Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Richmond East--StevestonMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	116,140	55,985	60,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16,205	8,385	7,820	14.0	15.0	13.0
0 to 4 years	4,810	2,550	2,255	4.1	4.6	3.7
5 to 9 years	5,670	2,910	2,755	4.9	5.2	4.6
10 to 14 years	5,730	2,925	2,810	4.9	5.2	4.7
15 to 64 years	77,035	36,930	40,100	66.3	66.0	66.7
15 to 19 years	6,100	3,195	2,905	5.3	5.7	4.8
20 to 24 years	6,890	3,620	3,275	5.9	6.5	5.4
25 to 29 years	7,575	3,850	3,725	6.5	6.9	6.2
30 to 34 years	7,660	3,790	3,870	6.6	6.8	6.4
35 to 39 years	7,700	3,715	3,985	6.6	6.6	6.6
40 to 44 years	7,435	3,485	3,945	6.4	6.2	6.6
45 to 49 years	7,480	3,350	4,130	6.4	6.0	6.9
50 to 54 years	8,410	3,735	4,675	7.2	6.7	7.8
55 to 59 years	9,125	4,190	4,935	7.9	7.5	8.2
60 to 64 years	8,660	4,000	4,660	7.5	7.1	7.7
65 years and over	22,900	10,670	12,230	19.7	19.1	20.3
65 to 69 years	7,650	3,600	4,050	6.6	6.4	6.7
70 to 74 years	6,425	3,075	3,345	5.5	5.5	5.6
75 to 79 years	3,855	1,860	1,995	3.3	3.3	3.3
80 to 84 years	2,540	1,150	1,385	2.2	2.1	2.3
85 years and over	2,430	980	1,450	2.1	1.8	2.4
85 to 89 years	1,510	670	840	1.3	1.2	1.4
90 to 94 years	710	240	470	0.6	0.4	0.8
95 to 99 years	170	60	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	35	5	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.0	15.0	13.0	14.0	15.0	13.0
15 to 64 years	66.3	66.0	66.7	66.3	66.0	66.7
65 years and over	19.7	19.1	20.3	19.7	19.1	20.3
85 years and over	2.1	1.8	2.4	2.1	1.8	2.4
Average age of the population	43.2	42.1	44.3	43.2	42.1	44.3
Median age of the population	44.0	42.0	45.6	44.0	42.0	45.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	42,990	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	13,845	...	...	32.2	...	...
Semi-detached house	945	...	...	2.2	...	...
Row house	10,795	...	...	25.1	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,460	...	...	8.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	9,510	...	...	22.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	4,375	...	...	10.2	...	...
Other single-attached house	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	40	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	42,990	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	9,865	...	...	22.9	...	...
2 persons	13,380	...	...	31.1	...	...
3 persons	8,130	...	...	18.9	...	...
4 persons	6,935	...	...	16.1	...	...
5 or more persons	4,685	...	...	10.9	...	...
Number of persons in private households	115,480	55,760	59,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	99,935	47,605	52,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	59,285	29,355	29,930	59.3	61.7	57.2
Married	54,510	26,970	27,535	54.5	56.7	52.6
Living common-law	4,780	2,385	2,395	4.8	5.0	4.6
Living common law - Never married	3,415	1,705	1,710	3.4	3.6	3.3
Living common law - Separated	190	100	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	1,090	535	555	1.1	1.1	1.1
Living common law - Widowed	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	40,650	18,250	22,395	40.7	38.3	42.8
Not married and not living common law - Never married	27,910	14,605	13,305	27.9	30.7	25.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,145	805	1,345	2.1	1.7	2.6
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,980	1,935	4,050	6.0	4.1	7.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,610	910	3,700	4.6	1.9	7.1
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	33,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,670	...	...	46.5	...	...
3 persons	8,745	...	...	25.9	...	...
4 persons	7,195	...	...	21.3	...	...
5 or more persons	2,125	...	...	6.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	33,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	28,330	...	...	84.0	...	...
Married couples	25,940	...	...	76.9	...	...
With children⁶	15,510	...	...	46.0	...	...
Without children	10,435	...	...	30.9	...	...
Common-law couples	2,390	...	...	7.1	...	...
With children⁶	760	...	...	2.3	...	...
Without children	1,630	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,405	...	...	16.0	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,395	...	...	13.0	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,005	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	115,480	55,760	59,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	97,520	48,095	49,425	84.4	86.3	82.8
Married spouses or common-law partners	56,660	28,300	28,355	49.1	50.8	47.5
Parents in one-parent families	5,405	1,010	4,395	4.7	1.8	7.4
Children⁶	35,455	18,785	16,675	30.7	33.7	27.9
In a two-parent family	27,840	14,780	13,055	24.1	26.5	21.9
In a one-parent family	7,615	4,000	3,615	6.6	7.2	6.1
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	17,965	7,665	10,300	15.6	13.7	17.2
Living alone	9,865	4,145	5,720	8.5	7.4	9.6
Living with other relatives⁷	3,960	1,340	2,625	3.4	2.4	4.4
Living with non-relatives only	4,140	2,185	1,955	3.6	3.9	3.3
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	42,990	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,320	...	...	61.2	...	...
Couple-family households	22,320	...	...	51.9	...	...
With children⁶	12,915	...	...	30.0	...	...
Without children	9,410	...	...	21.9	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,995	...	...	9.3	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,735	...	...	6.4	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	625	...	...	1.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,760	...	...	4.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,690	...	...	3.9	...	...
