Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Pitt Meadows--Maple RidgeMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	116,915	57,840	59,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	20,420	10,645	9,770	17.5	18.4	16.5
0 to 4 years	6,335	3,335	3,000	5.4	5.8	5.1
5 to 9 years	7,025	3,635	3,385	6.0	6.3	5.7
10 to 14 years	7,060	3,675	3,390	6.0	6.4	5.7
15 to 64 years	77,285	38,500	38,785	66.1	66.6	65.7
15 to 19 years	6,595	3,435	3,160	5.6	5.9	5.3
20 to 24 years	6,120	3,210	2,910	5.2	5.5	4.9
25 to 29 years	6,270	3,215	3,055	5.4	5.6	5.2
30 to 34 years	7,600	3,705	3,895	6.5	6.4	6.6
35 to 39 years	8,635	4,250	4,385	7.4	7.3	7.4
40 to 44 years	8,000	3,925	4,080	6.8	6.8	6.9
45 to 49 years	7,835	3,820	4,015	6.7	6.6	6.8
50 to 54 years	8,655	4,290	4,365	7.4	7.4	7.4
55 to 59 years	9,070	4,470	4,595	7.8	7.7	7.8
60 to 64 years	8,505	4,180	4,320	7.3	7.2	7.3
65 years and over	19,210	8,695	10,515	16.4	15.0	17.8
65 to 69 years	6,455	3,105	3,350	5.5	5.4	5.7
70 to 74 years	5,235	2,405	2,830	4.5	4.2	4.8
75 to 79 years	3,290	1,530	1,760	2.8	2.6	3.0
80 to 84 years	2,130	900	1,230	1.8	1.6	2.1
85 years and over	2,100	755	1,345	1.8	1.3	2.3
85 to 89 years	1,345	515	830	1.2	0.9	1.4
90 to 94 years	560	180	380	0.5	0.3	0.6
95 to 99 years	170	50	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.5	18.4	16.5	17.5	18.4	16.5
15 to 64 years	66.1	66.6	65.7	66.1	66.6	65.7
65 years and over	16.4	15.0	17.8	16.4	15.0	17.8
85 years and over	1.8	1.3	2.3	1.8	1.3	2.3
Average age of the population	41.1	40.1	42.1	41.1	40.1	42.1
Median age of the population	41.6	40.8	42.8	41.6	40.8	42.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	42,925	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	22,555	...	...	52.5	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,185	...	...	2.8	...	...
Row house	5,780	...	...	13.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	5,360	...	...	12.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	6,490	...	...	15.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,150	...	...	2.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	380	...	...	0.9	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	42,925	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	9,535	...	...	22.2	...	...
2 persons	13,855	...	...	32.3	...	...
3 persons	7,360	...	...	17.1	...	...
4 persons	7,515	...	...	17.5	...	...
5 or more persons	4,655	...	...	10.8	...	...
Number of persons in private households	115,555	57,325	58,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	96,500	47,190	49,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	58,745	29,280	29,460	60.9	62.0	59.8
Married	48,800	24,340	24,460	50.6	51.6	49.6
Living common-law	9,940	4,935	5,005	10.3	10.5	10.2
Living common law - Never married	6,830	3,460	3,370	7.1	7.3	6.8
Living common law - Separated	560	280	280	0.6	0.6	0.6
Living common law - Divorced	2,320	1,105	1,210	2.4	2.3	2.5
Living common law - Widowed	230	90	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	37,755	17,915	19,840	39.1	38.0	40.2
Not married and not living common law - Never married	24,290	13,550	10,740	25.2	28.7	21.8
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,770	1,135	1,640	2.9	2.4	3.3
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,030	2,270	3,760	6.2	4.8	7.6
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,660	960	3,705	4.8	2.0	7.5
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	33,775	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,990	...	...	47.3	...	...
3 persons	7,670	...	...	22.7	...	...
4 persons	7,485	...	...	22.2	...	...
5 or more persons	2,635	...	...	7.8	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	33,780	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	28,740	...	...	85.1	...	...
Married couples	23,765	...	...	70.4	...	...
With children⁶	13,820	...	...	40.9	...	...
Without children	9,945	...	...	29.4	...	...
Common-law couples	4,970	...	...	14.7	...	...
With children⁶	2,050	...	...	6.1	...	...
Without children	2,925	...	...	8.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,035	...	...	14.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,795	...	...	11.2	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,240	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	115,555	57,325	58,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	98,860	49,510	49,355	85.6	86.4	84.8
Married spouses or common-law partners	57,475	28,670	28,805	49.7	50.0	49.5
Parents in one-parent families	5,040	1,245	3,795	4.4	2.2	6.5
Children⁶	36,345	19,600	16,750	31.5	34.2	28.8
In a two-parent family	28,870	15,410	13,460	25.0	26.9	23.1
In a one-parent family	7,475	4,185	3,290	6.5	7.3	5.7
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	16,695	7,815	8,880	14.4	13.6	15.2
Living alone	9,535	4,380	5,150	8.3	7.6	8.8
Living with other relatives⁷	3,195	1,220	1,975	2.8	2.1	3.4
Living with non-relatives only	3,965	2,215	1,750	3.4	3.9	3.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	42,925	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,210	...	...	63.4	...	...
Couple-family households	23,640	...	...	55.1	...	...
With children⁶	13,130	...	...	30.6	...	...
Without children	10,505	...	...	24.5	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,575	...	...	8.3	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,140	...	...	5.0	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	605	...	...	1.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,025	...	...	4.7	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,415	...	...	3.3	...	...
