Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	DeltaMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	117,735	58,125	59,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17,670	9,210	8,460	15.0	15.8	14.2
0 to 4 years	4,880	2,465	2,420	4.1	4.2	4.1
5 to 9 years	5,930	3,155	2,775	5.0	5.4	4.7
10 to 14 years	6,860	3,590	3,270	5.8	6.2	5.5
15 to 64 years	75,705	37,585	38,120	64.3	64.7	63.9
15 to 19 years	7,335	3,805	3,530	6.2	6.5	5.9
20 to 24 years	8,065	4,330	3,740	6.9	7.4	6.3
25 to 29 years	6,770	3,540	3,230	5.8	6.1	5.4
30 to 34 years	6,215	3,040	3,175	5.3	5.2	5.3
35 to 39 years	7,075	3,400	3,675	6.0	5.8	6.2
40 to 44 years	7,230	3,455	3,775	6.1	5.9	6.3
45 to 49 years	7,530	3,545	3,985	6.4	6.1	6.7
50 to 54 years	8,365	4,050	4,320	7.1	7.0	7.2
55 to 59 years	8,695	4,275	4,420	7.4	7.4	7.4
60 to 64 years	8,420	4,150	4,270	7.2	7.1	7.2
65 years and over	24,355	11,330	13,030	20.7	19.5	21.9
65 to 69 years	7,280	3,475	3,805	6.2	6.0	6.4
70 to 74 years	6,605	3,115	3,490	5.6	5.4	5.9
75 to 79 years	4,745	2,255	2,490	4.0	3.9	4.2
80 to 84 years	3,005	1,410	1,600	2.6	2.4	2.7
85 years and over	2,720	1,075	1,645	2.3	1.8	2.8
85 to 89 years	1,735	720	1,015	1.5	1.2	1.7
90 to 94 years	755	275	480	0.6	0.5	0.8
95 to 99 years	200	70	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	30	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.0	15.8	14.2	15.0	15.8	14.2
15 to 64 years	64.3	64.7	63.9	64.3	64.7	63.9
65 years and over	20.7	19.5	21.9	20.7	19.5	21.9
85 years and over	2.3	1.8	2.8	2.3	1.8	2.8
Average age of the population	43.0	42.0	44.0	43.0	42.0	44.0
Median age of the population	44.0	42.4	45.2	44.0	42.4	45.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	41,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	22,735	...	...	55.1	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,210	...	...	2.9	...	...
Row house	2,435	...	...	5.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,795	...	...	18.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	6,045	...	...	14.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	785	...	...	1.9	...	...
Other single-attached house	50	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	240	...	...	0.6	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	41,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	8,390	...	...	20.3	...	...
2 persons	13,205	...	...	32.0	...	...
3 persons	6,790	...	...	16.4	...	...
4 persons	7,375	...	...	17.9	...	...
5 or more persons	5,525	...	...	13.4	...	...
Number of persons in private households	116,445	57,620	58,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	100,065	48,915	51,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	60,690	30,230	30,465	60.7	61.8	59.6
Married	54,820	27,305	27,515	54.8	55.8	53.8
Living common-law	5,870	2,925	2,945	5.9	6.0	5.8
Living common law - Never married	3,810	1,920	1,890	3.8	3.9	3.7
Living common law - Separated	290	155	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	1,610	785	825	1.6	1.6	1.6
Living common law - Widowed	165	70	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	39,375	18,685	20,690	39.3	38.2	40.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	26,775	14,715	12,065	26.8	30.1	23.6
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,145	940	1,205	2.1	1.9	2.4
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,045	1,890	3,160	5.0	3.9	6.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,400	1,140	4,265	5.4	2.3	8.3
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	33,715	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,665	...	...	46.5	...	...
3 persons	7,315	...	...	21.7	...	...
4 persons	8,065	...	...	23.9	...	...
5 or more persons	2,670	...	...	7.9	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	33,715	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	29,330	...	...	87.0	...	...
Married couples	26,395	...	...	78.3	...	...
With children⁶	15,195	...	...	45.1	...	...
Without children	11,200	...	...	33.2	...	...
Common-law couples	2,935	...	...	8.7	...	...
With children⁶	1,115	...	...	3.3	...	...
Without children	1,815	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,385	...	...	13.0	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,330	...	...	9.9	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,055	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	116,445	57,620	58,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	99,565	49,885	49,680	85.5	86.6	84.5
Married spouses or common-law partners	58,660	29,300	29,360	50.4	50.9	49.9
Parents in one-parent families	4,385	1,060	3,325	3.8	1.8	5.7
Children⁶	36,520	19,530	16,990	31.4	33.9	28.9
In a two-parent family	29,875	15,870	14,000	25.7	27.5	23.8
In a one-parent family	6,645	3,655	2,995	5.7	6.3	5.1
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	16,880	7,735	9,145	14.5	13.4	15.5
Living alone	8,390	3,580	4,810	7.2	6.2	8.2
Living with other relatives⁷	4,065	1,585	2,475	3.5	2.8	4.2
Living with non-relatives only	4,425	2,570	1,860	3.8	4.5	3.2
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	41,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,100	...	...	63.2	...	...
Couple-family households	23,085	...	...	55.9	...	...
With children⁶	12,665	...	...	30.7	...	...
Without children	10,415	...	...	25.2	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,020	...	...	7.3	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,950	...	...	7.1	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	525	...	...	1.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,765	...	...	4.3	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,555	...	...	3.8	...	...