One-person households	9,865	...	...	22.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	99,290	47,375	51,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,990	45,740	50,250	96.7	96.5	96.8
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	39,200	33,200	35,600	39,200	33,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	96,020	45,755	50,260	96.7	96.6	96.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	36,000	31,000	33,200	36,000	31,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,390	41,050	44,340	86.0	86.6	85.4
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,200	35,600	23,800	29,200	35,600	23,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	66,370	33,125	33,245	66.8	69.9	64.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	40,000	29,400	34,400	40,000	29,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	81,695	37,025	44,665	82.3	78.2	86.0
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,100	8,300	9,700	9,100	8,300	9,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,610	3,670	4,945	8.7	7.7	9.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,705	14,215	15,485	29.9	30.0	29.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,500	10,000	10,000	10,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	99,425	47,455	51,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	96,185	45,765	50,425	96.7	96.4	97.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,360	55,650	41,760	48,360	55,650	41,760
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	96,205	45,775	50,425	96.8	96.5	97.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,160	46,080	36,680	41,160	46,080	36,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,500	40,995	44,505	86.0	86.4	85.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,320	53,050	36,240	44,320	53,050	36,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	66,480	33,250	33,225	66.9	70.1	63.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,560	54,500	38,640	46,560	54,500	38,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	81,940	37,020	44,925	82.4	78.0	86.4
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,530	10,010	10,960	10,530	10,010	10,960
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,485	3,620	4,865	8.5	7.6	9.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,520	6,130	6,810	6,520	6,130	6,810
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,910	14,340	15,575	30.1	30.2	30.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,190	10,010	10,360	10,190	10,010	10,360
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	99,425	47,455	51,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,605	16,370	13,235	29.8	34.5	25.5
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	67,000	57,200	62,000	67,000	57,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	75,600	84,300	64,900	75,600	84,300	64,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,695	12,545	15,155	27.9	26.4	29.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,800	17,200	15,000	15,800	17,200	15,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,040	28,120	22,500	25,040	28,120	22,500
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.4	85.4	76.6	81.4	85.4	76.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.6	71.2	61.0	66.6	71.2	61.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.6	14.6	23.4	18.6	14.6	23.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.6	1.2	0.9	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	8.0	6.7	9.5	8.0	6.7	9.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.6	5.6	7.7	6.6	5.6	7.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	99,290	47,375	51,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,295	1,635	1,660	3.3	3.5	3.2
With total income	95,990	45,740	50,250	96.7	96.5	96.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	12,275	5,415	6,865	12.8	11.8	13.7
$10,000 to $19,999	12,590	5,610	6,980	13.1	12.3	13.9
$20,000 to $29,999	15,700	6,790	8,905	16.4	14.9	17.7
$30,000 to $39,999	12,390	5,375	7,020	12.9	11.7	14.0
$40,000 to $49,999	10,060	4,550	5,505	10.5	9.9	11.0
$50,000 to $59,999	7,800	3,670	4,125	8.1	8.0	8.2
$60,000 to $69,999	5,845	2,945	2,900	6.1	6.4	5.8
$70,000 to $79,999	4,455	2,415	2,040	4.6	5.3	4.1
$80,000 to $89,999	3,665	1,990	1,675	3.8	4.4	3.3
$90,000 to $99,999	2,695	1,520	1,170	2.8	3.3	2.3
$100,000 and over	8,515	5,450	3,065	8.9	11.9	6.1
$100,000 to $149,999	5,815	3,550	2,270	6.1	7.8	4.5
$150,000 and over	2,700	1,905	795	2.8	4.2	1.6
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	99,290	47,375	51,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,270	1,620	1,645	3.3	3.4	3.2
With after-tax income	96,020	45,755	50,260	96.7	96.6	96.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	12,585	5,535	7,045	13.1	12.1	14.0
$10,000 to $19,999	13,030	5,805	7,225	13.6	12.7	14.4
$20,000 to $29,999	17,595	7,665	9,935	18.3	16.8	19.8
$30,000 to $39,999	13,985	6,235	7,750	14.6	13.6	15.4
$40,000 to $49,999	11,070	5,035	6,035	11.5	11.0	12.0
$50,000 to $59,999	8,100	4,010	4,090	8.4	8.8	8.1
$60,000 to $69,999	5,765	3,130	2,635	6.0	6.8	5.2
$70,000 to $79,999	4,225	2,300	1,925	4.4	5.0	3.8
$80,000 to $89,999	3,025	1,765	1,260	3.2	3.9	2.5
$90,000 to $99,999	1,975	1,170	800	2.1	2.6	1.6
$100,000 and over	4,655	3,105	1,550	4.8	6.8	3.1
$100,000 to $124,999	2,435	1,525	910	2.5	3.3	1.8
$125,000 and over	2,220	1,580	640	2.3	3.5	1.3
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	99,290	47,375	51,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	32,920	14,255	18,660	33.2	30.1	36.0
With employment income	66,370	33,125	33,245	66.8	69.9	64.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,915	4,535	5,380	14.9	13.7	16.2
$5,000 to $9,999	6,535	2,855	3,680	9.8	8.6	11.1
$10,000 to $19,999	8,295	3,725	4,560	12.5	11.3	13.7
$20,000 to $29,999	5,830	2,690	3,135	8.8	8.1	9.4
$30,000 to $39,999	5,820	2,805	3,015	8.8	8.5	9.1
$40,000 to $49,999	5,965	2,735	3,230	9.0	8.2	9.7
$50,000 to $59,999	5,185	2,585	2,600	7.8	7.8	7.8
$60,000 to $69,999	4,145	2,195	1,950	6.2	6.6	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	3,285	1,820	1,465	5.0	5.5	4.4
$80,000 to $89,999	2,775	1,620	1,155	4.2	4.9	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	2,130	1,225	905	3.2	3.7	2.7
$100,000 and over	6,500	4,330	2,165	9.8	13.1	6.5
$100,000 to $124,999	3,160	1,970	1,190	4.8	5.9	3.6
$125,000 and over	3,340	2,360	980	5.0	7.1	2.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	99,290	47,375	51,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	93,065	44,220	48,840	93.7	93.3	94.1
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	38,000	29,600	33,200	38,000	29,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	93,265	44,280	48,980	93.9	93.5	94.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,400	34,000	27,400	30,400	34,000	27,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	84,710	40,760	43,950	85.3	86.0	84.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	38,000	28,000	32,400	38,000	28,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68,260	33,800	34,450	68.7	71.3	66.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	40,400	31,200	35,600	40,400	31,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	65,395	27,720	37,675	65.9	58.5	72.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,600	1,440	3,920	2,600	1,440	3,920
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,170	1,590	2,585	4.2	3.4	5.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,680	5,160	6,240	5,680	5,160	6,240
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	99,425	47,455	51,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	93,285	44,225	49,055	93.8	93.2	94.4
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,840	53,450	39,000	45,840	53,450	39,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	93,450	44,275	49,175	94.0	93.3	94.6
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,600	44,000	33,760	38,600	44,000	33,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	84,765	40,720	44,040	85.3	85.8	84.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,280	53,800	37,400	45,280	53,800	37,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	68,350	33,880	34,470	68.7	71.4	66.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,000	54,050	38,120	46,000	54,050	38,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	65,440	27,430	38,005	65.8	57.8	73.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,720	6,360	6,990	6,720	6,360	6,990
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,090	1,570	2,520	4.1	3.3	4.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,430	6,375	8,080	7,430	6,375	8,080
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	99,425	47,455	51,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,415	16,255	13,155	29.6	34.3	25.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,600	63,600	52,000	57,600	63,600	52,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,300	79,100	59,450	70,300	79,100	59,450
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,275	11,895	14,380	26.4	25.1	27.7
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,200	26,000	22,600	24,200	26,000	22,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,880	35,880	28,600	31,880	35,880	28,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.8	92.6	86.2	89.8	92.6	86.2
Employment income (%)	73.6	77.4	68.6	73.6	77.4	68.6
Government transfers (%)	10.3	7.4	13.9	10.3	7.4	13.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.1	0.7	0.4	1.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	42,990	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...	77,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	9,865	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...	41,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,000	...	...	38,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	33,125	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	43,030	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	108,100	...	...	108,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	9,900	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,950	...	...	53,950	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,360	...	...	45,360	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	33,130	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	124,300	...	...	124,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	42,990	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	955	...	...	2.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	370	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	440	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	765	...	...	1.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,595	...	...	3.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,220	...	...	2.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,440	...	...	3.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,720	...	...	4.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,510	...	...	3.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,460	...	...	3.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,855	...	...	6.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,800	...	...	6.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,775	...	...	6.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,605	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,380	...	...	5.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,090	...	...	42.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,860	...	...	11.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,830	...	...	8.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,820	...	...	11.2	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,580	...	...	10.7	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	42,990	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,055	...	...	2.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	370	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	445	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	810	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,695	...	...	3.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,390	...	...	3.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,615	...	...	3.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,920	...	...	4.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,660	...	...	3.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,690	...	...	3.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,265	...	...	7.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,355	...	...	7.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,150	...	...	7.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,710	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,575	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	15,290	...	...	35.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,090	...	...	11.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,690	...	...	8.6	...	...