One-person households	9,530	...	...	22.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	95,150	46,690	48,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	91,975	45,140	46,830	96.7	96.7	96.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	55,600	38,000	44,800	55,600	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	92,040	45,175	46,865	96.7	96.8	96.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	48,800	34,800	40,800	48,800	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	83,280	41,750	41,530	87.5	89.4	85.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	53,600	30,800	40,400	53,600	30,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	68,415	35,310	33,100	71.9	75.6	68.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,200	58,400	34,800	45,200	58,400	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	73,490	32,985	40,505	77.2	70.6	83.6
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,300	8,000	10,400	9,300	8,000	10,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,350	3,440	4,915	8.8	7.4	10.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,000	5,520	5,480	5,000	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	22,995	10,515	12,475	24.2	22.5	25.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	95,240	46,725	48,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	92,135	45,210	46,925	96.7	96.8	96.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,400	66,100	45,040	55,400	66,100	45,040
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	92,190	45,240	46,950	96.8	96.8	96.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,000	54,750	39,560	47,000	54,750	39,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	83,345	41,760	41,585	87.5	89.4	85.7
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,700	63,800	39,600	51,700	63,800	39,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	68,460	35,330	33,130	71.9	75.6	68.3
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,750	65,200	41,480	53,750	65,200	41,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	73,525	32,930	40,595	77.2	70.5	83.7
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,790	9,890	11,520	10,790	9,890	11,520
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,285	3,310	4,970	8.7	7.1	10.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,270	5,440	6,820	6,270	5,440	6,820
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	22,905	10,525	12,385	24.0	22.5	25.5
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,780	8,370	9,140	8,780	8,370	9,140
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	95,240	46,725	48,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	35,150	20,895	14,260	36.9	44.7	29.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,000	77,500	59,200	69,000	77,500	59,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,600	86,500	64,600	77,600	86,500	64,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,530	11,045	14,480	26.8	23.6	29.8
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,200	24,200	17,800	20,200	24,200	17,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,720	37,320	25,640	30,720	37,320	25,640
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.4	89.2	77.8	84.4	89.2	77.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	72.0	77.0	65.0	72.0	77.0	65.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.6	10.9	22.1	15.6	10.9	22.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.6	1.6	1.0	0.6	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.9	3.6	6.9	4.9	3.6	6.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.9	3.0	5.4	3.9	3.0	5.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	95,150	46,685	48,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,175	1,545	1,630	3.3	3.3	3.4
With total income	91,975	45,140	46,830	96.7	96.7	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,845	3,165	4,680	8.5	7.0	10.0
$10,000 to $19,999	9,830	3,905	5,925	10.7	8.7	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	12,590	4,900	7,690	13.7	10.8	16.4
$30,000 to $39,999	10,770	4,365	6,410	11.7	9.7	13.7
$40,000 to $49,999	9,740	4,080	5,650	10.6	9.0	12.1
$50,000 to $59,999	8,345	3,800	4,550	9.1	8.4	9.7
$60,000 to $69,999	7,155	3,755	3,400	7.8	8.3	7.3
$70,000 to $79,999	5,775	3,365	2,415	6.3	7.4	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	4,635	2,850	1,785	5.0	6.3	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	3,840	2,465	1,375	4.2	5.5	2.9
$100,000 and over	11,450	8,495	2,955	12.4	18.8	6.3
$100,000 to $149,999	8,175	5,845	2,330	8.9	12.9	5.0
$150,000 and over	3,275	2,655	625	3.6	5.9	1.3
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	95,150	46,685	48,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,100	1,515	1,590	3.3	3.2	3.3
With after-tax income	92,040	45,175	46,865	96.7	96.8	96.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,145	3,265	4,880	8.8	7.2	10.4
$10,000 to $19,999	10,165	4,040	6,125	11.0	8.9	13.1
$20,000 to $29,999	14,270	5,580	8,695	15.5	12.4	18.6
$30,000 to $39,999	12,585	5,235	7,350	13.7	11.6	15.7
$40,000 to $49,999	11,365	4,990	6,375	12.3	11.0	13.6
$50,000 to $59,999	9,680	4,940	4,740	10.5	10.9	10.1
$60,000 to $69,999	7,410	4,360	3,050	8.1	9.7	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	5,585	3,505	2,080	6.1	7.8	4.4
$80,000 to $89,999	4,225	2,760	1,455	4.6	6.1	3.1
$90,000 to $99,999	2,745	1,915	830	3.0	4.2	1.8
$100,000 and over	5,870	4,580	1,290	6.4	10.1	2.8
$100,000 to $124,999	3,380	2,570	815	3.7	5.7	1.7
$125,000 and over	2,490	2,015	475	2.7	4.4	1.0
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	95,150	46,685	48,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	26,730	11,375	15,355	28.1	24.4	31.7
With employment income	68,415	35,310	33,100	71.9	75.6	68.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,175	3,515	4,655	11.9	10.0	14.1
$5,000 to $9,999	4,760	1,920	2,830	7.0	5.5	8.6
$10,000 to $19,999	7,065	2,900	4,165	10.3	8.2	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	5,525	2,285	3,240	8.1	6.5	9.8
$30,000 to $39,999	5,795	2,370	3,425	8.5	6.7	10.3
$40,000 to $49,999	5,585	2,405	3,180	8.2	6.8	9.6
$50,000 to $59,999	5,805	2,755	3,050	8.5	7.8	9.2
$60,000 to $69,999	5,190	2,925	2,265	7.6	8.3	6.8
$70,000 to $79,999	4,400	2,635	1,765	6.4	7.4	5.3
$80,000 to $89,999	3,600	2,315	1,285	5.3	6.5	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	3,175	2,095	1,085	4.6	5.9	3.3
$100,000 and over	9,345	7,195	2,150	13.7	20.4	6.5
$100,000 to $124,999	4,645	3,375	1,270	6.8	9.6	3.8
$125,000 and over	4,695	3,815	880	6.9	10.8	2.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	95,150	46,690	48,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	89,620	43,910	45,710	94.2	94.0	94.3
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	55,200	35,200	43,200	55,200	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	89,835	43,950	45,885	94.4	94.1	94.7
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	48,000	31,800	38,400	48,000	31,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	82,430	41,220	41,205	86.6	88.3	85.0
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	54,800	31,800	41,600	54,800	31,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	70,280	35,955	34,325	73.9	77.0	70.8
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,000	57,600	34,000	44,000	57,600	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	57,575	23,235	34,340	60.5	49.8	70.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,500	5,520	6,800	6,500	5,520	6,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,355	2,545	3,815	6.7	5.5	7.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,440	4,520	6,160	5,440	4,520	6,160
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	95,240	46,725	48,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	89,625	43,885	45,745	94.1	93.9	94.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,500	65,000	42,480	53,500	65,000	42,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	89,855	43,915	45,940	94.3	94.0	94.7
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,680	53,200	36,560	44,680	53,200	36,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	82,330	41,210	41,125	86.4	88.2	84.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,250	64,500	39,960	52,250	64,500	39,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	70,160	35,905	34,255	73.7	76.8	70.6
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,650	64,600	40,120	52,650	64,600	40,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	57,220	23,055	34,160	60.1	49.3	70.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,640	8,440	8,770	8,640	8,440	8,770
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,290	2,505	3,785	6.6	5.4	7.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,360	5,560	8,560	7,360	5,560	8,560
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	95,240	46,725	48,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	34,900	20,770	14,135	36.6	44.5	29.1
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,500	75,000	55,200	65,500	75,000	55,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	73,600	82,800	59,900	73,600	82,800	59,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,110	10,435	13,680	25.3	22.3	28.2
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,000	34,000	23,200	27,000	34,000	23,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,720	45,480	30,000	36,720	45,480	30,000
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.6	93.2	84.6	89.6	93.2	84.6
Employment income (%)	77.0	81.4	70.6	77.0	81.4	70.6
Government transfers (%)	10.3	6.8	15.4	10.3	6.8	15.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.5	1.7	1.0	0.5	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	42,925	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	9,530	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,400	...	...	44,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,000	...	...	40,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	33,395	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...	124,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	42,915	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	118,900	...	...	118,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	9,505	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,400	...	...	52,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,120	...	...	45,120	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	33,415	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	137,800	...	...	137,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,900	...	...	116,900	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	42,925	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	330	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	160	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	265	...	...	0.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	615	...	...	1.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,275	...	...	3.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,095	...	...	2.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,040	...	...	2.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,140	...	...	2.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,200	...	...	2.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,225	...	...	2.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,500	...	...	5.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,535	...	...	5.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,515	...	...	5.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,325	...	...	5.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,270	...	...	5.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,435	...	...	52.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,515	...	...	12.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,735	...	...	11.0	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,430	...	...	15.0	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,755	...	...	13.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	42,925	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	370	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	170	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	280	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	645	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,345	...	...	3.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,240	...	...	2.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,215	...	...	2.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,270	...	...	3.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,435	...	...	3.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,415	...	...	3.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,095	...	...	7.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,935	...	...	6.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,840	...	...	6.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,840	...	...	6.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,840	...	...	6.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,995	...	...	44.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,250	...	...	14.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,750	...	...	11.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,995	...	...	18.6	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	32,530	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,945	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	15,955	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...	150,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	129,000	...	...	129,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,470	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...	72,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	13,500	6,595	6,905	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,200	46,400	37,600	41,200	46,400	37,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,600	41,200	34,800	37,600	41,200	34,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	32,500	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	136,600	...	...	136,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	115,700	...	...	115,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,935	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...	114,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,500	...	...	96,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,945	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	164,000	...	...	164,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,800	...	...	137,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,470	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	90,500	...	...	90,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,400	...	...	79,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	13,400	6,605	6,795	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,560	53,500	45,720	49,560	53,500	45,720
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,880	45,440	40,400	42,880	45,440	40,400
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	115,555	57,325	58,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	24,445	12,695	11,750	21.2	22.1	20.2
0 to 5 years	7,785	4,080	3,705	6.7	7.1	6.4
18 to 64 years	72,825	36,210	36,610	63.0	63.2	62.9
65 years and over	18,290	8,420	9,870	15.8	14.7	17.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	8,025	3,710	4,320	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,730	915	810	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	530	270	255	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,295	2,060	2,235	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,005	740	1,270	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	6.9	6.5	7.4	6.9	6.5	7.4
0 to 17 years (%)	7.1	7.2	6.9	7.1	7.2	6.9
0 to 5 years (%)	6.8	6.7	7.0	6.8	6.7	7.0
18 to 64 years (%)	5.9	5.7	6.1	5.9	5.7	6.1
65 years and over (%)	11.0	8.7	12.9	11.0	8.7	12.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	114,975	57,025	57,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	24,370	12,650	11,715	21.2	22.2	20.2
0 to 5 years	7,760	4,070	3,690	6.7	7.1	6.4
18 to 64 years	72,435	36,010	36,430	63.0	63.1	62.9
65 years and over	18,170	8,365	9,810	15.8	14.7	16.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	4,575	2,295	2,285	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	930	500	430	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	250	130	120	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	2,960	1,525	1,440	...	...	...
