Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	New Westminster--Burnaby--MaillardvilleMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	114,640	56,340	58,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15,030	7,765	7,265	13.1	13.8	12.5
0 to 4 years	5,125	2,610	2,515	4.5	4.6	4.3
5 to 9 years	4,975	2,580	2,395	4.3	4.6	4.1
10 to 14 years	4,930	2,575	2,355	4.3	4.6	4.0
15 to 64 years	80,250	39,885	40,370	70.0	70.8	69.2
15 to 19 years	4,830	2,505	2,325	4.2	4.4	4.0
20 to 24 years	6,660	3,370	3,285	5.8	6.0	5.6
25 to 29 years	9,235	4,565	4,665	8.1	8.1	8.0
30 to 34 years	10,415	5,310	5,105	9.1	9.4	8.8
35 to 39 years	9,755	4,930	4,825	8.5	8.8	8.3
40 to 44 years	8,075	4,035	4,040	7.0	7.2	6.9
45 to 49 years	7,375	3,590	3,780	6.4	6.4	6.5
50 to 54 years	8,120	3,890	4,230	7.1	6.9	7.3
55 to 59 years	8,300	4,065	4,240	7.2	7.2	7.3
60 to 64 years	7,490	3,615	3,870	6.5	6.4	6.6
65 years and over	19,360	8,690	10,670	16.9	15.4	18.3
65 to 69 years	6,150	3,045	3,110	5.4	5.4	5.3
70 to 74 years	4,790	2,250	2,545	4.2	4.0	4.4
75 to 79 years	3,125	1,390	1,730	2.7	2.5	3.0
80 to 84 years	2,210	965	1,245	1.9	1.7	2.1
85 years and over	3,090	1,050	2,040	2.7	1.9	3.5
85 to 89 years	1,605	680	930	1.4	1.2	1.6
90 to 94 years	1,110	290	815	1.0	0.5	1.4
95 to 99 years	330	70	260	0.3	0.1	0.4
100 years and over	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.1	13.8	12.5	13.1	13.8	12.5
15 to 64 years	70.0	70.8	69.2	70.0	70.8	69.2
65 years and over	16.9	15.4	18.3	16.9	15.4	18.3
85 years and over	2.7	1.9	3.5	2.7	1.9	3.5
Average age of the population	42.2	41.1	43.2	42.2	41.1	43.2
Median age of the population	40.8	39.6	42.0	40.8	39.6	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	48,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	8,300	...	...	17.0	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,085	...	...	2.2	...	...
Row house	3,360	...	...	6.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,750	...	...	13.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	15,525	...	...	31.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	13,445	...	...	27.6	...	...
Other single-attached house	60	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	200	...	...	0.4	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	48,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	16,280	...	...	33.4	...	...
2 persons	16,005	...	...	32.8	...	...
3 persons	7,270	...	...	14.9	...	...
4 persons	5,750	...	...	11.8	...	...
5 or more persons	3,420	...	...	7.0	...	...
Number of persons in private households	112,520	55,510	57,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	99,610	48,570	51,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	54,995	27,680	27,310	55.2	57.0	53.5
Married	45,520	22,835	22,690	45.7	47.0	44.5
Living common-law	9,470	4,850	4,620	9.5	10.0	9.1
Living common law - Never married	7,450	3,820	3,630	7.5	7.9	7.1
Living common law - Separated	350	205	145	0.4	0.4	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	1,520	770	745	1.5	1.6	1.5
Living common law - Widowed	150	55	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	44,615	20,890	23,730	44.8	43.0	46.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	30,370	16,330	14,040	30.5	33.6	27.5
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,560	1,070	1,490	2.6	2.2	2.9
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,805	2,585	4,225	6.8	5.3	8.3
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,880	905	3,975	4.9	1.9	7.8
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	30,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	16,260	...	...	52.5	...	...
3 persons	7,190	...	...	23.2	...	...
4 persons	5,845	...	...	18.9	...	...
5 or more persons	1,655	...	...	5.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	30,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	26,470	...	...	85.5	...	...
Married couples	21,735	...	...	70.2	...	...
With children⁶	12,210	...	...	39.4	...	...
Without children	9,525	...	...	30.8	...	...
Common-law couples	4,735	...	...	15.3	...	...
With children⁶	1,075	...	...	3.5	...	...
Without children	3,655	...	...	11.8	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,485	...	...	14.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,645	...	...	11.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	840	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	112,515	55,510	57,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	86,170	42,745	43,425	76.6	77.0	76.2
Married spouses or common-law partners	52,935	26,620	26,320	47.0	48.0	46.2
Parents in one-parent families	4,485	840	3,645	4.0	1.5	6.4
Children⁶	28,750	15,290	13,460	25.6	27.5	23.6
In a two-parent family	22,495	11,950	10,550	20.0	21.5	18.5
In a one-parent family	6,255	3,345	2,910	5.6	6.0	5.1
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	26,350	12,765	13,585	23.4	23.0	23.8
Living alone	16,280	7,810	8,475	14.5	14.1	14.9
Living with other relatives⁷	3,495	1,335	2,160	3.1	2.4	3.8
Living with non-relatives only	6,575	3,620	2,955	5.8	6.5	5.2
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	48,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	25,775	...	...	52.9	...	...
Couple-family households	22,345	...	...	45.9	...	...
With children⁶	11,055	...	...	22.7	...	...
Without children	11,290	...	...	23.2	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,430	...	...	7.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,675	...	...	3.4	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	390	...	...	0.8	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,705	...	...	3.5	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,890	...	...	5.9	...	...
One-person households	16,285	...	...	33.4	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	97,490	47,745	49,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,735	46,485	48,255	97.2	97.4	97.0
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,200	48,000	39,200	43,200	48,000	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,760	46,495	48,265	97.2	97.4	97.0
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	43,200	36,000	39,200	43,200	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,405	42,495	42,910	87.6	89.0	86.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	46,400	33,200	39,600	46,400	33,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,800	36,720	35,080	73.6	76.9	70.5
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,600	49,200	37,600	43,600	49,200	37,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,150	36,220	41,935	80.2	75.9	84.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,100	7,050	9,000	8,100	7,050	9,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,020	4,040	4,980	9.3	8.5	10.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,560	5,480	5,480	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	27,155	13,290	13,860	27.9	27.8	27.9
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,500	9,000	8,500	8,500	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	97,545	47,790	49,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,695	46,435	48,265	97.1	97.2	97.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,550	60,300	47,080	53,550	60,300	47,080
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,745	46,465	48,285	97.1	97.2	97.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,920	49,120	40,840	44,920	49,120	40,840
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,395	42,415	42,975	87.5	88.8	86.4
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,200	57,900	42,600	50,200	57,900	42,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,870	36,785	35,085	73.7	77.0	70.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,550	58,700	44,080	51,550	58,700	44,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,050	36,190	41,860	80.0	75.7	84.1
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,060	9,520	10,520	10,060	9,520	10,520
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,955	4,130	4,830	9.2	8.6	9.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,460	5,740	7,070	6,460	5,740	7,070
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	27,105	13,295	13,805	27.8	27.8	27.7
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,250	9,220	9,280	9,250	9,220	9,280
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	97,545	47,790	49,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	35,435	19,575	15,855	36.3	41.0	31.9
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,000	69,500	60,000	65,000	69,500	60,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	75,600	82,600	66,900	75,600	82,600	66,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,890	13,035	14,855	28.6	27.3	29.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,400	23,200	18,400	20,400	23,200	18,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,240	33,880	27,040	30,240	33,880	27,040
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.6	87.6	80.6	84.6	87.6	80.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	73.0	77.2	68.0	73.0	77.2	68.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.5	12.3	19.4	15.5	12.3	19.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.9	1.5	1.1	0.9	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.0	5.2	7.0	6.0	5.2	7.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.9	4.4	5.6	4.9	4.4	5.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	97,490	47,745	49,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	2,755	1,265	1,495	2.8	2.6	3.0
