Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Saanich--Gulf IslandsMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	122,150	58,985	63,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14,465	7,440	7,025	11.8	12.6	11.1
0 to 4 years	3,825	1,945	1,880	3.1	3.3	3.0
5 to 9 years	5,135	2,615	2,525	4.2	4.4	4.0
10 to 14 years	5,505	2,885	2,620	4.5	4.9	4.1
15 to 64 years	69,580	33,930	35,660	57.0	57.5	56.5
15 to 19 years	6,055	3,140	2,920	5.0	5.3	4.6
20 to 24 years	7,080	3,675	3,410	5.8	6.2	5.4
25 to 29 years	5,535	2,930	2,605	4.5	5.0	4.1
30 to 34 years	5,400	2,645	2,755	4.4	4.5	4.4
35 to 39 years	6,200	3,045	3,160	5.1	5.2	5.0
40 to 44 years	6,345	3,075	3,265	5.2	5.2	5.2
45 to 49 years	6,635	3,115	3,515	5.4	5.3	5.6
50 to 54 years	7,615	3,570	4,045	6.2	6.1	6.4
55 to 59 years	8,725	4,180	4,545	7.1	7.1	7.2
60 to 64 years	9,995	4,555	5,440	8.2	7.7	8.6
65 years and over	38,095	17,615	20,485	31.2	29.9	32.4
65 to 69 years	10,495	4,865	5,625	8.6	8.2	8.9
70 to 74 years	10,185	4,770	5,420	8.3	8.1	8.6
75 to 79 years	7,205	3,460	3,745	5.9	5.9	5.9
80 to 84 years	4,695	2,170	2,525	3.8	3.7	4.0
85 years and over	5,515	2,345	3,170	4.5	4.0	5.0
85 to 89 years	3,105	1,410	1,695	2.5	2.4	2.7
90 to 94 years	1,775	690	1,090	1.5	1.2	1.7
95 to 99 years	565	225	340	0.5	0.4	0.5
100 years and over	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	11.8	12.6	11.1	11.8	12.6	11.1
15 to 64 years	57.0	57.5	56.5	57.0	57.5	56.5
65 years and over	31.2	29.9	32.4	31.2	29.9	32.4
85 years and over	4.5	4.0	5.0	4.5	4.0	5.0
Average age of the population	48.6	47.5	49.7	48.6	47.5	49.7
Median age of the population	52.4	50.4	53.6	52.4	50.4	53.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	51,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	30,155	...	...	58.7	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,765	...	...	3.4	...	...
Row house	3,690	...	...	7.2	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	8,205	...	...	16.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	5,975	...	...	11.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	630	...	...	1.2	...	...
Other single-attached house	70	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	845	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	51,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	14,275	...	...	27.8	...	...
2 persons	20,760	...	...	40.4	...	...
3 persons	6,845	...	...	13.3	...	...
4 persons	6,010	...	...	11.7	...	...
5 or more persons	3,450	...	...	6.7	...	...
Number of persons in private households	119,655	57,980	61,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	107,680	51,540	56,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	65,090	32,465	32,620	60.4	63.0	58.1
Married	54,770	27,320	27,450	50.9	53.0	48.9
Living common-law	10,320	5,150	5,170	9.6	10.0	9.2
Living common law - Never married	6,600	3,295	3,310	6.1	6.4	5.9
Living common law - Separated	375	185	190	0.3	0.4	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	2,965	1,510	1,460	2.8	2.9	2.6
Living common law - Widowed	370	160	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Not married and not living common-law	42,595	19,070	23,520	39.6	37.0	41.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	25,410	13,720	11,690	23.6	26.6	20.8
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,305	1,055	1,255	2.1	2.0	2.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,515	2,650	4,865	7.0	5.1	8.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	7,360	1,655	5,710	6.8	3.2	10.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	35,960	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	22,330	...	...	62.1	...	...
3 persons	6,305	...	...	17.5	...	...
4 persons	5,625	...	...	15.6	...	...
5 or more persons	1,695	...	...	4.7	...	...
Average size of census families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	35,960	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	31,690	...	...	88.1	...	...
Married couples	26,530	...	...	73.8	...	...
With children⁶	10,760	...	...	29.9	...	...
Without children	15,770	...	...	43.9	...	...
Common-law couples	5,160	...	...	14.3	...	...
With children⁶	1,440	...	...	4.0	...	...
Without children	3,715	...	...	10.3	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,275	...	...	11.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,175	...	...	8.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,100	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	119,655	57,980	61,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	95,020	47,255	47,765	79.4	81.5	77.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	63,375	31,650	31,735	53.0	54.6	51.5
Parents in one-parent families	4,270	1,100	3,170	3.6	1.9	5.1
Children⁶	27,370	14,510	12,860	22.9	25.0	20.9
In a two-parent family	21,270	11,215	10,060	17.8	19.3	16.3
In a one-parent family	6,100	3,300	2,805	5.1	5.7	4.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	24,635	10,725	13,910	20.6	18.5	22.6
Living alone	14,275	5,505	8,770	11.9	9.5	14.2
Living with other relatives⁷	2,740	1,080	1,660	2.3	1.9	2.7
Living with non-relatives only	7,625	4,135	3,485	6.4	7.1	5.7
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	51,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	30,455	...	...	59.3	...	...
Couple-family households	27,285	...	...	53.1	...	...
With children⁶	10,270	...	...	20.0	...	...
Without children	17,015	...	...	33.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,175	...	...	6.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,425	...	...	2.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	575	...	...	1.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,115	...	...	4.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,490	...	...	4.9	...	...