One-person households	8,390	...	...	20.3	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	98,780	48,415	50,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,315	46,740	48,575	96.5	96.5	96.4
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	49,600	37,200	42,400	49,600	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,365	46,765	48,600	96.5	96.6	96.5
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,400	34,000	38,400	44,400	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,355	43,115	43,235	87.4	89.1	85.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	46,000	29,600	36,800	46,000	29,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	68,490	35,355	33,130	69.3	73.0	65.8
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	48,000	32,400	39,200	48,000	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,870	35,780	42,090	78.8	73.9	83.6
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,800	8,900	10,500	9,800	8,900	10,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,525	3,055	4,470	7.6	6.3	8.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,120	5,480	5,480	5,120	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	25,980	12,395	13,590	26.3	25.6	27.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	99,215	48,600	50,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	95,610	46,895	48,715	96.4	96.5	96.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,550	64,800	46,640	55,550	64,800	46,640
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	95,650	46,915	48,730	96.4	96.5	96.3
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,720	53,300	40,400	46,720	53,300	40,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,550	43,190	43,365	87.2	88.9	85.7
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,500	61,750	41,320	51,500	61,750	41,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	68,820	35,400	33,420	69.4	72.8	66.0
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,400	60,350	41,880	51,400	60,350	41,880
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,230	36,100	42,130	78.8	74.3	83.2
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,920	10,330	11,430	10,920	10,330	11,430
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,395	2,985	4,410	7.5	6.1	8.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,330	5,385	6,970	6,330	5,385	6,970
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	25,790	12,450	13,345	26.0	25.6	26.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,030	8,950	9,110	9,030	8,950	9,110
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	99,215	48,600	50,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	31,665	18,140	13,525	31.9	37.3	26.7
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,000	74,500	59,200	68,000	74,500	59,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	79,700	87,700	68,900	79,700	87,700	68,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,605	12,640	14,970	27.8	26.0	29.6
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,000	21,600	17,800	19,000	21,600	17,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,520	34,080	25,680	29,520	34,080	25,680
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.0	87.8	78.8	84.0	87.8	78.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.6	70.2	61.6	66.6	70.2	61.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.1	12.3	21.2	16.1	12.3	21.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.5	1.4	0.9	0.5	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.4	4.4	6.8	5.4	4.4	6.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.4	3.7	5.4	4.4	3.7	5.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	98,780	48,415	50,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,465	1,675	1,790	3.5	3.5	3.6
With total income	95,315	46,740	48,575	96.5	96.5	96.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,110	4,025	5,090	9.6	8.6	10.5
$10,000 to $19,999	10,960	4,515	6,445	11.5	9.7	13.3
$20,000 to $29,999	13,700	5,650	8,045	14.4	12.1	16.6
$30,000 to $39,999	11,305	4,855	6,450	11.9	10.4	13.3
$40,000 to $49,999	10,080	4,425	5,655	10.6	9.5	11.7
$50,000 to $59,999	8,515	3,975	4,540	8.9	8.5	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	6,775	3,590	3,190	7.1	7.7	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	5,410	3,040	2,370	5.7	6.5	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	4,165	2,485	1,680	4.4	5.3	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	3,455	1,975	1,480	3.6	4.2	3.0
$100,000 and over	11,835	8,210	3,630	12.4	17.6	7.5
$100,000 to $149,999	7,715	5,060	2,660	8.1	10.8	5.5
$150,000 and over	4,120	3,145	975	4.3	6.7	2.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	98,780	48,415	50,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,420	1,650	1,770	3.5	3.4	3.5
With after-tax income	95,365	46,765	48,600	96.5	96.6	96.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,535	4,160	5,375	10.0	8.9	11.1
$10,000 to $19,999	11,380	4,685	6,695	11.9	10.0	13.8
$20,000 to $29,999	15,380	6,430	8,955	16.1	13.7	18.4
$30,000 to $39,999	13,175	5,705	7,465	13.8	12.2	15.4
$40,000 to $49,999	11,620	5,275	6,345	12.2	11.3	13.1
$50,000 to $59,999	9,200	4,785	4,415	9.6	10.2	9.1
$60,000 to $69,999	6,800	3,820	2,980	7.1	8.2	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	5,140	3,005	2,135	5.4	6.4	4.4
$80,000 to $89,999	3,755	2,290	1,465	3.9	4.9	3.0
$90,000 to $99,999	2,560	1,635	920	2.7	3.5	1.9
$100,000 and over	6,825	4,975	1,850	7.2	10.6	3.8
$100,000 to $124,999	3,430	2,380	1,045	3.6	5.1	2.2
$125,000 and over	3,395	2,595	800	3.6	5.5	1.7
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	98,780	48,415	50,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	30,295	13,060	17,235	30.7	27.0	34.2
With employment income	68,490	35,355	33,130	69.3	73.0	65.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,315	4,410	4,900	13.6	12.5	14.8
$5,000 to $9,999	5,500	2,400	3,100	8.0	6.8	9.4
$10,000 to $19,999	7,970	3,470	4,495	11.6	9.8	13.6
$20,000 to $29,999	5,990	2,715	3,275	8.8	7.7	9.9
$30,000 to $39,999	5,925	2,620	3,305	8.7	7.4	10.0
$40,000 to $49,999	5,760	2,650	3,110	8.4	7.5	9.4
$50,000 to $59,999	5,335	2,590	2,740	7.8	7.3	8.3
$60,000 to $69,999	4,485	2,550	1,935	6.5	7.2	5.8
$70,000 to $79,999	3,700	2,185	1,515	5.4	6.2	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	3,100	1,865	1,235	4.5	5.3	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	2,570	1,515	1,050	3.8	4.3	3.2
$100,000 and over	8,830	6,375	2,460	12.9	18.0	7.4
$100,000 to $124,999	3,955	2,635	1,310	5.8	7.5	4.0
$125,000 and over	4,880	3,735	1,145	7.1	10.6	3.5
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	98,780	48,415	50,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	92,350	45,130	47,215	93.5	93.2	93.7
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	49,200	34,400	40,800	49,200	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	92,525	45,165	47,360	93.7	93.3	94.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	43,200	31,400	36,400	43,200	31,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,115	42,335	42,775	86.2	87.4	84.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	47,600	31,200	38,400	47,600	31,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	70,590	36,075	34,520	71.5	74.5	68.5
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	46,800	31,800	38,400	46,800	31,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	61,705	26,070	35,625	62.5	53.8	70.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,800	4,200	6,400	5,800	4,200	6,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,150	1,915	3,235	5.2	4.0	6.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,000	4,640	5,200	5,000	4,640	5,200
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	99,215	48,600	50,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	92,790	45,390	47,395	93.5	93.4	93.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,800	64,200	43,840	53,800	64,200	43,840
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	92,980	45,430	47,545	93.7	93.5	93.9
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,480	51,950	37,320	44,480	51,950	37,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,370	42,495	42,875	86.0	87.4	84.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,350	63,500	41,360	52,350	63,500	41,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	70,685	36,115	34,575	71.2	74.3	68.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,400	60,000	40,360	50,400	60,000	40,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	62,310	26,350	35,960	62.8	54.2	71.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,330	8,160	8,460	8,330	8,160	8,460
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,180	2,000	3,180	5.2	4.1	6.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,940	5,800	7,660	6,940	5,800	7,660
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	99,215	48,600	50,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	31,390	17,985	13,405	31.6	37.0	26.5
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	63,600	71,500	55,600	63,600	71,500	55,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	76,000	84,800	64,200	76,000	84,800	64,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,965	11,870	14,100	26.2	24.4	27.9