65 years and over	685	270	415	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.0	4.0	3.9	4.0	4.0	3.9
0 to 17 years (%)	3.8	4.0	3.7	3.8	4.0	3.7
0 to 5 years (%)	3.2	3.2	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.3
18 to 64 years (%)	4.1	4.2	3.9	4.1	4.2	3.9
65 years and over (%)	3.8	3.2	4.2	3.8	3.2	4.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	115,555	57,325	58,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	43,580	20,760	22,820	37.7	36.2	39.2
In bottom decile	7,720	3,735	3,980	6.7	6.5	6.8
In second decile	7,450	3,290	4,165	6.4	5.7	7.2
In third decile	8,345	3,900	4,450	7.2	6.8	7.6
In fourth decile	9,315	4,435	4,875	8.1	7.7	8.4
In fifth decile	10,750	5,400	5,350	9.3	9.4	9.2
In top half of the distribution	71,975	36,565	35,410	62.3	63.8	60.8
In sixth decile	12,180	6,130	6,055	10.5	10.7	10.4
In seventh decile	13,465	6,805	6,665	11.7	11.9	11.4
In eighth decile	15,245	7,730	7,510	13.2	13.5	12.9
In ninth decile	16,995	8,620	8,375	14.7	15.0	14.4
In top decile	14,085	7,275	6,805	12.2	12.7	11.7
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	115,555	...	...	115,555	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.288	...	...	0.288	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.375	...	...	0.375	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.257	...	...	0.257	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	115,885	57,475	58,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	107,505	53,795	53,705	92.8	93.6	91.9
French only	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	6,950	3,045	3,905	6.0	5.3	6.7
Neither English nor French	1,400	620	785	1.2	1.1	1.3
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	115,885	57,475	58,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	113,080	56,200	56,885	97.6	97.8	97.4
French	1,105	525	580	1.0	0.9	1.0
English and French	350	160	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Neither English nor French	1,350	590	760	1.2	1.0	1.3
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	115,885	57,475	58,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	112,625	55,935	56,690	97.2	97.3	97.0
Official languages	92,500	46,450	46,045	79.8	80.8	78.8
English	91,325	45,890	45,435	78.8	79.8	77.8
French	1,175	560	610	1.0	1.0	1.0
Non-official languages	20,125	9,485	10,640	17.4	16.5	18.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	20,120	9,480	10,640	17.4	16.5	18.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	555	300	250	0.5	0.5	0.4
Berber languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	545	300	250	0.5	0.5	0.4
Amharic	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	470	260	210	0.4	0.5	0.4
Aramaic languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	380	175	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	345	165	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,975	840	1,140	1.7	1.5	2.0
Bikol	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,680	710	970	1.4	1.2	1.7
Waray-Waray	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	170	95	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kannada	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,070	5,830	6,235	10.4	10.1	10.7
Albanian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,595	1,225	1,370	2.2	2.1	2.3
Baltic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,575	1,215	1,360	2.2	2.1	2.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	95	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	175	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	680	320	365	0.6	0.6	0.6
Russian	965	440	525	0.8	0.8	0.9
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	365	195	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	160	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,705	805	900	1.5	1.4	1.5
Frisian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	905	435	475	0.8	0.8	0.8
German	880	420	465	0.8	0.7	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	635	295	340	0.5	0.5	0.6
Afrikaans	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	475	225	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	4,585	2,275	2,310	4.0	4.0	4.0
Indo-Aryan languages	2,825	1,365	1,455	2.4	2.4	2.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	365	185	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,920	920	1,000	1.7	1.6	1.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	235	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,765	910	855	1.5	1.6	1.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,640	850	795	1.4	1.5	1.4
Dari	435	225	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian Persian	1,080	545	530	0.9	0.9	0.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,980	1,420	1,560	2.6	2.5	2.7
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	460	250	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Portuguese	535	235	295	0.5	0.4	0.5
Romanian	645	305	335	0.6	0.5	0.6
Spanish	1,335	625	710	1.2	1.1	1.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	265	85	185	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korean	1,185	560	625	1.0	1.0	1.1
Mongolian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,695	1,205	1,495	2.3	2.1	2.6
Chinese languages	2,680	1,195	1,485	2.3	2.1	2.5
Hakka	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,685	735	950	1.5	1.3	1.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	85	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	850	405	450	0.7	0.7	0.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	20	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	65	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	435	200	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	310	140	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,265	1,540	1,730	2.8	2.7	3.0
English and French	375	175	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	2,500	1,190	1,310	2.2	2.1	2.2
French and non-official language(s)	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	260	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	115,885	57,475	58,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	94,940	47,505	47,435	81.9	82.7	81.2
French	170	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	5,265	2,520	2,750	4.5	4.4	4.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	5,260	2,515	2,745	4.5	4.4	4.7
English and French	860	405	460	0.7	0.7	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	13,850	6,610	7,240	12.0	11.5	12.4
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	390	175	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	380	165	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	115,885	57,475	58,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	112,865	56,010	56,855	97.4	97.5	97.3
Official languages	102,445	50,985	51,465	88.4	88.7	88.1
English	102,180	50,855	51,325	88.2	88.5	87.9
French	265	125	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official languages	10,415	5,025	5,390	9.0	8.7	9.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	10,405	5,015	5,385	9.0	8.7	9.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	295	150	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Berber languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	295	150	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	260	135	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	245	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	230	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	920	435	480	0.8	0.8	0.8
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	795	385	415	0.7	0.7	0.7
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	5,630	2,730	2,895	4.9	4.7	5.0
Albanian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,180	570	610	1.0	1.0	1.0
Baltic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,170	565	605	1.0	1.0	1.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	260	120	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	610	295	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	55	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbian	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	205	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,990	1,485	1,510	2.6	2.6	2.6
Indo-Aryan languages	1,850	900	945	1.6	1.6	1.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,345	650	695	1.2	1.1	1.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	150	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,145	580	560	1.0	1.0	1.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,060	540	520	0.9	0.9	0.9
Dari	230	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	755	375	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,185	555	630	1.0	1.0	1.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Portuguese	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	305	140	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Spanish	625	295	330	0.5	0.5	0.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	925	455	470	0.8	0.8	0.8
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,910	890	1,015	1.6	1.5	1.7
Chinese languages	1,905	890	1,015	1.6	1.5	1.7
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,315	610	700	1.1	1.1	1.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	530	250	280	0.5	0.4	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,025	1,460	1,565	2.6	2.5	2.7
English and French	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,765	1,345	1,420	2.4	2.3	2.4
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	115,885	57,475	58,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	102,880	51,320	51,560	88.8	89.3	88.3
English	4,345	2,125	2,220	3.7	3.7	3.8
French	745	350	400	0.6	0.6	0.7
Non-official language	6,495	2,995	3,495	5.6	5.2	6.0
Indigenous³⁹	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	6,485	2,990	3,490	5.6	5.2	6.0