$150,000 and over	6,500	...	...	15.1	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	32,215	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	9,840	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	16,265	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	129,000	...	...	129,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...	114,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,760	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...	65,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	14,005	6,330	7,675	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,000	39,200	36,800	38,000	39,200	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,200	36,000	34,400	35,200	36,000	34,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	32,210	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,300	...	...	123,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,835	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,400	...	...	97,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,300	...	...	83,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	16,310	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	151,600	...	...	151,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	127,800	...	...	127,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,720	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,800	...	...	80,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,800	...	...	71,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	13,935	6,270	7,665	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,720	52,800	45,360	48,720	52,800	45,360
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,440	43,640	39,680	41,440	43,640	39,680
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	115,480	55,760	59,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	19,840	10,285	9,555	17.2	18.4	16.0
0 to 5 years	5,925	3,125	2,800	5.1	5.6	4.7
18 to 64 years	73,180	34,935	38,250	63.4	62.7	64.0
65 years and over	22,465	10,545	11,920	19.5	18.9	20.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	15,060	6,950	8,115	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,750	1,440	1,310	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	870	435	435	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	8,505	3,830	4,675	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,810	1,680	2,125	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.0	12.5	13.6	13.0	12.5	13.6
0 to 17 years (%)	13.9	14.0	13.7	13.9	14.0	13.7
0 to 5 years (%)	14.7	14.1	15.5	14.7	14.1	15.5
18 to 64 years (%)	11.6	11.0	12.2	11.6	11.0	12.2
65 years and over (%)	16.9	15.9	17.8	16.9	15.9	17.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	115,480	55,760	59,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	19,840	10,285	9,555	17.2	18.4	16.0
0 to 5 years	5,925	3,125	2,800	5.1	5.6	4.7
18 to 64 years	73,180	34,935	38,250	63.4	62.7	64.0
65 years and over	22,465	10,545	11,920	19.5	18.9	20.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	9,630	4,590	5,035	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,685	910	770	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	500	265	235	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	6,280	2,930	3,345	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,665	745	915	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.3	8.2	8.4	8.3	8.2	8.4
0 to 17 years (%)	8.5	8.9	8.1	8.5	8.9	8.1
0 to 5 years (%)	8.4	8.4	8.4	8.4	8.4	8.4
18 to 64 years (%)	8.6	8.4	8.8	8.6	8.4	8.8
65 years and over (%)	7.4	7.1	7.7	7.4	7.1	7.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	115,485	55,760	59,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	56,140	26,470	29,670	48.6	47.5	49.7
In bottom decile	13,835	6,485	7,350	12.0	11.6	12.3
In second decile	11,055	5,165	5,890	9.6	9.3	9.9
In third decile	10,545	5,000	5,540	9.1	9.0	9.3
In fourth decile	10,225	4,890	5,340	8.9	8.8	8.9
In fifth decile	10,475	4,925	5,550	9.1	8.8	9.3
In top half of the distribution	59,345	29,295	30,055	51.4	52.5	50.3
In sixth decile	10,895	5,220	5,675	9.4	9.4	9.5
In seventh decile	11,630	5,750	5,885	10.1	10.3	9.9
In eighth decile	12,095	5,955	6,135	10.5	10.7	10.3
In ninth decile	12,715	6,305	6,405	11.0	11.3	10.7
In top decile	12,010	6,060	5,950	10.4	10.9	10.0
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	115,485	...	...	115,485	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.340	...	...	0.340	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.447	...	...	0.447	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.305	...	...	0.305	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	115,880	55,905	59,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	99,305	48,810	50,490	85.7	87.3	84.2
French only	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	5,620	2,585	3,040	4.8	4.6	5.1
Neither English nor French	10,920	4,490	6,430	9.4	8.0	10.7
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	115,880	55,905	59,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	103,870	50,895	52,970	89.6	91.0	88.3
French	580	295	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and French	655	290	365	0.6	0.5	0.6
Neither English nor French	10,785	4,425	6,355	9.3	7.9	10.6
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	115,880	55,905	59,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	108,185	52,265	55,920	93.4	93.5	93.2
Official languages	40,910	21,260	19,650	35.3	38.0	32.8
English	40,375	20,980	19,390	34.8	37.5	32.3
French	540	280	265	0.5	0.5	0.4
Non-official languages	67,270	31,005	36,265	58.1	55.5	60.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	67,265	31,005	36,265	58.0	55.5	60.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,325	680	645	1.1	1.2	1.1
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,220	635	585	1.1	1.1	1.0
Amharic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	920	490	430	0.8	0.9	0.7
Aramaic languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	715	295	415	0.6	0.5	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	680	285	395	0.6	0.5	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,590	2,450	3,140	4.8	4.4	5.2
Bikol	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	185	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	240	110	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,685	2,030	2,655	4.0	3.6	4.4
Waray-Waray	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	360	180	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	165	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Telugu	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	11,655	5,670	5,980	10.1	10.1	10.0
Albanian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,690	790	900	1.5	1.4	1.5
Baltic languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,675	780	895	1.4	1.4	1.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	175	80	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Russian	1,020	475	545	0.9	0.8	0.9
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	225	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	965	475	495	0.8	0.8	0.8
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	680	330	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
German	650	315	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	6,905	3,360	3,540	6.0	6.0	5.9
Indo-Aryan languages	6,170	2,990	3,175	5.3	5.3	5.3
Assamese	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	150	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	290	135	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Hindi	750	340	405	0.6	0.6	0.7
Kacchi	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,105	1,980	2,130	3.5	3.5	3.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	630	325	305	0.5	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	730	370	360	0.6	0.7	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	650	325	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dari	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	455	230	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,885	940	940	1.6	1.7	1.6
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	160	95	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Portuguese	410	205	205	0.4	0.4	0.3
Romanian	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	1,185	570	615	1.0	1.0	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,200	410	790	1.0	0.7	1.3
Korean	685	285	400	0.6	0.5	0.7
Mongolian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	45,085	20,715	24,370	38.9	37.1	40.6
Chinese languages	44,990	20,675	24,315	38.8	37.0	40.5
Hakka	155	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mandarin	19,575	8,850	10,730	16.9	15.8	17.9
Min Dong	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,150	520	630	1.0	0.9	1.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	415	185	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Yue (Cantonese)	23,520	10,975	12,545	20.3	19.6	20.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	120	40	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	285	160	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	240	135	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,700	3,640	4,060	6.6	6.5	6.8
English and French	240	125	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	6,435	3,050	3,385	5.6	5.5	5.6
French and non-official language(s)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	880	395	485	0.8	0.7	0.8
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	115,880	55,905	59,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	43,375	22,145	21,235	37.4	39.6	35.4
French	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	27,355	12,400	14,960	23.6	22.2	24.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	27,355	12,400	14,960	23.6	22.2	24.9
English and French	560	280	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	40,380	19,245	21,140	34.8	34.4	35.2
French and non-official language(s)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	770	345	430	0.7	0.6	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	3,295	1,430	1,870	2.8	2.6	3.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	115,880	55,905	59,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	106,615	51,530	55,085	92.0	92.2	91.8
Official languages	57,835	29,005	28,830	49.9	51.9	48.1
English	57,660	28,920	28,745	49.8	51.7	47.9
French	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Non-official languages	48,780	22,520	26,255	42.1	40.3	43.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	48,775	22,520	26,255	42.1	40.3	43.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	770	380	390	0.7	0.7	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	715	365	355	0.6	0.7	0.6
Amharic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	530	275	260	0.5	0.5	0.4
Aramaic languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	360	160	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	350	160	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,120	1,465	1,660	2.7	2.6	2.8
Bikol	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,740	1,270	1,470	2.4	2.3	2.5
Waray-Waray	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	220	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	6,435	3,100	3,340	5.6	5.5	5.6
Albanian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	920	430	485	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baltic languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	905	420	485	0.8	0.8	0.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	670	310	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	4,330	2,090	2,240	3.7	3.7	3.7
Indo-Aryan languages	3,890	1,875	2,015	3.4	3.4	3.4