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	27,400	22,200	24,400	27,400	22,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,800	40,920	29,680	34,800	40,920	29,680
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.6	92.6	85.4	89.6	92.6	85.4
Employment income (%)	71.4	74.4	67.2	71.4	74.4	67.2
Government transfers (%)	10.4	7.4	14.6	10.4	7.4	14.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.2	0.7	0.4	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	41,290	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	8,390	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,400	...	...	46,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,000	...	...	42,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	32,900	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	126,000	...	...	126,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	41,340	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	128,600	...	...	128,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	108,100	...	...	108,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	8,375	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	57,650	...	...	57,650	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,840	...	...	48,840	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	32,965	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	146,600	...	...	146,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,100	...	...	123,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	41,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	375	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	160	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	220	...	...	0.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	450	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,025	...	...	2.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	835	...	...	2.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	890	...	...	2.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,125	...	...	2.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,135	...	...	2.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,115	...	...	2.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,290	...	...	5.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,380	...	...	5.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,430	...	...	5.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,270	...	...	5.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,270	...	...	5.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,340	...	...	54.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,160	...	...	12.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,325	...	...	10.5	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,095	...	...	14.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	6,755	...	...	16.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	41,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	455	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	165	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	235	...	...	0.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	460	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,085	...	...	2.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	940	...	...	2.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,090	...	...	2.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,280	...	...	3.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,285	...	...	3.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,330	...	...	3.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,720	...	...	6.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,785	...	...	6.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,760	...	...	6.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,755	...	...	6.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,665	...	...	6.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,265	...	...	46.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,615	...	...	13.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,600	...	...	11.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	9,055	...	...	21.9	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	31,960	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...	125,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,720	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	16,250	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	154,000	...	...	154,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...	134,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,770	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...	75,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	12,815	6,145	6,665	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800	42,000	39,600	40,800	42,000	39,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	38,400	36,400	37,200	38,400	36,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	32,050	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	145,600	...	...	145,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	122,100	...	...	122,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,770	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	123,500	...	...	123,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	16,340	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	172,600	...	...	172,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,400	...	...	144,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,680	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	94,200	...	...	94,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	12,595	5,955	6,640	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,400	52,750	50,200	51,400	52,750	50,200
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,960	44,840	43,200	43,960	44,840	43,200
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	116,445	57,620	58,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,960	11,440	10,515	18.9	19.9	17.9
0 to 5 years	5,980	3,060	2,920	5.1	5.3	5.0
18 to 64 years	71,115	35,195	35,920	61.1	61.1	61.1
65 years and over	23,370	10,985	12,390	20.1	19.1	21.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	8,040	3,720	4,320	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,790	915	875	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	465	230	230	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,270	2,025	2,245	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,975	775	1,200	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	6.9	6.5	7.3	6.9	6.5	7.3
0 to 17 years (%)	8.2	8.0	8.3	8.2	8.0	8.3
0 to 5 years (%)	7.7	7.5	7.9	7.7	7.5	7.9
18 to 64 years (%)	6.0	5.8	6.2	6.0	5.8	6.2
65 years and over (%)	8.5	7.1	9.7	8.5	7.1	9.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	114,275	56,555	57,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,565	11,235	10,325	18.9	19.9	17.9
0 to 5 years	5,835	2,990	2,845	5.1	5.3	4.9
18 to 64 years	69,730	34,510	35,215	61.0	61.0	61.0
65 years and over	22,990	10,810	12,175	20.1	19.1	21.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	4,570	2,345	2,230	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	900	470	435	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	180	90	90	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,130	1,635	1,490	...	...	...
65 years and over	545	240	305	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.0	4.1	3.9	4.0	4.1	3.9
0 to 17 years (%)	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.2
0 to 5 years (%)	3.1	2.9	3.2	3.1	2.9	3.2
18 to 64 years (%)	4.5	4.7	4.2	4.5	4.7	4.2
65 years and over (%)	2.4	2.2	2.5	2.4	2.2	2.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	116,445	57,620	58,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	43,290	20,935	22,355	37.2	36.3	38.0
In bottom decile	7,875	3,840	4,035	6.8	6.7	6.9
In second decile	7,565	3,520	4,045	6.5	6.1	6.9
In third decile	8,390	4,070	4,320	7.2	7.1	7.3
In fourth decile	9,040	4,380	4,660	7.8	7.6	7.9
In fifth decile	10,420	5,125	5,295	8.9	8.9	9.0
In top half of the distribution	73,155	36,685	36,470	62.8	63.7	62.0
In sixth decile	11,780	5,880	5,900	10.1	10.2	10.0
In seventh decile	13,115	6,440	6,675	11.3	11.2	11.3
In eighth decile	14,455	7,180	7,275	12.4	12.5	12.4
In ninth decile	16,580	8,355	8,220	14.2	14.5	14.0
In top decile	17,225	8,830	8,400	14.8	15.3	14.3
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	116,445	...	...	116,445	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.314	...	...	0.314	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.403	...	...	0.403	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.277	...	...	0.277	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.5	...	...	3.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	116,785	57,780	59,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	104,625	52,625	52,005	89.6	91.1	88.1
French only	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	7,335	3,185	4,155	6.3	5.5	7.0
Neither English nor French	4,785	1,960	2,830	4.1	3.4	4.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	116,785	57,780	59,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	110,820	55,270	55,550	94.9	95.7	94.1
French	835	400	435	0.7	0.7	0.7