English and French	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	525	260	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	210	90	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	620	295	325	0.5	0.5	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	115,645	57,365	58,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	114,105	56,725	57,380	98.7	98.9	98.5
English	114,080	56,720	57,360	98.6	98.9	98.4
French	6,970	3,030	3,935	6.0	5.3	6.8
Non-official languages	27,570	12,835	14,735	23.8	22.4	25.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	27,535	12,815	14,715	23.8	22.3	25.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	880	460	420	0.8	0.8	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	880	460	420	0.8	0.8	0.7
Amharic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	760	390	370	0.7	0.7	0.6
Aramaic languages	25	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	105	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	485	210	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	455	190	260	0.4	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,850	1,155	1,695	2.5	2.0	2.9
Bikol	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	170	65	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Fijian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	175	60	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,610	1,050	1,565	2.3	1.8	2.7
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	80	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	260	125	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-European languages	17,235	8,255	8,980	14.9	14.4	15.4
Albanian	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Armenian	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,220	1,565	1,655	2.8	2.7	2.8
Baltic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,215	1,565	1,650	2.8	2.7	2.8
Belarusian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	210	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	845	395	445	0.7	0.7	0.8
Russian	1,400	680	720	1.2	1.2	1.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	635	350	285	0.5	0.6	0.5
Bosnian	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	305	180	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Serbian	260	150	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	255	110	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,705	1,290	1,415	2.3	2.2	2.4
Frisian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,650	810	840	1.4	1.4	1.4
German	1,615	790	820	1.4	1.4	1.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	895	390	510	0.8	0.7	0.9
Afrikaans	275	125	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Dutch	580	240	335	0.5	0.4	0.6
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	250	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	180	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	6,610	3,150	3,455	5.7	5.5	5.9
Indo-Aryan languages	4,590	2,185	2,400	4.0	3.8	4.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	230	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	1,625	780	840	1.4	1.4	1.4
Kacchi	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nepali	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,100	1,480	1,620	2.7	2.6	2.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	360	170	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,135	1,040	1,095	1.8	1.8	1.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	50	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	2,005	975	1,030	1.7	1.7	1.8
Dari	635	305	330	0.5	0.5	0.6
Iranian Persian	1,245	605	640	1.1	1.1	1.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	165	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,950	2,410	2,545	4.3	4.2	4.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	815	415	395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Portuguese	760	385	375	0.7	0.7	0.6
Romanian	875	410	460	0.8	0.7	0.8
Spanish	2,730	1,315	1,410	2.4	2.3	2.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	525	230	295	0.5	0.4	0.5
Korean	1,380	635	740	1.2	1.1	1.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	265	115	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Akan (Twi)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	200	85	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	185	65	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,580	1,605	1,980	3.1	2.8	3.4
Chinese languages	3,565	1,595	1,970	3.1	2.8	3.4
Hakka	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mandarin	2,650	1,170	1,475	2.3	2.0	2.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	220	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,305	565	740	1.1	1.0	1.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	205	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	450	190	260	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	150	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	285	115	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,645	57,370	58,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	5,665	2,760	2,900	4.9	4.8	5.0
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	5,425	2,645	2,775	4.7	4.6	4.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,750	1,305	1,445	2.4	2.3	2.5
Métis	2,635	1,315	1,315	2.3	2.3	2.3
Inuk (Inuit)	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	140	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	105	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	109,975	54,610	55,375	95.1	95.2	95.0
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,645	57,370	58,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,595	795	805	1.4	1.4	1.4
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	114,045	56,575	57,470	98.6	98.6	98.6
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	42,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	34,065	...	...	79.4	...	...
Renter	8,805	...	...	20.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	50	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	42,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	7,500	...	...	17.5	...	...
Not condominium	35,415	...	...	82.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	42,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	120	...	...	0.3	...	...
1 bedroom	4,115	...	...	9.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	9,075	...	...	21.1	...	...
3 bedrooms	14,520	...	...	33.8	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	15,090	...	...	35.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	42,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	10,265	...	...	23.9	...	...
5 rooms	6,415	...	...	14.9	...	...
6 rooms	6,140	...	...	14.3	...	...
7 rooms	5,390	...	...	12.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	14,710	...	...	34.3	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.6	...	...	6.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	42,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	42,130	...	...	98.2	...	...
More than one person per room	785	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	42,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	41,180	...	...	96.0	...	...
Not suitable	1,735	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	42,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	3,310	...	...	7.7	...	...
1961 to 1980	9,285	...	...	21.6	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,690	...	...	17.9	...	...
1991 to 2000	8,100	...	...	18.9	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,235	...	...	7.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,085	...	...	9.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,230	...	...	7.5	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,980	...	...	9.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	42,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	40,725	...	...	94.9	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,195	...	...	5.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	42,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	18,235	...	...	42.5	...	...
Two-maintainer household	21,210	...	...	49.4	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,470	...	...	8.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	42,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	495	...	...	1.2	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,700	...	...	11.0	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,215	...	...	19.1	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,675	...	...	20.2	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,850	...	...	23.0	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,750	...	...	15.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,075	...	...	7.2	...	...
85 years and over	1,160	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	42,420	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	33,110	...	...	78.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,315	...	...	22.0	...	...
30% to less than 100%	8,325	...	...	19.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	42,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	12,250	...	...	28.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	8,450	...	...	19.7	...	...
Not suitable only	1,350	...	...	3.1	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,470	...	...	3.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	255	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	595	...	...	1.4	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	105	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	30,670	...	...	71.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	41,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	5,130	...	...	12.4	...	...
