Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Langley Township--Fraser HeightsMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	117,005	57,035	59,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	21,490	11,010	10,480	18.4	19.3	17.5
0 to 4 years	6,455	3,335	3,120	5.5	5.8	5.2
5 to 9 years	7,255	3,745	3,515	6.2	6.6	5.9
10 to 14 years	7,785	3,930	3,855	6.7	6.9	6.4
15 to 64 years	76,630	37,450	39,185	65.5	65.7	65.3
15 to 19 years	7,660	3,880	3,785	6.5	6.8	6.3
20 to 24 years	6,555	3,415	3,140	5.6	6.0	5.2
25 to 29 years	6,275	3,150	3,120	5.4	5.5	5.2
30 to 34 years	7,540	3,560	3,980	6.4	6.2	6.6
35 to 39 years	8,660	4,185	4,470	7.4	7.3	7.5
40 to 44 years	8,385	4,010	4,380	7.2	7.0	7.3
45 to 49 years	8,265	3,945	4,320	7.1	6.9	7.2
50 to 54 years	8,060	3,895	4,165	6.9	6.8	6.9
55 to 59 years	7,985	3,920	4,065	6.8	6.9	6.8
60 to 64 years	7,240	3,480	3,760	6.2	6.1	6.3
65 years and over	18,885	8,580	10,305	16.1	15.0	17.2
65 to 69 years	5,970	2,835	3,135	5.1	5.0	5.2
70 to 74 years	4,950	2,305	2,650	4.2	4.0	4.4
75 to 79 years	3,390	1,550	1,845	2.9	2.7	3.1
80 to 84 years	2,265	1,015	1,240	1.9	1.8	2.1
85 years and over	2,305	870	1,435	2.0	1.5	2.4
85 to 89 years	1,420	530	890	1.2	0.9	1.5
90 to 94 years	675	280	390	0.6	0.5	0.7
95 to 99 years	185	55	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	30	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.4	19.3	17.5	18.4	19.3	17.5
15 to 64 years	65.5	65.7	65.3	65.5	65.7	65.3
65 years and over	16.1	15.0	17.2	16.1	15.0	17.2
85 years and over	2.0	1.5	2.4	2.0	1.5	2.4
Average age of the population	40.1	39.2	41.0	40.1	39.2	41.0
Median age of the population	40.0	39.2	41.2	40.0	39.2	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	40,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	18,415	...	...	45.7	...	...
Semi-detached house	955	...	...	2.4	...	...
Row house	9,490	...	...	23.6	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,245	...	...	15.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	3,035	...	...	7.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,320	...	...	3.3	...	...
Other single-attached house	45	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	760	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	40,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	7,535	...	...	18.7	...	...
2 persons	12,485	...	...	31.0	...	...
3 persons	7,045	...	...	17.5	...	...
4 persons	7,900	...	...	19.6	...	...
5 or more persons	5,300	...	...	13.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	115,520	56,505	59,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	95,510	46,025	49,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	60,490	30,060	30,430	63.3	65.3	61.5
Married	53,980	26,800	27,175	56.5	58.2	54.9
Living common-law	6,510	3,255	3,255	6.8	7.1	6.6
Living common law - Never married	4,520	2,270	2,250	4.7	4.9	4.5
Living common law - Separated	315	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	1,520	765	755	1.6	1.7	1.5
Living common law - Widowed	160	60	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	35,025	15,965	19,055	36.7	34.7	38.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	23,670	12,590	11,080	24.8	27.4	22.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,070	810	1,260	2.2	1.8	2.5
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,865	1,650	3,215	5.1	3.6	6.5
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,415	910	3,510	4.6	2.0	7.1
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	33,800	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	14,960	...	...	44.3	...	...
3 persons	7,540	...	...	22.3	...	...
4 persons	8,240	...	...	24.4	...	...
5 or more persons	3,050	...	...	9.0	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	33,800	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	29,475	...	...	87.2	...	...
Married couples	26,215	...	...	77.6	...	...
With children⁶	15,895	...	...	47.0	...	...
Without children	10,325	...	...	30.5	...	...
Common-law couples	3,255	...	...	9.6	...	...
With children⁶	1,230	...	...	3.6	...	...
Without children	2,025	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,330	...	...	12.8	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,340	...	...	9.9	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	990	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	115,520	56,505	59,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	101,625	50,520	51,100	88.0	89.4	86.6
Married spouses or common-law partners	58,945	29,440	29,510	51.0	52.1	50.0
Parents in one-parent families	4,325	990	3,335	3.7	1.8	5.7
Children⁶	38,345	20,090	18,260	33.2	35.6	30.9
In a two-parent family	31,835	16,620	15,215	27.6	29.4	25.8
In a one-parent family	6,515	3,470	3,045	5.6	6.1	5.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	13,900	5,985	7,915	12.0	10.6	13.4
Living alone	7,535	3,130	4,410	6.5	5.5	7.5
Living with other relatives⁷	2,850	1,040	1,805	2.5	1.8	3.1
Living with non-relatives only	3,510	1,810	1,700	3.0	3.2	2.9
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	40,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,955	...	...	66.9	...	...
Couple-family households	23,820	...	...	59.2	...	...
With children⁶	14,015	...	...	34.8	...	...
Without children	9,800	...	...	24.3	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,140	...	...	7.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,245	...	...	5.6	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	715	...	...	1.8	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,745	...	...	4.3	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,075	...	...	2.7	...	...