English and French	420	190	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Neither English nor French	4,705	1,920	2,785	4.0	3.3	4.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	116,785	57,780	59,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	110,855	54,895	55,965	94.9	95.0	94.8
Official languages	70,710	35,545	35,170	60.5	61.5	59.6
English	69,880	35,140	34,735	59.8	60.8	58.9
French	830	400	430	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official languages	40,150	19,355	20,795	34.4	33.5	35.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	40,130	19,345	20,785	34.4	33.5	35.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	655	345	305	0.6	0.6	0.5
Berber languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	555	290	265	0.5	0.5	0.4
Amharic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	485	250	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Aramaic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	310	135	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	280	115	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,055	840	1,215	1.8	1.5	2.1
Bikol	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,670	675	995	1.4	1.2	1.7
Waray-Waray	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	560	285	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kannada	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	305	150	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	135	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,460	13,525	13,940	23.5	23.4	23.6
Albanian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,420	645	780	1.2	1.1	1.3
Baltic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,395	630	770	1.2	1.1	1.3
Belarusian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	295	130	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Russian	455	200	255	0.4	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	265	135	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	120	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	135	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,855	860	990	1.6	1.5	1.7
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,170	540	625	1.0	0.9	1.1
German	1,145	525	615	1.0	0.9	1.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	450	215	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afrikaans	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	370	180	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	230	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Swedish	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	265	140	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	21,830	10,880	10,950	18.7	18.8	18.6
Indo-Aryan languages	21,420	10,660	10,765	18.3	18.4	18.2
Assamese	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	335	175	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	2,195	1,070	1,130	1.9	1.9	1.9
Kacchi	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	17,880	8,930	8,950	15.3	15.5	15.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	670	315	360	0.6	0.5	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	405	220	185	0.3	0.4	0.3
Baluchi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	290	160	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Dari	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	155	90	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,020	970	1,045	1.7	1.7	1.8
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	390	195	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	395	180	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Romanian	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	1,095	525	565	0.9	0.9	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	330	125	205	0.3	0.2	0.3
Korean	335	135	200	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,850	3,690	4,160	6.7	6.4	7.1
Chinese languages	7,810	3,670	4,145	6.7	6.4	7.0
Hakka	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mandarin	4,640	2,170	2,470	4.0	3.8	4.2
Min Dong	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	320	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	2,665	1,250	1,415	2.3	2.2	2.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	240	110	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,930	2,885	3,045	5.1	5.0	5.2
English and French	350	160	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	4,945	2,440	2,510	4.2	4.2	4.3
French and non-official language(s)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	505	235	270	0.4	0.4	0.5
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	116,785	57,780	59,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	73,050	36,505	36,545	62.6	63.2	61.9
French	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	13,475	6,460	7,020	11.5	11.2	11.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13,475	6,460	7,020	11.5	11.2	11.9
English and French	860	425	435	0.7	0.7	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	27,430	13,490	13,940	23.5	23.3	23.6
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	620	270	350	0.5	0.5	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	1,205	565	640	1.0	1.0	1.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	116,785	57,780	59,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	109,990	54,410	55,580	94.2	94.2	94.2
Official languages	84,550	41,975	42,575	72.4	72.6	72.2
English	84,345	41,880	42,465	72.2	72.5	72.0
French	205	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official languages	25,440	12,440	13,005	21.8	21.5	22.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	25,440	12,440	13,005	21.8	21.5	22.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	385	185	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	310	150	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Amharic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	280	135	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Aramaic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	990	450	540	0.8	0.8	0.9
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	820	375	445	0.7	0.6	0.8
Waray-Waray	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	345	165	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	200	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	17,175	8,515	8,655	14.7	14.7	14.7
Albanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	500	240	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baltic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	490	235	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	230	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	210	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	115	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	15,530	7,700	7,835	13.3	13.3	13.3
Indo-Aryan languages	15,300	7,585	7,720	13.1	13.1	13.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	175	90	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hindi	1,170	545	625	1.0	0.9	1.1
Kacchi	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	13,330	6,655	6,680	11.4	11.5	11.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	445	210	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	235	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	165	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	800	410	390	0.7	0.7	0.7
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Portuguese	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Spanish	555	295	260	0.5	0.5	0.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	210	90	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,860	2,810	3,045	5.0	4.9	5.2
Chinese languages	5,830	2,795	3,030	5.0	4.8	5.1
Hakka	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,730	1,775	1,955	3.2	3.1	3.3
Min Dong	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,795	870	925	1.5	1.5	1.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,795	3,370	3,425	5.8	5.8	5.8
English and French	135	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	6,460	3,200	3,255	5.5	5.5	5.5
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	140	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	116,785	57,780	59,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	92,090	45,750	46,335	78.9	79.2	78.5
English	9,095	4,555	4,540	7.8	7.9	7.7
French	815	385	430	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official language	11,185	5,305	5,885	9.6	9.2	10.0
Indigenous³⁹	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	11,170	5,300	5,870	9.6	9.2	9.9
English and French	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,795	920	880	1.5	1.6	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	335	150	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,390	680	715	1.2	1.2	1.2
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	116,865	57,835	59,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	112,060	55,865	56,195	95.9	96.6	95.2
English	112,030	55,850	56,180	95.9	96.6	95.2
French	7,295	3,125	4,165	6.2	5.4	7.1
Non-official languages	52,310	25,420	26,890	44.8	44.0	45.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	65	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	52,255	25,405	26,855	44.7	43.9	45.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,240	690	550	1.1	1.2	0.9