One-person households	14,275	...	...	27.8	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	105,205	50,540	54,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	102,840	49,315	53,520	97.8	97.6	97.9
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	50,400	40,000	44,400	50,400	40,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	102,895	49,340	53,555	97.8	97.6	98.0
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	45,200	36,400	40,000	45,200	36,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	96,175	46,285	49,890	91.4	91.6	91.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	44,000	30,400	36,800	44,000	30,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	66,915	33,625	33,290	63.6	66.5	60.9
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	41,600	30,600	35,600	41,600	30,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,495	38,380	46,110	80.3	75.9	84.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,800	11,600	11,900	11,800	11,600	11,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	5,630	2,520	3,105	5.4	5.0	5.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,200	5,520	5,480	5,200	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	22,040	10,420	11,620	20.9	20.6	21.3
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	105,215	50,495	54,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	102,890	49,320	53,570	97.8	97.7	97.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,200	67,200	51,850	59,200	67,200	51,850
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	102,940	49,340	53,600	97.8	97.7	98.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,960	54,900	43,480	48,960	54,900	43,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	96,135	46,225	49,905	91.4	91.5	91.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,350	62,500	44,920	53,350	62,500	44,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	66,990	33,535	33,455	63.7	66.4	61.1
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,720	58,050	41,360	49,720	58,050	41,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,510	38,420	46,090	80.3	76.1	84.2
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,380	11,140	11,590	11,380	11,140	11,590
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	5,410	2,425	2,985	5.1	4.8	5.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,480	5,615	7,180	6,480	5,615	7,180
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	22,060	10,505	11,550	21.0	20.8	21.1
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,750	8,660	8,840	8,750	8,660	8,840
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	105,215	50,495	54,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,025	16,065	12,965	27.6	31.8	23.7
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,500	74,500	61,600	68,500	74,500	61,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	80,500	88,500	70,500	80,500	88,500	70,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,865	12,590	15,275	26.5	24.9	27.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,000	18,800	15,800	17,000	18,800	15,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,720	33,800	24,540	28,720	33,800	24,540
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.2	87.0	80.8	84.2	87.0	80.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	54.7	58.7	49.9	54.7	58.7	49.9
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.8	12.9	19.2	15.8	12.9	19.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.4	0.8	0.6	0.4	0.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.0	3.4	4.8	4.0	3.4	4.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.2	2.7	3.7	3.2	2.7	3.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	105,205	50,540	54,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	2,365	1,230	1,135	2.2	2.4	2.1
With total income	102,840	49,315	53,520	97.7	97.6	97.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,360	3,830	4,530	8.1	7.8	8.5
$10,000 to $19,999	10,935	4,430	6,505	10.6	9.0	12.2
$20,000 to $29,999	14,890	6,150	8,740	14.5	12.5	16.3
$30,000 to $39,999	12,230	5,120	7,110	11.9	10.4	13.3
$40,000 to $49,999	11,115	4,890	6,225	10.8	9.9	11.6
$50,000 to $59,999	9,425	4,365	5,060	9.2	8.8	9.5
$60,000 to $69,999	7,760	3,915	3,850	7.5	7.9	7.2
$70,000 to $79,999	6,140	3,270	2,870	6.0	6.6	5.4
$80,000 to $89,999	4,875	2,640	2,235	4.7	5.4	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	3,810	2,160	1,650	3.7	4.4	3.1
$100,000 and over	13,290	8,545	4,745	12.9	17.3	8.9
$100,000 to $149,999	8,440	5,185	3,255	8.2	10.5	6.1
$150,000 and over	4,850	3,360	1,490	4.7	6.8	2.8
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	105,205	50,540	54,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	2,305	1,200	1,105	2.2	2.4	2.0
With after-tax income	102,895	49,340	53,555	97.8	97.6	98.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,060	4,020	5,045	8.8	8.1	9.4
$10,000 to $19,999	11,490	4,665	6,825	11.2	9.5	12.7
$20,000 to $29,999	16,585	6,915	9,670	16.1	14.0	18.1
$30,000 to $39,999	14,105	6,030	8,070	13.7	12.2	15.1
$40,000 to $49,999	12,825	5,760	7,070	12.5	11.7	13.2
$50,000 to $59,999	10,225	5,110	5,115	9.9	10.4	9.6
$60,000 to $69,999	7,795	4,130	3,670	7.6	8.4	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	5,915	3,305	2,615	5.8	6.7	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	4,210	2,435	1,770	4.1	4.9	3.3
$90,000 to $99,999	2,810	1,680	1,130	2.7	3.4	2.1
$100,000 and over	7,870	5,305	2,570	7.6	10.7	4.8
$100,000 to $124,999	3,700	2,410	1,300	3.6	4.9	2.4
$125,000 and over	4,170	2,895	1,275	4.1	5.9	2.4
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	105,205	50,540	54,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	38,285	16,920	21,370	36.4	33.5	39.1
With employment income	66,915	33,625	33,290	63.6	66.5	60.9
Under $5,000 (including loss)	11,310	5,410	5,900	16.9	16.1	17.7
$5,000 to $9,999	5,520	2,450	3,075	8.3	7.3	9.2
$10,000 to $19,999	7,805	3,520	4,275	11.7	10.5	12.9
$20,000 to $29,999	5,790	2,595	3,195	8.7	7.7	9.6
$30,000 to $39,999	5,290	2,470	2,825	7.9	7.3	8.5
$40,000 to $49,999	5,115	2,390	2,725	7.7	7.1	8.2
$50,000 to $59,999	5,005	2,315	2,690	7.5	6.9	8.1
$60,000 to $69,999	4,100	2,080	2,020	6.1	6.2	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	3,425	1,865	1,565	5.1	5.5	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	2,990	1,645	1,345	4.5	4.9	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	2,490	1,425	1,060	3.7	4.2	3.2
$100,000 and over	8,075	5,450	2,620	12.1	16.2	7.9
$100,000 to $124,999	3,625	2,230	1,390	5.4	6.6	4.2
$125,000 and over	4,455	3,220	1,235	6.7	9.6	3.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	105,205	50,540	54,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	100,390	47,980	52,405	95.4	94.9	95.9
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	50,800	37,600	43,200	50,800	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	100,580	48,030	52,555	95.6	95.0	96.2
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,400	33,600	38,400	44,400	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	95,130	45,600	49,525	90.4	90.2	90.6
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	45,600	31,200	37,600	45,600	31,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,240	35,470	35,775	67.7	70.2	65.5
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	39,200	28,400	33,200	39,200	28,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	69,935	30,255	39,680	66.5	59.9	72.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,400	10,100	9,100	9,400	10,100	9,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,050	1,730	2,325	3.8	3.4	4.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,240	4,880	5,880	5,240	4,880	5,880
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	105,215	50,495	54,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	100,535	48,060	52,480	95.6	95.2	95.9
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,950	66,600	48,120	56,950	66,600	48,120
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	100,720	48,095	52,625	95.7	95.2	96.2
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,120	54,400	40,440	47,120	54,400	40,440
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	95,160	45,675	49,485	90.4	90.5	90.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,150	63,650	43,440	53,150	63,650	43,440
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,365	35,605	35,755	67.8	70.5	65.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,400	55,700	39,080	47,400	55,700	39,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	70,090	30,105	39,990	66.6	59.6	73.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,530	9,710	9,390	9,530	9,710	9,390
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,960	1,650	2,305	3.8	3.3	4.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,510	6,150	8,480	7,510	6,150	8,480
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	105,215	50,495	54,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,785	15,935	12,845	27.4	31.6	23.5
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,000	72,000	57,600	65,000	72,000	57,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	76,500	85,000	66,100	76,500	85,000	66,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,730	12,070	14,660	25.4	23.9	26.8
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,600	24,200	20,000	21,600	24,200	20,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,520	39,400	28,720	33,520	39,400	28,720
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	88.4	90.8	85.2	88.4	90.8	85.2
Employment income (%)	59.1	62.0	55.4	59.1	62.0	55.4
Government transfers (%)	11.7	9.1	14.9	11.7	9.1	14.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.5	0.3	0.8	0.5	0.3	0.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	51,335	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	14,275	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,600	...	...	45,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...	41,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	37,065	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	51,335	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	118,700	...	...	118,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	98,200	...	...	98,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	14,265	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	61,300	...	...	61,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,880	...	...	50,880	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	37,070	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	140,800	...	...	140,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,400	...	...	116,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	51,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	530	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	255	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	380	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	790	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,680	...	...	3.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,450	...	...	2.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,410	...	...	2.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,620	...	...	3.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,775	...	...	3.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,810	...	...	3.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,480	...	...	6.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,405	...	...	6.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,310	...	...	6.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,970	...	...	5.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,810	...	...	5.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	23,670	...	...	46.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,975	...	...	11.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,685	...	...	9.1	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,325	...	...	12.3	...	...