With total income	94,735	46,485	48,255	97.2	97.4	97.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,615	3,810	4,810	9.1	8.2	10.0
$10,000 to $19,999	9,505	4,160	5,350	10.0	8.9	11.1
$20,000 to $29,999	13,870	5,995	7,880	14.6	12.9	16.3
$30,000 to $39,999	11,890	5,240	6,650	12.6	11.3	13.8
$40,000 to $49,999	10,665	4,940	5,730	11.3	10.6	11.9
$50,000 to $59,999	9,250	4,370	4,880	9.8	9.4	10.1
$60,000 to $69,999	7,395	3,780	3,615	7.8	8.1	7.5
$70,000 to $79,999	5,660	3,155	2,505	6.0	6.8	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	4,385	2,500	1,885	4.6	5.4	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	3,425	2,010	1,420	3.6	4.3	2.9
$100,000 and over	10,070	6,535	3,535	10.6	14.1	7.3
$100,000 to $149,999	7,240	4,475	2,765	7.6	9.6	5.7
$150,000 and over	2,835	2,060	775	3.0	4.4	1.6
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	97,490	47,745	49,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	2,730	1,250	1,480	2.8	2.6	3.0
With after-tax income	94,760	46,495	48,265	97.2	97.4	97.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,840	3,900	4,945	9.3	8.4	10.2
$10,000 to $19,999	9,845	4,325	5,515	10.4	9.3	11.4
$20,000 to $29,999	15,795	6,900	8,900	16.7	14.8	18.4
$30,000 to $39,999	13,920	6,265	7,655	14.7	13.5	15.9
$40,000 to $49,999	12,660	5,960	6,695	13.4	12.8	13.9
$50,000 to $59,999	10,120	5,090	5,030	10.7	10.9	10.4
$60,000 to $69,999	7,140	3,950	3,190	7.5	8.5	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	5,205	2,965	2,240	5.5	6.4	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	3,745	2,155	1,595	4.0	4.6	3.3
$90,000 to $99,999	2,315	1,450	870	2.4	3.1	1.8
$100,000 and over	5,175	3,545	1,635	5.5	7.6	3.4
$100,000 to $124,999	2,950	1,925	1,025	3.1	4.1	2.1
$125,000 and over	2,230	1,620	605	2.4	3.5	1.3
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	97,490	47,745	49,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	25,695	11,025	14,665	26.4	23.1	29.5
With employment income	71,800	36,720	35,080	73.6	76.9	70.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,090	3,735	4,355	11.3	10.2	12.4
$5,000 to $9,999	5,395	2,350	3,040	7.5	6.4	8.7
$10,000 to $19,999	7,700	3,455	4,250	10.7	9.4	12.1
$20,000 to $29,999	6,120	2,840	3,275	8.5	7.7	9.4
$30,000 to $39,999	6,355	2,955	3,400	8.9	8.1	9.7
$40,000 to $49,999	6,875	3,315	3,560	9.6	9.0	10.2
$50,000 to $59,999	6,690	3,250	3,435	9.3	8.9	9.8
$60,000 to $69,999	5,605	3,005	2,600	7.8	8.2	7.4
$70,000 to $79,999	4,385	2,555	1,830	6.1	7.0	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	3,540	2,085	1,455	4.9	5.7	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	2,935	1,695	1,245	4.1	4.6	3.5
$100,000 and over	8,105	5,460	2,640	11.3	14.9	7.5
$100,000 to $124,999	4,055	2,540	1,515	5.6	6.9	4.3
$125,000 and over	4,045	2,930	1,125	5.6	8.0	3.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	97,490	47,745	49,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,815	44,940	46,875	94.2	94.1	94.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	46,400	36,400	41,200	46,400	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	92,010	44,980	47,025	94.4	94.2	94.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	41,200	32,800	36,800	41,200	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	84,195	41,830	42,365	86.4	87.6	85.2
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	46,800	34,800	40,400	46,800	34,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	72,950	37,005	35,950	74.8	77.5	72.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	48,000	37,200	42,400	48,000	37,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	60,265	25,955	34,310	61.8	54.4	69.0
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,020	1,620	4,240	3,020	1,620	4,240
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,440	2,350	3,090	5.6	4.9	6.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,480	4,520	6,450	5,480	4,520	6,450
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	97,545	47,790	49,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,580	44,815	46,765	93.9	93.8	94.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,000	58,450	43,840	51,000	58,450	43,840
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,800	44,855	46,945	94.1	93.9	94.4
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,600	47,920	37,560	42,600	47,920	37,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	84,100	41,720	42,375	86.2	87.3	85.2
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,400	58,600	42,320	50,400	58,600	42,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	73,000	37,020	35,980	74.8	77.5	72.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,680	58,500	42,680	50,680	58,500	42,680
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	59,975	25,885	34,085	61.5	54.2	68.5
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,220	6,790	7,540	7,220	6,790	7,540
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,445	2,335	3,115	5.6	4.9	6.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,440	6,070	8,470	7,440	6,070	8,470
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	97,545	47,790	49,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	35,140	19,405	15,740	36.0	40.6	31.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,400	65,500	55,200	60,400	65,500	55,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,000	78,400	61,850	71,000	78,400	61,850
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,175	12,140	14,040	26.8	25.4	28.2
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,800	32,400	24,400	27,800	32,400	24,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,640	42,200	31,840	36,640	42,200	31,840
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.8	93.2	87.4	90.8	93.2	87.4
Employment income (%)	79.2	82.6	74.8	79.2	82.6	74.8
Government transfers (%)	9.3	6.7	12.5	9.3	6.7	12.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.5	1.3	0.9	0.5	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	48,725	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...	74,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	16,285	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,800	...	...	46,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,000	...	...	42,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	32,445	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	48,720	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	104,100	...	...	104,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	87,300	...	...	87,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	16,295	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	57,100	...	...	57,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,000	...	...	48,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	32,420	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	127,700	...	...	127,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,100	...	...	107,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	48,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	735	...	...	1.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	290	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	430	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	975	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,915	...	...	3.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,505	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,515	...	...	3.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,745	...	...	3.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,745	...	...	3.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,775	...	...	3.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,610	...	...	7.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,545	...	...	7.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,210	...	...	6.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,105	...	...	6.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,705	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,935	...	...	40.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,755	...	...	11.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,165	...	...	8.5	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,305	...	...	10.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,710	...	...	9.7	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	48,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	790	...	...	1.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	295	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	445	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,015	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,030	...	...	4.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,740	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,775	...	...	3.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,080	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,115	...	...	4.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,135	...	...	4.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,275	...	...	8.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,025	...	...	8.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,600	...	...	7.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,275	...	...	6.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,945	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	16,200	...	...	33.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,640	...	...	11.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,975	...	...	8.2	...	...