One-person households	7,540	...	...	18.7	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	94,040	45,495	48,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	90,505	43,820	46,685	96.2	96.3	96.2
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,200	56,400	37,600	45,200	56,400	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	90,605	43,865	46,735	96.3	96.4	96.3
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	50,000	34,800	40,800	50,000	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	83,550	41,255	42,295	88.8	90.7	87.1
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	54,000	29,800	40,000	54,000	29,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	67,880	34,710	33,165	72.2	76.3	68.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	57,600	33,600	44,000	57,600	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,090	31,165	39,925	75.6	68.5	82.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	7,000	9,300	8,500	7,000	9,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,110	2,800	4,315	7.6	6.2	8.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	4,720	5,720	5,480	4,720	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	23,280	10,460	12,820	24.8	23.0	26.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	93,960	45,385	48,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	90,490	43,820	46,670	96.3	96.6	96.1
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	58,750	71,600	46,720	58,750	71,600	46,720
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	90,565	43,850	46,710	96.4	96.6	96.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,000	58,050	40,520	49,000	58,050	40,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	83,465	41,325	42,145	88.8	91.1	86.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,000	68,700	41,520	55,000	68,700	41,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	67,875	34,730	33,145	72.2	76.5	68.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,100	67,400	42,280	55,100	67,400	42,280
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	70,985	31,255	39,725	75.5	68.9	81.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,240	9,470	10,850	10,240	9,470	10,850
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,155	2,880	4,275	7.6	6.3	8.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,580	5,265	7,470	6,580	5,265	7,470
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	23,445	10,640	12,805	25.0	23.4	26.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,010	8,730	9,240	9,010	8,730	9,240
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	93,960	45,385	48,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	33,900	20,170	13,725	36.1	44.4	28.3
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	72,000	81,000	61,600	72,000	81,000	61,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,800	92,900	67,800	82,800	92,900	67,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,815	10,820	14,995	27.5	23.8	30.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,400	20,200	17,200	18,400	20,200	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,600	34,880	25,800	29,600	34,880	25,800
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.4	90.6	80.2	86.4	90.6	80.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.4	74.6	64.2	70.4	74.6	64.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	13.7	9.4	19.8	13.7	9.4	19.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.5	1.5	0.9	0.5	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.9	3.6	6.8	4.9	3.6	6.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.0	3.0	5.4	4.0	3.0	5.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	94,040	45,495	48,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,535	1,680	1,855	3.8	3.7	3.8
With total income	90,505	43,820	46,685	96.2	96.3	96.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,335	3,770	5,560	10.3	8.6	11.9
$10,000 to $19,999	9,485	3,570	5,915	10.5	8.1	12.7
$20,000 to $29,999	11,700	4,565	7,135	12.9	10.4	15.3
$30,000 to $39,999	10,010	4,015	5,995	11.1	9.2	12.8
$40,000 to $49,999	8,920	3,695	5,225	9.9	8.4	11.2
$50,000 to $59,999	7,745	3,490	4,250	8.6	8.0	9.1
$60,000 to $69,999	6,610	3,355	3,255	7.3	7.7	7.0
$70,000 to $79,999	5,390	3,035	2,360	6.0	6.9	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	4,460	2,660	1,800	4.9	6.1	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	3,850	2,335	1,515	4.2	5.3	3.3
$100,000 and over	13,000	9,325	3,675	14.4	21.3	7.9
$100,000 to $149,999	8,705	5,970	2,735	9.6	13.6	5.9
$150,000 and over	4,300	3,355	940	4.8	7.7	2.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	94,040	45,495	48,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,440	1,635	1,805	3.7	3.6	3.7
With after-tax income	90,605	43,865	46,735	96.3	96.4	96.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,720	3,920	5,805	10.7	8.9	12.4
$10,000 to $19,999	9,880	3,710	6,175	10.9	8.4	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	13,065	5,120	7,945	14.4	11.7	17.0
$30,000 to $39,999	11,655	4,765	6,890	12.9	10.9	14.8
$40,000 to $49,999	10,370	4,505	5,865	11.4	10.3	12.5
$50,000 to $59,999	8,890	4,460	4,425	9.8	10.2	9.5
$60,000 to $69,999	6,945	3,910	3,035	7.7	8.9	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	5,610	3,330	2,280	6.2	7.6	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	4,300	2,745	1,550	4.7	6.3	3.3
$90,000 to $99,999	2,920	1,940	980	3.2	4.4	2.1
$100,000 and over	7,240	5,450	1,790	8.0	12.4	3.8
$100,000 to $124,999	3,755	2,715	1,040	4.1	6.2	2.2
$125,000 and over	3,485	2,730	750	3.8	6.2	1.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	94,040	45,495	48,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	26,165	10,785	15,380	27.8	23.7	31.7
With employment income	67,880	34,710	33,165	72.2	76.3	68.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,805	3,835	4,970	13.0	11.0	15.0
$5,000 to $9,999	5,235	2,110	3,120	7.7	6.1	9.4
$10,000 to $19,999	7,085	2,885	4,200	10.4	8.3	12.7
$20,000 to $29,999	5,350	2,200	3,150	7.9	6.3	9.5
$30,000 to $39,999	5,315	2,195	3,115	7.8	6.3	9.4
$40,000 to $49,999	5,190	2,285	2,905	7.6	6.6	8.8
$50,000 to $59,999	5,265	2,395	2,870	7.8	6.9	8.6
$60,000 to $69,999	4,655	2,545	2,115	6.9	7.3	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	4,030	2,405	1,625	5.9	6.9	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	3,605	2,195	1,410	5.3	6.3	4.3
$90,000 to $99,999	3,220	2,000	1,220	4.7	5.8	3.7
$100,000 and over	10,125	7,660	2,465	14.9	22.1	7.4
$100,000 to $124,999	4,670	3,300	1,370	6.9	9.5	4.1
$125,000 and over	5,455	4,360	1,095	8.0	12.6	3.3
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	94,040	45,495	48,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,590	42,315	45,270	93.1	93.0	93.3
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,600	56,000	35,200	43,600	56,000	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,785	42,355	45,430	93.3	93.1	93.6
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	48,800	31,800	39,200	48,800	31,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	82,115	40,415	41,700	87.3	88.8	85.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	55,200	31,600	41,200	55,200	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	69,005	35,040	33,960	73.4	77.0	70.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	56,400	33,200	42,800	56,400	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	55,025	21,615	33,410	58.5	47.5	68.8
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,840	2,840	5,600	4,840	2,840	5,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,025	1,845	3,175	5.3	4.1	6.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520	4,400	6,600	5,520	4,400	6,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	93,960	45,385	48,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	87,485	42,250	45,235	93.1	93.1	93.1
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,450	71,800	44,080	57,450	71,800	44,080
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	87,650	42,285	45,370	93.3	93.2	93.4
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,520	58,050	37,720	47,520	58,050	37,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	82,045	40,395	41,650	87.3	89.0	85.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,100	71,000	41,600	56,100	71,000	41,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	68,955	35,015	33,940	73.4	77.2	69.9
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,500	67,500	41,160	54,500	67,500	41,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	54,855	21,360	33,500	58.4	47.1	69.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,730	7,680	7,770	7,730	7,680	7,770
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,020	1,835	3,185	5.3	4.0	6.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,320	5,410	8,410	7,320	5,410	8,410
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	93,960	45,385	48,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	33,705	20,005	13,700	35.9	44.1	28.2
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,500	77,500	57,200	68,500	77,500	57,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	78,600	90,000	62,000	78,600	90,000	62,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,280	10,165	14,115	25.8	22.4	29.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,000	28,400	23,400	25,000	28,400	23,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,800	43,040	30,600	35,800	43,040	30,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.6	94.6	87.0	91.6	94.6	87.0
Employment income (%)	74.8	77.8	70.0	74.8	77.8	70.0
Government transfers (%)	8.4	5.4	13.0	8.4	5.4	13.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.3	1.3	0.7	0.3	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	40,265	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	7,535	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,800	...	...	52,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,800	...	...	46,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	32,730	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...	128,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	40,230	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	132,200	...	...	132,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	110,300	...	...	110,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	7,500	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,900	...	...	63,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,050	...	...	53,050	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	32,725	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	147,800	...	...	147,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,500	...	...	123,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	40,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	395	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	175	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	230	...	...	0.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	350	...	...	0.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	750	...	...	1.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	765	...	...	1.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	765	...	...	1.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	990	...	...	2.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,035	...	...	2.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,070	...	...	2.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,205	...	...	5.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,305	...	...	5.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,345	...	...	5.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,220	...	...	5.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,250	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,410	...	...	55.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,050	...	...	12.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,505	...	...	11.2	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,115	...	...	15.2	...	...
$200,000 and over	6,740	...	...	16.7	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	40,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	475	...	...	1.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	175	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	235	...	...	0.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	385	...	...	1.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	790	...	...	2.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	860	...	...	2.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	925	...	...	2.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,125	...	...	2.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,245	...	...	3.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,225	...	...	3.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,665	...	...	6.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,790	...	...	6.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,765	...	...	6.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,730	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,495	...	...	6.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,365	...	...	48.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,905	...	...	14.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,545	...	...	11.3	...	...