$200,000 and over	6,685	...	...	13.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	51,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	670	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	265	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	405	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	845	...	...	1.6	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,765	...	...	3.4	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,630	...	...	3.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,640	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,950	...	...	3.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,065	...	...	4.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,090	...	...	4.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,060	...	...	7.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,920	...	...	7.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,590	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,485	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,040	...	...	5.9	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,925	...	...	38.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,370	...	...	12.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,675	...	...	9.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	8,885	...	...	17.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	35,295	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	17,870	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	12,310	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	156,000	...	...	156,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...	134,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,895	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	21,895	9,645	12,255	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	38,400	39,600	39,200	38,400	39,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000	35,200	36,400	36,000	35,200	36,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	35,355	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	139,600	...	...	139,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	115,100	...	...	115,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	17,900	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	126,200	...	...	126,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,900	...	...	103,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,315	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	174,600	...	...	174,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	142,400	...	...	142,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,890	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	90,300	...	...	90,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,600	...	...	78,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	21,825	9,455	12,370	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	53,000	49,960	55,300	53,000	49,960	55,300
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,520	42,240	46,240	44,520	42,240	46,240
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	119,655	57,980	61,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,990	9,275	8,715	15.0	16.0	14.1
0 to 5 years	4,785	2,435	2,345	4.0	4.2	3.8
18 to 64 years	65,615	31,830	33,780	54.8	54.9	54.8
65 years and over	36,055	16,875	19,180	30.1	29.1	31.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	10,175	4,745	5,430	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,640	900	740	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	425	240	185	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,455	2,635	2,820	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,085	1,210	1,875	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.5	8.2	8.8	8.5	8.2	8.8
0 to 17 years (%)	9.1	9.7	8.5	9.1	9.7	8.5
0 to 5 years (%)	8.9	9.8	8.0	8.9	9.8	8.0
18 to 64 years (%)	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3
65 years and over (%)	8.6	7.2	9.8	8.6	7.2	9.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	116,780	56,580	60,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,500	9,040	8,460	15.0	16.0	14.1
0 to 5 years	4,650	2,365	2,285	4.0	4.2	3.8
18 to 64 years	64,200	31,125	33,070	55.0	55.0	54.9
65 years and over	35,080	16,415	18,665	30.0	29.0	31.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,020	2,570	2,450	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	745	395	350	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	150	90	60	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,680	1,910	1,775	...	...	...
65 years and over	595	265	325	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.3	4.5	4.1	4.3	4.5	4.1
0 to 17 years (%)	4.3	4.4	4.1	4.3	4.4	4.1
0 to 5 years (%)	3.3	3.8	2.6	3.3	3.8	2.6
18 to 64 years (%)	5.7	6.1	5.4	5.7	6.1	5.4
65 years and over (%)	1.7	1.6	1.8	1.7	1.6	1.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	119,655	57,980	61,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	48,290	22,735	25,560	40.4	39.2	41.4
In bottom decile	10,870	5,275	5,600	9.1	9.1	9.1
In second decile	8,955	4,080	4,875	7.5	7.0	7.9
In third decile	8,755	4,065	4,690	7.3	7.0	7.6
In fourth decile	9,480	4,430	5,050	7.9	7.6	8.2
In fifth decile	10,235	4,890	5,340	8.6	8.4	8.7
In top half of the distribution	71,360	35,245	36,120	59.6	60.8	58.6
In sixth decile	11,060	5,390	5,670	9.2	9.3	9.2
In seventh decile	12,485	6,050	6,435	10.4	10.4	10.4
In eighth decile	13,770	6,850	6,915	11.5	11.8	11.2
In ninth decile	16,235	8,060	8,175	13.6	13.9	13.3
In top decile	17,810	8,895	8,925	14.9	15.3	14.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	119,660	...	...	119,660	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.342	...	...	0.342	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.431	...	...	0.431	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.300	...	...	0.300	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	120,695	58,410	62,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	108,160	52,935	55,225	89.6	90.6	88.7
French only	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	11,255	4,945	6,310	9.3	8.5	10.1
Neither English nor French	1,255	525	730	1.0	0.9	1.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	120,695	58,410	62,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	117,780	57,125	60,655	97.6	97.8	97.4
French	1,445	675	765	1.2	1.2	1.2
English and French	280	120	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Neither English nor French	1,195	490	705	1.0	0.8	1.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	120,695	58,410	62,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	118,200	57,225	60,970	97.9	98.0	97.9
Official languages	100,190	48,965	51,230	83.0	83.8	82.3
English	98,695	48,275	50,425	81.8	82.6	81.0
French	1,495	690	800	1.2	1.2	1.3
Non-official languages	18,010	8,265	9,745	14.9	14.1	15.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Halkomelem	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	17,925	8,220	9,700	14.9	14.1	15.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	450	245	205	0.4	0.4	0.3
Berber languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	415	230	190	0.3	0.4	0.3
Amharic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	355	195	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	280	125	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	265	120	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,055	395	655	0.9	0.7	1.1
Bikol	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	830	320	515	0.7	0.5	0.8
Waray-Waray	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	155	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kannada	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	55	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tamil	60	30	35	0.0	0.1	0.1
Telugu	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	8,850	4,160	4,685	7.3	7.1	7.5
Albanian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,335	595	740	1.1	1.0	1.2
Baltic languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,300	575	730	1.1	1.0	1.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	305	135	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Russian	340	140	205	0.3	0.2	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	265	135	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	175	90	90	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbian	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	175	70	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,710	1,235	1,475	2.2	2.1	2.4
Frisian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,560	695	860	1.3	1.2	1.4
German	1,500	670	835	1.2	1.1	1.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	825	395	435	0.7	0.7	0.7
Afrikaans	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	705	330	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	315	135	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Danish	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	150	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	2,590	1,310	1,275	2.1	2.2	2.0
Indo-Aryan languages	2,240	1,125	1,115	1.9	1.9	1.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	250	135	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,635	810	825	1.4	1.4	1.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	345	180	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	325	170	155	0.3	0.3	0.2
Dari	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	280	150	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,990	910	1,080	1.6	1.6	1.7
Catalan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	395	195	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	530	240	295	0.4	0.4	0.5
Romanian	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	955	430	520	0.8	0.7	0.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	520	160	355	0.4	0.3	0.6
Korean	515	220	290	0.4	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Akan (Twi)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,545	2,560	2,985	4.6	4.4	4.8
Chinese languages	5,515	2,545	2,970	4.6	4.4	4.8
Hakka	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,100	1,430	1,670	2.6	2.4	2.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,200	1,025	1,180	1.8	1.8	1.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	15	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	70	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	80	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	70	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	300	135	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Estonian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	190	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,495	1,180	1,310	2.1	2.0	2.1
English and French	415	205	205	0.3	0.4	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	1,795	850	950	1.5	1.5	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	190	85	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	120,695	58,410	62,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	102,830	50,100	52,725	85.2	85.8	84.7
French	190	85	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	4,165	1,960	2,210	3.5	3.4	3.5
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,150	1,945	2,205	3.4	3.3	3.5
English and French	1,140	510	630	0.9	0.9	1.0
English and non-official language(s)	11,570	5,410	6,160	9.6	9.3	9.9
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	475	195	285	0.4	0.3	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	305	145	155	0.3	0.2	0.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	120,695	58,410	62,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	118,335	57,285	61,045	98.0	98.1	98.0
Official languages	110,245	53,455	56,785	91.3	91.5	91.2
English	109,905	53,305	56,605	91.1	91.3	90.9
French	345	155	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official languages	8,085	3,830	4,255	6.7	6.6	6.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	8,055	3,810	4,245	6.7	6.5	6.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	220	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	215	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Amharic	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	505	230	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	410	190	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kannada	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,825	1,360	1,465	2.3	2.3	2.4