$150,000 and over	6,585	...	...	13.5	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	30,450	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,765	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	13,260	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,000	...	...	137,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	120,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,090	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...	74,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...	68,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	22,860	11,430	11,425	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,800	45,200	40,400	42,800	45,200	40,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,800	40,400	37,600	38,800	40,400	37,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	30,355	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...	128,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,625	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,500	...	...	93,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,340	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	156,200	...	...	156,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...	128,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,925	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,100	...	...	89,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,100	...	...	79,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	22,735	11,410	11,320	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,050	54,500	49,600	52,050	54,500	49,600
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,280	45,600	42,960	44,280	45,600	42,960
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	112,520	55,510	57,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,820	9,185	8,635	15.8	16.5	15.1
0 to 5 years	6,125	3,135	2,985	5.4	5.6	5.2
18 to 64 years	77,055	38,170	38,880	68.5	68.8	68.2
65 years and over	17,650	8,155	9,490	15.7	14.7	16.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,405	5,410	6,000	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,930	1,005	920	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	645	315	325	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	6,750	3,275	3,475	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,725	1,125	1,600	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.1	9.7	10.5	10.1	9.7	10.5
0 to 17 years (%)	10.8	11.0	10.7	10.8	11.0	10.7
0 to 5 years (%)	10.5	10.1	11.0	10.5	10.1	11.0
18 to 64 years (%)	8.8	8.6	8.9	8.8	8.6	8.9
65 years and over (%)	15.4	13.8	16.9	15.4	13.8	16.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	112,520	55,510	57,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,820	9,185	8,635	15.8	16.5	15.1
0 to 5 years	6,125	3,135	2,985	5.4	5.6	5.2
18 to 64 years	77,055	38,170	38,880	68.5	68.8	68.2
65 years and over	17,650	8,155	9,490	15.7	14.7	16.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	7,885	3,980	3,905	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,110	580	530	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	335	165	175	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,640	2,890	2,745	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,135	505	625	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.0	7.2	6.9	7.0	7.2	6.9
0 to 17 years (%)	6.2	6.3	6.1	6.2	6.3	6.1
0 to 5 years (%)	5.5	5.3	5.7	5.5	5.3	5.7
18 to 64 years (%)	7.3	7.6	7.1	7.3	7.6	7.1
65 years and over (%)	6.4	6.2	6.6	6.4	6.2	6.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	112,520	55,510	57,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	50,525	24,290	26,240	44.9	43.8	46.0
In bottom decile	11,140	5,385	5,750	9.9	9.7	10.1
In second decile	9,625	4,480	5,145	8.6	8.1	9.0
In third decile	9,585	4,540	5,045	8.5	8.2	8.8
In fourth decile	9,885	4,815	5,070	8.8	8.7	8.9
In fifth decile	10,290	5,065	5,230	9.1	9.1	9.2
In top half of the distribution	61,990	31,220	30,770	55.1	56.2	54.0
In sixth decile	10,850	5,365	5,485	9.6	9.7	9.6
In seventh decile	11,735	5,830	5,905	10.4	10.5	10.4
In eighth decile	12,540	6,365	6,170	11.1	11.5	10.8
In ninth decile	14,095	7,125	6,975	12.5	12.8	12.2
In top decile	12,770	6,535	6,235	11.3	11.8	10.9
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	112,520	...	...	112,520	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.317	...	...	0.317	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.411	...	...	0.411	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.284	...	...	0.284	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	112,855	55,610	57,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	101,215	50,500	50,715	89.7	90.8	88.6
French only	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	7,480	3,420	4,060	6.6	6.1	7.1
Neither English nor French	4,115	1,660	2,455	3.6	3.0	4.3
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	112,855	55,610	57,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	107,010	53,065	53,945	94.8	95.4	94.2
French	1,115	590	525	1.0	1.1	0.9
English and French	705	325	380	0.6	0.6	0.7
Neither English nor French	4,030	1,630	2,405	3.6	2.9	4.2
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	112,855	55,610	57,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	106,290	52,530	53,760	94.2	94.5	93.9
Official languages	60,520	31,155	29,360	53.6	56.0	51.3
English	59,435	30,590	28,840	52.7	55.0	50.4
French	1,085	565	520	1.0	1.0	0.9
Non-official languages	45,770	21,370	24,400	40.6	38.4	42.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	45,750	21,370	24,385	40.5	38.4	42.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,130	1,125	1,010	1.9	2.0	1.8
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,050	1,080	975	1.8	1.9	1.7
Amharic	250	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	1,120	585	535	1.0	1.1	0.9
Aramaic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	630	350	280	0.6	0.6	0.5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	890	400	490	0.8	0.7	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	860	385	475	0.8	0.7	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,505	2,310	3,190	4.9	4.2	5.6
Bikol	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	175	70	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Fijian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	235	90	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	225	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,470	1,865	2,610	4.0	3.4	4.6
Waray-Waray	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	495	275	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Kannada	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	120	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	225	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	120	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	19,635	9,550	10,080	17.4	17.2	17.6
Albanian	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,895	1,875	2,025	3.5	3.4	3.5
Baltic languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,865	1,860	2,005	3.4	3.3	3.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	185	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	540	260	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian	1,305	615	695	1.2	1.1	1.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,310	655	650	1.2	1.2	1.1
Bosnian	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	305	145	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	845	430	415	0.7	0.8	0.7
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	235	100	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,000	480	515	0.9	0.9	0.9
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	555	265	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
German	535	250	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	315	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	235	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	155	85	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	8,825	4,320	4,505	7.8	7.8	7.9
Indo-Aryan languages	6,800	3,320	3,475	6.0	6.0	6.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	210	115	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	380	190	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	1,215	585	630	1.1	1.1	1.1
Kacchi	105	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,405	2,145	2,260	3.9	3.9	3.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	200	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,025	995	1,030	1.8	1.8	1.8
Baluchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	225	130	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Parsi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	1,705	810	895	1.5	1.5	1.6
Dari	485	225	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian Persian	1,055	505	545	0.9	0.9	1.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	170	80	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,640	2,730	2,905	5.0	4.9	5.1
Catalan	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	605	305	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Portuguese	1,585	765	825	1.4	1.4	1.4
Romanian	830	400	430	0.7	0.7	0.8
Spanish	2,615	1,260	1,355	2.3	2.3	2.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	780	255	525	0.7	0.5	0.9
Korean	3,570	1,590	1,980	3.2	2.9	3.5
Mongolian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	235	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dinka	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,625	5,305	6,320	10.3	9.5	11.0
Chinese languages	11,475	5,230	6,245	10.2	9.4	10.9
Hakka	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	5,595	2,530	3,065	5.0	4.5	5.4
Min Dong	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	375	170	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Wu (Shanghainese)	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	5,230	2,415	2,815	4.6	4.3	4.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	115	30	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	95	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	250	145	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	185	115	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	365	170	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	295	145	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,565	3,085	3,485	5.8	5.5	6.1
English and French	400	195	200	0.4	0.4	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	5,315	2,495	2,815	4.7	4.5	4.9
French and non-official language(s)	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	670	295	375	0.6	0.5	0.7
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	112,855	55,610	57,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	64,435	32,805	31,630	57.1	59.0	55.3
French	190	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	13,900	6,485	7,420	12.3	11.7	13.0
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13,900	6,485	7,420	12.3	11.7	13.0
English and French	910	445	465	0.8	0.8	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	31,420	14,875	16,545	27.8	26.7	28.9
French and non-official language(s)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	710	310	405	0.6	0.6	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	1,270	590	680	1.1	1.1	1.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	112,855	55,610	57,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	105,810	52,305	53,500	93.8	94.1	93.5
Official languages	78,525	39,360	39,165	69.6	70.8	68.4
English	78,225	39,220	39,010	69.3	70.5	68.1
French	295	140	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official languages	27,280	12,950	14,335	24.2	23.3	25.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	27,280	12,945	14,335	24.2	23.3	25.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,430	750	675	1.3	1.3	1.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,385	725	660	1.2	1.3	1.2
Amharic	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Arabic	665	325	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Aramaic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	535	305	230	0.5	0.5	0.4
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	485	220	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	475	215	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,835	1,275	1,560	2.5	2.3	2.7
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,380	1,065	1,320	2.1	1.9	2.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	315	160	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	175	80	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Telugu	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	10,655	5,175	5,485	9.4	9.3	9.6
Albanian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,990	975	1,015	1.8	1.8	1.8
Baltic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,985	970	1,015	1.8	1.7	1.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	850	415	435	0.8	0.7	0.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	680	325	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Bosnian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	520	260	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	5,360	2,585	2,770	4.7	4.6	4.8
Indo-Aryan languages	4,010	1,945	2,070	3.6	3.5	3.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	635	315	320	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kacchi	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nepali	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,810	1,345	1,460	2.5	2.4	2.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	115	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,345	640	705	1.2	1.2	1.2