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	200	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	195	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,050	600	455	0.9	1.0	0.8
Amharic	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	815	470	345	0.7	0.8	0.6
Aramaic languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	145	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	475	205	270	0.4	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	400	180	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,210	1,405	1,810	2.7	2.4	3.1
Bikol	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cebuano	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	265	115	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	105	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,845	1,235	1,615	2.4	2.1	2.7
Waray-Waray	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	115	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	715	390	325	0.6	0.7	0.6
Kannada	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	405	215	195	0.3	0.4	0.3
Tamil	235	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	95	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	36,925	18,230	18,695	31.6	31.5	31.7
Albanian	50	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Armenian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,765	780	985	1.5	1.3	1.7
Baltic languages	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,740	775	960	1.5	1.3	1.6
Belarusian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	355	160	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	635	305	330	0.5	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	350	175	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	195	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	175	70	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	260	95	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,825	1,345	1,485	2.4	2.3	2.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,900	905	990	1.6	1.6	1.7
German	1,890	905	980	1.6	1.6	1.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	685	325	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Afrikaans	200	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	475	225	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	325	155	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	145	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	350	200	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	28,765	14,335	14,430	24.6	24.8	24.4
Indo-Aryan languages	28,330	14,130	14,200	24.2	24.4	24.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	135	80	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	560	285	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hindi	9,040	4,460	4,580	7.7	7.7	7.8
Kacchi	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Marathi	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	23,875	11,975	11,905	20.4	20.7	20.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,625	815	810	1.4	1.4	1.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	580	275	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	175	100	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Persian languages	410	180	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Dari	220	90	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,770	1,865	1,910	3.2	3.2	3.2
Catalan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	665	340	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Portuguese	475	200	280	0.4	0.3	0.5
Romanian	210	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	2,580	1,350	1,230	2.2	2.3	2.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	575	270	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Korean	355	145	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	220	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	130	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,145	4,325	4,820	7.8	7.5	8.2
Chinese languages	9,110	4,315	4,790	7.8	7.5	8.1
Hakka	145	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	6,670	3,160	3,510	5.7	5.5	5.9
Min Dong	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	560	270	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	3,765	1,765	2,000	3.2	3.1	3.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	190	120	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	190	115	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	270	130	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	105	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	155	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	116,870	57,830	59,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,550	1,610	1,940	3.0	2.8	3.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,345	1,545	1,800	2.9	2.7	3.0
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,980	890	1,090	1.7	1.5	1.8
Métis	1,330	635	695	1.1	1.1	1.2
Inuk (Inuit)	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	130	35	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	113,315	56,225	57,095	97.0	97.2	96.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	116,870	57,830	59,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,195	500	690	1.0	0.9	1.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	115,675	57,330	58,345	99.0	99.1	98.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	41,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	31,475	...	...	76.1	...	...
Renter	9,820	...	...	23.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	45	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	41,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	6,070	...	...	14.7	...	...
Not condominium	35,270	...	...	85.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	41,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	195	...	...	0.5	...	...
1 bedroom	3,775	...	...	9.1	...	...
2 bedrooms	7,740	...	...	18.7	...	...
3 bedrooms	13,140	...	...	31.8	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	16,490	...	...	39.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	41,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	9,740	...	...	23.6	...	...
5 rooms	5,060	...	...	12.2	...	...
6 rooms	5,525	...	...	13.4	...	...
7 rooms	5,530	...	...	13.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	15,495	...	...	37.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.7	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	41,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	39,935	...	...	96.6	...	...
More than one person per room	1,405	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	41,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	38,695	...	...	93.6	...	...
Not suitable	2,640	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	41,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	2,765	...	...	6.7	...	...
1961 to 1980	17,930	...	...	43.4	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,235	...	...	17.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,285	...	...	12.8	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,085	...	...	2.6	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,605	...	...	3.9	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,855	...	...	4.5	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,580	...	...	8.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	41,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	39,300	...	...	95.1	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,040	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	41,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	16,690	...	...	40.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,890	...	...	50.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,755	...	...	9.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	41,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	785	...	...	1.9	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,395	...	...	8.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,395	...	...	15.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,175	...	...	19.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,490	...	...	23.0	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,395	...	...	17.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,440	...	...	10.7	...	...
85 years and over	1,270	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	40,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	31,535	...	...	78.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	8,665	...	...	21.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	7,710	...	...	19.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	41,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	12,210	...	...	29.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	7,670	...	...	18.6	...	...
Not suitable only	2,070	...	...	5.0	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,360	...	...	3.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	425	...	...	1.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	535	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	110	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	25	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	29,130	...	...	70.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	39,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	4,325	...	...	11.0	...	...