Not in core need	36,295	...	...	87.6	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	33,705	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	67.7	...	...	67.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	18.5	...	...	18.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	8.1	...	...	8.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,820	...	...	1,820	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,902	...	...	1,902	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	...	...	900,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	954,000	...	...	954,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	8,785	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.4	...	...	11.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.2	...	...	35.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	29.2	...	...	29.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	...	...	1,300	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,458	...	...	1,458	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	45	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	564	...	...	564	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	460	...	...	460	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	115,645	57,370	58,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,380	605	775	1.2	1.1	1.3
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,325	585	740	1.1	1.0	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	890	400	485	0.8	0.7	0.8
Métis single ancestry	430	185	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Inuit single ancestry	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	4,870	2,415	2,460	4.2	4.2	4.2
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	4,670	2,315	2,355	4.0	4.0	4.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,985	1,495	1,485	2.6	2.6	2.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,665	810	865	1.4	1.4	1.5
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	200	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	109,390	54,350	55,035	94.6	94.7	94.4
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	115,645	57,370	58,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	109,035	54,315	54,725	94.3	94.7	93.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	23,590	12,280	11,310	20.4	21.4	19.4
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	85,445	42,025	43,415	73.9	73.3	74.5
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	6,610	3,055	3,550	5.7	5.3	6.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	115,645	57,370	58,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	88,640	44,640	44,000	76.6	77.8	75.5
Immigrants⁸¹	26,030	12,290	13,740	22.5	21.4	23.6
Before 1980	5,740	2,630	3,115	5.0	4.6	5.3
1980 to 1990	2,840	1,460	1,385	2.5	2.5	2.4
1991 to 2000	5,290	2,455	2,835	4.6	4.3	4.9
2001 to 2010	6,190	2,975	3,215	5.4	5.2	5.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	5,970	2,780	3,190	5.2	4.8	5.5
2011 to 2015	3,325	1,490	1,840	2.9	2.6	3.2
2016 to 2021	2,645	1,290	1,350	2.3	2.2	2.3
Non-permanent residents⁸³	980	445	540	0.8	0.8	0.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	26,030	12,290	13,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,675	1,405	1,270	10.3	11.4	9.2
5 to 14 years	4,705	2,380	2,325	18.1	19.4	16.9
15 to 24 years	4,985	2,210	2,770	19.2	18.0	20.2
25 to 44 years	11,215	5,195	6,020	43.1	42.3	43.8
45 years and over	2,455	1,095	1,360	9.4	8.9	9.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	26,030	12,290	13,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,780	1,400	1,380	10.7	11.4	10.0
Brazil	210	85	125	0.8	0.7	0.9
Colombia	115	45	70	0.4	0.4	0.5
El Salvador	245	125	120	0.9	1.0	0.9
Guyana	45	20	25	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	90	40	50	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mexico	310	140	170	1.2	1.1	1.2
Peru	70	30	40	0.3	0.2	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	105	60	50	0.4	0.5	0.4
United States of America	1,000	525	475	3.8	4.3	3.5
Other places of birth in Americas	570	315	260	2.2	2.6	1.9
Europe	8,975	4,330	4,640	34.5	35.2	33.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	140	80	60	0.5	0.7	0.4
Croatia	165	85	80	0.6	0.7	0.6
France	80	50	30	0.3	0.4	0.2
Germany	720	320	400	2.8	2.6	2.9
Greece	45	20	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hungary	155	65	95	0.6	0.5	0.7
Italy	260	140	115	1.0	1.1	0.8
Netherlands	445	210	235	1.7	1.7	1.7
Poland	605	285	320	2.3	2.3	2.3
Portugal	245	115	130	0.9	0.9	0.9
Romania	680	315	370	2.6	2.6	2.7
Russian Federation	565	255	305	2.2	2.1	2.2
Serbia⁸⁶	110	55	55	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ukraine	200	105	95	0.8	0.9	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,360	1,665	1,695	12.9	13.5	12.3
Other places of birth in Europe	1,200	570	630	4.6	4.6	4.6
Africa	1,260	630	620	4.8	5.1	4.5
Algeria	15	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	120	70	50	0.5	0.6	0.4
Eritrea	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ethiopia	20	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	105	50	50	0.4	0.4	0.4
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	515	245	270	2.0	2.0	2.0
Other places of birth in Africa	430	225	200	1.7	1.8	1.5
Asia	12,395	5,630	6,760	47.6	45.8	49.2
Afghanistan	465	210	255	1.8	1.7	1.9
Iran⁸⁸	1,160	585	575	4.5	4.8	4.2
Iraq	130	60	70	0.5	0.5	0.5
Lebanon	95	45	50	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	90	45	45	0.3	0.4	0.3
Turkey	65	40	25	0.2	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	1,760	755	1,005	6.8	6.1	7.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	450	210	240	1.7	1.7	1.7
Korea, South⁹²	1,120	535	585	4.3	4.4	4.3
Taiwan	270	125	145	1.0	1.0	1.1
Philippines	2,615	1,105	1,515	10.0	9.0	11.0
Viet Nam	360	155	205	1.4	1.3	1.5
Bangladesh	35	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.2
India	2,230	1,080	1,150	8.6	8.8	8.4
Pakistan	175	75	100	0.7	0.6	0.7
Sri Lanka	90	35	55	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	1,270	550	720	4.9	4.5	5.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	630	295	335	2.4	2.4	2.4
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	2,640	1,290	1,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	390	175	215	14.8	13.6	15.9
Brazil	100	35	70	3.8	2.7	5.2
Colombia	10	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.7
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	50	15	35	1.9	1.2	2.6
United States of America	175	90	85	6.6	7.0	6.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	0	10	0.6	0.0	0.7
Other places of birth in Americas	50	35	10	1.9	2.7	0.7
Europe	465	250	215	17.6	19.4	15.9
France	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	35	20	15	1.3	1.6	1.1
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	45	15	30	1.7	1.2	2.2
Ukraine	35	15	20	1.3	1.2	1.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	135	80	55	5.1	6.2	4.1
Other places of birth in Europe	210	105	105	8.0	8.1	7.7
Africa	155	90	70	5.9	7.0	5.2
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	15	10	10	0.6	0.8	0.7
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	45	25	20	1.7	1.9	1.5
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	10	10	0	0.4	0.8	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	30	10	20	1.1	0.8	1.5
Sudan⁹⁷	10	10	0	0.4	0.8	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	30	20	15	1.1	1.6	1.1
Asia	1,620	760	855	61.4	58.9	63.1
Afghanistan	60	25	30	2.3	1.9	2.2
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	215	70	145	8.1	5.4	10.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	385	185	200	14.6	14.3	14.8
Iran⁸⁸	135	75	60	5.1	5.8	4.4
Iraq	20	20	0	0.8	1.6	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	15	0	10	0.6	0.0	0.7
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	120	70	55	4.5	5.4	4.1
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	20	10	10	0.8	0.8	0.7
Philippines	410	200	215	15.5	15.5	15.9
Saudi Arabia	15	10	0	0.6	0.8	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	35	20	15	1.3	1.6	1.1
Turkey	10	10	0	0.4	0.8	0.0
United Arab Emirates	10	10	0	0.4	0.8	0.0
Viet Nam	40	10	30	1.5	0.8	2.2
Other places of birth in Asia	95	40	55	3.6	3.1	4.1
Oceania and other⁹³	20	15	0	0.8	1.2	0.0
Australia	10	10	0	0.4	0.8	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	10	0	0.4	0.8	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	115,645	57,370	58,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	28,175	13,255	14,920	24.4	23.1	25.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	25,630	12,745	12,895	22.2	22.2	22.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	61,840	31,370	30,465	53.5	54.7	52.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	20,285	9,665	10,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	11,275	5,585	5,690	55.6	57.8	53.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	4,475	2,725	1,750	22.1	28.2	16.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	6,795	2,865	3,935	33.5	29.6	37.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	6,030	2,505	3,530	29.7	25.9	33.2
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,820	1,510	1,315	13.9	15.6	12.4
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	165	65	95	0.8	0.7	0.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	20,285	9,665	10,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	660	345	315	3.3	3.6	3.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,550	1,065	1,485	12.6	11.0	14.0
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	625	330	295	3.1	3.4	2.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	740	310	430	3.6	3.2	4.0
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	75	30	45	0.4	0.3	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	15,645	7,585	8,055	77.1	78.5	75.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	115,640	57,370	58,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	24,720	11,635	13,085	21.4	20.3	22.5
South Asian	5,645	2,670	2,970	4.9	4.7	5.1
Chinese	4,385	2,005	2,380	3.8	3.5	4.1
Black	1,620	850	770	1.4	1.5	1.3
Filipino	3,835	1,670	2,165	3.3	2.9	3.7
Arab	595	310	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Latin American	1,640	800	840	1.4	1.4	1.4
Southeast Asian	1,160	540	620	1.0	0.9	1.1
West Asian	2,110	1,025	1,085	1.8	1.8	1.9
Korean	1,495	715	780	1.3	1.2	1.3
Japanese	745	325	420	0.6	0.6	0.7
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	335	160	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	1,150	565	590	1.0	1.0	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	90,925	45,730	45,190	78.6	79.7	77.5
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	115,640	57,370	58,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	14,770	7,425	7,340	12.8	12.9	12.6
English	30,200	15,085	15,115	26.1	26.3	25.9
Irish	18,020	8,665	9,360	15.6	15.1	16.1
Scottish	22,670	11,425	11,245	19.6	19.9	19.3
French, n.o.s.¹²²	8,445	4,125	4,320	7.3	7.2	7.4
German	14,095	7,135	6,960	12.2	12.4	11.9
Chinese	4,595	2,130	2,475	4.0	3.7	4.2