Baluchi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	150	85	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Parsi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,135	525	605	1.0	0.9	1.1
Dari	295	140	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	730	340	395	0.6	0.6	0.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,130	1,525	1,605	2.8	2.7	2.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	1,140	560	575	1.0	1.0	1.0
Romanian	435	210	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	1,430	700	725	1.3	1.3	1.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	335	130	200	0.3	0.2	0.3
Korean	2,765	1,265	1,500	2.5	2.3	2.6
Mongolian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,020	3,750	4,265	7.1	6.7	7.5
Chinese languages	7,915	3,700	4,215	7.0	6.7	7.4
Hakka	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,370	2,055	2,310	3.9	3.7	4.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	190	80	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	3,235	1,510	1,725	2.9	2.7	3.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,050	3,305	3,745	6.2	5.9	6.5
English and French	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	6,595	3,090	3,510	5.8	5.6	6.1
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	225	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	112,855	55,610	57,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	84,320	42,095	42,230	74.7	75.7	73.8
English	10,730	5,180	5,545	9.5	9.3	9.7
French	805	390	415	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official language	13,365	6,245	7,125	11.8	11.2	12.4
Indigenous³⁹	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13,340	6,235	7,110	11.8	11.2	12.4
English and French	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,585	775	810	1.4	1.4	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	380	155	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,550	710	840	1.4	1.3	1.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	112,540	55,510	57,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	108,515	53,840	54,670	96.4	97.0	95.9
English	108,475	53,815	54,660	96.4	96.9	95.8
French	7,370	3,385	3,985	6.5	6.1	7.0
Non-official languages	58,250	27,530	30,720	51.8	49.6	53.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	58,200	27,500	30,695	51.7	49.5	53.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,045	1,600	1,445	2.7	2.9	2.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Somali	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,965	1,565	1,400	2.6	2.8	2.5
Amharic	545	300	240	0.5	0.5	0.4
Arabic	1,710	875	835	1.5	1.6	1.5
Aramaic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	160	110	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	915	510	410	0.8	0.9	0.7
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,045	460	580	0.9	0.8	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,015	450	565	0.9	0.8	1.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	7,385	3,095	4,295	6.6	5.6	7.5
Bikol	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	270	135	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	270	125	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ilocano	525	210	315	0.5	0.4	0.6
Indonesian	330	165	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	105	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	95	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,845	2,825	4,020	6.1	5.1	7.0
Waray-Waray	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	80	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	970	530	440	0.9	1.0	0.8
Kannada	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	195	110	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamil	600	310	290	0.5	0.6	0.5
Telugu	245	160	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	26,780	13,300	13,480	23.8	24.0	23.6
Albanian	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,945	2,475	2,470	4.4	4.5	4.3
Baltic languages	40	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Latvian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,915	2,450	2,460	4.4	4.4	4.3
Belarusian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	205	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	210	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	710	330	375	0.6	0.6	0.7
Russian	1,880	925	955	1.7	1.7	1.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,645	855	790	1.5	1.5	1.4
Bosnian	245	140	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Croatian	560	280	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbian	1,255	650	605	1.1	1.2	1.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	645	300	345	0.6	0.5	0.6
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	55	45	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Irish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,715	895	820	1.5	1.6	1.4
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,210	650	555	1.1	1.2	1.0
German	1,175	635	540	1.0	1.1	0.9
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	390	180	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Afrikaans	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	265	120	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	185	105	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Danish	60	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Swedish	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	300	160	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	12,210	6,085	6,120	10.8	11.0	10.7
Indo-Aryan languages	10,070	5,055	5,020	8.9	9.1	8.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	275	140	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	675	325	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Hindi	4,335	2,165	2,170	3.9	3.9	3.8
Kacchi	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kashmiri	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	205	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	95	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,225	3,120	3,105	5.5	5.6	5.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	175	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Urdu	635	360	270	0.6	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	80	60	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages	2,300	1,115	1,185	2.0	2.0	2.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Parsi	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	175	115	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Persian languages	2,070	995	1,075	1.8	1.8	1.9
Dari	720	355	365	0.6	0.6	0.6
Iranian Persian	1,205	555	650	1.1	1.0	1.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	190	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,340	4,020	4,315	7.4	7.2	7.6
Catalan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,130	520	605	1.0	0.9	1.1
Portuguese	1,895	945	955	1.7	1.7	1.7
Romanian	990	485	500	0.9	0.9	0.9
Spanish	4,875	2,360	2,520	4.3	4.3	4.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,515	670	840	1.3	1.2	1.5
Korean	4,035	1,760	2,270	3.6	3.2	4.0
Mongolian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	655	330	325	0.6	0.6	0.6
Akan (Twi)	90	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	65	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Shona	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	240	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	240	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
American Sign Language	225	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	13,820	6,355	7,465	12.3	11.4	13.1
Chinese languages	13,555	6,235	7,320	12.0	11.2	12.8
Hakka	200	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mandarin	8,905	4,030	4,875	7.9	7.3	8.5
Min Dong	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	855	340	515	0.8	0.6	0.9
Wu (Shanghainese)	180	75	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	6,735	3,115	3,620	6.0	5.6	6.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	255	125	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burmese	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	180	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	225	90	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	210	85	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	545	290	255	0.5	0.5	0.4
Azerbaijani	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	405	230	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
Uyghur	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	395	180	215	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	305	145	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	112,540	55,510	57,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,205	1,520	1,685	2.8	2.7	3.0
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,105	1,485	1,620	2.8	2.7	2.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,730	750	975	1.5	1.4	1.7
Métis	1,325	715	615	1.2	1.3	1.1
Inuk (Inuit)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	109,335	53,990	55,345	97.2	97.3	97.0
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	112,540	55,510	57,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,140	480	660	1.0	0.9	1.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	111,400	55,025	56,370	99.0	99.1	98.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	48,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	27,525	...	...	56.5	...	...
Renter	21,195	...	...	43.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	48,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	18,905	...	...	38.8	...	...
Not condominium	29,820	...	...	61.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	48,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,205	...	...	2.5	...	...
1 bedroom	14,380	...	...	29.5	...	...
2 bedrooms	16,515	...	...	33.9	...	...
3 bedrooms	7,975	...	...	16.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	8,650	...	...	17.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	48,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	27,775	...	...	57.0	...	...
5 rooms	6,505	...	...	13.4	...	...
6 rooms	4,040	...	...	8.3	...	...
7 rooms	3,115	...	...	6.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	7,285	...	...	15.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.8	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	48,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	46,555	...	...	95.6	...	...
More than one person per room	2,165	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	48,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	44,155	...	...	90.6	...	...
Not suitable	4,565	...	...	9.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	48,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	8,570	...	...	17.6	...	...
1961 to 1980	10,995	...	...	22.6	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,000	...	...	12.3	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,790	...	...	16.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,195	...	...	4.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,725	...	...	9.7	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,325	...	...	6.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	5,120	...	...	10.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	48,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	45,545	...	...	93.5	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,175	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	48,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	25,225	...	...	51.8	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,285	...	...	41.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,205	...	...	6.6	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	48,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,205	...	...	2.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	8,560	...	...	17.6	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,480	...	...	19.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,860	...	...	18.2	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,460	...	...	19.4	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,620	...	...	13.6	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,215	...	...	6.6	...	...
85 years and over	1,320	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	48,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	34,505	...	...	71.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	14,040	...	...	28.9	...	...
30% to less than 100%	12,410	...	...	25.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	48,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	19,605	...	...	40.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	12,200	...	...	25.0	...	...
Not suitable only	3,335	...	...	6.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,965	...	...	4.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	900	...	...	1.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	875	...	...	1.8	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	265	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	65	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	29,115	...	...	59.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	46,920	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	9,015	...	...	19.2	...	...