$150,000 and over	8,920	...	...	22.2	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	32,250	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,000	...	...	126,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,340	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	17,145	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...	150,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	129,000	...	...	129,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,800	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	11,050	4,940	6,110	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,200	53,200	43,600	47,200	53,200	43,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,400	46,800	40,000	42,400	46,800	40,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	32,195	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	145,600	...	...	145,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	121,600	...	...	121,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,210	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	120,300	...	...	120,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,700	...	...	100,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	17,215	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	171,400	...	...	171,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,800	...	...	141,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,770	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,200	...	...	92,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,600	...	...	80,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	10,860	4,785	6,080	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	57,650	63,650	52,950	57,650	63,650	52,950
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,360	52,400	45,200	48,360	52,400	45,200
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	115,520	56,505	59,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	26,215	13,405	12,810	22.7	23.7	21.7
0 to 5 years	7,805	4,050	3,760	6.8	7.2	6.4
18 to 64 years	71,620	34,870	36,750	62.0	61.7	62.3
65 years and over	17,690	8,225	9,460	15.3	14.6	16.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	8,325	3,805	4,525	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,255	1,175	1,080	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	570	305	265	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,555	2,015	2,540	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,515	610	905	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	7.2	6.7	7.7	7.2	6.7	7.7
0 to 17 years (%)	8.6	8.8	8.4	8.6	8.8	8.4
0 to 5 years (%)	7.3	7.5	7.0	7.3	7.5	7.0
18 to 64 years (%)	6.4	5.8	6.9	6.4	5.8	6.9
65 years and over (%)	8.6	7.4	9.6	8.6	7.4	9.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	115,400	56,445	58,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	26,190	13,390	12,800	22.7	23.7	21.7
0 to 5 years	7,800	4,045	3,755	6.8	7.2	6.4
18 to 64 years	71,550	34,845	36,715	62.0	61.7	62.3
65 years and over	17,660	8,210	9,450	15.3	14.5	16.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,540	2,575	2,965	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,460	750	710	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	305	160	145	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,490	1,590	1,900	...	...	...
65 years and over	595	240	355	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.8	4.6	5.0	4.8	4.6	5.0
0 to 17 years (%)	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6	5.6
0 to 5 years (%)	3.9	4.0	3.8	3.9	4.0	3.8
18 to 64 years (%)	4.9	4.6	5.2	4.9	4.6	5.2
65 years and over (%)	3.4	2.9	3.7	3.4	2.9	3.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	115,520	56,505	59,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	42,025	19,740	22,285	36.4	34.9	37.8
In bottom decile	7,995	3,695	4,300	6.9	6.5	7.3
In second decile	7,365	3,350	4,015	6.4	5.9	6.8
In third decile	7,750	3,625	4,125	6.7	6.4	7.0
In fourth decile	8,990	4,320	4,670	7.8	7.6	7.9
In fifth decile	9,930	4,750	5,180	8.6	8.4	8.8
In top half of the distribution	73,495	36,760	36,735	63.6	65.1	62.2
In sixth decile	11,625	5,705	5,920	10.1	10.1	10.0
In seventh decile	13,130	6,455	6,670	11.4	11.4	11.3
In eighth decile	14,545	7,225	7,325	12.6	12.8	12.4
In ninth decile	16,715	8,425	8,290	14.5	14.9	14.0
In top decile	17,480	8,945	8,530	15.1	15.8	14.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	115,525	...	...	115,525	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.316	...	...	0.316	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.392	...	...	0.392	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.281	...	...	0.281	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	116,470	56,820	59,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	107,520	52,965	54,560	92.3	93.2	91.5
French only	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	5,445	2,340	3,105	4.7	4.1	5.2
Neither English nor French	3,475	1,495	1,980	3.0	2.6	3.3
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	116,470	56,820	59,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	111,995	54,840	57,150	96.2	96.5	95.8
French	670	335	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and French	400	180	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Neither English nor French	3,410	1,465	1,945	2.9	2.6	3.3
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	116,470	56,820	59,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	112,000	54,685	57,315	96.2	96.2	96.1
Official languages	78,220	38,705	39,515	67.2	68.1	66.2
English	77,535	38,360	39,175	66.6	67.5	65.7
French	680	340	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Non-official languages	33,785	15,985	17,800	29.0	28.1	29.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	33,775	15,980	17,795	29.0	28.1	29.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	785	405	380	0.7	0.7	0.6
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	770	395	375	0.7	0.7	0.6
Amharic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	645	325	320	0.6	0.6	0.5
Aramaic languages	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,075	495	580	0.9	0.9	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,050	480	570	0.9	0.8	1.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,865	770	1,095	1.6	1.4	1.8
Bikol	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	125	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,520	640	880	1.3	1.1	1.5
Waray-Waray	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	285	130	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Kannada	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	120	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,140	5,910	6,235	10.4	10.4	10.5
Albanian	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,980	935	1,050	1.7	1.6	1.8
Baltic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,970	925	1,045	1.7	1.6	1.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	490	230	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	760	350	405	0.7	0.6	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	360	190	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	150	85	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,930	925	1,005	1.7	1.6	1.7
Frisian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,110	530	580	1.0	0.9	1.0
German	1,085	520	570	0.9	0.9	1.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	670	320	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Afrikaans	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	560	260	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	140	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	125	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	5,440	2,680	2,765	4.7	4.7	4.6
Indo-Aryan languages	4,700	2,290	2,405	4.0	4.0	4.0
Assamese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	590	275	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kacchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,415	1,680	1,740	2.9	3.0	2.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	295	145	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	740	385	360	0.6	0.7	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	685	350	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dari	185	85	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iranian Persian	450	235	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,535	1,245	1,295	2.2	2.2	2.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	360	205	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Portuguese	495	230	270	0.4	0.4	0.5
Romanian	285	140	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Spanish	1,390	680	710	1.2	1.2	1.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	350	130	220	0.3	0.2	0.4
Korean	6,725	3,160	3,560	5.8	5.6	6.0
Mongolian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,850	4,640	5,215	8.5	8.2	8.7
Chinese languages	9,790	4,610	5,175	8.4	8.1	8.7
Hakka	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	7,585	3,555	4,030	6.5	6.3	6.8
Min Dong	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	510	240	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Wu (Shanghainese)	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,555	745	805	1.3	1.3	1.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	125	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	115	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	265	135	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	205	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,470	2,130	2,335	3.8	3.7	3.9
English and French	255	125	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	3,675	1,745	1,930	3.2	3.1	3.2
French and non-official language(s)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	430	205	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	116,470	56,820	59,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	81,060	40,015	41,045	69.6	70.4	68.8
French	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	11,570	5,415	6,160	9.9	9.5	10.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	11,570	5,415	6,160	9.9	9.5	10.3
English and French	545	240	305	0.5	0.4	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	21,975	10,535	11,445	18.9	18.5	19.2
French and non-official language(s)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	440	200	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	780	365	415	0.7	0.6	0.7
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	116,470	56,820	59,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	111,835	54,540	57,295	96.0	96.0	96.1
Official languages	90,720	44,490	46,230	77.9	78.3	77.5
English	90,580	44,420	46,155	77.8	78.2	77.4
French	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official languages	21,115	10,055	11,060	18.1	17.7	18.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	21,115	10,055	11,060	18.1	17.7	18.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	410	200	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	410	200	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	330	155	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	695	325	370	0.6	0.6	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	685	315	370	0.6	0.6	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	830	385	445	0.7	0.7	0.7
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	695	325	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	5,540	2,700	2,845	4.8	4.8	4.8