Not in core need	34,920	...	...	89.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	30,680	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	57.4	...	...	57.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	18.0	...	...	18.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	7.2	...	...	7.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,490	...	...	1,490	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,814	...	...	1,814	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,200,000	...	...	1,200,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,182,000	...	...	1,182,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,630	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.2	...	...	8.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	32.8	...	...	32.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	23.6	...	...	23.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,400	...	...	1,400	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,602	...	...	1,602	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	45	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	22.2	...	...	22.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	444	...	...	444	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	780	...	...	780	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	116,865	57,835	59,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	880	385	495	0.8	0.7	0.8
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	845	365	480	0.7	0.6	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	620	260	365	0.5	0.4	0.6
Métis single ancestry	205	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,040	1,435	1,605	2.6	2.5	2.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,955	1,405	1,550	2.5	2.4	2.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,995	945	1,050	1.7	1.6	1.8
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	940	445	495	0.8	0.8	0.8
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	112,945	56,015	56,930	96.6	96.9	96.4
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	116,870	57,830	59,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	102,365	50,685	51,685	87.6	87.6	87.5
Canadian citizens aged under 18	20,535	10,630	9,905	17.6	18.4	16.8
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	81,830	40,050	41,780	70.0	69.3	70.8
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	14,495	7,150	7,345	12.4	12.4	12.4
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	116,870	57,830	59,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	73,250	36,625	36,625	62.7	63.3	62.0
Immigrants⁸¹	39,555	19,050	20,505	33.8	32.9	34.7
Before 1980	8,180	4,020	4,160	7.0	7.0	7.0
1980 to 1990	4,530	2,140	2,395	3.9	3.7	4.1
1991 to 2000	9,070	4,325	4,740	7.8	7.5	8.0
2001 to 2010	9,120	4,395	4,725	7.8	7.6	8.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	8,665	4,175	4,490	7.4	7.2	7.6
2011 to 2015	4,005	1,910	2,095	3.4	3.3	3.5
2016 to 2021	4,655	2,265	2,390	4.0	3.9	4.0
Non-permanent residents⁸³	4,060	2,155	1,910	3.5	3.7	3.2
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	39,555	19,050	20,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,050	1,560	1,495	7.7	8.2	7.3
5 to 14 years	5,740	3,015	2,725	14.5	15.8	13.3
15 to 24 years	9,395	4,245	5,145	23.8	22.3	25.1
25 to 44 years	16,270	7,855	8,415	41.1	41.2	41.0
45 years and over	5,105	2,375	2,730	12.9	12.5	13.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	39,555	19,050	20,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,465	1,180	1,285	6.2	6.2	6.3
Brazil	95	40	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	145	60	80	0.4	0.3	0.4
El Salvador	165	85	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
Guyana	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	105	65	40	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mexico	150	60	90	0.4	0.3	0.4
Peru	65	35	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Trinidad and Tobago	85	35	55	0.2	0.2	0.3
United States of America	1,025	490	535	2.6	2.6	2.6
Other places of birth in Americas	585	290	295	1.5	1.5	1.4
Europe	7,035	3,500	3,540	17.8	18.4	17.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	95	60	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
France	95	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	725	395	330	1.8	2.1	1.6
Greece	170	110	55	0.4	0.6	0.3
Hungary	75	55	20	0.2	0.3	0.1
Italy	230	130	95	0.6	0.7	0.5
Netherlands	350	200	150	0.9	1.0	0.7
Poland	270	125	150	0.7	0.7	0.7
Portugal	180	80	95	0.5	0.4	0.5
Romania	170	80	90	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian Federation	130	55	75	0.3	0.3	0.4
Serbia⁸⁶	60	20	40	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	250	110	135	0.6	0.6	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,180	1,550	1,630	8.0	8.1	7.9
Other places of birth in Europe	1,010	460	550	2.6	2.4	2.7
Africa	1,225	645	580	3.1	3.4	2.8
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	70	40	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	85	50	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Morocco	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nigeria	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	90	35	55	0.2	0.2	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	375	200	175	0.9	1.0	0.9
Other places of birth in Africa	530	285	245	1.3	1.5	1.2
Asia	27,180	12,940	14,235	68.7	67.9	69.4
Afghanistan	195	85	115	0.5	0.4	0.6
Iran⁸⁸	135	70	60	0.3	0.4	0.3
Iraq	130	75	55	0.3	0.4	0.3
Lebanon	45	35	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	265	150	115	0.7	0.8	0.6
Turkey	110	50	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	4,080	1,890	2,195	10.3	9.9	10.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,245	605	645	3.1	3.2	3.1
Korea, South⁹²	205	75	130	0.5	0.4	0.6
Taiwan	1,250	560	690	3.2	2.9	3.4
Philippines	2,845	1,245	1,600	7.2	6.5	7.8
Viet Nam	285	130	155	0.7	0.7	0.8
Bangladesh	80	50	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
India	14,115	6,915	7,200	35.7	36.3	35.1
Pakistan	835	440	395	2.1	2.3	1.9
Sri Lanka	130	60	70	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	1,235	515	720	3.1	2.7	3.5
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,650	790	860	4.2	4.1	4.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,650	2,265	2,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	295	125	170	6.3	5.5	7.1
Brazil	40	15	25	0.9	0.7	1.0
Colombia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	30	15	15	0.6	0.7	0.6
United States of America	140	55	90	3.0	2.4	3.8
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.4
Other places of birth in Americas	40	20	20	0.9	0.9	0.8
Europe	240	120	115	5.2	5.3	4.8
France	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Italy	25	10	15	0.5	0.4	0.6
Russian Federation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	40	25	15	0.9	1.1	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	85	60	25	1.8	2.6	1.0
Other places of birth in Europe	65	15	45	1.4	0.7	1.9
Africa	200	95	100	4.3	4.2	4.2
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	20	10	0	0.4	0.4	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	20	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.6
Somalia	75	30	45	1.6	1.3	1.9
South Africa, Republic of	35	15	20	0.8	0.7	0.8
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	35	35	0	0.8	1.5	0.0
Asia	3,875	1,895	1,975	83.3	83.7	82.5
Afghanistan	50	25	30	1.1	1.1	1.3
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	585	265	325	12.6	11.7	13.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	55	30	25	1.2	1.3	1.0
India	2,205	1,100	1,095	47.4	48.6	45.7
Iran⁸⁸	25	10	10	0.5	0.4	0.4
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	15	10	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	90	50	45	1.9	2.2	1.9
Philippines	355	145	215	7.6	6.4	9.0
Saudi Arabia	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	240	140	100	5.2	6.2	4.2
Turkey	70	35	30	1.5	1.5	1.3
United Arab Emirates	60	30	30	1.3	1.3	1.3
Viet Nam	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	80	30	50	1.7	1.3	2.1
Oceania and other⁹³	50	25	25	1.1	1.1	1.0
Australia	20	10	0	0.4	0.4	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	30	15	20	0.6	0.7	0.8
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	116,865	57,830	59,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	44,960	21,810	23,155	38.5	37.7	39.2
Second generation¹⁰¹	30,745	15,330	15,415	26.3	26.5	26.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	41,160	20,695	20,470	35.2	35.8	34.7
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	31,375	15,030	16,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	14,970	7,580	7,390	47.7	50.4	45.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	6,285	3,815	2,465	20.0	25.4	15.1
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	8,685	3,765	4,920	27.7	25.0	30.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	13,780	6,060	7,720	43.9	40.3	47.2
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,315	1,240	1,070	7.4	8.3	6.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	315	155	165	1.0	1.0	1.0