Not in core need	37,900	...	...	80.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	27,525	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	63.6	...	...	63.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.3	...	...	23.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.9	...	...	10.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,660	...	...	1,660	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,866	...	...	1,866	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	810,000	...	...	810,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	980,000	...	...	980,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	21,190	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.0	...	...	10.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.3	...	...	36.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	30.3	...	...	30.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,350	...	...	1,350	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,414	...	...	1,414	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	112,540	55,510	57,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	975	470	510	0.9	0.8	0.9
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	965	460	500	0.9	0.8	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	760	370	385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Métis single ancestry	200	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,745	1,360	1,390	2.4	2.5	2.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,680	1,320	1,360	2.4	2.4	2.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,670	805	865	1.5	1.5	1.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	960	490	470	0.9	0.9	0.8
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	108,815	53,685	55,130	96.7	96.7	96.7
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	112,540	55,510	57,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	94,785	47,030	47,765	84.2	84.7	83.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	16,115	8,280	7,835	14.3	14.9	13.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	78,675	38,745	39,925	69.9	69.8	70.0
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	17,750	8,485	9,265	15.8	15.3	16.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	112,540	55,510	57,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	61,270	31,275	29,995	54.4	56.3	52.6
Immigrants⁸¹	45,760	21,430	24,330	40.7	38.6	42.7
Before 1980	6,260	3,030	3,230	5.6	5.5	5.7
1980 to 1990	4,720	2,230	2,490	4.2	4.0	4.4
1991 to 2000	10,975	5,110	5,865	9.8	9.2	10.3
2001 to 2010	11,245	5,165	6,080	10.0	9.3	10.7
2011 to 2021⁸²	12,565	5,905	6,660	11.2	10.6	11.7
2011 to 2015	5,275	2,450	2,825	4.7	4.4	5.0
2016 to 2021	7,290	3,455	3,835	6.5	6.2	6.7
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,510	2,800	2,705	4.9	5.0	4.7
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	45,765	21,435	24,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,340	1,700	1,645	7.3	7.9	6.8
5 to 14 years	7,735	3,995	3,745	16.9	18.6	15.4
15 to 24 years	8,330	3,925	4,405	18.2	18.3	18.1
25 to 44 years	21,625	9,595	12,030	47.3	44.8	49.4
45 years and over	4,735	2,225	2,505	10.3	10.4	10.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	45,765	21,435	24,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,785	1,745	2,045	8.3	8.1	8.4
Brazil	585	275	310	1.3	1.3	1.3
Colombia	260	115	150	0.6	0.5	0.6
El Salvador	310	140	170	0.7	0.7	0.7
Guyana	80	30	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Haiti	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	145	70	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexico	500	225	275	1.1	1.0	1.1
Peru	115	30	85	0.3	0.1	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	140	50	90	0.3	0.2	0.4
United States of America	950	470	480	2.1	2.2	2.0
Other places of birth in Americas	685	330	355	1.5	1.5	1.5
Europe	7,855	3,915	3,940	17.2	18.3	16.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	440	240	200	1.0	1.1	0.8
Croatia	190	90	100	0.4	0.4	0.4
France	125	35	90	0.3	0.2	0.4
Germany	390	210	180	0.9	1.0	0.7
Greece	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	125	50	75	0.3	0.2	0.3
Italy	435	235	200	1.0	1.1	0.8
Netherlands	165	65	100	0.4	0.3	0.4
Poland	470	215	250	1.0	1.0	1.0
Portugal	245	105	140	0.5	0.5	0.6
Romania	830	400	435	1.8	1.9	1.8
Russian Federation	545	245	310	1.2	1.1	1.3
Serbia⁸⁶	470	250	220	1.0	1.2	0.9
Ukraine	520	250	275	1.1	1.2	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,605	850	755	3.5	4.0	3.1
Other places of birth in Europe	1,235	645	590	2.7	3.0	2.4
Africa	2,820	1,420	1,400	6.2	6.6	5.8
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	45	40	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Egypt	110	55	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	660	390	270	1.4	1.8	1.1
Ethiopia	385	195	190	0.8	0.9	0.8
Morocco	90	35	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	135	60	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somalia	65	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	265	145	125	0.6	0.7	0.5
Other places of birth in Africa	1,055	490	565	2.3	2.3	2.3
Asia	30,270	13,815	16,460	66.1	64.5	67.7
Afghanistan	520	275	245	1.1	1.3	1.0
Iran⁸⁸	975	445	530	2.1	2.1	2.2
Iraq	400	220	180	0.9	1.0	0.7
Lebanon	75	35	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	265	120	145	0.6	0.6	0.6
Turkey	130	75	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	5,480	2,425	3,060	12.0	11.3	12.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,280	1,115	1,160	5.0	5.2	4.8
Korea, South⁹²	2,935	1,380	1,555	6.4	6.4	6.4
Taiwan	1,480	635	850	3.2	3.0	3.5
Philippines	6,870	2,855	4,015	15.0	13.3	16.5
Viet Nam	795	345	445	1.7	1.6	1.8
Bangladesh	110	60	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
India	4,735	2,310	2,425	10.3	10.8	10.0
Pakistan	315	175	140	0.7	0.8	0.6
Sri Lanka	275	140	135	0.6	0.7	0.6
Other places of birth in Asia	2,630	1,195	1,430	5.7	5.6	5.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,030	540	490	2.3	2.5	2.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	7,290	3,455	3,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	955	460	490	13.1	13.3	12.8
Brazil	430	200	220	5.9	5.8	5.7
Colombia	65	25	40	0.9	0.7	1.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	15	10	10	0.2	0.3	0.3
Mexico	135	70	65	1.9	2.0	1.7
United States of America	160	85	75	2.2	2.5	2.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	0	25	0.3	0.0	0.7
Other places of birth in Americas	125	55	65	1.7	1.6	1.7
Europe	815	430	385	11.2	12.4	10.0
France	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Germany	35	10	30	0.5	0.3	0.8
Ireland⁹⁶	80	60	25	1.1	1.7	0.7
Italy	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian Federation	80	35	45	1.1	1.0	1.2
Ukraine	140	70	70	1.9	2.0	1.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	95	65	30	1.3	1.9	0.8
Other places of birth in Europe	340	175	165	4.7	5.1	4.3
Africa	955	550	410	13.1	15.9	10.7
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	25	0	20	0.3	0.0	0.5
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	495	300	200	6.8	8.7	5.2
Ethiopia	140	80	55	1.9	2.3	1.4
Morocco	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Nigeria	95	45	50	1.3	1.3	1.3
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	25	25	0	0.3	0.7	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	30	10	25	0.4	0.3	0.7
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	105	60	45	1.4	1.7	1.2
Asia	4,480	1,975	2,505	61.5	57.2	65.3
Afghanistan	95	55	40	1.3	1.6	1.0
Bangladesh	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
China⁹⁰	975	420	560	13.4	12.2	14.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	85	15	65	1.2	0.4	1.7
India	1,105	555	550	15.2	16.1	14.3
Iran⁸⁸	135	60	80	1.9	1.7	2.1
Iraq	65	25	40	0.9	0.7	1.0
Israel	45	35	10	0.6	1.0	0.3
Japan	65	15	50	0.9	0.4	1.3
Jordan	25	15	15	0.3	0.4	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	415	145	270	5.7	4.2	7.0
Lebanon	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	50	30	20	0.7	0.9	0.5
Philippines	685	300	385	9.4	8.7	10.0
Saudi Arabia	35	20	15	0.5	0.6	0.4
Sri Lanka	55	25	30	0.8	0.7	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	195	85	110	2.7	2.5	2.9
Turkey	40	30	10	0.5	0.9	0.3
United Arab Emirates	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	120	45	80	1.6	1.3	2.1
Other places of birth in Asia	240	80	160	3.3	2.3	4.2
Oceania and other⁹³	85	45	40	1.2	1.3	1.0
Australia	70	40	30	1.0	1.2	0.8
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.3
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	112,540	55,505	57,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	52,500	24,840	27,660	46.7	44.8	48.5
Second generation¹⁰¹	27,780	14,220	13,560	24.7	25.6	23.8
Third generation or more¹⁰²	32,260	16,455	15,810	28.7	29.6	27.7
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	39,500	18,405	21,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	23,260	11,170	12,085	58.9	60.7	57.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,790	5,230	4,565	24.8	28.4	21.6
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	13,465	5,940	7,530	34.1	32.3	35.7
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	10,415	4,145	6,275	26.4	22.5	29.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	5,390	2,895	2,495	13.6	15.7	11.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	445	195	245	1.1	1.1	1.2
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	39,500	18,405	21,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,330	730	590	3.4	4.0	2.8
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,485	1,625	2,855	11.4	8.8	13.5
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,420	685	740	3.6	3.7	3.5
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,895	1,265	1,635	7.3	6.9	7.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	155	50	105	0.4	0.3	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	29,220	14,045	15,170	74.0	76.3	71.9
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	112,540	55,510	57,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	58,970	28,185	30,785	52.4	50.8	54.0
South Asian	12,505	6,340	6,165	11.1	11.4	10.8
Chinese	15,925	7,505	8,420	14.2	13.5	14.8
Black	3,700	1,935	1,765	3.3	3.5	3.1
Filipino	9,180	4,005	5,170	8.2	7.2	9.1
Arab	1,100	565	530	1.0	1.0	0.9
Latin American	3,290	1,560	1,730	2.9	2.8	3.0
Southeast Asian	2,065	965	1,100	1.8	1.7	1.9
West Asian	2,260	1,120	1,140	2.0	2.0	2.0
Korean	4,160	1,870	2,290	3.7	3.4	4.0
Japanese	1,400	540	860	1.2	1.0	1.5
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	960	525	440	0.9	0.9	0.8
Multiple visible minorities	2,430	1,245	1,185	2.2	2.2	2.1
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	53,575	27,325	26,245	47.6	49.2	46.0
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	112,540	55,510	57,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	7,425	3,840	3,585	6.6	6.9	6.3
English	15,715	8,005	7,710	14.0	14.4	13.5
Irish	10,975	5,465	5,510	9.8	9.8	9.7
Scottish	13,270	6,540	6,730	11.8	11.8	11.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	5,200	2,735	2,460	4.6	4.9	4.3
German	8,090	3,980	4,115	7.2	7.2	7.2
Chinese	14,960	7,085	7,875	13.3	12.8	13.8
Italian	3,985	2,010	1,975	3.5	3.6	3.5
Indian (India)	7,525	3,815	3,710	6.7	6.9	6.5
Ukrainian	4,160	1,965	2,190	3.7	3.5	3.8
Dutch	2,525	1,325	1,195	2.2	2.4	2.1
Polish	2,940	1,360	1,575	2.6	2.5	2.8
Québécois	150	90	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,960	1,605	1,350	2.6	2.9	2.4
Filipino	8,520	3,775	4,745	7.6	6.8	8.3
French Canadian	860	420	440	0.8	0.8	0.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,340	720	620	1.2	1.3	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,190	570	625	1.1	1.0	1.1