Albanian	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Armenian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	900	435	465	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	895	430	465	0.8	0.8	0.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	490	235	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	135	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	3,240	1,580	1,665	2.8	2.8	2.8
Indo-Aryan languages	2,825	1,365	1,460	2.4	2.4	2.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	275	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,130	1,025	1,100	1.8	1.8	1.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	215	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	415	215	200	0.4	0.4	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	395	205	190	0.3	0.4	0.3
Dari	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	280	145	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,170	570	595	1.0	1.0	1.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Portuguese	245	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	745	375	370	0.6	0.7	0.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	5,570	2,615	2,955	4.8	4.6	5.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,490	3,555	3,935	6.4	6.3	6.6
Chinese languages	7,445	3,535	3,910	6.4	6.2	6.6
Hakka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	6,095	2,905	3,190	5.2	5.1	5.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	315	150	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	945	435	505	0.8	0.8	0.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,635	2,280	2,360	4.0	4.0	4.0
English and French	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	4,330	2,130	2,200	3.7	3.7	3.7
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	185	80	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	116,470	56,820	59,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	96,660	47,400	49,265	83.0	83.4	82.6
English	8,030	3,910	4,120	6.9	6.9	6.9
French	530	235	295	0.5	0.4	0.5
Non-official language	9,265	4,350	4,915	8.0	7.7	8.2
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,260	4,345	4,915	8.0	7.6	8.2
English and French	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	900	435	460	0.8	0.8	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	215	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	790	360	425	0.7	0.6	0.7
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	115,430	56,415	59,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	112,010	55,045	56,970	97.0	97.6	96.5
English	111,970	55,025	56,945	97.0	97.5	96.5
French	5,465	2,435	3,035	4.7	4.3	5.1
Non-official languages	42,810	20,410	22,400	37.1	36.2	38.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	42,795	20,400	22,390	37.1	36.2	37.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,240	615	625	1.1	1.1	1.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,235	610	625	1.1	1.1	1.1
Amharic	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	980	475	505	0.8	0.8	0.9
Aramaic languages	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,240	560	680	1.1	1.0	1.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,225	555	670	1.1	1.0	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,685	1,155	1,530	2.3	2.0	2.6
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	215	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,320	995	1,320	2.0	1.8	2.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	310	160	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	125	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	17,575	8,625	8,955	15.2	15.3	15.2
Albanian	200	70	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Armenian	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	2,480	1,190	1,295	2.1	2.1	2.2
Baltic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,480	1,190	1,295	2.1	2.1	2.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	710	355	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Russian	1,040	495	540	0.9	0.9	0.9
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	460	230	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	290	140	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Serbian	210	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	85	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	350	145	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,930	1,455	1,475	2.5	2.6	2.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,705	870	835	1.5	1.5	1.4
German	1,680	855	830	1.5	1.5	1.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,110	515	595	1.0	0.9	1.0
Afrikaans	320	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dutch	795	365	430	0.7	0.6	0.7
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	210	125	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	80	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	205	120	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	7,855	3,860	3,995	6.8	6.8	6.8
Indo-Aryan languages	7,085	3,455	3,635	6.1	6.1	6.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	115	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	260	130	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	2,390	1,125	1,270	2.1	2.0	2.2
Kacchi	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nepali	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,995	2,435	2,560	4.3	4.3	4.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	755	375	375	0.7	0.7	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	820	425	395	0.7	0.8	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	795	415	375	0.7	0.7	0.6
Dari	180	80	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iranian Persian	535	290	245	0.5	0.5	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	85	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,325	2,140	2,185	3.7	3.8	3.7
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	740	395	340	0.6	0.7	0.6
Portuguese	680	330	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	315	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	2,785	1,370	1,420	2.4	2.4	2.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	740	350	385	0.6	0.6	0.7
Korean	7,805	3,725	4,075	6.8	6.6	6.9
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	365	165	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	130	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	135	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,385	5,355	6,030	9.9	9.5	10.2
Chinese languages	11,340	5,335	6,005	9.8	9.5	10.2
Hakka	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	9,680	4,565	5,120	8.4	8.1	8.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,015	490	530	0.9	0.9	0.9
Wu (Shanghainese)	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	2,325	1,090	1,230	2.0	1.9	2.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	165	50	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	115	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	140	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	90	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	315	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hungarian	260	125	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,435	56,420	59,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,660	1,815	1,850	3.2	3.2	3.1
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,525	1,740	1,785	3.1	3.1	3.0
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,625	780	845	1.4	1.4	1.4
Métis	1,875	935	940	1.6	1.7	1.6
Inuk (Inuit)	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	111,770	54,605	57,165	96.8	96.8	96.9
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,435	56,420	59,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,065	495	570	0.9	0.9	1.0
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	114,365	55,920	58,445	99.1	99.1	99.0
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	40,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	33,280	...	...	82.7	...	...
Renter	6,925	...	...	17.2	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	30	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	40,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	7,580	...	...	18.8	...	...
Not condominium	32,645	...	...	81.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	40,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	95	...	...	0.2	...	...
1 bedroom	2,920	...	...	7.3	...	...
2 bedrooms	8,435	...	...	21.0	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,190	...	...	30.3	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	16,595	...	...	41.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	40,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	9,405	...	...	23.4	...	...
5 rooms	5,895	...	...	14.7	...	...
6 rooms	5,455	...	...	13.6	...	...
7 rooms	5,020	...	...	12.5	...	...
8 or more rooms	14,455	...	...	35.9	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.8	...	...	6.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	40,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	39,220	...	...	97.5	...	...
More than one person per room	1,010	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	40,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	38,690	...	...	96.2	...	...
Not suitable	1,535	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	40,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	1,000	...	...	2.5	...	...
1961 to 1980	3,710	...	...	9.2	...	...
1981 to 1990	5,990	...	...	14.9	...	...
1991 to 2000	9,545	...	...	23.7	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,740	...	...	9.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,460	...	...	11.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,255	...	...	13.1	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,520	...	...	16.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	40,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	38,840	...	...	96.5	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,390	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	40,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	16,250	...	...	40.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,940	...	...	52.1	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,040	...	...	7.6	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	40,230	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	460	...	...	1.1	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,655	...	...	11.6	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,245	...	...	20.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,655	...	...	21.5	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,380	...	...	20.8	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,845	...	...	14.5	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,025	...	...	7.5	...	...
85 years and over	955	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	39,820	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	30,540	...	...	76.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,280	...	...	23.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	8,235	...	...	20.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	40,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	11,470	...	...	28.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	8,590	...	...	21.4	...	...
Not suitable only	1,160	...	...	2.9	...	...
Major repairs needed only	990	...	...	2.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	330	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	355	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	35	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	28,760	...	...	71.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	38,780	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	4,455	...	...	11.5	...	...