Albanian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	380	170	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	375	170	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	60	30	35	0.0	0.1	0.1
Russian	165	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	360	175	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	210	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	205	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	125	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,370	675	695	1.1	1.2	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages	1,170	570	595	1.0	1.0	1.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	920	445	470	0.8	0.8	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	200	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	180	95	90	0.1	0.2	0.1
Dari	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	160	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	660	300	355	0.5	0.5	0.6
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	170	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Romanian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	375	180	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	180	75	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	375	175	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,590	1,685	1,905	3.0	2.9	3.1
Chinese languages	3,575	1,675	1,900	3.0	2.9	3.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,255	1,075	1,175	1.9	1.8	1.9
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,225	555	670	1.0	1.0	1.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,360	1,120	1,240	2.0	1.9	2.0
English and French	150	55	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,145	1,040	1,100	1.8	1.8	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	120,695	58,410	62,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	109,135	53,090	56,045	90.4	90.9	90.0
English	3,325	1,600	1,730	2.8	2.7	2.8
French	945	435	510	0.8	0.7	0.8
Non-official language	5,990	2,720	3,270	5.0	4.7	5.3
Indigenous³⁹	75	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous	5,915	2,690	3,225	4.9	4.6	5.2
English and French	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	415	195	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	295	115	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	535	240	290	0.4	0.4	0.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	119,660	57,990	61,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	118,515	57,475	61,040	99.0	99.1	99.0
English	118,500	57,470	61,030	99.0	99.1	99.0
French	11,070	4,835	6,240	9.3	8.3	10.1
Non-official languages	25,730	11,820	13,905	21.5	20.4	22.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	230	100	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	160	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Halkomelem	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	145	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	25,510	11,720	13,790	21.3	20.2	22.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	755	395	365	0.6	0.7	0.6
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	700	370	335	0.6	0.6	0.5
Amharic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	480	260	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	180	85	90	0.2	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	340	130	210	0.3	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	335	130	200	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,415	505	905	1.2	0.9	1.5
Bikol	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	65	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	100	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,245	435	805	1.0	0.8	1.3
Waray-Waray	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	240	135	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	90	60	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tamil	150	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	14,635	6,800	7,835	12.2	11.7	12.7
Albanian	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Armenian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,775	800	975	1.5	1.4	1.6
Baltic languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,725	775	950	1.4	1.3	1.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	415	180	230	0.3	0.3	0.4
Russian	555	210	340	0.5	0.4	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	385	195	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	255	125	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	135	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	285	135	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Irish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	4,410	1,980	2,435	3.7	3.4	3.9
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,850	1,285	1,565	2.4	2.2	2.5
German	2,775	1,255	1,520	2.3	2.2	2.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yiddish	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,285	590	695	1.1	1.0	1.1
Afrikaans	375	195	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dutch	925	405	515	0.8	0.7	0.8
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	495	215	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
Danish	190	70	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Icelandic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	160	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	175	70	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	230	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	3,640	1,895	1,745	3.0	3.3	2.8
Indo-Aryan languages	3,235	1,685	1,545	2.7	2.9	2.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	1,120	610	510	0.9	1.1	0.8
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	55	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,445	1,245	1,200	2.0	2.1	1.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	400	205	195	0.3	0.4	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	375	195	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	335	175	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,045	2,250	2,790	4.2	3.9	4.5
Catalan	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	865	390	480	0.7	0.7	0.8
Portuguese	790	340	450	0.7	0.6	0.7
Romanian	150	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	3,600	1,575	2,015	3.0	2.7	3.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,150	465	685	1.0	0.8	1.1
Korean	660	305	355	0.6	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	145	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	215	85	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	205	80	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,220	2,965	3,255	5.2	5.1	5.3
Chinese languages	6,135	2,925	3,205	5.1	5.0	5.2
Hakka	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,135	1,965	2,170	3.5	3.4	3.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	195	75	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,670	1,220	1,450	2.2	2.1	2.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	130	45	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	130	45	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	150	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	385	185	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Finnish	135	85	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	215	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	119,665	57,990	61,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	5,040	2,550	2,495	4.2	4.4	4.0
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	4,780	2,425	2,355	4.0	4.2	3.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	3,150	1,580	1,570	2.6	2.7	2.5
Métis	1,595	825	765	1.3	1.4	1.2
Inuk (Inuit)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	165	90	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	114,620	55,440	59,175	95.8	95.6	96.0
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	119,665	57,990	61,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	2,495	1,265	1,235	2.1	2.2	2.0
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	117,170	56,725	60,440	97.9	97.8	98.0
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	51,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	39,885	...	...	77.7	...	...
Renter	11,280	...	...	22.0	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	165	...	...	0.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	51,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	6,645	...	...	12.9	...	...
Not condominium	44,690	...	...	87.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	51,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	370	...	...	0.7	...	...
1 bedroom	5,625	...	...	11.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	13,500	...	...	26.3	...	...
3 bedrooms	16,620	...	...	32.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	15,215	...	...	29.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	51,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	12,325	...	...	24.0	...	...
5 rooms	7,360	...	...	14.3	...	...
6 rooms	7,335	...	...	14.3	...	...
7 rooms	6,920	...	...	13.5	...	...
8 or more rooms	17,405	...	...	33.9	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	51,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	50,620	...	...	98.6	...	...
More than one person per room	710	...	...	1.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	51,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	49,500	...	...	96.4	...	...
Not suitable	1,830	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	51,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	6,330	...	...	12.3	...	...
1961 to 1980	17,850	...	...	34.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	10,630	...	...	20.7	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,595	...	...	14.8	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,645	...	...	5.2	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,155	...	...	4.2	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,635	...	...	3.2	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,495	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	51,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	48,740	...	...	95.0	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,595	...	...	5.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	51,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	22,925	...	...	44.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	24,990	...	...	48.7	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,415	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	51,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,300	...	...	2.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,785	...	...	7.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	5,850	...	...	11.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,455	...	...	14.5	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,520	...	...	20.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	12,085	...	...	23.5	...	...
75 to 84 years	7,250	...	...	14.1	...	...
85 years and over	3,085	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	49,535	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	39,090	...	...	78.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,450	...	...	21.1	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,175	...	...	18.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	51,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	13,715	...	...	26.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,445	...	...	18.4	...	...
Not suitable only	1,360	...	...	2.6	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,775	...	...	3.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	310	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	655	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	130	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	30	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	37,620	...	...	73.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	48,260	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	4,225	...	...	8.8	...	...