Métis	1,235	615	625	1.1	1.1	1.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,455	760	700	1.3	1.4	1.2
Russian	2,590	1,290	1,300	2.3	2.3	2.3
Norwegian	2,195	990	1,200	2.0	1.8	2.1
Welsh	1,730	865	865	1.5	1.6	1.5
Portuguese	1,295	600	695	1.2	1.1	1.2
American	1,150	620	530	1.0	1.1	0.9
Spanish	1,840	825	1,010	1.6	1.5	1.8
Swedish	1,445	610	835	1.3	1.1	1.5
Hungarian	1,100	535	560	1.0	1.0	1.0
Acadian	145	105	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Pakistani	330	170	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	930	480	450	0.8	0.9	0.8
Jewish	665	295	370	0.6	0.5	0.6
Punjabi	1,935	995	940	1.7	1.8	1.6
Vietnamese	1,510	705	800	1.3	1.3	1.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	555	265	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Greek	530	270	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jamaican	335	180	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,715	825	890	1.5	1.5	1.6
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	340	190	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	4,095	1,875	2,220	3.6	3.4	3.9
Romanian	1,205	625	580	1.1	1.1	1.0
Lebanese	235	130	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	1,100	530	575	1.0	1.0	1.0
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	420	210	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Danish	670	390	285	0.6	0.7	0.5
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	285	120	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Sikh	1,385	700	685	1.2	1.3	1.2
Austrian	830	385	440	0.7	0.7	0.8
Belgian	315	155	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	520	275	245	0.5	0.5	0.4
Mexican	1,025	490	535	0.9	0.9	0.9
Mennonite	260	125	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Swiss	365	215	155	0.3	0.4	0.3
Finnish	600	295	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sri Lankan	265	120	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Croatian	625	340	290	0.6	0.6	0.5
Japanese	1,765	755	1,005	1.6	1.4	1.8
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	820	385	435	0.7	0.7	0.8
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	485	240	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	365	205	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Egyptian	185	105	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	525	270	255	0.5	0.5	0.4
Tamil	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	525	230	295	0.5	0.4	0.5
Colombian	365	200	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Moroccan	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	550	310	240	0.5	0.6	0.4
Syrian	250	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Afghan	690	350	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	265	90	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Serbian	1,070	605	470	1.0	1.1	0.8
Ojibway	105	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	1,005	480	525	0.9	0.9	0.9
Ontarian	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Persian	460	250	210	0.4	0.5	0.4
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	180	110	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Turkish	315	190	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	890	445	445	0.8	0.8	0.8
Nigerian	140	90	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Armenian	130	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	350	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	240	115	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	1,630	755	875	1.4	1.4	1.5
Iraqi	275	155	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Salvadorean	330	150	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Caribbean	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	385	175	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	200	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	100	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	55	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Lithuanian	115	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	210	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	300	160	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Palestinian	165	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chilean	165	85	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Congolese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	320	175	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	245	115	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovenian	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Eritrean	420	255	165	0.4	0.5	0.3
African Canadian	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	85	60	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mohawk	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	230	130	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ghanaian	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	65	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
African American	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	75	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tunisian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	270	130	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cuban	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	310	170	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Venezuelan	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	90	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	435	205	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Laotian	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	175	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Northern Irish	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	140	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
British Columbian	360	190	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ecuadorian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kurdish	190	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	585	310	265	0.5	0.6	0.5
Jatt	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Coptic	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	180	80	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Dominican	35	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	45	40	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Byelorussian	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sudanese	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	225	140	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Buddhist	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	145	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burundian	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	350	215	140	0.3	0.4	0.2
Nicaraguan	85	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mauritian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mayan	125	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cherokee	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sicilian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	190	75	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Goan	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	165	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Zimbabwean	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oromo	95	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tanzanian	55	45	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	90	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Roma	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	160	85	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Karen	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amhara	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Paraguayan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	112,540	55,510	57,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,265	990	1,275	2.0	1.8	2.2
Christian	44,120	20,580	23,540	39.2	37.1	41.3
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	10,610	4,955	5,660	9.4	8.9	9.9
Anabaptist	260	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Anglican	1,820	760	1,060	1.6	1.4	1.9
Baptist	1,070	455	615	1.0	0.8	1.1
Catholic	19,485	9,250	10,235	17.3	16.7	17.9
Christian Orthodox	3,525	1,790	1,730	3.1	3.2	3.0
Jehovah's Witness	415	200	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latter Day Saints	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	805	310	500	0.7	0.6	0.9
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	225	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	860	430	430	0.8	0.8	0.8
Presbyterian	850	345	510	0.8	0.6	0.9
Reformed	185	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Church	1,720	695	1,030	1.5	1.3	1.8
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,200	1,035	1,165	2.0	1.9	2.0
Hindu	2,870	1,480	1,395	2.6	2.7	2.4
Jewish	345	190	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	4,815	2,450	2,365	4.3	4.4	4.1
Sikh	5,845	2,870	2,975	5.2	5.2	5.2
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,295	545	750	1.2	1.0	1.3
No religion and secular perspectives	50,950	26,390	24,560	45.3	47.5	43.1
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	111,520	55,025	56,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	94,850	46,750	48,100	85.1	85.0	85.1
Movers	16,675	8,275	8,395	15.0	15.0	14.9
Non-migrants	7,285	3,640	3,645	6.5	6.6	6.5
Migrants	9,385	4,640	4,745	8.4	8.4	8.4
Internal migrants	7,835	3,900	3,935	7.0	7.1	7.0
Intraprovincial migrants	6,605	3,250	3,360	5.9	5.9	5.9
Interprovincial migrants	1,225	650	580	1.1	1.2	1.0
External migrants	1,550	740	810	1.4	1.3	1.4
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	107,295	52,875	54,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	58,945	28,765	30,175	54.9	54.4	55.4
Movers	48,350	24,105	24,250	45.1	45.6	44.6
Non-migrants	12,465	6,310	6,150	11.6	11.9	11.3
Migrants	35,890	17,795	18,095	33.4	33.7	33.3
Internal migrants	26,475	13,220	13,255	24.7	25.0	24.4
Intraprovincial migrants	22,920	11,335	11,575	21.4	21.4	21.3
Interprovincial migrants	3,560	1,880	1,680	3.3	3.6	3.1
External migrants	9,415	4,575	4,835	8.8	8.7	8.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	97,545	47,790	49,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	12,485	6,575	5,910	12.8	13.8	11.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	85,055	41,220	43,840	87.2	86.3	88.1
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	68,360	33,805	34,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,385	3,105	2,285	7.9	9.2	6.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	62,975	30,705	32,275	92.1	90.8	93.4
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	97,545	47,795	49,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,995	5,680	5,320	11.3	11.9	10.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	26,215	13,330	12,890	26.9	27.9	25.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	60,335	28,785	31,550	61.9	60.2	63.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	26,875	13,345	13,530	27.6	27.9	27.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,165	4,460	1,700	6.3	9.3	3.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,915	1,785	1,135	3.0	3.7	2.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,250	2,680	565	3.3	5.6	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,860	7,280	9,580	17.3	15.2	19.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,855	1,605	2,255	4.0	3.4	4.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,460	15,440	18,020	34.3	32.3	36.2
Bachelor's degree	22,500	10,265	12,235	23.1	21.5	24.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,465	990	1,480	2.5	2.1	3.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	600	270	325	0.6	0.6	0.7