Not in core need	34,325	...	...	88.5	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	32,960	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	66.6	...	...	66.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	20.5	...	...	20.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	8.9	...	...	8.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,860	...	...	1,860	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,998	...	...	1,998	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,000,000	...	...	1,000,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,156,000	...	...	1,156,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	6,920	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	4.4	...	...	4.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.8	...	...	36.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	24.4	...	...	24.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,560	...	...	1,560	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,702	...	...	1,702	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	25	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	576	...	...	576	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	560	...	...	560	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	115,430	56,415	59,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	765	385	385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	695	350	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	440	215	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Métis single ancestry	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,305	1,530	1,775	2.9	2.7	3.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,145	1,455	1,690	2.7	2.6	2.9
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,020	915	1,100	1.7	1.6	1.9
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,115	530	585	1.0	0.9	1.0
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	111,365	54,505	56,860	96.5	96.6	96.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	115,430	56,420	59,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	103,540	50,995	52,545	89.7	90.4	89.0
Canadian citizens aged under 18	24,220	12,405	11,810	21.0	22.0	20.0
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	79,325	38,590	40,735	68.7	68.4	69.0
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	11,890	5,425	6,470	10.3	9.6	11.0
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	115,430	56,420	59,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	78,655	39,135	39,520	68.1	69.4	67.0
Immigrants⁸¹	34,370	16,185	18,185	29.8	28.7	30.8
Before 1980	5,480	2,635	2,840	4.7	4.7	4.8
1980 to 1990	3,460	1,710	1,750	3.0	3.0	3.0
1991 to 2000	6,850	3,345	3,505	5.9	5.9	5.9
2001 to 2010	9,120	4,160	4,960	7.9	7.4	8.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	9,460	4,335	5,130	8.2	7.7	8.7
2011 to 2015	4,860	2,240	2,615	4.2	4.0	4.4
2016 to 2021	4,610	2,095	2,515	4.0	3.7	4.3
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,410	1,100	1,310	2.1	1.9	2.2
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	34,370	16,185	18,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,365	1,670	1,695	9.8	10.3	9.3
5 to 14 years	6,350	3,260	3,085	18.5	20.1	17.0
15 to 24 years	5,915	2,680	3,235	17.2	16.6	17.8
25 to 44 years	15,340	7,010	8,330	44.6	43.3	45.8
45 years and over	3,400	1,565	1,835	9.9	9.7	10.1
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	34,370	16,185	18,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,865	1,290	1,570	8.3	8.0	8.6
Brazil	260	125	140	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombia	150	85	65	0.4	0.5	0.4
El Salvador	120	55	70	0.3	0.3	0.4
Guyana	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	20	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Jamaica	95	50	45	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mexico	345	150	200	1.0	0.9	1.1
Peru	150	65	90	0.4	0.4	0.5
Trinidad and Tobago	90	45	40	0.3	0.3	0.2
United States of America	1,070	450	615	3.1	2.8	3.4
Other places of birth in Americas	530	255	275	1.5	1.6	1.5
Europe	6,585	3,245	3,340	19.2	20.0	18.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	115	55	60	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatia	90	35	55	0.3	0.2	0.3
France	60	40	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Germany	540	290	255	1.6	1.8	1.4
Greece	55	40	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hungary	100	35	65	0.3	0.2	0.4
Italy	265	160	105	0.8	1.0	0.6
Netherlands	515	255	260	1.5	1.6	1.4
Poland	470	235	245	1.4	1.5	1.3
Portugal	160	65	95	0.5	0.4	0.5
Romania	310	145	165	0.9	0.9	0.9
Russian Federation	250	120	130	0.7	0.7	0.7
Serbia⁸⁶	90	30	50	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	275	120	155	0.8	0.7	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,485	1,220	1,265	7.2	7.5	7.0
Other places of birth in Europe	810	400	410	2.4	2.5	2.3
Africa	1,385	670	705	4.0	4.1	3.9
Algeria	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	25	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Egypt	240	120	125	0.7	0.7	0.7
Eritrea	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	60	25	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nigeria	100	45	50	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	405	205	200	1.2	1.3	1.1
Other places of birth in Africa	515	245	275	1.5	1.5	1.5
Asia	22,770	10,585	12,190	66.2	65.4	67.1
Afghanistan	110	50	60	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	435	245	190	1.3	1.5	1.0
Iraq	265	140	125	0.8	0.9	0.7
Lebanon	55	20	35	0.2	0.1	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	65	25	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkey	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	5,765	2,625	3,140	16.8	16.2	17.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	620	300	315	1.8	1.9	1.7
Korea, South⁹²	5,140	2,405	2,730	15.0	14.9	15.0
Taiwan	1,730	830	900	5.0	5.1	5.0
Philippines	2,375	985	1,390	6.9	6.1	7.6
Viet Nam	805	350	455	2.3	2.2	2.5
Bangladesh	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	3,265	1,565	1,700	9.5	9.7	9.4
Pakistan	320	175	145	0.9	1.1	0.8
Sri Lanka	195	95	100	0.6	0.6	0.6
Other places of birth in Asia	1,560	725	835	4.5	4.5	4.6
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	770	390	380	2.2	2.4	2.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,610	2,095	2,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	515	220	295	11.2	10.5	11.7
Brazil	140	60	75	3.0	2.9	3.0
Colombia	30	15	15	0.7	0.7	0.6
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	20	10	10	0.4	0.5	0.4
Mexico	50	25	25	1.1	1.2	1.0
United States of America	160	55	105	3.5	2.6	4.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	100	35	65	2.2	1.7	2.6
Europe	360	195	165	7.8	9.3	6.6
France	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	45	20	15	1.0	1.0	0.6
Ukraine	30	20	15	0.7	1.0	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	140	85	55	3.0	4.1	2.2
Other places of birth in Europe	135	70	65	2.9	3.3	2.6
Africa	130	55	75	2.8	2.6	3.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	20	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.4
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	45	30	15	1.0	1.4	0.6
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	45	20	30	1.0	1.0	1.2
Asia	3,550	1,600	1,955	77.0	76.4	77.7
Afghanistan	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,320	575	740	28.6	27.4	29.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	50	25	25	1.1	1.2	1.0
India	610	300	310	13.2	14.3	12.3
Iran⁸⁸	25	10	15	0.5	0.5	0.6
Iraq	30	15	15	0.7	0.7	0.6
Israel	15	10	10	0.3	0.5	0.4
Japan	35	10	30	0.8	0.5	1.2
Jordan	10	10	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	765	370	395	16.6	17.7	15.7
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	75	35	40	1.6	1.7	1.6
Philippines	275	135	140	6.0	6.4	5.6
Saudi Arabia	15	10	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Sri Lanka	15	10	10	0.3	0.5	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	40	20	20	0.9	1.0	0.8
Turkey	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	50	20	30	1.1	1.0	1.2
Viet Nam	75	20	50	1.6	1.0	2.0
Other places of birth in Asia	110	20	90	2.4	1.0	3.6
Oceania and other⁹³	45	25	25	1.0	1.2	1.0
Australia	30	20	10	0.7	1.0	0.4
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	115,435	56,420	59,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	38,115	17,900	20,215	33.0	31.7	34.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	28,275	14,435	13,840	24.5	25.6	23.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	49,040	24,080	24,955	42.5	42.7	42.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	28,890	13,550	15,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	18,810	9,420	9,385	65.1	69.5	61.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	6,800	4,505	2,300	23.5	33.2	15.0
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	12,010	4,920	7,090	41.6	36.3	46.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	7,745	2,920	4,825	26.8	21.5	31.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,130	1,115	1,015	7.4	8.2	6.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	210	95	115	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	28,890	13,550	15,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	520	275	250	1.8	2.0	1.6
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,935	1,260	1,670	10.2	9.3	10.9
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,510	825	690	5.2	6.1	4.5
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,930	900	1,035	6.7	6.6	6.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	155	60	95	0.5	0.4	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	21,850	10,240	11,610	75.6	75.6	75.7
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	115,430	56,415	59,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	43,265	21,105	22,160	37.5	37.4	37.5
South Asian	9,125	4,560	4,565	7.9	8.1	7.7
Chinese	12,695	6,085	6,610	11.0	10.8	11.2
Black	1,585	825	760	1.4	1.5	1.3
Filipino	3,525	1,625	1,900	3.1	2.9	3.2
Arab	845	440	405	0.7	0.8	0.7
Latin American	1,605	800	805	1.4	1.4	1.4
Southeast Asian	2,060	960	1,105	1.8	1.7	1.9
West Asian	825	435	390	0.7	0.8	0.7
Korean	8,130	3,915	4,220	7.0	6.9	7.2
Japanese	845	400	445	0.7	0.7	0.8
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	345	170	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	1,675	890	785	1.5	1.6	1.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	72,170	35,320	36,850	62.5	62.6	62.4
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	115,430	56,420	59,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	11,470	5,830	5,640	9.9	10.3	9.6
English	23,955	11,570	12,380	20.8	20.5	21.0
Irish	12,945	5,870	7,075	11.2	10.4	12.0
Scottish	17,185	8,215	8,975	14.9	14.6	15.2
French, n.o.s.¹²²	5,555	2,690	2,870	4.8	4.8	4.9