Not in core need	44,040	...	...	91.3	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	38,495	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	47.1	...	...	47.1	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	15.4	...	...	15.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.1	...	...	5.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,010	...	...	1,010	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,532	...	...	1,532	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	950,000	...	...	950,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,021,000	...	...	1,021,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	11,165	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.8	...	...	7.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.7	...	...	40.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	22.0	...	...	22.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,380	...	...	1,380	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,498	...	...	1,498	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	170	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	12.1	...	...	12.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	456	...	...	456	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	470	...	...	470	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	119,660	57,990	61,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,980	1,020	960	1.7	1.8	1.6
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,960	1,020	940	1.6	1.8	1.5
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,790	905	880	1.5	1.6	1.4
Métis single ancestry	165	110	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,830	1,805	2,020	3.2	3.1	3.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,640	1,745	1,895	3.0	3.0	3.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,560	1,200	1,355	2.1	2.1	2.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,050	525	525	0.9	0.9	0.9
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	190	60	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	165	55	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	113,855	55,165	58,695	95.1	95.1	95.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	119,665	57,990	61,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	111,970	54,445	57,525	93.6	93.9	93.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	17,210	8,975	8,235	14.4	15.5	13.4
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	94,760	45,470	49,290	79.2	78.4	79.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	7,690	3,545	4,140	6.4	6.1	6.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	119,665	57,990	61,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	91,225	44,725	46,500	76.2	77.1	75.4
Immigrants⁸¹	26,030	12,010	14,020	21.8	20.7	22.7
Before 1980	10,695	4,960	5,740	8.9	8.6	9.3
1980 to 1990	3,360	1,580	1,780	2.8	2.7	2.9
1991 to 2000	3,370	1,520	1,850	2.8	2.6	3.0
2001 to 2010	4,250	1,965	2,285	3.6	3.4	3.7
2011 to 2021⁸²	4,350	1,990	2,365	3.6	3.4	3.8
2011 to 2015	2,130	975	1,155	1.8	1.7	1.9
2016 to 2021	2,225	1,015	1,210	1.9	1.8	2.0
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,410	1,255	1,155	2.0	2.2	1.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	26,030	12,010	14,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,540	1,240	1,305	9.8	10.3	9.3
5 to 14 years	4,425	2,180	2,245	17.0	18.2	16.0
15 to 24 years	5,325	2,325	2,995	20.5	19.4	21.4
25 to 44 years	10,850	4,885	5,965	41.7	40.7	42.6
45 years and over	2,885	1,380	1,505	11.1	11.5	10.7
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	26,030	12,010	14,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,850	1,800	2,045	14.8	15.0	14.6
Brazil	100	40	60	0.4	0.3	0.4
Colombia	90	45	40	0.3	0.4	0.3
El Salvador	60	25	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyana	40	10	25	0.2	0.1	0.2
Haiti	40	30	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
Jamaica	130	60	70	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mexico	295	140	150	1.1	1.2	1.1
Peru	40	15	20	0.2	0.1	0.1
Trinidad and Tobago	100	45	55	0.4	0.4	0.4
United States of America	2,625	1,220	1,410	10.1	10.2	10.1
Other places of birth in Americas	340	160	175	1.3	1.3	1.2
Europe	11,295	5,345	5,945	43.4	44.5	42.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	35	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.2
Croatia	160	75	80	0.6	0.6	0.6
France	175	70	105	0.7	0.6	0.7
Germany	1,080	480	600	4.1	4.0	4.3
Greece	135	70	70	0.5	0.6	0.5
Hungary	110	45	65	0.4	0.4	0.5
Italy	270	140	130	1.0	1.2	0.9
Netherlands	630	295	335	2.4	2.5	2.4
Poland	295	160	125	1.1	1.3	0.9
Portugal	405	190	210	1.6	1.6	1.5
Romania	160	65	95	0.6	0.5	0.7
Russian Federation	185	80	105	0.7	0.7	0.7
Serbia⁸⁶	80	40	35	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ukraine	180	95	85	0.7	0.8	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,195	2,930	3,270	23.8	24.4	23.3
Other places of birth in Europe	1,200	595	605	4.6	5.0	4.3
Africa	1,050	530	520	4.0	4.4	3.7
Algeria	20	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	95	45	50	0.4	0.4	0.4
Eritrea	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	15	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nigeria	15	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Somalia	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	565	280	285	2.2	2.3	2.0
Other places of birth in Africa	275	145	130	1.1	1.2	0.9
Asia	9,315	4,055	5,260	35.8	33.8	37.5
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	275	135	140	1.1	1.1	1.0
Iraq	20	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Lebanon	45	25	25	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	65	30	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkey	65	45	25	0.2	0.4	0.2
China⁹⁰	3,025	1,335	1,685	11.6	11.1	12.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	635	325	310	2.4	2.7	2.2
Korea, South⁹²	400	195	205	1.5	1.6	1.5
Taiwan	230	85	135	0.9	0.7	1.0
Philippines	1,175	405	770	4.5	3.4	5.5
Viet Nam	270	90	175	1.0	0.7	1.2
Bangladesh	65	25	40	0.2	0.2	0.3
India	1,700	825	875	6.5	6.9	6.2
Pakistan	50	30	25	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lanka	75	35	40	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	1,205	435	770	4.6	3.6	5.5
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	530	280	250	2.0	2.3	1.8
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	2,225	1,015	1,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	385	150	235	17.3	14.8	19.4
Brazil	25	10	10	1.1	1.0	0.8
Colombia	20	0	15	0.9	0.0	1.2
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	35	10	25	1.6	1.0	2.1
United States of America	270	110	160	12.1	10.8	13.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	40	10	25	1.8	1.0	2.1
Europe	315	170	145	14.2	16.7	12.0
France	15	0	15	0.7	0.0	1.2
Germany	40	25	15	1.8	2.5	1.2
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	10	10	0	0.4	1.0	0.0
Russian Federation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	25	10	15	1.1	1.0	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	150	100	50	6.7	9.9	4.1
Other places of birth in Europe	60	20	40	2.7	2.0	3.3
Africa	50	30	20	2.2	3.0	1.7
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	10	0	0	0.4	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	25	15	10	1.1	1.5	0.8
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	15	15	0	0.7	1.5	0.0
Asia	1,450	640	810	65.2	63.1	66.9
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	15	0	10	0.7	0.0	0.8
China⁹⁰	510	215	295	22.9	21.2	24.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	295	160	130	13.3	15.8	10.7
Iran⁸⁸	20	10	10	0.9	1.0	0.8
Iraq	15	10	0	0.7	1.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	65	15	50	2.9	1.5	4.1
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	75	40	35	3.4	3.9	2.9
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	20	15	0	0.9	1.5	0.0
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	260	100	160	11.7	9.9	13.2
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	60	30	30	2.7	3.0	2.5
Turkey	25	10	15	1.1	1.0	1.2
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	30	10	15	1.3	1.0	1.2
Other places of birth in Asia	50	20	35	2.2	2.0	2.9
Oceania and other⁹³	20	15	10	0.9	1.5	0.8
Australia	10	10	0	0.4	1.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	10	0	0.4	1.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	119,665	57,990	61,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	30,700	14,360	16,345	25.7	24.8	26.5
Second generation¹⁰¹	26,755	13,085	13,670	22.4	22.6	22.2
Third generation or more¹⁰²	62,205	30,545	31,660	52.0	52.7	51.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	15,335	7,055	8,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	8,840	4,375	4,470	57.6	62.0	54.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	3,950	2,390	1,560	25.8	33.9	18.9
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	4,895	1,985	2,910	31.9	28.1	35.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	5,555	2,185	3,370	36.2	31.0	40.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	780	425	355	5.1	6.0	4.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	160	75	85	1.0	1.1	1.0
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	15,335	7,055	8,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	160	85	80	1.0	1.2	1.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,605	1,210	1,390	17.0	17.2	16.8
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	745	345	395	4.9	4.9	4.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,160	575	585	7.6	8.2	7.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	120	35	85	0.8	0.5	1.0
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	10,555	4,810	5,745	68.8	68.2	69.4
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	119,660	57,990	61,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	19,915	9,475	10,445	16.6	16.3	16.9
South Asian	4,420	2,230	2,190	3.7	3.8	3.6
Chinese	7,665	3,665	4,000	6.4	6.3	6.5
Black	910	525	380	0.8	0.9	0.6
Filipino	1,770	685	1,085	1.5	1.2	1.8
Arab	405	225	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Latin American	885	395	490	0.7	0.7	0.8
Southeast Asian	910	430	480	0.8	0.7	0.8
West Asian	395	180	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	675	325	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Japanese	1,135	465	665	0.9	0.8	1.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	150	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	600	270	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	99,745	48,515	51,230	83.4	83.7	83.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	119,660	57,990	61,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	13,005	6,690	6,310	10.9	11.5	10.2
English	38,020	18,360	19,660	31.8	31.7	31.9
Irish	20,835	9,625	11,210	17.4	16.6	18.2
Scottish	27,425	13,120	14,310	22.9	22.6	23.2