Assamese	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	395	190	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,725	1,295	1,430	2.4	2.3	2.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	435	225	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	440	220	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	400	195	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	280	140	140	0.2	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	945	465	485	0.8	0.8	0.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	245	125	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	645	310	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	590	235	360	0.5	0.4	0.6
Korean	475	210	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	36,460	16,690	19,770	31.5	29.9	33.0
Chinese languages	36,395	16,655	19,735	31.4	29.8	32.9
Hakka	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	16,280	7,460	8,820	14.0	13.3	14.7
Min Dong	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	630	285	340	0.5	0.5	0.6
Wu (Shanghainese)	280	125	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Yue (Cantonese)	19,060	8,730	10,335	16.4	15.6	17.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	190	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	180	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,270	4,380	4,895	8.0	7.8	8.2
English and French	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	8,655	4,095	4,560	7.5	7.3	7.6
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	440	200	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	115,880	55,905	59,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	78,345	38,160	40,190	67.6	68.3	67.0
English	15,640	7,510	8,130	13.5	13.4	13.6
French	595	285	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official language	16,115	7,530	8,585	13.9	13.5	14.3
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	16,105	7,530	8,580	13.9	13.5	14.3
English and French	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,835	1,345	1,490	2.4	2.4	2.5
French and non-official language(s)	390	170	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,825	840	980	1.6	1.5	1.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	115,650	55,885	59,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	104,725	51,460	53,265	90.6	92.1	89.1
English	104,680	51,440	53,235	90.5	92.0	89.1
French	5,615	2,550	3,070	4.9	4.6	5.1
Non-official languages	81,905	38,030	43,880	70.8	68.1	73.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	81,885	38,020	43,860	70.8	68.0	73.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,150	1,025	1,125	1.9	1.8	1.9
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,035	970	1,060	1.8	1.7	1.8
Amharic	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,475	740	730	1.3	1.3	1.2
Aramaic languages	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	440	180	260	0.4	0.3	0.4
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,190	570	625	1.0	1.0	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,145	545	605	1.0	1.0	1.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	8,630	3,795	4,835	7.5	6.8	8.1
Bikol	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	65	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	365	175	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Fijian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hiligaynon	140	45	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ilocano	370	165	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indonesian	270	140	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	160	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	180	80	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pangasinan	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	8,040	3,525	4,520	7.0	6.3	7.6
Waray-Waray	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	145	50	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Creole languages	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	610	310	300	0.5	0.6	0.5
Kannada	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	220	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	315	175	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Telugu	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	16,005	7,765	8,245	13.8	13.9	13.8
Albanian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Armenian	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,940	935	1,005	1.7	1.7	1.7
Baltic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,920	930	995	1.7	1.7	1.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	190	70	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Russian	1,375	675	700	1.2	1.2	1.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	255	130	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	145	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	250	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,395	605	790	1.2	1.1	1.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	990	430	555	0.9	0.8	0.9
German	950	425	530	0.8	0.8	0.9
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	320	135	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Afrikaans	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	250	105	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	135	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	245	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	9,470	4,630	4,835	8.2	8.3	8.1
Indo-Aryan languages	8,620	4,230	4,395	7.5	7.6	7.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	600	270	330	0.5	0.5	0.6
Hindi	2,530	1,235	1,300	2.2	2.2	2.2
Kacchi	155	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	110	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,595	2,750	2,835	4.8	4.9	4.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,245	645	600	1.1	1.2	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	880	420	460	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	135	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	730	345	385	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dari	195	80	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iranian Persian	495	235	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,170	1,575	1,595	2.7	2.8	2.7
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	360	190	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	570	280	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	185	110	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Spanish	2,240	1,095	1,145	1.9	2.0	1.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,155	895	1,265	1.9	1.6	2.1
Korean	1,125	495	630	1.0	0.9	1.1
Mongolian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages	320	155	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	180	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	52,315	24,195	28,125	45.2	43.3	47.1
Chinese languages	52,215	24,145	28,070	45.1	43.2	47.0
Hakka	230	100	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mandarin	32,225	14,570	17,660	27.9	26.1	29.6
Min Dong	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,655	1,230	1,430	2.3	2.2	2.4
Wu (Shanghainese)	575	265	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Yue (Cantonese)	29,625	13,610	16,015	25.6	24.4	26.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	125	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	160	55	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Thai	130	40	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	350	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	315	160	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,650	55,890	59,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	825	365	460	0.7	0.7	0.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	775	350	425	0.7	0.6	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	460	210	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Métis	305	140	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	114,825	55,525	59,300	99.3	99.3	99.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,650	55,890	59,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	345	150	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	115,300	55,740	59,565	99.7	99.7	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	43,030	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	31,565	...	...	73.4	...	...
Renter	11,465	...	...	26.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	43,030	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	15,230	...	...	35.4	...	...
Not condominium	27,805	...	...	64.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	43,030	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	445	...	...	1.0	...	...
1 bedroom	5,920	...	...	13.8	...	...
2 bedrooms	10,585	...	...	24.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	13,670	...	...	31.8	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,415	...	...	28.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	43,030	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	17,970	...	...	41.8	...	...
5 rooms	7,545	...	...	17.5	...	...
6 rooms	5,505	...	...	12.8	...	...
7 rooms	4,190	...	...	9.7	...	...
8 or more rooms	7,825	...	...	18.2	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.4	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	43,030	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	41,015	...	...	95.3	...	...
More than one person per room	2,015	...	...	4.7	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	43,030	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	39,765	...	...	92.4	...	...
Not suitable	3,270	...	...	7.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	43,030	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	1,440	...	...	3.3	...	...
1961 to 1980	10,990	...	...	25.5	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,550	...	...	15.2	...	...
1991 to 2000	8,695	...	...	20.2	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,930	...	...	9.1	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,540	...	...	10.6	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,660	...	...	8.5	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,230	...	...	7.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	43,030	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	40,855	...	...	94.9	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,175	...	...	5.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	43,030	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	20,450	...	...	47.5	...	...
Two-maintainer household	18,830	...	...	43.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,750	...	...	8.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	43,030	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	715	...	...	1.7	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,720	...	...	11.0	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,790	...	...	15.8	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,380	...	...	19.5	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,780	...	...	22.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,700	...	...	17.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,640	...	...	8.5	...	...
85 years and over	1,310	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	42,835	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	29,805	...	...	69.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	13,035	...	...	30.4	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,430	...	...	24.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	43,030	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	17,030	...	...	39.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	11,775	...	...	27.4	...	...
Not suitable only	2,510	...	...	5.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,330	...	...	3.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	565	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	655	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	150	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	40	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	26,005	...	...	60.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	40,235	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	7,345	...	...	18.3	...	...
