	0.7	0.7	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	330	195	140	0.5	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages	325	190	140	0.5	0.6	0.5
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	325	190	140	0.5	0.6	0.5
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	85	50	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,160	1,055	1,100	3.5	3.4	3.6
Chinese languages	2,160	1,055	1,100	3.5	3.4	3.6
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,025	995	1,030	3.3	3.2	3.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	105	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,040	545	495	1.7	1.7	1.6
English and French	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	975	520	450	1.6	1.7	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	61,425	31,165	30,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	57,000	29,010	27,985	92.8	93.1	92.5
English	1,185	545	640	1.9	1.7	2.1
French	350	125	220	0.6	0.4	0.7
Non-official language	2,330	1,230	1,105	3.8	3.9	3.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,325	1,230	1,095	3.8	3.9	3.6
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	170	70	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	365	170	190	0.6	0.5	0.6
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	52,065	26,850	25,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	14,725	6,995	7,730	28.3	26.1	30.7
Worked outside Canada	605	395	210	1.2	1.5	0.8
No fixed workplace address	6,775	5,030	1,745	13.0	18.7	6.9
Usual place of work	29,960	14,435	15,535	57.5	53.8	61.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	29,965	14,435	15,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	14,285	6,185	8,105	47.7	42.8	52.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	14,815	7,750	7,065	49.4	53.7	45.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	730	425	310	2.4	2.9	2.0
Commute to a different province or territory	130	80	50	0.4	0.6	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	36,740	19,460	17,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	32,250	17,515	14,735	87.8	90.0	85.3
Car, truck or van - as a driver	30,210	16,775	13,435	82.2	86.2	77.7
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,045	740	1,300	5.6	3.8	7.5
Public transit	1,690	755	940	4.6	3.9	5.4
Walked	1,685	640	1,045	4.6	3.3	6.0
Bicycle	160	115	50	0.4	0.6	0.3
Other method	950	440	515	2.6	2.3	3.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	36,740	19,460	17,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	9,430	3,715	5,720	25.7	19.1	33.1
15 to 29 minutes	10,475	5,485	4,990	28.5	28.2	28.9
30 to 44 minutes	10,135	6,220	3,915	27.6	32.0	22.7
45 to 59 minutes	3,820	2,270	1,550	10.4	11.7	9.0
60 minutes and over	2,875	1,775	1,100	7.8	9.1	6.4
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	36,740	19,460	17,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,375	1,775	600	6.5	9.1	3.5
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,495	3,655	1,840	15.0	18.8	10.6
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,960	4,475	4,485	24.4	23.0	26.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,255	3,885	4,370	22.5	20.0	25.3
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,835	3,055	3,775	18.6	15.7	21.8
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,825	2,615	2,210	13.1	13.4	12.8
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	21,815	11,250	10,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,385	710	675	6.3	6.3	6.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,430	10,540	9,895	93.7	93.7	93.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,420	8,470	7,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,135	585	555	6.9	6.9	7.0
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	655	320	335	4.0	3.8	4.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	485	265	220	3.0	3.1	2.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,285	7,880	7,400	93.1	93.0	93.0

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable
x
suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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