Master's degree	6,855	3,315	3,540	7.0	6.9	7.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,035	605	435	1.1	1.3	0.9
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	68,360	33,805	34,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,490	2,610	1,880	6.6	7.7	5.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	15,165	8,330	6,830	22.2	24.6	19.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	48,710	22,860	25,850	71.3	67.6	74.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,220	10,030	10,190	29.6	29.7	29.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,190	3,055	1,135	6.1	9.0	3.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,925	1,155	765	2.8	3.4	2.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,265	1,900	370	3.3	5.6	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,140	5,755	7,385	19.2	17.0	21.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,890	1,220	1,675	4.2	3.6	4.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,490	12,830	15,660	41.7	38.0	45.3
Bachelor's degree	19,075	8,515	10,565	27.9	25.2	30.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,060	825	1,240	3.0	2.4	3.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	505	205	300	0.7	0.6	0.9
Master's degree	6,015	2,840	3,175	8.8	8.4	9.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	835	455	380	1.2	1.3	1.1
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	97,545	47,795	49,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	37,210	19,005	18,205	38.1	39.8	36.6
Education	3,410	750	2,660	3.5	1.6	5.3
13. Education	3,410	750	2,660	3.5	1.6	5.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,370	1,625	1,740	3.5	3.4	3.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	525	350	175	0.5	0.7	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	2,840	1,275	1,570	2.9	2.7	3.2
Humanities	3,575	1,385	2,190	3.7	2.9	4.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	590	145	445	0.6	0.3	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	1,020	310	710	1.0	0.6	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	935	400	530	1.0	0.8	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	65	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	240	140	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	210	135	80	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	400	215	180	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	110	15	95	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,875	2,880	4,995	8.1	6.0	10.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	100	30	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,025	345	675	1.1	0.7	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	950	130	820	1.0	0.3	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	1,165	375	795	1.2	0.8	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	210	85	130	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	1,360	395	965	1.4	0.8	1.9
45. Social sciences	3,065	1,525	1,545	3.1	3.2	3.1
Business, management and public administration	12,915	5,345	7,570	13.2	11.2	15.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	560	165	390	0.6	0.3	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,330	5,175	7,155	12.6	10.8	14.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,725	1,445	1,280	2.8	3.0	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,215	550	660	1.2	1.2	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	585	315	275	0.6	0.7	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	800	530	265	0.8	1.1	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,680	2,480	1,200	3.8	5.2	2.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,085	2,225	855	3.2	4.7	1.7
25. Library science	175	25	150	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	365	200	165	0.4	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,965	9,350	1,615	11.2	19.6	3.2
04. Architecture and related services	555	340	220	0.6	0.7	0.4
14. Engineering	4,215	3,275	940	4.3	6.9	1.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,975	1,710	265	2.0	3.6	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,020	1,940	80	2.1	4.1	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,465	1,390	75	1.5	2.9	0.2
48. Precision production	735	700	35	0.8	1.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,005	505	500	1.0	1.1	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	575	275	300	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	430	235	195	0.4	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	8,220	1,810	6,415	8.4	3.8	12.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	595	290	305	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,420	1,425	5,990	7.6	3.0	12.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	205	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,590	1,210	1,385	2.7	2.5	2.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,820	620	1,200	1.9	1.3	2.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	315	200	120	0.3	0.4	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	455	390	65	0.5	0.8	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	68,365	33,805	34,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	19,650	10,945	8,705	28.7	32.4	25.2
Education	2,430	500	1,930	3.6	1.5	5.6
13. Education	2,430	500	1,930	3.6	1.5	5.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,715	1,325	1,395	4.0	3.9	4.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	400	270	130	0.6	0.8	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	2,315	1,045	1,265	3.4	3.1	3.7
Humanities	2,850	1,065	1,785	4.2	3.2	5.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	470	95	375	0.7	0.3	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	845	240	605	1.2	0.7	1.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	730	330	395	1.1	1.0	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	195	105	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	170	110	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	315	155	160	0.5	0.5	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	80	10	70	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,675	2,445	4,235	9.8	7.2	12.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	90	25	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	940	320	620	1.4	0.9	1.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	730	110	620	1.1	0.3	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	1,035	310	725	1.5	0.9	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	175	70	110	0.3	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	1,125	325	805	1.6	1.0	2.3
45. Social sciences	2,580	1,285	1,290	3.8	3.8	3.7
Business, management and public administration	10,710	4,370	6,340	15.7	12.9	18.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	405	100	300	0.6	0.3	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,290	4,270	6,020	15.1	12.6	17.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,065	995	1,070	3.0	2.9	3.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	975	400	575	1.4	1.2	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	425	195	230	0.6	0.6	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	50	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	570	365	205	0.8	1.1	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,240	2,210	1,030	4.7	6.5	3.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,800	2,025	775	4.1	6.0	2.2
25. Library science	125	20	100	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	280	145	135	0.4	0.4	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,605	7,170	1,440	12.6	21.2	4.2
04. Architecture and related services	480	280	200	0.7	0.8	0.6
14. Engineering	3,635	2,760	880	5.3	8.2	2.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,450	1,240	210	2.1	3.7	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,505	1,435	70	2.2	4.2	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,040	990	45	1.5	2.9	0.1
48. Precision production	500	465	30	0.7	1.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	770	355	415	1.1	1.1	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	435	195	240	0.6	0.6	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	335	160	175	0.5	0.5	0.5
Health and related fields	6,660	1,465	5,195	9.7	4.3	15.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	480	230	250	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,030	1,185	4,840	8.8	3.5	14.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	155	55	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,975	965	1,010	2.9	2.9	2.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,390	520	875	2.0	1.5	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	230	145	85	0.3	0.4	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	355	300	55	0.5	0.9	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	68,365	33,805	34,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	19,650	10,945	8,705	28.7	32.4	25.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	48,710	22,860	25,850	71.2	67.6	74.8
Location of study inside Canada	32,510	15,510	17,005	47.6	45.9	49.2
Same as province or territory of residence	27,340	12,765	14,575	40.0	37.8	42.2
Different than province or territory of residence	5,175	2,745	2,430	7.6	8.1	7.0
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	16,195	7,355	8,845	23.7	21.8	25.6
Americas	3,110	1,585	1,525	4.5	4.7	4.4
United States of America	1,490	820	670	2.2	2.4	1.9
Mexico	455	200	260	0.7	0.6	0.8
Cuba	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	765	370	395	1.1	1.1	1.1
Colombia	140	60	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	135	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	3,075	1,585	1,490	4.5	4.7	4.3
Belgium	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	155	75	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	100	55	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Netherlands	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	30	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hungary	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	105	50	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romania	400	195	195	0.6	0.6	0.6
Russian Federation	330	145	190	0.5	0.4	0.5
Ukraine	340	140	200	0.5	0.4	0.6
Ireland⁹⁶	140	95	45	0.2	0.3	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	710	400	310	1.0	1.2	0.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	180	100	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
Other locations of study in Europe	370	195	175	0.5	0.6	0.5
Africa	485	250	230	0.7	0.7	0.7
Nigeria	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	230	130	105	0.3	0.4	0.3
Asia	9,190	3,750	5,435	13.4	11.1	15.7
Iran⁸⁸	365	150	210	0.5	0.4	0.6
Iraq	125	65	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Israel	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	90	55	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,540	685	860	2.3	2.0	2.5
Taiwan	315	85	230	0.5	0.3	0.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	195	65	130	0.3	0.2	0.4
Japan	290	60	230	0.4	0.2	0.7
Korea, South⁹²	1,070	430	650	1.6	1.3	1.9
Philippines	2,820	1,085	1,735	4.1	3.2	5.0
Viet Nam	100	20	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bangladesh	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sri Lanka	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	1,510	720	785	2.2	2.1	2.3
Pakistan	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	470	200	265	0.7	0.6	0.8
Oceania	335	180	155	0.5	0.5	0.4
Australia	245	140	115	0.4	0.4	0.3
New Zealand	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	97,545	47,790	49,755	...	...	...