German	13,425	6,450	6,975	11.6	11.4	11.8
Chinese	11,835	5,690	6,145	10.3	10.1	10.4
Italian	4,300	2,175	2,125	3.7	3.9	3.6
Indian (India)	4,905	2,425	2,485	4.2	4.3	4.2
Ukrainian	5,550	2,650	2,895	4.8	4.7	4.9
Dutch	6,575	3,300	3,270	5.7	5.8	5.5
Polish	3,600	1,735	1,870	3.1	3.1	3.2
Québécois	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,415	2,010	2,405	3.8	3.6	4.1
Filipino	3,765	1,780	1,985	3.3	3.2	3.4
French Canadian	770	435	335	0.7	0.8	0.6
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,620	820	800	1.4	1.5	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,475	720	755	1.3	1.3	1.3
Métis	1,595	770	825	1.4	1.4	1.4
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,845	1,480	1,365	2.5	2.6	2.3
Russian	3,050	1,380	1,665	2.6	2.4	2.8
Norwegian	3,040	1,385	1,655	2.6	2.5	2.8
Welsh	2,135	1,040	1,095	1.8	1.8	1.9
Portuguese	925	435	490	0.8	0.8	0.8
American	1,540	765	775	1.3	1.4	1.3
Spanish	1,195	575	620	1.0	1.0	1.1
Swedish	2,475	1,125	1,355	2.1	2.0	2.3
Hungarian	1,460	765	695	1.3	1.4	1.2
Acadian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	580	290	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	495	245	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jewish	425	175	250	0.4	0.3	0.4
Punjabi	1,580	785	790	1.4	1.4	1.3
Vietnamese	1,580	765	815	1.4	1.4	1.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	285	160	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Greek	585	305	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jamaican	295	195	100	0.3	0.3	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,635	785	850	1.4	1.4	1.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	415	185	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Korean	7,825	3,765	4,065	6.8	6.7	6.9
Romanian	670	310	360	0.6	0.5	0.6
Lebanese	145	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian	480	265	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	490	280	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Danish	1,205	610	600	1.0	1.1	1.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	225	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	980	525	460	0.8	0.9	0.8
Austrian	1,140	525	615	1.0	0.9	1.0
Belgian	415	190	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Haitian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	380	180	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexican	570	285	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mennonite	885	455	430	0.8	0.8	0.7
Swiss	560	225	330	0.5	0.4	0.6
Finnish	725	345	385	0.6	0.6	0.7
Sri Lankan	215	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	655	310	340	0.6	0.5	0.6
Japanese	1,090	520	565	0.9	0.9	1.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	595	295	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	645	295	345	0.6	0.5	0.6
Muslim	205	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	320	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	330	180	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tamil	85	60	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	720	340	385	0.6	0.6	0.7
Colombian	150	85	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Moroccan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	455	255	205	0.4	0.5	0.3
Syrian	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Afghan	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	220	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Newfoundlander	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	190	80	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ontarian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	260	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	135	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	20	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	335	140	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Nigerian	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	215	85	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	320	155	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	350	155	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	1,430	670	765	1.2	1.2	1.3
Iraqi	205	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Salvadorean	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	80	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	130	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	75	60	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Algonquin	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	365	185	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australian	425	230	195	0.4	0.4	0.3
Palestinian	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	135	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	195	70	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Peruvian	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	180	60	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Maltese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	180	75	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
New Brunswicker	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Israeli	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	135	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	60	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	320	175	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Laotian	110	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	75	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
British Columbian	370	200	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ecuadorian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	155	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kurdish	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Fijian	525	260	265	0.5	0.5	0.4
Jatt	140	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Thai	115	35	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sudanese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Buddhist	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	50	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mauritian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mayan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	90	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	55	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Goan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	55	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	115,430	56,415	59,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,985	865	1,120	1.7	1.5	1.9
Christian	50,415	23,465	26,960	43.7	41.6	45.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	18,470	8,650	9,820	16.0	15.3	16.6
Anabaptist	1,150	555	600	1.0	1.0	1.0
Anglican	2,425	990	1,435	2.1	1.8	2.4
Baptist	1,675	785	885	1.5	1.4	1.5
Catholic	12,565	5,980	6,585	10.9	10.6	11.2
Christian Orthodox	1,370	650	720	1.2	1.2	1.2
Jehovah's Witness	510	255	255	0.4	0.5	0.4
Latter Day Saints	385	190	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lutheran	1,210	530	680	1.0	0.9	1.2
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	275	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,310	1,070	1,245	2.0	1.9	2.1
Presbyterian	1,360	645	715	1.2	1.1	1.2
Reformed	850	440	405	0.7	0.8	0.7
United Church	2,740	1,125	1,620	2.4	2.0	2.7
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,125	1,475	1,650	2.7	2.6	2.8
Hindu	1,520	770	755	1.3	1.4	1.3
Jewish	245	125	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	2,465	1,215	1,240	2.1	2.2	2.1
Sikh	4,830	2,350	2,480	4.2	4.2	4.2
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	675	280	400	0.6	0.5	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	53,235	27,330	25,910	46.1	48.4	43.9
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	114,295	55,830	58,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	99,235	48,640	50,590	86.8	87.1	86.5
Movers	15,060	7,190	7,875	13.2	12.9	13.5
Non-migrants	7,020	3,350	3,670	6.1	6.0	6.3
Migrants	8,040	3,840	4,200	7.0	6.9	7.2
Internal migrants	6,985	3,360	3,620	6.1	6.0	6.2
Intraprovincial migrants	6,115	2,975	3,140	5.4	5.3	5.4
Interprovincial migrants	865	380	485	0.8	0.7	0.8
External migrants	1,065	480	580	0.9	0.9	1.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	109,010	53,210	55,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	60,925	29,915	31,010	55.9	56.2	55.6
Movers	48,090	23,295	24,795	44.1	43.8	44.4
Non-migrants	15,230	7,470	7,760	14.0	14.0	13.9
Migrants	32,855	15,830	17,030	30.1	29.8	30.5
Internal migrants	27,470	13,375	14,095	25.2	25.1	25.3
Intraprovincial migrants	24,495	12,000	12,495	22.5	22.6	22.4
Interprovincial migrants	2,980	1,380	1,600	2.7	2.6	2.9
External migrants	5,385	2,455	2,935	4.9	4.6	5.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	93,960	45,380	48,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	12,190	6,320	5,870	13.0	13.9	12.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	81,770	39,065	42,700	87.0	86.1	87.9
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	62,135	29,980	32,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,735	2,225	1,505	6.0	7.4	4.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	58,400	27,755	30,645	94.0	92.6	95.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	93,960	45,385	48,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,955	5,535	5,415	11.7	12.2	11.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	28,920	14,115	14,805	30.8	31.1	30.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	54,085	25,735	28,350	57.6	56.7	58.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,080	13,420	13,665	28.8	29.6	28.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,775	5,190	1,590	7.2	11.4	3.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,905	1,695	1,215	3.1	3.7	2.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,870	3,495	375	4.1	7.7	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,905	6,355	9,555	16.9	14.0	19.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,400	1,875	2,520	4.7	4.1	5.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	27,005	12,315	14,690	28.7	27.1	30.2
Bachelor's degree	17,935	8,040	9,895	19.1	17.7	20.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,150	815	1,335	2.3	1.8	2.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	625	335	285	0.7	0.7	0.6
Master's degree	5,610	2,680	2,930	6.0	5.9	6.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	685	450	235	0.7	1.0	0.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	62,135	29,980	32,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,035	1,770	1,260	4.9	5.9	3.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	15,970	7,995	7,970	25.7	26.7	24.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	43,135	20,210	22,925	69.4	67.4	71.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,515	10,140	10,375	33.0	33.8	32.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,950	3,850	1,100	8.0	12.8	3.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,080	1,220	860	3.3	4.1	2.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,865	2,630	235	4.6	8.8	0.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,125	4,825	7,305	19.5	16.1	22.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,435	1,465	1,970	5.5	4.9	6.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	22,620	10,070	12,550	36.4	33.6	39.0