Italian	5,410	2,830	2,580	4.7	4.9	4.4
Indian (India)	3,470	1,665	1,805	3.0	2.9	3.1
Ukrainian	6,405	3,190	3,210	5.5	5.6	5.5
Dutch	5,470	2,670	2,795	4.7	4.7	4.8
Polish	4,115	1,990	2,125	3.6	3.5	3.6
Québécois	150	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	5,225	2,630	2,595	4.5	4.6	4.5
Filipino	3,975	1,740	2,235	3.4	3.0	3.8
French Canadian	1,305	585	720	1.1	1.0	1.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,140	1,160	980	1.9	2.0	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,055	1,010	1,050	1.8	1.8	1.8
Métis	2,355	1,110	1,250	2.0	1.9	2.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,685	1,380	1,300	2.3	2.4	2.2
Russian	3,505	1,715	1,790	3.0	3.0	3.1
Norwegian	4,175	1,960	2,210	3.6	3.4	3.8
Welsh	2,870	1,420	1,450	2.5	2.5	2.5
Portuguese	1,390	650	740	1.2	1.1	1.3
American	1,635	850	780	1.4	1.5	1.3
Spanish	1,290	585	705	1.1	1.0	1.2
Swedish	2,870	1,340	1,535	2.5	2.3	2.6
Hungarian	1,825	905	925	1.6	1.6	1.6
Acadian	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	365	175	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	420	240	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Jewish	400	240	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Punjabi	680	330	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Vietnamese	600	255	340	0.5	0.4	0.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	195	120	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Greek	680	350	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jamaican	335	165	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	725	375	350	0.6	0.7	0.6
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	490	240	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Korean	1,460	690	770	1.3	1.2	1.3
Romanian	1,475	710	755	1.3	1.2	1.3
Lebanese	290	140	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
Iranian	1,070	520	545	0.9	0.9	0.9
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	315	175	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Danish	1,575	800	775	1.4	1.4	1.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	545	265	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sikh	640	315	325	0.6	0.5	0.6
Austrian	1,330	695	635	1.2	1.2	1.1
Belgian	560	275	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haitian	35	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hindu	250	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexican	750	370	380	0.6	0.6	0.7
Mennonite	410	215	195	0.4	0.4	0.3
Swiss	525	300	230	0.5	0.5	0.4
Finnish	1,290	620	670	1.1	1.1	1.1
Sri Lankan	120	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	800	390	415	0.7	0.7	0.7
Japanese	1,080	480	600	0.9	0.8	1.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	350	155	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	955	465	490	0.8	0.8	0.8
Muslim	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	195	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	355	185	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	740	385	355	0.6	0.7	0.6
Colombian	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	575	280	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Syrian	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Afghan	740	375	360	0.6	0.7	0.6
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	135	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	350	180	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ojibway	110	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	170	90	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ontarian	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Persian	545	295	250	0.5	0.5	0.4
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	155	90	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Turkish	170	95	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	260	150	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nigerian	165	50	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
Armenian	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	340	160	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	235	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	285	155	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iraqi	150	55	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Salvadorean	365	170	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Caribbean	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	85	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	55	50	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algonquin	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	100	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	155	90	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
South African	460	205	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Australian	445	245	200	0.4	0.4	0.3
Palestinian	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chilean	240	145	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Congolese	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nova Scotian	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	85	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yoruba	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	150	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	55	40	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Gujarati	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	105	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	170	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	140	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
African American	185	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	210	85	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	145	85	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	155	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Laotian	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	100	30	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	205	115	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	845	425	420	0.7	0.7	0.7
Ecuadorian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	95	65	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	130	85	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	155	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	400	195	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	95	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	190	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malaysian	140	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Buddhist	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cherokee	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pashtun	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malay	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	35	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	55	45	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yemeni	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	40	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	115,640	57,370	58,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	770	280	490	0.7	0.5	0.8
Christian	42,825	19,805	23,020	37.0	34.5	39.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	11,375	5,445	5,930	9.8	9.5	10.2
Anabaptist	355	150	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Anglican	2,910	1,225	1,685	2.5	2.1	2.9
Baptist	1,655	735	920	1.4	1.3	1.6
Catholic	15,385	7,270	8,115	13.3	12.7	13.9
Christian Orthodox	1,700	815	885	1.5	1.4	1.5
Jehovah's Witness	765	325	435	0.7	0.6	0.7
Latter Day Saints	215	115	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lutheran	1,180	510	665	1.0	0.9	1.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	175	85	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,455	710	740	1.3	1.2	1.3
Presbyterian	715	280	435	0.6	0.5	0.7
Reformed	155	100	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
United Church	2,685	1,050	1,630	2.3	1.8	2.8
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,105	985	1,125	1.8	1.7	1.9
Hindu	1,010	470	540	0.9	0.8	0.9
Jewish	185	75	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Muslim	2,590	1,290	1,300	2.2	2.2	2.2
Sikh	2,880	1,385	1,495	2.5	2.4	2.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,090	435	655	0.9	0.8	1.1
No religion and secular perspectives	64,145	33,560	30,580	55.5	58.5	52.5
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	114,625	56,815	57,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	100,600	50,085	50,515	87.8	88.2	87.4
Movers	14,030	6,725	7,300	12.2	11.8	12.6
Non-migrants	6,105	2,855	3,260	5.3	5.0	5.6
Migrants	7,920	3,880	4,045	6.9	6.8	7.0
Internal migrants	7,335	3,640	3,695	6.4	6.4	6.4
Intraprovincial migrants	6,735	3,335	3,405	5.9	5.9	5.9
Interprovincial migrants	605	305	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
External migrants	585	235	350	0.5	0.4	0.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	109,475	54,050	55,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	63,635	31,465	32,170	58.1	58.2	58.0
Movers	45,840	22,590	23,255	41.9	41.8	42.0
Non-migrants	15,700	7,710	7,990	14.3	14.3	14.4
Migrants	30,140	14,875	15,265	27.5	27.5	27.5
Internal migrants	27,320	13,570	13,740	25.0	25.1	24.8
Intraprovincial migrants	25,055	12,425	12,630	22.9	23.0	22.8
Interprovincial migrants	2,260	1,145	1,115	2.1	2.1	2.0
External migrants	2,825	1,305	1,515	2.6	2.4	2.7
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	95,235	46,730	48,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14,785	8,105	6,680	15.5	17.3	13.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	80,450	38,625	41,830	84.5	82.7	86.2
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	64,220	31,625	32,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,310	3,785	2,525	9.8	12.0	7.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	57,905	27,840	30,070	90.2	88.0	92.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	95,235	46,730	48,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	12,635	6,780	5,855	13.3	14.5	12.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	32,410	15,765	16,645	34.0	33.7	34.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	50,195	24,185	26,010	52.7	51.8	53.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	32,205	16,415	15,785	33.8	35.1	32.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	10,015	7,870	2,145	10.5	16.8	4.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,595	2,110	1,485	3.8	4.5	3.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	6,415	5,760	655	6.7	12.3	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	18,915	7,290	11,620	19.9	15.6	24.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,275	1,255	2,020	3.4	2.7	4.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	17,985	7,765	10,220	18.9	16.6	21.1
Bachelor's degree	11,975	5,140	6,830	12.6	11.0	14.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,700	615	1,085	1.8	1.3	2.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	350	165	185	0.4	0.4	0.4