French, n.o.s.¹²²	8,410	3,885	4,525	7.0	6.7	7.3
German	14,380	6,700	7,680	12.0	11.6	12.5
Chinese	7,690	3,645	4,045	6.4	6.3	6.6
Italian	3,670	1,715	1,955	3.1	3.0	3.2
Indian (India)	2,685	1,365	1,320	2.2	2.4	2.1
Ukrainian	5,555	2,605	2,945	4.6	4.5	4.8
Dutch	5,310	2,620	2,690	4.4	4.5	4.4
Polish	3,645	1,750	1,895	3.0	3.0	3.1
Québécois	195	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	8,650	4,195	4,445	7.2	7.2	7.2
Filipino	1,780	680	1,100	1.5	1.2	1.8
French Canadian	1,290	690	605	1.1	1.2	1.0
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,940	970	970	1.6	1.7	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,410	1,185	1,220	2.0	2.0	2.0
Métis	1,405	695	710	1.2	1.2	1.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,345	1,680	1,670	2.8	2.9	2.7
Russian	2,170	970	1,195	1.8	1.7	1.9
Norwegian	3,920	1,790	2,130	3.3	3.1	3.5
Welsh	4,195	1,910	2,285	3.5	3.3	3.7
Portuguese	1,260	645	610	1.1	1.1	1.0
American	2,750	1,260	1,495	2.3	2.2	2.4
Spanish	1,230	510	720	1.0	0.9	1.2
Swedish	2,935	1,400	1,535	2.5	2.4	2.5
Hungarian	1,285	625	660	1.1	1.1	1.1
Acadian	225	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	265	150	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Jewish	1,015	500	515	0.8	0.9	0.8
Punjabi	670	325	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Vietnamese	430	205	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	235	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Greek	705	325	380	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jamaican	245	130	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	595	280	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	505	205	300	0.4	0.4	0.5
Korean	725	355	370	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	810	370	440	0.7	0.6	0.7
Lebanese	205	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iranian	380	195	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	240	140	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	1,895	1,015	875	1.6	1.8	1.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	280	130	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	645	305	340	0.5	0.5	0.6
Austrian	1,370	630	740	1.1	1.1	1.2
Belgian	765	335	425	0.6	0.6	0.7
Haitian	30	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hindu	220	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexican	530	255	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mennonite	460	215	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Swiss	1,000	440	560	0.8	0.8	0.9
Finnish	1,055	500	555	0.9	0.9	0.9
Sri Lankan	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	710	375	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Japanese	1,285	515	765	1.1	0.9	1.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	165	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,075	550	525	0.9	0.9	0.9
Muslim	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	185	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamil	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	805	370	435	0.7	0.6	0.7
Colombian	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	510	235	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
Syrian	55	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Guyanese	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbian	180	110	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ojibway	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	165	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ontarian	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	160	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	195	125	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Algerian	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Brazilian	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Nigerian	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Armenian	95	70	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovak	285	145	140	0.2	0.3	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	340	135	205	0.3	0.2	0.3
Somali	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	240	100	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraqi	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
African Caribbean	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	170	95	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Algonquin	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	340	200	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
South African	455	205	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Australian	600	315	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Palestinian	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chilean	160	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Congolese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	80	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Berber	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	55	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Maltese	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	170	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	325	160	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Brunswicker	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	55	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	170	60	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cuban	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	130	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	210	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Laotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Northern Irish	205	115	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	235	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Columbian	570	260	310	0.5	0.4	0.5
Ecuadorian	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Estonian	205	75	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	325	145	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malaysian	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Empire Loyalist	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	55	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	119,660	57,990	61,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,295	475	825	1.1	0.8	1.3
Christian	42,685	19,010	23,675	35.7	32.8	38.4
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,815	3,650	4,165	6.5	6.3	6.8
Anabaptist	155	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	7,720	3,280	4,435	6.5	5.7	7.2
Baptist	1,555	675	880	1.3	1.2	1.4
Catholic	12,330	5,620	6,710	10.3	9.7	10.9
Christian Orthodox	725	350	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jehovah's Witness	375	165	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latter Day Saints	440	215	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Lutheran	1,305	590	715	1.1	1.0	1.2
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	325	155	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	680	300	385	0.6	0.5	0.6
Presbyterian	1,155	530	630	1.0	0.9	1.0
Reformed	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	5,450	2,150	3,300	4.6	3.7	5.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,490	1,175	1,315	2.1	2.0	2.1
Hindu	805	430	370	0.7	0.7	0.6
Jewish	820	370	445	0.7	0.6	0.7
Muslim	905	465	435	0.8	0.8	0.7
Sikh	2,220	1,095	1,125	1.9	1.9	1.8
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	230	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,515	580	935	1.3	1.0	1.5
No religion and secular perspectives	69,200	35,450	33,745	57.8	61.1	54.7
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	119,050	57,655	61,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	104,170	50,320	53,850	87.5	87.3	87.7
Movers	14,875	7,335	7,545	12.5	12.7	12.3
Non-migrants	8,315	4,075	4,240	7.0	7.1	6.9
Migrants	6,560	3,255	3,310	5.5	5.6	5.4
Internal migrants	5,620	2,805	2,820	4.7	4.9	4.6
Intraprovincial migrants	4,115	2,020	2,100	3.5	3.5	3.4
Interprovincial migrants	1,500	785	715	1.3	1.4	1.2
External migrants	940	455	490	0.8	0.8	0.8
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	115,770	55,990	59,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	71,680	34,270	37,410	61.9	61.2	62.6
Movers	44,090	21,720	22,370	38.1	38.8	37.4
Non-migrants	12,510	6,195	6,315	10.8	11.1	10.6
Migrants	31,580	15,520	16,055	27.3	27.7	26.9
Internal migrants	27,520	13,505	14,015	23.8	24.1	23.4
Intraprovincial migrants	21,940	10,715	11,220	19.0	19.1	18.8
Interprovincial migrants	5,580	2,790	2,790	4.8	5.0	4.7
External migrants	4,060	2,015	2,045	3.5	3.6	3.4
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	105,210	50,500	54,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,840	6,195	5,640	11.3	12.3	10.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	93,375	44,305	49,075	88.8	87.7	89.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	56,050	26,775	29,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,485	2,005	1,480	6.2	7.5	5.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	52,565	24,770	27,795	93.8	92.5	94.9
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	105,215	50,500	54,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,205	5,135	5,075	9.7	10.2	9.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	28,860	13,735	15,125	27.4	27.2	27.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	66,145	31,625	34,520	62.9	62.6	63.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	29,570	14,755	14,810	28.1	29.2	27.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,505	5,785	1,720	7.1	11.5	3.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,900	1,730	1,165	2.8	3.4	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,610	4,050	560	4.4	8.0	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	18,630	7,670	10,955	17.7	15.2	20.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,435	1,300	2,135	3.3	2.6	3.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	36,575	16,875	19,705	34.8	33.4	36.0
Bachelor's degree	21,675	9,695	11,975	20.6	19.2	21.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,400	1,005	1,390	2.3	2.0	2.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,030	615	415	1.0	1.2	0.8
Master's degree	8,945	3,920	5,025	8.5	7.8	9.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,535	1,635	905	2.4	3.2	1.7
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	56,055	26,780	29,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,760	1,560	1,200	4.9	5.8	4.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,860	6,650	6,205	22.9	24.8	21.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	40,440	18,565	21,870	72.1	69.3	74.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,345	8,785	8,560	30.9	32.8	29.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,435	3,465	965	7.9	12.9	3.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,670	1,020	650	3.0	3.8	2.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,760	2,445	315	4.9	9.1	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,010	4,550	6,460	19.6	17.0	22.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,900	765	1,130	3.4	2.9	3.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	23,090	9,775	13,315	41.2	36.5	45.5