In the labour force	66,805	34,570	32,230	...	...	...
Employed	61,060	31,735	29,325	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,745	2,835	2,910	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	30,745	13,220	17,520	...	...	...
Participation rate	68.5	72.3	64.8	68.5	72.3	64.8
Employment rate	62.6	66.4	58.9	62.6	66.4	58.9
Unemployment rate	8.6	8.2	9.0	8.6	8.2	9.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	97,545	47,795	49,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	31,715	13,805	17,910	32.5	28.9	36.0
Worked	65,825	33,985	31,840	67.5	71.1	64.0
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	36,305	20,140	16,155	37.2	42.1	32.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	29,525	13,840	15,680	30.3	29.0	31.5
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.4	42.2	40.6	41.4	42.2	40.6
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	66,805	34,575	32,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,425	595	830	2.1	1.7	2.6
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	65,380	33,975	31,400	97.9	98.3	97.4
Employee	56,845	28,665	28,180	85.1	82.9	87.4
Permanent position	48,355	24,655	23,700	72.4	71.3	73.5
Temporary position	8,495	4,010	4,485	12.7	11.6	13.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,065	1,480	1,580	4.6	4.3	4.9
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,425	2,525	2,895	8.1	7.3	9.0
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,535	5,315	3,220	12.8	15.4	10.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	66,805	34,575	32,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,425	595	830	2.1	1.7	2.6
All occupations¹⁹¹	65,380	33,975	31,400	97.9	98.3	97.4
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	530	395	130	0.8	1.1	0.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,770	4,270	8,500	19.1	12.3	26.4
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,190	5,415	1,770	10.8	15.7	5.5
3 Health occupations	5,095	1,125	3,965	7.6	3.3	12.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,255	2,320	4,935	10.9	6.7	15.3
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,225	1,635	1,590	4.8	4.7	4.9
6 Sales and service occupations	16,150	7,475	8,680	24.2	21.6	26.9
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	10,535	9,515	1,020	15.8	27.5	3.2
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	580	430	150	0.9	1.2	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,060	1,390	660	3.1	4.0	2.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	66,805	34,575	32,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,425	595	830	2.1	1.7	2.6
All industries¹⁹¹	65,380	33,975	31,400	97.9	98.3	97.4
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	240	135	100	0.4	0.4	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	140	85	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
22 Utilities	590	365	225	0.9	1.1	0.7
23 Construction	5,220	4,400	815	7.8	12.7	2.5
31-33 Manufacturing	4,130	2,805	1,325	6.2	8.1	4.1
41 Wholesale trade	2,535	1,670	865	3.8	4.8	2.7
44-45 Retail trade	6,895	3,310	3,590	10.3	9.6	11.1
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,095	3,120	980	6.1	9.0	3.0
51 Information and cultural industries	2,905	1,955	955	4.3	5.7	3.0
52 Finance and insurance	2,855	1,360	1,495	4.3	3.9	4.6
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,385	780	610	2.1	2.3	1.9
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,840	3,755	3,090	10.2	10.9	9.6
55 Management of companies and enterprises	160	90	70	0.2	0.3	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,805	1,560	1,255	4.2	4.5	3.9
61 Educational services	4,635	1,575	3,060	6.9	4.6	9.5
62 Health care and social assistance	8,225	1,670	6,555	12.3	4.8	20.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,350	660	695	2.0	1.9	2.2
72 Accommodation and food services	4,105	1,820	2,280	6.1	5.3	7.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,005	1,250	1,755	4.5	3.6	5.4
91 Public administration	3,260	1,625	1,635	4.9	4.7	5.1
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	70,940	36,510	34,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	64,060	33,275	30,785	90.3	91.1	89.4
French	60	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-official language	1,360	620	740	1.9	1.7	2.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,360	620	740	1.9	1.7	2.1
English and French	605	285	320	0.9	0.8	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	4,610	2,205	2,405	6.5	6.0	7.0
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	160	50	110	0.2	0.1	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	80	60	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	70,940	36,510	34,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	69,900	35,990	33,910	98.5	98.6	98.5
Official languages	67,465	34,820	32,640	95.1	95.4	94.8
English	67,305	34,765	32,540	94.9	95.2	94.5
French	160	55	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Non-official languages	2,440	1,170	1,275	3.4	3.2	3.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,440	1,170	1,275	3.4	3.2	3.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Amharic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	45	0	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	485	270	220	0.7	0.7	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	230	130	100	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	185	100	85	0.3	0.3	0.2
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	165	100	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	210	125	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	45	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	165	110	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	70	0	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
Korean	565	295	270	0.8	0.8	0.8
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,180	550	635	1.7	1.5	1.8
Chinese languages	1,170	545	625	1.6	1.5	1.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	705	335	370	1.0	0.9	1.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	445	200	240	0.6	0.5	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,035	520	515	1.5	1.4	1.5
English and French	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	920	465	455	1.3	1.3	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	70,940	36,510	34,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	66,335	34,325	32,005	93.5	94.0	93.0
English	965	480	490	1.4	1.3	1.4
French	470	215	245	0.7	0.6	0.7
Non-official language	2,340	1,145	1,195	3.3	3.1	3.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,340	1,140	1,195	3.3	3.1	3.5
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	150	70	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	100	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	580	235	340	0.8	0.6	1.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	61,060	31,735	29,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	15,525	7,780	7,740	25.4	24.5	26.4
Worked outside Canada	240	160	85	0.4	0.5	0.3
No fixed workplace address	7,740	5,880	1,865	12.7	18.5	6.4
Usual place of work	37,550	17,915	19,640	61.5	56.5	67.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	37,550	17,920	19,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	9,490	3,790	5,700	25.3	21.1	29.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	27,650	13,855	13,790	73.6	77.3	70.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	300	210	90	0.8	1.2	0.5
Commute to a different province or territory	115	60	55	0.3	0.3	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	45,295	23,795	21,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	32,370	18,260	14,110	71.5	76.7	65.6
Car, truck or van - as a driver	29,825	17,420	12,405	65.8	73.2	57.7
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,550	840	1,705	5.6	3.5	7.9
Public transit	9,105	3,885	5,225	20.1	16.3	24.3
Walked	2,525	890	1,630	5.6	3.7	7.6
Bicycle	390	315	70	0.9	1.3	0.3
Other method	910	440	460	2.0	1.8	2.1
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	45,295	23,795	21,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	7,750	3,400	4,350	17.1	14.3	20.2
15 to 29 minutes	15,285	8,315	6,975	33.7	34.9	32.4
30 to 44 minutes	12,935	7,235	5,700	28.6	30.4	26.5
45 to 59 minutes	5,455	2,850	2,610	12.0	12.0	12.1
60 minutes and over	3,860	2,000	1,870	8.5	8.4	8.7
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	45,295	23,795	21,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,945	2,065	885	6.5	8.7	4.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	7,780	4,810	2,965	17.2	20.2	13.8
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,995	5,605	5,390	24.3	23.6	25.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,485	4,300	5,190	20.9	18.1	24.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,370	3,365	4,005	16.3	14.1	18.6
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,715	3,650	3,065	14.8	15.3	14.3
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	18,170	9,365	8,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	995	500	495	5.5	5.3	5.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,180	8,860	8,315	94.6	94.6	94.4
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	12,680	6,550	6,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	740	375	360	5.8	5.7	5.9
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	375	180	190	3.0	2.7	3.1
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	365	200	170	2.9	3.1	2.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,940	6,175	5,765	94.2	94.3	94.0

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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