Bachelor's degree	14,950	6,605	8,340	24.1	22.0	25.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,750	595	1,155	2.8	2.0	3.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	505	265	240	0.8	0.9	0.7
Master's degree	4,880	2,270	2,615	7.9	7.6	8.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	540	340	200	0.9	1.1	0.6
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	93,960	45,385	48,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	39,870	19,645	20,225	42.4	43.3	41.6
Education	4,550	960	3,590	4.8	2.1	7.4
13. Education	4,550	960	3,590	4.8	2.1	7.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,010	720	1,290	2.1	1.6	2.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	250	185	65	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,760	540	1,225	1.9	1.2	2.5
Humanities	3,570	1,485	2,085	3.8	3.3	4.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	460	145	310	0.5	0.3	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	770	205	565	0.8	0.5	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	955	345	610	1.0	0.8	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	245	155	90	0.3	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	690	435	250	0.7	1.0	0.5
54. History	345	175	170	0.4	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	85	0	75	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,395	2,125	4,265	6.8	4.7	8.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	85	10	75	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	660	240	415	0.7	0.5	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,010	80	925	1.1	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	920	215	705	1.0	0.5	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	155	60	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,150	315	840	1.2	0.7	1.7
45. Social sciences	2,425	1,215	1,215	2.6	2.7	2.5
Business, management and public administration	11,690	5,100	6,585	12.4	11.2	13.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	500	125	370	0.5	0.3	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,180	4,970	6,215	11.9	11.0	12.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,940	990	945	2.1	2.2	1.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	665	285	380	0.7	0.6	0.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	605	310	300	0.6	0.7	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	550	345	205	0.6	0.8	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,230	1,435	800	2.4	3.2	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,830	1,230	605	1.9	2.7	1.2
25. Library science	110	10	95	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	260	165	95	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	30	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,640	9,765	880	11.3	21.5	1.8
04. Architecture and related services	345	240	105	0.4	0.5	0.2
14. Engineering	2,955	2,530	430	3.1	5.6	0.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,925	1,725	195	2.0	3.8	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,465	2,390	80	2.6	5.3	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,850	1,820	30	2.0	4.0	0.1
48. Precision production	1,105	1,055	50	1.2	2.3	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	965	445	520	1.0	1.0	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	755	295	465	0.8	0.6	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	210	150	60	0.2	0.3	0.1
Health and related fields	7,490	1,465	6,025	8.0	3.2	12.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	710	375	330	0.8	0.8	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,630	990	5,635	7.1	2.2	11.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	150	95	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,580	1,230	1,355	2.7	2.7	2.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,475	370	1,110	1.6	0.8	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	575	415	160	0.6	0.9	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	510	425	85	0.5	0.9	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	62,135	29,980	32,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	19,000	9,770	9,230	30.6	32.6	28.7
Education	3,400	640	2,765	5.5	2.1	8.6
13. Education	3,400	640	2,765	5.5	2.1	8.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,645	585	1,060	2.6	2.0	3.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	185	145	45	0.3	0.5	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,455	445	1,010	2.3	1.5	3.1
Humanities	2,810	1,125	1,685	4.5	3.8	5.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	375	105	270	0.6	0.4	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	620	150	475	1.0	0.5	1.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	760	280	475	1.2	0.9	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	190	115	70	0.3	0.4	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	505	310	190	0.8	1.0	0.6
54. History	280	145	130	0.5	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	65	0	65	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,385	1,750	3,635	8.7	5.8	11.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	70	0	65	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	550	200	345	0.9	0.7	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	810	60	750	1.3	0.2	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	770	160	610	1.2	0.5	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	120	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
42. Psychology	960	245	720	1.5	0.8	2.2
45. Social sciences	2,100	1,020	1,080	3.4	3.4	3.4
Business, management and public administration	9,620	4,145	5,475	15.5	13.8	17.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	420	110	310	0.7	0.4	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,190	4,035	5,160	14.8	13.5	16.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,510	730	780	2.4	2.4	2.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	515	200	315	0.8	0.7	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	470	225	240	0.8	0.8	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
40. Physical sciences	440	265	170	0.7	0.9	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,980	1,265	715	3.2	4.2	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,690	1,130	560	2.7	3.8	1.7
25. Library science	75	10	65	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	185	105	85	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,265	7,510	755	13.3	25.1	2.3
04. Architecture and related services	295	210	80	0.5	0.7	0.2
14. Engineering	2,490	2,095	400	4.0	7.0	1.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,435	1,295	145	2.3	4.3	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,875	1,815	60	3.0	6.1	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,405	1,380	25	2.3	4.6	0.1
48. Precision production	770	720	45	1.2	2.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	765	335	430	1.2	1.1	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	595	215	375	1.0	0.7	1.2
03. Natural resources and conservation	170	115	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
Health and related fields	5,780	1,175	4,605	9.3	3.9	14.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	570	320	250	0.9	1.1	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,090	790	4,305	8.2	2.6	13.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	110	70	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,960	940	1,020	3.2	3.1	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,095	275	815	1.8	0.9	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	500	355	145	0.8	1.2	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	360	305	55	0.6	1.0	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	62,135	29,980	32,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	19,000	9,770	9,230	30.6	32.6	28.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	43,135	20,210	22,925	69.4	67.4	71.3
Location of study inside Canada	30,910	14,565	16,345	49.7	48.6	50.8
Same as province or territory of residence	26,310	12,330	13,980	42.3	41.1	43.5
Different than province or territory of residence	4,600	2,230	2,370	7.4	7.4	7.4
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	12,230	5,650	6,575	19.7	18.8	20.4
Americas	1,865	955	910	3.0	3.2	2.8
United States of America	1,275	695	580	2.1	2.3	1.8
Mexico	190	80	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	165	70	95	0.3	0.2	0.3
Colombia	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	35	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	115	45	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	1,610	835	780	2.6	2.8	2.4
Belgium	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	75	55	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Switzerland	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	125	60	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	105	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	105	40	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	130	50	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	635	370	265	1.0	1.2	0.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Italy	30	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	35	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	155	65	90	0.2	0.2	0.3
Africa	440	225	220	0.7	0.8	0.7
Nigeria	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	145	70	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	195	105	90	0.3	0.4	0.3
Other locations of study in Africa	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	8,015	3,480	4,540	12.9	11.6	14.1
Iran⁸⁸	135	65	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraq	45	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Israel	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	2,355	1,085	1,270	3.8	3.6	3.9
Taiwan	530	215	315	0.9	0.7	1.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	95	20	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	2,305	940	1,365	3.7	3.1	4.2
Philippines	955	380	575	1.5	1.3	1.8
Viet Nam	50	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	905	415	495	1.5	1.4	1.5
Pakistan	125	55	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	285	140	140	0.5	0.5	0.4
Oceania	290	160	130	0.5	0.5	0.4
Australia	240	140	105	0.4	0.5	0.3
New Zealand	30	15	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	93,960	45,385	48,575	...	...	...