Bachelor's degree	14,130	6,010	8,120	25.2	22.4	27.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,435	545	890	2.6	2.0	3.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	585	265	315	1.0	1.0	1.1
Master's degree	5,665	2,235	3,425	10.1	8.3	11.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,280	720	560	2.3	2.7	1.9
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	105,215	50,500	54,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	39,070	18,870	20,195	37.1	37.4	36.9
Education	5,505	1,490	4,015	5.2	3.0	7.3
13. Education	5,505	1,490	4,015	5.2	3.0	7.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,760	1,010	1,745	2.6	2.0	3.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	175	110	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,580	905	1,680	2.5	1.8	3.1
Humanities	4,250	1,510	2,740	4.0	3.0	5.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	495	85	415	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	1,340	380	970	1.3	0.8	1.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	890	320	575	0.8	0.6	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	160	50	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	235	140	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	330	210	120	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	625	320	310	0.6	0.6	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	170	20	145	0.2	0.0	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,040	3,605	5,435	8.6	7.1	9.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	180	65	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	725	285	445	0.7	0.6	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	955	65	895	0.9	0.1	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	1,220	535	690	1.2	1.1	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	250	85	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	1,880	545	1,330	1.8	1.1	2.4
45. Social sciences	3,830	2,020	1,810	3.6	4.0	3.3
Business, management and public administration	11,895	4,840	7,060	11.3	9.6	12.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,245	310	930	1.2	0.6	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,620	4,510	6,110	10.1	8.9	11.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,850	2,190	1,665	3.7	4.3	3.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,785	845	945	1.7	1.7	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	675	320	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,255	965	295	1.2	1.9	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,710	1,815	900	2.6	3.6	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,930	1,410	520	1.8	2.8	1.0
25. Library science	225	35	190	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	470	310	165	0.4	0.6	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85	65	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,115	10,190	930	10.6	20.2	1.7
04. Architecture and related services	485	340	150	0.5	0.7	0.3
14. Engineering	2,645	2,225	415	2.5	4.4	0.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,560	2,320	235	2.4	4.6	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,805	2,750	50	2.7	5.4	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,615	1,575	45	1.5	3.1	0.1
48. Precision production	1,005	970	35	1.0	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,850	1,085	765	1.8	2.1	1.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,025	530	495	1.0	1.0	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	830	560	275	0.8	1.1	0.5
Health and related fields	10,155	2,180	7,985	9.7	4.3	14.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	815	395	420	0.8	0.8	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	9,030	1,610	7,415	8.6	3.2	13.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	305	175	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,965	1,705	1,255	2.8	3.4	2.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,540	520	1,015	1.5	1.0	1.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	60	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	80	70	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	580	415	165	0.6	0.8	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	710	650	55	0.7	1.3	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	56,050	26,775	29,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	15,615	8,210	7,410	27.9	30.7	25.3
Education	2,545	655	1,890	4.5	2.4	6.5
13. Education	2,545	655	1,890	4.5	2.4	6.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,760	580	1,175	3.1	2.2	4.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	105	55	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,650	530	1,125	2.9	2.0	3.8
Humanities	2,390	825	1,560	4.3	3.1	5.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	280	45	235	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	755	200	560	1.3	0.7	1.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	575	225	350	1.0	0.8	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	150	100	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	150	95	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	335	135	205	0.6	0.5	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	75	0	75	0.1	0.0	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,950	2,085	3,860	10.6	7.8	13.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	130	55	80	0.2	0.2	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	575	210	370	1.0	0.8	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	600	55	555	1.1	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	790	265	525	1.4	1.0	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	170	55	120	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	1,105	255	850	2.0	1.0	2.9
45. Social sciences	2,570	1,195	1,375	4.6	4.5	4.7
Business, management and public administration	7,690	2,925	4,770	13.7	10.9	16.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	760	155	605	1.4	0.6	2.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	6,920	2,765	4,155	12.3	10.3	14.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,205	1,055	1,150	3.9	3.9	3.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,055	425	630	1.9	1.6	2.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	415	165	250	0.7	0.6	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	15	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	645	430	210	1.2	1.6	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	30	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,895	1,345	545	3.4	5.0	1.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,550	1,155	395	2.8	4.3	1.3
25. Library science	75	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	225	135	85	0.4	0.5	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	50	40	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,620	5,945	675	11.8	22.2	2.3
04. Architecture and related services	250	150	95	0.4	0.6	0.3
14. Engineering	1,700	1,365	330	3.0	5.1	1.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,390	1,225	160	2.5	4.6	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,800	1,770	35	3.2	6.6	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	925	900	30	1.7	3.4	0.1
48. Precision production	550	530	20	1.0	2.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,230	625	600	2.2	2.3	2.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	700	320	385	1.2	1.2	1.3
03. Natural resources and conservation	530	310	220	0.9	1.2	0.8
Health and related fields	6,205	1,425	4,775	11.1	5.3	16.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	590	265	325	1.1	1.0	1.1
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,435	1,080	4,355	9.7	4.0	14.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	165	85	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,925	1,080	845	3.4	4.0	2.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,015	365	655	1.8	1.4	2.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45	45	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	425	300	130	0.8	1.1	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	410	360	50	0.7	1.3	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	56,050	26,775	29,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	15,615	8,210	7,410	27.9	30.7	25.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	40,435	18,565	21,870	72.1	69.3	74.7
Location of study inside Canada	33,205	15,375	17,835	59.2	57.4	60.9
Same as province or territory of residence	24,900	11,505	13,385	44.4	43.0	45.7
Different than province or territory of residence	8,310	3,865	4,450	14.8	14.4	15.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	7,230	3,195	4,035	12.9	11.9	13.8
Americas	1,960	915	1,045	3.5	3.4	3.6
United States of America	1,565	715	855	2.8	2.7	2.9
Mexico	120	50	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Brazil	85	50	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Colombia	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	100	50	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	1,990	930	1,065	3.6	3.5	3.6
Belgium	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
France	95	45	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	195	85	105	0.3	0.3	0.4
Netherlands	110	45	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Switzerland	30	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	85	35	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	995	465	530	1.8	1.7	1.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	40	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	160	75	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Africa	205	100	100	0.4	0.4	0.3
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	160	70	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other locations of study in Africa	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Asia	2,745	1,085	1,660	4.9	4.1	5.7
Iran⁸⁸	95	45	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraq	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	780	340	440	1.4	1.3	1.5
Taiwan	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Japan	195	50	145	0.3	0.2	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	235	85	150	0.4	0.3	0.5
Philippines	605	185	420	1.1	0.7	1.4
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	510	255	250	0.9	1.0	0.9
Pakistan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	120	35	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
Oceania	330	165	165	0.6	0.6	0.6
Australia	255	120	130	0.5	0.4	0.4
New Zealand	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	105,215	50,495	54,715	...	...	...