Not in core need	32,895	...	...	81.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	31,515	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	55.5	...	...	55.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	27.1	...	...	27.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.2	...	...	14.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,350	...	...	1,350	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,756	...	...	1,756	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,000,000	...	...	1,000,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,163,000	...	...	1,163,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	11,460	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.9	...	...	11.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.7	...	...	39.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	29.5	...	...	29.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,600	...	...	1,600	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,650	...	...	1,650	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	115,650	55,885	59,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	795	355	440	0.7	0.6	0.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	755	340	420	0.7	0.6	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	545	225	315	0.5	0.4	0.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	215	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	114,685	55,450	59,240	99.2	99.2	99.1
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	115,650	55,890	59,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	96,690	47,220	49,470	83.6	84.5	82.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	18,085	9,370	8,715	15.6	16.8	14.6
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	78,605	37,850	40,755	68.0	67.7	68.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	18,960	8,665	10,295	16.4	15.5	17.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	115,650	55,890	59,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	45,155	23,405	21,745	39.0	41.9	36.4
Immigrants⁸¹	66,650	30,640	36,010	57.6	54.8	60.3
Before 1980	7,455	3,635	3,820	6.4	6.5	6.4
1980 to 1990	8,665	4,010	4,660	7.5	7.2	7.8
1991 to 2000	21,185	9,860	11,325	18.3	17.6	18.9
2001 to 2010	15,660	7,090	8,570	13.5	12.7	14.3
2011 to 2021⁸²	13,680	6,045	7,635	11.8	10.8	12.8
2011 to 2015	6,995	3,085	3,910	6.0	5.5	6.5
2016 to 2021	6,685	2,965	3,725	5.8	5.3	6.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,845	1,840	2,005	3.3	3.3	3.4
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	66,655	30,640	36,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,840	2,565	2,270	7.3	8.4	6.3
5 to 14 years	10,075	5,300	4,775	15.1	17.3	13.3
15 to 24 years	11,160	5,155	6,005	16.7	16.8	16.7
25 to 44 years	31,255	13,370	17,885	46.9	43.6	49.7
45 years and over	9,325	4,250	5,080	14.0	13.9	14.1
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	66,655	30,640	36,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,350	1,150	1,210	3.5	3.8	3.4
Brazil	190	95	85	0.3	0.3	0.2
Colombia	100	45	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
El Salvador	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyana	50	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexico	185	75	115	0.3	0.2	0.3
Peru	130	45	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	935	490	455	1.4	1.6	1.3
Other places of birth in Americas	520	260	260	0.8	0.8	0.7
Europe	4,345	2,230	2,115	6.5	7.3	5.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Croatia	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	110	55	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	350	170	175	0.5	0.6	0.5
Greece	90	65	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hungary	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	100	70	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Netherlands	175	90	85	0.3	0.3	0.2
Poland	165	70	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portugal	115	55	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	170	105	65	0.3	0.3	0.2
Russian Federation	410	215	195	0.6	0.7	0.5
Serbia⁸⁶	95	55	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	415	200	215	0.6	0.7	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,410	760	655	2.1	2.5	1.8
Other places of birth in Europe	600	255	345	0.9	0.8	1.0
Africa	1,565	745	820	2.3	2.4	2.3
Algeria	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	175	85	90	0.3	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	40	0	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nigeria	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	270	135	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Africa	770	375	400	1.2	1.2	1.1
Asia	57,755	26,255	31,495	86.6	85.7	87.5
Afghanistan	195	85	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	420	200	215	0.6	0.7	0.6
Iraq	295	145	145	0.4	0.5	0.4
Lebanon	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	115	65	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Turkey	140	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	21,670	9,550	12,120	32.5	31.2	33.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	12,600	5,955	6,645	18.9	19.4	18.5
Korea, South⁹²	635	275	360	1.0	0.9	1.0
Taiwan	3,795	1,735	2,060	5.7	5.7	5.7
Philippines	8,335	3,705	4,630	12.5	12.1	12.9
Viet Nam	955	410	550	1.4	1.3	1.5
Bangladesh	90	50	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
India	3,990	1,905	2,080	6.0	6.2	5.8
Pakistan	605	305	300	0.9	1.0	0.8
Sri Lanka	230	105	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	3,670	1,670	1,990	5.5	5.5	5.5
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	640	260	380	1.0	0.8	1.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,685	2,965	3,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	345	190	150	5.2	6.4	4.0
Brazil	80	50	30	1.2	1.7	0.8
Colombia	15	10	10	0.2	0.3	0.3
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Mexico	30	15	15	0.4	0.5	0.4
United States of America	145	95	55	2.2	3.2	1.5
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	50	20	30	0.7	0.7	0.8
Europe	260	125	140	3.9	4.2	3.8
France	55	20	30	0.8	0.7	0.8
Germany	15	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	50	25	20	0.7	0.8	0.5
Ukraine	40	0	30	0.6	0.0	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	45	35	15	0.7	1.2	0.4
Other places of birth in Europe	50	20	35	0.7	0.7	0.9
Africa	180	85	95	2.7	2.9	2.5
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	15	10	0.3	0.5	0.3
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	30	15	20	0.4	0.5	0.5
Eritrea	15	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.3
Nigeria	25	10	10	0.4	0.3	0.3
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	25	20	0	0.4	0.7	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	25	10	15	0.4	0.3	0.4
Asia	5,875	2,540	3,335	87.9	85.7	89.4
Afghanistan	15	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.4
Bangladesh	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
China⁹⁰	3,190	1,305	1,890	47.7	44.0	50.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	435	210	225	6.5	7.1	6.0
India	590	310	280	8.8	10.5	7.5
Iran⁸⁸	25	0	20	0.4	0.0	0.5
Iraq	60	20	35	0.9	0.7	0.9
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	35	10	25	0.5	0.3	0.7
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	90	20	65	1.3	0.7	1.7
Lebanon	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Nepal	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Pakistan	35	15	20	0.5	0.5	0.5
Philippines	815	350	465	12.2	11.8	12.5
Saudi Arabia	30	25	10	0.4	0.8	0.3
Sri Lanka	15	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	50	30	20	0.7	1.0	0.5
Turkey	45	20	25	0.7	0.7	0.7
United Arab Emirates	30	20	0	0.4	0.7	0.0
Viet Nam	55	25	35	0.8	0.8	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	320	140	180	4.8	4.7	4.8
Oceania and other⁹³	25	20	10	0.4	0.7	0.3
Australia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	15	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	115,650	55,885	59,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	72,095	33,260	38,835	62.3	59.5	65.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	27,620	14,440	13,175	23.9	25.8	22.0
Third generation or more¹⁰²	15,935	8,185	7,750	13.8	14.6	13.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	59,200	27,005	32,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	39,625	19,120	20,505	66.9	70.8	63.7
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	14,480	8,405	6,070	24.5	31.1	18.9
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	25,150	10,715	14,440	42.5	39.7	44.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	15,895	6,140	9,760	26.8	22.7	30.3
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,310	1,185	1,115	3.9	4.4	3.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,365	555	805	2.3	2.1	2.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	59,200	27,005	32,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,005	530	475	1.7	2.0	1.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,985	1,470	2,515	6.7	5.4	7.8
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,415	1,335	1,080	4.1	4.9	3.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,385	1,475	1,905	5.7	5.5	5.9
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	165	85	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	48,250	22,120	26,130	81.5	81.9	81.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	115,650	55,885	59,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	90,115	42,945	47,170	77.9	76.8	78.9
South Asian	10,905	5,435	5,475	9.4	9.7	9.2
Chinese	55,775	26,340	29,435	48.2	47.1	49.3
Black	1,085	590	495	0.9	1.1	0.8
Filipino	9,590	4,495	5,095	8.3	8.0	8.5
Arab	1,235	635	595	1.1	1.1	1.0
Latin American	1,115	570	540	1.0	1.0	0.9
Southeast Asian	2,100	1,005	1,090	1.8	1.8	1.8
West Asian	990	485	515	0.9	0.9	0.9
Korean	1,080	505	570	0.9	0.9	1.0
Japanese	2,275	995	1,280	2.0	1.8	2.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	505	225	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
Multiple visible minorities	3,470	1,675	1,795	3.0	3.0	3.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	25,535	12,940	12,595	22.1	23.2	21.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	115,650	55,885	59,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	5,280	2,865	2,410	4.6	5.1	4.0
English	8,020	4,080	3,935	6.9	7.3	6.6
Irish	4,985	2,350	2,635	4.3	4.2	4.4
Scottish	6,240	3,080	3,170	5.4	5.5	5.3
French, n.o.s.¹²²	2,005	915	1,085	1.7	1.6	1.8
German	3,885	1,880	2,010	3.4	3.4	3.4