Master's degree	3,475	1,540	1,935	3.6	3.3	4.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	490	300	185	0.5	0.6	0.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	64,220	31,625	32,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,970	3,005	1,965	7.7	9.5	6.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	19,735	10,085	9,650	30.7	31.9	29.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	39,515	18,535	20,980	61.5	58.6	64.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	24,595	12,275	12,320	38.3	38.8	37.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,360	5,835	1,525	11.5	18.5	4.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,540	1,475	1,065	4.0	4.7	3.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,820	4,365	460	7.5	13.8	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,680	5,465	9,220	22.9	17.3	28.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,555	975	1,575	4.0	3.1	4.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	14,920	6,260	8,660	23.2	19.8	26.6
Bachelor's degree	10,020	4,250	5,770	15.6	13.4	17.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,385	485	900	2.2	1.5	2.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	275	110	165	0.4	0.3	0.5
Master's degree	2,860	1,205	1,655	4.5	3.8	5.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	375	210	165	0.6	0.7	0.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	95,240	46,725	48,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	45,045	22,540	22,500	47.3	48.2	46.4
Education	3,580	720	2,860	3.8	1.5	5.9
13. Education	3,580	720	2,860	3.8	1.5	5.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,825	825	1,000	1.9	1.8	2.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	305	235	75	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,525	595	930	1.6	1.3	1.9
Humanities	2,310	870	1,440	2.4	1.9	3.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	240	35	200	0.3	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	550	150	400	0.6	0.3	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	720	250	475	0.8	0.5	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	135	100	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	255	145	115	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	305	175	135	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	60	0	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,575	1,640	3,935	5.9	3.5	8.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	545	260	285	0.6	0.6	0.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,120	75	1,045	1.2	0.2	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	955	160	795	1.0	0.3	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	940	265	670	1.0	0.6	1.4
45. Social sciences	1,915	845	1,070	2.0	1.8	2.2
Business, management and public administration	9,590	3,565	6,035	10.1	7.6	12.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	545	140	405	0.6	0.3	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,020	3,405	5,615	9.5	7.3	11.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,480	805	670	1.6	1.7	1.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	610	280	335	0.6	0.6	0.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	375	195	180	0.4	0.4	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	440	315	120	0.5	0.7	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	50	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,745	1,155	595	1.8	2.5	1.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,470	1,055	415	1.5	2.3	0.9
25. Library science	75	0	75	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	12,225	11,380	850	12.8	24.4	1.8
04. Architecture and related services	220	125	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
14. Engineering	1,985	1,660	320	2.1	3.6	0.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,985	1,785	200	2.1	3.8	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	3,655	3,550	105	3.8	7.6	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,640	2,580	60	2.8	5.5	0.1
48. Precision production	1,745	1,680	65	1.8	3.6	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,180	535	650	1.2	1.1	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	845	320	525	0.9	0.7	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	335	215	120	0.4	0.5	0.2
Health and related fields	7,525	1,165	6,360	7.9	2.5	13.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	635	300	335	0.7	0.6	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,775	800	5,975	7.1	1.7	12.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,125	1,520	1,610	3.3	3.3	3.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,865	465	1,400	2.0	1.0	2.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	550	430	115	0.6	0.9	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	690	605	90	0.7	1.3	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	64,215	31,620	32,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	24,705	13,090	11,615	38.5	41.4	35.6
Education	2,680	495	2,190	4.2	1.6	6.7
13. Education	2,680	495	2,190	4.2	1.6	6.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,425	615	810	2.2	1.9	2.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	190	155	40	0.3	0.5	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,240	465	770	1.9	1.5	2.4
Humanities	1,725	625	1,100	2.7	2.0	3.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	170	30	140	0.3	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	410	95	310	0.6	0.3	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	540	175	365	0.8	0.6	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	110	75	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	175	105	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	250	135	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	40	0	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,685	1,305	3,385	7.3	4.1	10.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	475	210	265	0.7	0.7	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	965	70	890	1.5	0.2	2.7
22. Legal professions and studies	815	120	695	1.3	0.4	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	790	210	580	1.2	0.7	1.8
45. Social sciences	1,570	670	900	2.4	2.1	2.8
Business, management and public administration	7,855	2,875	4,980	12.2	9.1	15.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	410	110	300	0.6	0.3	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,420	2,750	4,665	11.6	8.7	14.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,095	565	535	1.7	1.8	1.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	475	185	285	0.7	0.6	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	260	130	125	0.4	0.4	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	345	235	105	0.5	0.7	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,520	1,020	500	2.4	3.2	1.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,295	940	355	2.0	3.0	1.1
25. Library science	40	0	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	165	75	95	0.3	0.2	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,395	8,665	735	14.6	27.4	2.3
04. Architecture and related services	165	85	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
14. Engineering	1,685	1,405	280	2.6	4.4	0.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,440	1,265	175	2.2	4.0	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,795	2,710	90	4.4	8.6	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,035	1,985	50	3.2	6.3	0.2
48. Precision production	1,285	1,220	65	2.0	3.9	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	875	345	525	1.4	1.1	1.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	635	215	420	1.0	0.7	1.3
03. Natural resources and conservation	240	135	110	0.4	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	5,960	910	5,050	9.3	2.9	15.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	585	260	325	0.9	0.8	1.0
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,295	620	4,680	8.2	2.0	14.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,290	1,110	1,175	3.6	3.5	3.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,355	340	1,020	2.1	1.1	3.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	475	375	100	0.7	1.2	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	445	390	60	0.7	1.2	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	64,215	31,620	32,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	24,705	13,090	11,615	38.5	41.4	35.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	39,515	18,535	20,980	61.5	58.6	64.4
Location of study inside Canada	31,420	14,800	16,620	48.9	46.8	51.0
Same as province or territory of residence	27,530	12,770	14,760	42.9	40.4	45.3
Different than province or territory of residence	3,895	2,030	1,860	6.1	6.4	5.7
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	8,090	3,730	4,360	12.6	11.8	13.4
Americas	1,440	715	725	2.2	2.3	2.2
United States of America	955	500	455	1.5	1.6	1.4
Mexico	130	55	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	130	50	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Peru	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	120	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	2,235	1,175	1,060	3.5	3.7	3.3
Belgium	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	45	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Germany	90	60	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Netherlands	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	40	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	150	75	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	255	105	150	0.4	0.3	0.5
Russian Federation	335	170	170	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ukraine	115	70	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	850	480	370	1.3	1.5	1.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	215	110	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Africa	345	180	160	0.5	0.6	0.5
Nigeria	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	175	90	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other locations of study in Africa	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Asia	3,865	1,560	2,305	6.0	4.9	7.1
Iran⁸⁸	350	170	180	0.5	0.5	0.6
Iraq	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Israel	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Lebanon	25	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Turkey	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	695	270	420	1.1	0.9	1.3
Taiwan	70	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	60	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	75	20	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	410	175	235	0.6	0.6	0.7
Philippines	1,120	415	705	1.7	1.3	2.2
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	630	235	390	1.0	0.7	1.2
Pakistan	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	205	80	120	0.3	0.3	0.4
Oceania	205	105	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australia	170	85	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
New Zealand	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	95,240	46,730	48,510	...	...	...