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	31,375	15,030	16,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	790	495	290	2.5	3.3	1.8
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,635	1,175	1,465	8.4	7.8	9.0
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	675	350	320	2.2	2.3	2.0
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,570	825	745	5.0	5.5	4.6
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	135	70	60	0.4	0.5	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	25,575	12,115	13,455	81.5	80.6	82.3
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	116,865	57,835	59,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	54,530	26,810	27,720	46.7	46.4	47.0
South Asian	31,965	16,155	15,805	27.4	27.9	26.8
Chinese	10,610	5,035	5,580	9.1	8.7	9.5
Black	1,185	640	540	1.0	1.1	0.9
Filipino	3,905	1,765	2,135	3.3	3.1	3.6
Arab	705	385	315	0.6	0.7	0.5
Latin American	1,110	500	615	0.9	0.9	1.0
Southeast Asian	845	380	460	0.7	0.7	0.8
West Asian	395	195	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	455	190	270	0.4	0.3	0.5
Japanese	1,050	475	575	0.9	0.8	1.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	655	315	340	0.6	0.5	0.6
Multiple visible minorities	1,650	755	890	1.4	1.3	1.5
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	62,335	31,025	31,315	53.3	53.6	53.0
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	116,870	57,835	59,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	9,550	4,795	4,755	8.2	8.3	8.1
English	22,580	11,375	11,210	19.3	19.7	19.0
Irish	13,205	6,390	6,820	11.3	11.0	11.6
Scottish	16,860	8,430	8,425	14.4	14.6	14.3
French, n.o.s.¹²²	5,655	2,650	3,010	4.8	4.6	5.1
German	10,225	5,170	5,055	8.7	8.9	8.6
Chinese	9,930	4,685	5,245	8.5	8.1	8.9
Italian	3,375	1,725	1,650	2.9	3.0	2.8
Indian (India)	17,680	8,895	8,785	15.1	15.4	14.9
Ukrainian	3,915	1,890	2,025	3.3	3.3	3.4
Dutch	3,990	2,010	1,975	3.4	3.5	3.3
Polish	2,795	1,375	1,425	2.4	2.4	2.4
Québécois	80	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,575	2,155	2,420	3.9	3.7	4.1
Filipino	4,125	1,885	2,245	3.5	3.3	3.8
French Canadian	620	300	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,275	620	655	1.1	1.1	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,275	605	670	1.1	1.0	1.1
Métis	1,265	590	680	1.1	1.0	1.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,980	995	985	1.7	1.7	1.7
Russian	2,125	1,020	1,105	1.8	1.8	1.9
Norwegian	2,800	1,355	1,435	2.4	2.3	2.4
Welsh	2,430	1,240	1,190	2.1	2.1	2.0
Portuguese	1,010	475	535	0.9	0.8	0.9
American	1,485	680	805	1.3	1.2	1.4
Spanish	1,145	565	580	1.0	1.0	1.0
Swedish	2,135	990	1,140	1.8	1.7	1.9
Hungarian	1,040	515	530	0.9	0.9	0.9
Acadian	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	1,120	565	550	1.0	1.0	0.9
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	380	185	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jewish	700	315	380	0.6	0.5	0.6
Punjabi	6,935	3,540	3,390	5.9	6.1	5.7
Vietnamese	510	260	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	385	220	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Greek	740	385	355	0.6	0.7	0.6
Jamaican	265	145	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,030	465	565	0.9	0.8	1.0
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	290	125	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	470	195	275	0.4	0.3	0.5
Romanian	635	295	335	0.5	0.5	0.6
Lebanese	190	110	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iranian	210	125	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	300	155	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Danish	1,150	550	600	1.0	1.0	1.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	305	135	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Sikh	5,600	2,845	2,750	4.8	4.9	4.7
Austrian	920	455	465	0.8	0.8	0.8
Belgian	365	175	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	1,085	540	545	0.9	0.9	0.9
Mexican	420	220	200	0.4	0.4	0.3
Mennonite	310	155	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	480	255	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	730	355	365	0.6	0.6	0.6
Sri Lankan	185	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	560	290	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	1,350	635	720	1.2	1.1	1.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,060	540	520	0.9	0.9	0.9
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	505	235	270	0.4	0.4	0.5
Muslim	395	170	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
Egyptian	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	225	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	125	80	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	565	280	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Colombian	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Czech	455	235	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syrian	240	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	115	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	165	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	245	95	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ojibway	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Newfoundlander	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	510	225	285	0.4	0.4	0.5
Ontarian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	170	95	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Turkish	155	95	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	135	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Armenian	110	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	275	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	275	110	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Somali	175	110	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Taiwanese	1,045	540	505	0.9	0.9	0.9
Iraqi	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	220	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	390	190	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	85	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquin	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	130	25	100	0.1	0.0	0.2
South African	325	195	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Australian	540	285	255	0.5	0.5	0.4
Palestinian	55	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chilean	125	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ethiopian	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	100	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Berber	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Maltese	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	255	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	225	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Brunswicker	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	115	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mohawk	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	125	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	95	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	55	45	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cuban	75	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bosnian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	220	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Laotian	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	180	70	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Northern Irish	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	335	155	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ecuadorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Estonian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kurdish	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Fijian	1,465	720	745	1.3	1.2	1.3
Jatt	695	375	320	0.6	0.6	0.5
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	160	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	120	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	75	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Buddhist	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	20	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mauritian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cape Bretoner	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	75	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Honduran	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Empire Loyalist	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malay	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	116,865	57,835	59,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,635	650	980	1.4	1.1	1.7
Christian	37,565	17,365	20,200	32.1	30.0	34.2
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,155	3,815	4,345	7.0	6.6	7.4
Anabaptist	515	250	270	0.4	0.4	0.5
Anglican	4,030	1,830	2,195	3.4	3.2	3.7
Baptist	1,600	770	830	1.4	1.3	1.4
Catholic	13,915	6,495	7,420	11.9	11.2	12.6
Christian Orthodox	970	475	495	0.8	0.8	0.8
Jehovah's Witness	385	145	240	0.3	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	250	140	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lutheran	1,250	540	710	1.1	0.9	1.2
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	455	220	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Presbyterian	495	270	225	0.4	0.5	0.4
Reformed	165	90	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