Chinese	49,630	23,350	26,285	42.9	41.8	44.0
Italian	1,400	750	655	1.2	1.3	1.1
Indian (India)	6,770	3,420	3,350	5.9	6.1	5.6
Ukrainian	1,900	850	1,050	1.6	1.5	1.8
Dutch	1,170	570	600	1.0	1.0	1.0
Polish	1,225	575	650	1.1	1.0	1.1
Québécois	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,855	995	860	1.6	1.8	1.4
Filipino	10,150	4,785	5,365	8.8	8.6	9.0
French Canadian	330	190	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	615	305	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	365	145	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Métis	275	145	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	920	495	425	0.8	0.9	0.7
Russian	1,815	850	965	1.6	1.5	1.6
Norwegian	795	415	380	0.7	0.7	0.6
Welsh	730	340	395	0.6	0.6	0.7
Portuguese	665	315	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
American	605	305	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Spanish	1,420	670	750	1.2	1.2	1.3
Swedish	740	330	405	0.6	0.6	0.7
Hungarian	435	220	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Acadian	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Pakistani	785	390	395	0.7	0.7	0.7
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	375	205	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jewish	1,270	660	600	1.1	1.2	1.0
Punjabi	1,495	715	780	1.3	1.3	1.3
Vietnamese	1,470	725	745	1.3	1.3	1.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	425	220	205	0.4	0.4	0.3
Greek	520	265	255	0.4	0.5	0.4
Jamaican	135	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	3,155	1,430	1,720	2.7	2.6	2.9
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,200	565	630	1.0	1.0	1.1
Romanian	310	210	105	0.3	0.4	0.2
Lebanese	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian	440	210	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	380	195	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	430	225	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sikh	1,150	555	595	1.0	1.0	1.0
Austrian	445	220	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belgian	190	85	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	385	190	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexican	330	165	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mennonite	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	180	80	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Finnish	265	100	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Sri Lankan	220	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	310	130	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Japanese	2,795	1,260	1,535	2.4	2.3	2.6
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	545	285	260	0.5	0.5	0.4
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	225	85	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	450	230	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Egyptian	360	210	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	220	120	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	185	110	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Icelandic	315	180	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Colombian	170	85	90	0.1	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	155	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Syrian	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	290	140	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbian	170	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ojibway	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	55	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	5,145	2,510	2,635	4.4	4.5	4.4
Ontarian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	240	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	340	175	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	65	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Brazilian	195	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	170	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slovak	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Somali	150	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	3,350	1,640	1,710	2.9	2.9	2.9
Iraqi	315	155	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Salvadorean	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	535	245	290	0.5	0.4	0.5
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	145	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
South African	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	140	85	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Palestinian	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Maltese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	40	35	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Israeli	220	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ghanaian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
African American	65	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	255	110	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Laotian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	180	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Northern Irish	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ecuadorian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	30	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	380	165	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Jatt	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	115	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	335	165	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	230	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malayali	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	85	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Goan	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	145	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	115,650	55,885	59,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	6,285	2,550	3,735	5.4	4.6	6.3
Christian	37,275	17,195	20,075	32.2	30.8	33.6
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	10,770	4,855	5,915	9.3	8.7	9.9
Anabaptist	355	190	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Anglican	1,615	720	890	1.4	1.3	1.5
Baptist	1,405	630	775	1.2	1.1	1.3
Catholic	16,725	7,825	8,900	14.5	14.0	14.9
Christian Orthodox	1,070	555	515	0.9	1.0	0.9
Jehovah's Witness	250	105	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latter Day Saints	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	530	225	310	0.5	0.4	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	480	225	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Presbyterian	310	160	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Reformed	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
United Church	1,640	705	935	1.4	1.3	1.6
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,705	800	905	1.5	1.4	1.5
Hindu	1,680	860	825	1.5	1.5	1.4
Jewish	1,430	690	740	1.2	1.2	1.2
Muslim	4,565	2,265	2,300	3.9	4.1	3.8
Sikh	5,565	2,720	2,835	4.8	4.9	4.7
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	800	360	440	0.7	0.6	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	58,040	29,230	28,800	50.2	52.3	48.2
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	114,895	55,485	59,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	101,545	48,920	52,625	88.4	88.2	88.6
Movers	13,350	6,560	6,790	11.6	11.8	11.4
Non-migrants	7,550	3,680	3,870	6.6	6.6	6.5
Migrants	5,800	2,885	2,920	5.0	5.2	4.9
Internal migrants	3,490	1,730	1,755	3.0	3.1	3.0
Intraprovincial migrants	2,630	1,295	1,335	2.3	2.3	2.2
Interprovincial migrants	855	440	420	0.7	0.8	0.7
External migrants	2,310	1,150	1,165	2.0	2.1	2.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	111,005	53,475	57,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	71,545	34,290	37,255	64.5	64.1	64.8
Movers	39,450	19,180	20,275	35.5	35.9	35.2
Non-migrants	19,020	9,095	9,920	17.1	17.0	17.2
Migrants	20,435	10,080	10,350	18.4	18.8	18.0
Internal migrants	12,655	6,385	6,275	11.4	11.9	10.9
Intraprovincial migrants	9,995	5,015	4,975	9.0	9.4	8.6
Interprovincial migrants	2,665	1,370	1,290	2.4	2.6	2.2
External migrants	7,775	3,700	4,080	7.0	6.9	7.1
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	99,420	47,455	51,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	13,195	6,055	7,140	13.3	12.8	13.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	86,225	41,400	44,825	86.7	87.2	86.3
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	63,760	30,060	33,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,405	2,110	2,295	6.9	7.0	6.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	59,355	27,950	31,400	93.1	93.0	93.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	99,420	47,450	51,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	12,440	5,590	6,845	12.5	11.8	13.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	29,185	14,395	14,790	29.4	30.3	28.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	57,795	27,465	30,330	58.1	57.9	58.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	23,030	11,040	11,990	23.2	23.3	23.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,405	3,035	1,365	4.4	6.4	2.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,195	1,245	955	2.2	2.6	1.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,200	1,790	415	2.2	3.8	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,210	6,085	8,125	14.3	12.8	15.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,420	1,920	2,500	4.4	4.0	4.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	34,765	16,425	18,340	35.0	34.6	35.3
Bachelor's degree	24,265	11,200	13,070	24.4	23.6	25.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,220	975	1,245	2.2	2.1	2.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	690	385	310	0.7	0.8	0.6
Master's degree	6,745	3,285	3,455	6.8	6.9	6.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	845	585	255	0.8	1.2	0.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	63,755	30,060	33,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,020	1,880	2,135	6.3	6.3	6.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	15,340	7,660	7,675	24.1	25.5	22.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	44,400	20,520	23,880	69.6	68.3	70.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,340	7,720	8,615	25.6	25.7	25.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,835	1,970	860	4.4	6.6	2.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,435	835	600	2.3	2.8	1.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,400	1,140	265	2.2	3.8	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,185	4,345	5,845	16.0	14.5	17.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,320	1,415	1,910	5.2	4.7	5.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,060	12,795	15,265	44.0	42.6	45.3