In the labour force	64,175	33,815	30,360	...	...	...
Employed	59,920	31,685	28,230	...	...	...
Unemployed	4,255	2,130	2,130	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	31,060	12,915	18,145	...	...	...
Participation rate	67.4	72.4	62.6	67.4	72.4	62.6
Employment rate	62.9	67.8	58.2	62.9	67.8	58.2
Unemployment rate	6.6	6.3	7.0	6.6	6.3	7.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	95,240	46,725	48,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	31,525	13,065	18,460	33.1	28.0	38.1
Worked	63,715	33,665	30,045	66.9	72.0	61.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	36,360	21,655	14,705	38.2	46.3	30.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,355	12,015	15,340	28.7	25.7	31.6
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.5	43.7	41.3	42.5	43.7	41.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	64,175	33,815	30,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,090	475	610	1.7	1.4	2.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	63,085	33,340	29,745	98.3	98.6	98.0
Employee	52,930	27,080	25,850	82.5	80.1	85.1
Permanent position	46,820	24,380	22,435	73.0	72.1	73.9
Temporary position	6,110	2,700	3,410	9.5	8.0	11.2
Fixed term (1 year or more)	1,860	875	980	2.9	2.6	3.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,250	1,820	2,430	6.6	5.4	8.0
Self-employed¹⁹²	10,155	6,260	3,900	15.8	18.5	12.8
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	64,175	33,815	30,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,090	475	610	1.7	1.4	2.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	63,085	33,340	29,745	98.3	98.6	98.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	730	480	250	1.1	1.4	0.8
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	10,675	2,780	7,895	16.6	8.2	26.0
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,080	3,165	915	6.4	9.4	3.0
3 Health occupations	4,130	745	3,380	6.4	2.2	11.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,850	2,430	5,420	12.2	7.2	17.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,160	1,085	1,080	3.4	3.2	3.6
6 Sales and service occupations	14,895	6,360	8,535	23.2	18.8	28.1
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	14,980	13,720	1,260	23.3	40.6	4.2
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,355	915	435	2.1	2.7	1.4
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,240	1,660	575	3.5	4.9	1.9
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	64,175	33,815	30,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,090	475	610	1.7	1.4	2.0
All industries¹⁹¹	63,085	33,340	29,745	98.3	98.6	98.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	835	470	370	1.3	1.4	1.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	190	165	20	0.3	0.5	0.1
22 Utilities	415	335	80	0.6	1.0	0.3
23 Construction	8,100	6,890	1,205	12.6	20.4	4.0
31-33 Manufacturing	4,365	3,165	1,200	6.8	9.4	4.0
41 Wholesale trade	3,095	2,090	1,005	4.8	6.2	3.3
44-45 Retail trade	7,380	3,385	3,995	11.5	10.0	13.2
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,625	2,785	845	5.6	8.2	2.8
51 Information and cultural industries	1,705	1,165	535	2.7	3.4	1.8
52 Finance and insurance	2,295	840	1,455	3.6	2.5	4.8
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,325	655	675	2.1	1.9	2.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,000	2,050	1,950	6.2	6.1	6.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	175	70	110	0.3	0.2	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,800	1,680	1,120	4.4	5.0	3.7
61 Educational services	4,825	1,310	3,520	7.5	3.9	11.6
62 Health care and social assistance	7,265	1,180	6,090	11.3	3.5	20.1
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,315	645	665	2.0	1.9	2.2
72 Accommodation and food services	3,130	1,260	1,865	4.9	3.7	6.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,810	1,390	1,420	4.4	4.1	4.7
91 Public administration	3,435	1,810	1,625	5.4	5.4	5.4
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	68,270	35,730	32,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	65,400	34,335	31,070	95.8	96.1	95.5
French	70	10	65	0.1	0.0	0.2
Non-official language	530	250	280	0.8	0.7	0.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	530	250	280	0.8	0.7	0.9
English and French	370	130	235	0.5	0.4	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	1,825	970	850	2.7	2.7	2.6
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	68,270	35,730	32,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	67,840	35,440	32,395	99.4	99.2	99.6
Official languages	66,910	34,985	31,925	98.0	97.9	98.1
English	66,775	34,960	31,810	97.8	97.8	97.8
French	135	15	115	0.2	0.0	0.4
Non-official languages	935	460	470	1.4	1.3	1.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	935	460	470	1.4	1.3	1.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	270	145	125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	35	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	180	105	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	135	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	135	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	45	35	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	45	35	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	250	125	120	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	350	165	185	0.5	0.5	0.6
Chinese languages	350	165	185	0.5	0.5	0.6
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	240	105	135	0.4	0.3	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	110	65	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	430	290	145	0.6	0.8	0.4
English and French	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	380	270	110	0.6	0.8	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	68,270	35,730	32,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	66,400	34,855	31,540	97.3	97.6	96.9
English	420	200	220	0.6	0.6	0.7
French	270	115	155	0.4	0.3	0.5
Non-official language	1,015	485	525	1.5	1.4	1.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,015	485	525	1.5	1.4	1.6
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	40	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	59,920	31,690	28,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	11,340	4,990	6,350	18.9	15.7	22.5
Worked outside Canada	130	90	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	10,900	8,305	2,590	18.2	26.2	9.2
Usual place of work	37,550	18,300	19,250	62.7	57.7	68.2
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	37,550	18,305	19,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	13,010	4,865	8,140	34.6	26.6	42.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	21,935	12,040	9,890	58.4	65.8	51.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,535	1,340	1,190	6.8	7.3	6.2
Commute to a different province or territory	80	50	30	0.2	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	48,450	26,610	21,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	43,595	24,460	19,140	90.0	91.9	87.6
Car, truck or van - as a driver	40,620	23,200	17,420	83.8	87.2	79.7
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,980	1,260	1,720	6.2	4.7	7.9
Public transit	2,190	960	1,230	4.5	3.6	5.6
Walked	1,560	610	950	3.2	2.3	4.3
Bicycle	240	170	70	0.5	0.6	0.3
Other method	860	410	445	1.8	1.5	2.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	48,450	26,610	21,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	11,395	4,545	6,850	23.5	17.1	31.4
15 to 29 minutes	12,615	6,335	6,280	26.0	23.8	28.7
30 to 44 minutes	11,565	7,010	4,550	23.9	26.3	20.8
45 to 59 minutes	6,495	4,250	2,250	13.4	16.0	10.3
60 minutes and over	6,380	4,465	1,915	13.2	16.8	8.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	48,450	26,610	21,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	5,835	4,560	1,275	12.0	17.1	5.8
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	9,315	6,285	3,035	19.2	23.6	13.9
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	12,060	5,985	6,075	24.9	22.5	27.8
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,355	3,475	4,880	17.2	13.1	22.3
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,660	2,135	3,525	11.7	8.0	16.1
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,225	4,165	3,060	14.9	15.7	14.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	24,960	12,960	11,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,275	640	640	5.1	4.9	5.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	23,680	12,320	11,360	94.9	95.1	94.7
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	18,090	9,370	8,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	950	485	465	5.3	5.2	5.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	450	230	210	2.5	2.5	2.4
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	505	255	250	2.8	2.7	2.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,140	8,880	8,260	94.7	94.8	94.8

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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