In the labour force	59,425	30,145	29,280	...	...	...
Employed	55,705	28,265	27,440	...	...	...
Unemployed	3,720	1,880	1,840	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	45,790	20,355	25,440	...	...	...
Participation rate	56.5	59.7	53.5	56.5	59.7	53.5
Employment rate	52.9	56.0	50.2	52.9	56.0	50.2
Unemployment rate	6.3	6.2	6.3	6.3	6.2	6.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	105,215	50,500	54,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	44,785	19,810	24,970	42.6	39.2	45.6
Worked	60,435	30,690	29,750	57.4	60.8	54.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	30,215	16,830	13,385	28.7	33.3	24.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	30,220	13,860	16,360	28.7	27.4	29.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.1	41.9	40.2	41.1	41.9	40.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	59,425	30,150	29,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	950	480	470	1.6	1.6	1.6
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	58,475	29,670	28,810	98.4	98.4	98.4
Employee	45,390	21,975	23,420	76.4	72.9	80.0
Permanent position	37,395	18,470	18,915	62.9	61.3	64.6
Temporary position	7,995	3,495	4,500	13.5	11.6	15.4
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,235	1,045	1,190	3.8	3.5	4.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,770	2,455	3,310	9.7	8.1	11.3
Self-employed¹⁹²	13,085	7,695	5,385	22.0	25.5	18.4
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	59,425	30,150	29,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	950	480	470	1.6	1.6	1.6
All occupations¹⁹¹	58,475	29,670	28,810	98.4	98.4	98.4
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,015	625	390	1.7	2.1	1.3
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	10,045	2,950	7,095	16.9	9.8	24.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,405	4,090	1,315	9.1	13.6	4.5
3 Health occupations	5,055	1,220	3,830	8.5	4.0	13.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	8,365	3,030	5,330	14.1	10.0	18.2
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,805	1,130	1,675	4.7	3.7	5.7
6 Sales and service occupations	14,005	6,550	7,460	23.6	21.7	25.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	8,815	7,990	830	14.8	26.5	2.8
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,895	1,275	620	3.2	4.2	2.1
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,070	805	265	1.8	2.7	0.9
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	59,425	30,150	29,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	950	480	470	1.6	1.6	1.6
All industries¹⁹¹	58,475	29,670	28,810	98.4	98.4	98.4
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,290	705	585	2.2	2.3	2.0
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	105	90	15	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	260	200	60	0.4	0.7	0.2
23 Construction	4,840	4,275	560	8.1	14.2	1.9
31-33 Manufacturing	2,145	1,545	600	3.6	5.1	2.0
41 Wholesale trade	955	645	305	1.6	2.1	1.0
44-45 Retail trade	6,760	3,245	3,515	11.4	10.8	12.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,455	1,755	700	4.1	5.8	2.4
51 Information and cultural industries	875	540	340	1.5	1.8	1.2
52 Finance and insurance	1,565	690	875	2.6	2.3	3.0
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,210	640	570	2.0	2.1	1.9
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,045	3,435	2,610	10.2	11.4	8.9
55 Management of companies and enterprises	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,645	1,640	1,005	4.5	5.4	3.4
61 Educational services	5,290	1,950	3,340	8.9	6.5	11.4
62 Health care and social assistance	8,060	1,730	6,330	13.6	5.7	21.6
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,805	835	970	3.0	2.8	3.3
72 Accommodation and food services	3,830	1,815	2,020	6.4	6.0	6.9
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,225	1,005	1,220	3.7	3.3	4.2
91 Public administration	6,045	2,890	3,155	10.2	9.6	10.8
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	65,190	32,990	32,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	63,160	32,050	31,110	96.9	97.2	96.6
French	60	0	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
Non-official language	350	215	135	0.5	0.7	0.4
Indigenous³⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	335	215	125	0.5	0.7	0.4
English and French	500	250	250	0.8	0.8	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	1,065	440	625	1.6	1.3	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	65,190	32,990	32,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	64,960	32,895	32,070	99.6	99.7	99.6
Official languages	64,385	32,570	31,815	98.8	98.7	98.8
English	64,270	32,555	31,715	98.6	98.7	98.5
French	115	20	100	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official languages	580	320	255	0.9	1.0	0.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	560	320	245	0.9	1.0	0.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	50	40	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	50	40	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	100	60	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	290	180	115	0.4	0.5	0.4
Chinese languages	290	180	115	0.4	0.5	0.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	205	125	85	0.3	0.4	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	80	50	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	230	95	130	0.4	0.3	0.4
English and French	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	180	80	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	65,190	32,990	32,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	63,780	32,355	31,420	97.8	98.1	97.6
English	265	115	155	0.4	0.3	0.5
French	395	215	185	0.6	0.7	0.6
Non-official language	590	225	370	0.9	0.7	1.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	585	220	360	0.9	0.7	1.1
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	50	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	55,705	28,265	27,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	15,875	7,515	8,360	28.5	26.6	30.5
Worked outside Canada	130	90	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
No fixed workplace address	7,170	5,275	1,895	12.9	18.7	6.9
Usual place of work	32,525	15,385	17,140	58.4	54.4	62.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	32,525	15,385	17,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	14,440	6,365	8,075	44.4	41.4	47.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	17,330	8,530	8,800	53.3	55.4	51.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	645	420	225	2.0	2.7	1.3
Commute to a different province or territory	115	70	40	0.4	0.5	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	39,695	20,660	19,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	32,515	17,140	15,375	81.9	83.0	80.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	29,990	16,195	13,795	75.6	78.4	72.5
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,525	940	1,580	6.4	4.5	8.3
Public transit	2,200	985	1,220	5.5	4.8	6.4
Walked	2,515	1,115	1,400	6.3	5.4	7.4
Bicycle	1,400	835	565	3.5	4.0	3.0
Other method	1,060	595	465	2.7	2.9	2.4
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	39,695	20,660	19,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	15,415	7,380	8,035	38.8	35.7	42.2
15 to 29 minutes	16,750	8,950	7,800	42.2	43.3	41.0
30 to 44 minutes	5,575	3,230	2,340	14.0	15.6	12.3
45 to 59 minutes	1,010	540	470	2.5	2.6	2.5
60 minutes and over	950	560	385	2.4	2.7	2.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	39,695	20,660	19,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,620	1,100	525	4.1	5.3	2.8
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,255	3,280	1,970	13.2	15.9	10.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,535	5,705	4,830	26.5	27.6	25.4
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	10,425	4,940	5,490	26.3	23.9	28.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,900	3,020	3,885	17.4	14.6	20.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,960	2,620	2,340	12.5	12.7	12.3
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	18,390	9,500	8,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,145	605	535	6.2	6.4	6.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,250	8,895	8,350	93.8	93.6	93.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	14,230	7,390	6,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	890	480	415	6.3	6.5	6.1
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	370	200	175	2.6	2.7	2.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	520	280	240	3.7	3.8	3.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,335	6,915	6,420	93.7	93.6	93.9

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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