Bachelor's degree	19,580	8,740	10,845	30.7	29.1	32.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,705	725	975	2.7	2.4	2.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	505	255	245	0.8	0.8	0.7
Master's degree	5,635	2,655	2,975	8.8	8.8	8.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	640	415	225	1.0	1.4	0.7
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	99,425	47,455	51,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	41,625	19,990	21,635	41.9	42.1	41.6
Education	3,025	640	2,385	3.0	1.3	4.6
13. Education	3,025	640	2,385	3.0	1.3	4.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,535	1,060	1,470	2.5	2.2	2.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	250	155	100	0.3	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,285	910	1,375	2.3	1.9	2.6
Humanities	3,530	1,210	2,315	3.6	2.5	4.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	555	140	420	0.6	0.3	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	890	220	670	0.9	0.5	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,330	445	885	1.3	0.9	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	120	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	210	135	80	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	270	140	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	105	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,685	2,885	4,795	7.7	6.1	9.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	160	40	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	765	290	475	0.8	0.6	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	930	110	820	0.9	0.2	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	1,000	365	635	1.0	0.8	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	1,305	380	925	1.3	0.8	1.8
45. Social sciences	3,440	1,665	1,770	3.5	3.5	3.4
Business, management and public administration	15,720	6,630	9,085	15.8	14.0	17.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	430	90	340	0.4	0.2	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	15,280	6,540	8,740	15.4	13.8	16.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,720	1,400	1,320	2.7	3.0	2.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,015	465	545	1.0	1.0	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	790	350	440	0.8	0.7	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	830	550	280	0.8	1.2	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,655	2,425	1,230	3.7	5.1	2.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,925	2,080	845	2.9	4.4	1.6
25. Library science	115	10	100	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	510	250	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	110	80	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,415	7,990	1,420	9.5	16.8	2.7
04. Architecture and related services	390	260	130	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	4,385	3,435	955	4.4	7.2	1.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,820	1,590	225	1.8	3.4	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,000	955	45	1.0	2.0	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,435	1,390	45	1.4	2.9	0.1
48. Precision production	390	360	35	0.4	0.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	700	355	350	0.7	0.7	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	470	220	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	235	135	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Health and related fields	6,660	1,690	4,975	6.7	3.6	9.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	535	280	250	0.5	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,960	1,295	4,665	6.0	2.7	9.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	155	110	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,135	1,165	970	2.1	2.5	1.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,470	625	845	1.5	1.3	1.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	190	150	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	455	365	80	0.5	0.8	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	63,760	30,060	33,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	19,355	9,540	9,815	30.4	31.7	29.1
Education	2,070	435	1,635	3.2	1.4	4.9
13. Education	2,070	435	1,635	3.2	1.4	4.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,890	760	1,130	3.0	2.5	3.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	170	95	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,720	660	1,060	2.7	2.2	3.1
Humanities	2,675	885	1,790	4.2	2.9	5.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	420	90	335	0.7	0.3	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	675	175	500	1.1	0.6	1.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,025	325	700	1.6	1.1	2.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	95	55	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	155	95	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	190	95	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,205	2,210	4,000	9.7	7.4	11.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	130	40	100	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	650	245	405	1.0	0.8	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	700	65	635	1.1	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	810	255	550	1.3	0.8	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	80	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,035	270	765	1.6	0.9	2.3
45. Social sciences	2,800	1,315	1,485	4.4	4.4	4.4
Business, management and public administration	12,590	5,220	7,370	19.7	17.4	21.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	295	75	220	0.5	0.2	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,290	5,150	7,145	19.3	17.1	21.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,130	1,055	1,070	3.3	3.5	3.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	830	385	445	1.3	1.3	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	635	280	355	1.0	0.9	1.1
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	45	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	595	365	225	0.9	1.2	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,095	2,050	1,040	4.9	6.8	3.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,570	1,820	760	4.0	6.1	2.3
25. Library science	70	0	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	365	160	205	0.6	0.5	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85	65	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,730	5,505	1,225	10.6	18.3	3.6
04. Architecture and related services	325	205	120	0.5	0.7	0.4
14. Engineering	3,355	2,500	860	5.3	8.3	2.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,225	1,040	180	1.9	3.5	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	625	605	25	1.0	2.0	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	985	960	25	1.5	3.2	0.1
48. Precision production	220	195	20	0.3	0.6	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	510	235	275	0.8	0.8	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	355	165	190	0.6	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	160	75	80	0.3	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	4,915	1,285	3,630	7.7	4.3	10.8
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	385	200	185	0.6	0.7	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,420	1,030	3,385	6.9	3.4	10.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	100	60	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,585	870	715	2.5	2.9	2.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,095	475	620	1.7	1.6	1.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	140	100	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	340	280	60	0.5	0.9	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	63,760	30,060	33,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	19,355	9,540	9,815	30.4	31.7	29.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	44,400	20,515	23,885	69.6	68.2	70.9
Location of study inside Canada	26,510	12,845	13,665	41.6	42.7	40.6
Same as province or territory of residence	22,575	10,835	11,735	35.4	36.0	34.8
Different than province or territory of residence	3,935	2,005	1,930	6.2	6.7	5.7
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	17,890	7,670	10,220	28.1	25.5	30.3
Americas	1,870	920	945	2.9	3.1	2.8
United States of America	1,470	730	740	2.3	2.4	2.2
Mexico	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	150	80	70	0.2	0.3	0.2
Colombia	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peru	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	1,715	880	830	2.7	2.9	2.5
Belgium	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Germany	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	235	110	125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ukraine	145	65	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	815	450	365	1.3	1.5	1.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	105	60	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Africa	285	115	170	0.4	0.4	0.5
Nigeria	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	90	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	45	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	13,680	5,605	8,065	21.5	18.6	23.9
Iran⁸⁸	90	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iraq	80	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	80	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	5,435	2,295	3,145	8.5	7.6	9.3
Taiwan	780	275	505	1.2	0.9	1.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,210	455	755	1.9	1.5	2.2
Japan	370	100	270	0.6	0.3	0.8
Korea, South⁹²	290	115	170	0.5	0.4	0.5
Philippines	3,430	1,380	2,055	5.4	4.6	6.1
Viet Nam	35	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,165	535	625	1.8	1.8	1.9
Pakistan	205	100	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other locations of study in Asia	420	200	220	0.7	0.7	0.7
Oceania	345	140	205	0.5	0.5	0.6
Australia	270	95	170	0.4	0.3	0.5
New Zealand	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	99,420	47,455	51,970	...	...	...
In the labour force	61,610	31,465	30,150	...	...	...
Employed	55,055	28,325	26,735	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,555	3,145	3,415	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	37,810	15,990	21,820	...	...	...