In the labour force	62,955	32,680	30,275	...	...	...
Employed	58,820	30,780	28,040	...	...	...
Unemployed	4,135	1,900	2,240	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	31,000	12,700	18,295	...	...	...
Participation rate	67.0	72.0	62.3	67.0	72.0	62.3
Employment rate	62.6	67.8	57.7	62.6	67.8	57.7
Unemployment rate	6.6	5.8	7.4	6.6	5.8	7.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	93,960	45,385	48,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	31,250	12,815	18,435	33.3	28.2	38.0
Worked	62,705	32,570	30,140	66.7	71.8	62.0
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	35,105	20,895	14,210	37.4	46.0	29.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,605	11,670	15,935	29.4	25.7	32.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.2	43.6	40.6	42.2	43.6	40.6
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	62,960	32,680	30,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,010	390	625	1.6	1.2	2.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	61,945	32,295	29,650	98.4	98.8	97.9
Employee	50,870	25,630	25,230	80.8	78.4	83.3
Permanent position	44,040	22,600	21,445	69.9	69.2	70.8
Temporary position	6,825	3,035	3,790	10.8	9.3	12.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,265	1,100	1,160	3.6	3.4	3.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,565	1,935	2,630	7.3	5.9	8.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	11,080	6,660	4,415	17.6	20.4	14.6
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	62,960	32,680	30,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,010	390	625	1.6	1.2	2.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	61,945	32,295	29,650	98.4	98.8	97.9
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	835	685	155	1.3	2.1	0.5
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,790	3,565	8,220	18.7	10.9	27.1
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,530	3,640	890	7.2	11.1	2.9
3 Health occupations	4,330	900	3,435	6.9	2.8	11.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	8,575	3,090	5,485	13.6	9.5	18.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,270	990	1,280	3.6	3.0	4.2
6 Sales and service occupations	15,080	7,030	8,050	24.0	21.5	26.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	11,130	10,120	1,010	17.7	31.0	3.3
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,405	860	545	2.2	2.6	1.8
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,000	1,410	585	3.2	4.3	1.9
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	62,960	32,680	30,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,010	390	625	1.6	1.2	2.1
All industries¹⁹¹	61,945	32,295	29,650	98.4	98.8	97.9
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,055	555	500	1.7	1.7	1.7
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	215	165	50	0.3	0.5	0.2
22 Utilities	495	330	165	0.8	1.0	0.5
23 Construction	6,500	5,480	1,025	10.3	16.8	3.4
31-33 Manufacturing	4,285	3,010	1,275	6.8	9.2	4.2
41 Wholesale trade	2,990	1,990	1,000	4.7	6.1	3.3
44-45 Retail trade	6,925	3,440	3,485	11.0	10.5	11.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,265	2,340	925	5.2	7.2	3.1
51 Information and cultural industries	1,410	850	560	2.2	2.6	1.8
52 Finance and insurance	2,485	995	1,480	3.9	3.0	4.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,430	765	665	2.3	2.3	2.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,995	2,695	2,300	7.9	8.2	7.6
55 Management of companies and enterprises	195	85	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,040	1,240	805	3.2	3.8	2.7
61 Educational services	5,135	1,510	3,630	8.2	4.6	12.0
62 Health care and social assistance	6,645	1,160	5,490	10.6	3.5	18.1
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,365	675	690	2.2	2.1	2.3
72 Accommodation and food services	3,700	1,550	2,145	5.9	4.7	7.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,025	1,420	1,605	4.8	4.3	5.3
91 Public administration	3,790	2,035	1,755	6.0	6.2	5.8
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	67,365	34,795	32,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	62,055	32,160	29,890	92.1	92.4	91.8
French	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-official language	1,485	760	725	2.2	2.2	2.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,485	760	725	2.2	2.2	2.2
English and French	370	135	230	0.5	0.4	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	3,320	1,665	1,655	4.9	4.8	5.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	35	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	67,365	34,795	32,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	66,585	34,415	32,170	98.8	98.9	98.8
Official languages	64,290	33,230	31,060	95.4	95.5	95.4
English	64,230	33,215	31,020	95.3	95.5	95.2
French	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-official languages	2,300	1,190	1,110	3.4	3.4	3.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,300	1,190	1,110	3.4	3.4	3.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	130	40	85	0.2	0.1	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	130	40	85	0.2	0.1	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	220	130	90	0.3	0.4	0.3
Albanian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	165	110	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	155	105	45	0.2	0.3	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	150	100	45	0.2	0.3	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	20	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	895	480	420	1.3	1.4	1.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	985	500	485	1.5	1.4	1.5
Chinese languages	985	500	485	1.5	1.4	1.5
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	895	440	460	1.3	1.3	1.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	70	55	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	780	385	400	1.2	1.1	1.2
English and French	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	720	355	365	1.1	1.0	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	67,365	34,795	32,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	64,250	33,270	30,980	95.4	95.6	95.1
English	760	385	370	1.1	1.1	1.1
French	310	115	190	0.5	0.3	0.6
Non-official language	1,735	835	900	2.6	2.4	2.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,735	835	895	2.6	2.4	2.7
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	45	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	40	35	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	225	115	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	58,820	30,780	28,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	13,280	6,115	7,170	22.6	19.9	25.6
Worked outside Canada	250	145	100	0.4	0.5	0.4
No fixed workplace address	8,800	6,615	2,185	15.0	21.5	7.8
Usual place of work	36,490	17,905	18,585	62.0	58.2	66.3
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	36,495	17,905	18,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	13,915	5,880	8,035	38.1	32.8	43.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	20,530	10,925	9,600	56.3	61.0	51.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,950	1,030	915	5.3	5.8	4.9
Commute to a different province or territory	110	75	35	0.3	0.4	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	45,290	24,520	20,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	41,275	22,730	18,545	91.1	92.7	89.3
Car, truck or van - as a driver	38,610	21,665	16,945	85.3	88.4	81.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,660	1,065	1,600	5.9	4.3	7.7
Public transit	1,605	725	885	3.5	3.0	4.3
Walked	1,465	550	925	3.2	2.2	4.5
Bicycle	210	165	45	0.5	0.7	0.2
Other method	730	355	375	1.6	1.4	1.8
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	45,290	24,520	20,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	10,945	4,900	6,050	24.2	20.0	29.1
15 to 29 minutes	15,855	8,050	7,810	35.0	32.8	37.6
30 to 44 minutes	10,695	6,455	4,240	23.6	26.3	20.4
45 to 59 minutes	4,410	2,905	1,500	9.7	11.8	7.2
60 minutes and over	3,385	2,210	1,170	7.5	9.0	5.6
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	45,290	24,520	20,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,875	2,800	1,070	8.6	11.4	5.2
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	7,330	4,980	2,345	16.2	20.3	11.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	11,550	5,900	5,645	25.5	24.1	27.2
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,505	4,415	5,090	21.0	18.0	24.5
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,145	3,220	3,930	15.8	13.1	18.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,885	3,200	2,685	13.0	13.1	12.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	26,815	13,730	13,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,225	615	610	4.6	4.5	4.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	25,590	13,115	12,480	95.4	95.5	95.4
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	19,880	10,135	9,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	975	485	490	4.9	4.8	5.0
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	480	235	245	2.4	2.3	2.5
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	500	255	245	2.5	2.5	2.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,905	9,645	9,255	95.1	95.2	95.0

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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