Participation rate	62.0	66.3	58.0	62.0	66.3	58.0
Employment rate	55.4	59.7	51.4	55.4	59.7	51.4
Unemployment rate	10.6	10.0	11.3	10.6	10.0	11.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	99,425	47,455	51,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	38,835	16,710	22,120	39.1	35.2	42.6
Worked	60,585	30,740	29,845	60.9	64.8	57.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	30,780	17,070	13,715	31.0	36.0	26.4
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	29,805	13,670	16,130	30.0	28.8	31.0
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.1	41.0	39.1	40.1	41.0	39.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	61,610	31,465	30,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,680	850	830	2.7	2.7	2.8
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	59,930	30,610	29,320	97.3	97.3	97.3
Employee	49,455	24,220	25,235	80.3	77.0	83.7
Permanent position	40,940	20,440	20,500	66.5	65.0	68.0
Temporary position	8,515	3,785	4,730	13.8	12.0	15.7
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,505	1,440	2,065	5.7	4.6	6.9
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,010	2,345	2,665	8.1	7.5	8.8
Self-employed¹⁹²	10,480	6,395	4,085	17.0	20.3	13.6
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	61,610	31,465	30,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,680	850	830	2.7	2.7	2.8
All occupations¹⁹¹	59,930	30,610	29,320	97.3	97.3	97.3
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	685	530	155	1.1	1.7	0.5
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,705	4,485	8,215	20.6	14.3	27.3
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,500	4,210	1,290	8.9	13.4	4.3
3 Health occupations	3,815	1,020	2,790	6.2	3.2	9.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,295	2,000	4,290	10.2	6.4	14.2
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,190	1,015	1,185	3.6	3.2	3.9
6 Sales and service occupations	17,655	8,165	9,490	28.7	25.9	31.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	8,315	7,425	890	13.5	23.6	3.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	750	530	225	1.2	1.7	0.7
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,025	1,235	790	3.3	3.9	2.6
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	61,610	31,465	30,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,680	850	830	2.7	2.7	2.8
All industries¹⁹¹	59,930	30,610	29,320	97.3	97.3	97.3
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	630	345	285	1.0	1.1	0.9
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	115	65	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
22 Utilities	230	150	80	0.4	0.5	0.3
23 Construction	3,310	2,785	525	5.4	8.9	1.7
31-33 Manufacturing	3,515	2,315	1,200	5.7	7.4	4.0
41 Wholesale trade	3,040	1,855	1,185	4.9	5.9	3.9
44-45 Retail trade	7,670	3,715	3,960	12.4	11.8	13.1
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,555	3,275	1,280	7.4	10.4	4.2
51 Information and cultural industries	1,550	915	630	2.5	2.9	2.1
52 Finance and insurance	3,290	1,555	1,735	5.3	4.9	5.8
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,865	950	915	3.0	3.0	3.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,095	3,335	2,760	9.9	10.6	9.2
55 Management of companies and enterprises	155	60	90	0.3	0.2	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,480	1,380	1,100	4.0	4.4	3.6
61 Educational services	4,295	1,415	2,885	7.0	4.5	9.6
62 Health care and social assistance	6,195	1,385	4,810	10.1	4.4	16.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,180	620	560	1.9	2.0	1.9
72 Accommodation and food services	4,965	2,325	2,635	8.1	7.4	8.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,435	1,005	1,430	4.0	3.2	4.7
91 Public administration	2,370	1,150	1,220	3.8	3.7	4.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	65,650	33,280	32,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	50,865	26,250	24,615	77.5	78.9	76.0
French	45	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-official language	3,980	2,000	1,975	6.1	6.0	6.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,980	2,000	1,975	6.1	6.0	6.1
English and French	360	125	235	0.5	0.4	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	9,705	4,560	5,150	14.8	13.7	15.9
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	615	305	315	0.9	0.9	1.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	65,650	33,280	32,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	63,240	32,090	31,145	96.3	96.4	96.2
Official languages	55,830	28,520	27,310	85.0	85.7	84.4
English	55,730	28,500	27,225	84.9	85.6	84.1
French	105	20	85	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official languages	7,410	3,570	3,830	11.3	10.7	11.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,410	3,570	3,830	11.3	10.7	11.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	45	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	310	160	150	0.5	0.5	0.5
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
German	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	205	125	85	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	205	125	85	0.3	0.4	0.3
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	190	110	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	135	65	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	65	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,760	3,270	3,490	10.3	9.8	10.8
Chinese languages	6,760	3,270	3,490	10.3	9.8	10.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,670	1,700	1,975	5.6	5.1	6.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	15	0.1	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	3,040	1,545	1,495	4.6	4.6	4.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,415	1,185	1,230	3.7	3.6	3.8
English and French	85	10	75	0.1	0.0	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,145	1,080	1,065	3.3	3.2	3.3
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	185	95	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	65,650	33,280	32,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	56,745	29,215	27,530	86.4	87.8	85.0
English	2,305	1,060	1,245	3.5	3.2	3.8
French	240	110	125	0.4	0.3	0.4
Non-official language	4,285	1,990	2,295	6.5	6.0	7.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,285	1,990	2,295	6.5	6.0	7.1
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	740	310	430	1.1	0.9	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,290	575	715	2.0	1.7	2.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	55,055	28,320	26,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	13,600	6,485	7,120	24.7	22.9	26.6
Worked outside Canada	540	365	175	1.0	1.3	0.7
No fixed workplace address	6,215	4,560	1,655	11.3	16.1	6.2
Usual place of work	34,695	16,910	17,785	63.0	59.7	66.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	34,700	16,910	17,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	20,885	9,860	11,020	60.2	58.3	62.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	13,585	6,890	6,695	39.1	40.7	37.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	150	115	35	0.4	0.7	0.2
Commute to a different province or territory	80	45	30	0.2	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	40,915	21,475	19,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	32,970	18,240	14,725	80.6	84.9	75.7
Car, truck or van - as a driver	29,575	17,230	12,345	72.3	80.2	63.5
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,395	1,005	2,385	8.3	4.7	12.3
Public transit	4,945	1,865	3,080	12.1	8.7	15.8
Walked	1,830	645	1,185	4.5	3.0	6.1
Bicycle	495	375	115	1.2	1.7	0.6
Other method	675	340	335	1.6	1.6	1.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	40,915	21,475	19,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	10,025	4,705	5,320	24.5	21.9	27.4
15 to 29 minutes	15,685	8,325	7,360	38.3	38.8	37.9
30 to 44 minutes	9,780	5,515	4,265	23.9	25.7	21.9
45 to 59 minutes	3,045	1,675	1,370	7.4	7.8	7.0
60 minutes and over	2,385	1,250	1,130	5.8	5.8	5.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	40,915	21,475	19,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,905	1,245	665	4.7	5.8	3.4
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,865	3,015	1,855	11.9	14.0	9.5
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,030	4,090	3,940	19.6	19.0	20.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,330	4,580	4,750	22.8	21.3	24.4
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	10,350	5,065	5,285	25.3	23.6	27.2
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,430	3,480	2,955	15.7	16.2	15.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	20,220	10,470	9,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,005	510	495	5.0	4.9	5.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,220	9,960	9,260	95.1	95.1	94.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	15,055	7,740	7,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	845	445	400	5.6	5.7	5.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	520	270	255	3.5	3.5	3.5
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	325	175	150	2.2	2.3	2.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,215	7,300	6,915	94.4	94.3	94.5

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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