United Church	3,320	1,365	1,950	2.8	2.4	3.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,005	930	1,075	1.7	1.6	1.8
Hindu	4,680	2,435	2,240	4.0	4.2	3.8
Jewish	505	225	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
Muslim	3,825	1,920	1,910	3.3	3.3	3.2
Sikh	22,205	11,125	11,080	19.0	19.2	18.8
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	640	260	380	0.5	0.4	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	45,760	23,830	21,930	39.2	41.2	37.1
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	116,025	57,410	58,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	102,385	50,650	51,735	88.2	88.2	88.3
Movers	13,645	6,760	6,885	11.8	11.8	11.7
Non-migrants	6,715	3,290	3,425	5.8	5.7	5.8
Migrants	6,930	3,470	3,460	6.0	6.0	5.9
Internal migrants	5,810	2,910	2,900	5.0	5.1	4.9
Intraprovincial migrants	5,160	2,600	2,570	4.4	4.5	4.4
Interprovincial migrants	650	315	335	0.6	0.5	0.6
External migrants	1,120	555	560	1.0	1.0	1.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	112,030	55,415	56,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	69,985	34,395	35,590	62.5	62.1	62.9
Movers	42,045	21,025	21,025	37.5	37.9	37.1
Non-migrants	14,065	6,950	7,120	12.6	12.5	12.6
Migrants	27,980	14,075	13,905	25.0	25.4	24.6
Internal migrants	21,195	10,615	10,575	18.9	19.2	18.7
Intraprovincial migrants	18,840	9,440	9,400	16.8	17.0	16.6
Interprovincial migrants	2,355	1,170	1,180	2.1	2.1	2.1
External migrants	6,785	3,455	3,330	6.1	6.2	5.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	99,215	48,595	50,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14,600	7,360	7,240	14.7	15.1	14.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	84,615	41,235	43,380	85.3	84.9	85.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	60,260	29,420	30,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,275	2,910	2,370	8.8	9.9	7.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	54,985	26,510	28,475	91.2	90.1	92.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	99,215	48,600	50,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,380	6,555	6,825	13.5	13.5	13.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	31,850	15,660	16,190	32.1	32.2	32.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	53,985	26,380	27,605	54.4	54.3	54.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,945	14,385	13,555	28.2	29.6	26.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,750	5,175	1,575	6.8	10.6	3.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,870	1,775	1,095	2.9	3.7	2.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,880	3,400	480	3.9	7.0	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,195	7,490	9,700	17.3	15.4	19.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,000	1,720	2,275	4.0	3.5	4.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	26,040	11,995	14,045	26.2	24.7	27.7
Bachelor's degree	17,045	7,760	9,285	17.2	16.0	18.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,045	725	1,320	2.1	1.5	2.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	525	300	225	0.5	0.6	0.4
Master's degree	5,745	2,800	2,940	5.8	5.8	5.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	685	410	270	0.7	0.8	0.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	60,260	29,420	30,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,560	2,450	2,110	7.6	8.3	6.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	16,775	8,645	8,135	27.8	29.4	26.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	38,930	18,325	20,595	64.6	62.3	66.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,910	9,595	9,315	31.4	32.6	30.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,505	3,485	1,025	7.5	11.8	3.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,020	1,260	760	3.4	4.3	2.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,485	2,225	260	4.1	7.6	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,760	5,025	6,740	19.5	17.1	21.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,640	1,085	1,555	4.4	3.7	5.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	20,015	8,735	11,285	33.2	29.7	36.6
Bachelor's degree	13,095	5,735	7,355	21.7	19.5	23.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,520	500	1,020	2.5	1.7	3.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	355	175	180	0.6	0.6	0.6
Master's degree	4,560	2,070	2,490	7.6	7.0	8.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	485	255	225	0.8	0.9	0.7
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	99,215	48,600	50,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	45,230	22,220	23,015	45.6	45.7	45.5
Education	4,000	895	3,105	4.0	1.8	6.1
13. Education	4,000	895	3,105	4.0	1.8	6.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,035	960	1,080	2.1	2.0	2.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	400	305	90	0.4	0.6	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,640	650	985	1.7	1.3	1.9
Humanities	4,020	1,540	2,475	4.1	3.2	4.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	425	90	340	0.4	0.2	0.7
23. English language and literature/letters	800	235	565	0.8	0.5	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,935	805	1,135	2.0	1.7	2.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	235	140	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	340	175	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	95	25	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,215	2,245	3,975	6.3	4.6	7.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	650	230	420	0.7	0.5	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	870	80	785	0.9	0.2	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	910	300	615	0.9	0.6	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	90	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	1,135	325	815	1.1	0.7	1.6
45. Social sciences	2,485	1,230	1,255	2.5	2.5	2.5
Business, management and public administration	11,695	5,390	6,305	11.8	11.1	12.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	470	115	355	0.5	0.2	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,215	5,270	5,935	11.3	10.8	11.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,345	1,230	1,110	2.4	2.5	2.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	885	425	460	0.9	0.9	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	780	370	410	0.8	0.8	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	565	405	155	0.6	0.8	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	75	10	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,320	1,410	910	2.3	2.9	1.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,915	1,215	700	1.9	2.5	1.4
25. Library science	100	10	95	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	275	160	115	0.3	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	30	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,195	9,300	900	10.3	19.1	1.8
04. Architecture and related services	320	195	120	0.3	0.4	0.2
14. Engineering	2,670	2,185	485	2.7	4.5	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,025	1,855	175	2.0	3.8	0.3
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,315	2,255	55	2.3	4.6	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,845	1,800	50	1.9	3.7	0.1
48. Precision production	1,020	1,005	15	1.0	2.1	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	870	455	410	0.9	0.9	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	590	270	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	275	190	90	0.3	0.4	0.2
Health and related fields	7,585	1,505	6,080	7.6	3.1	12.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	695	360	335	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,760	1,080	5,685	6.8	2.2	11.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,680	1,435	1,245	2.7	3.0	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,550	465	1,080	1.6	1.0	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	365	280	85	0.4	0.6	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	740	660	75	0.7	1.4	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	60,260	29,415	30,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	21,335	11,090	10,245	35.4	37.7	33.2
Education	2,530	495	2,035	4.2	1.7	6.6
13. Education	2,530	495	2,035	4.2	1.7	6.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,480	670	815	2.5	2.3	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	255	180	75	0.4	0.6	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,225	485	740	2.0	1.6	2.4
Humanities	2,850	1,040	1,815	4.7	3.5	5.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	320	60	260	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	605	165	440	1.0	0.6	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,345	515	825	2.2	1.8	2.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	90	45	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	170	105	70	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	235	130	105	0.4	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	50	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,780	1,635	3,140	7.9	5.6	10.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	55	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	565	200	365	0.9	0.7	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	620	45	570	1.0	0.2	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	720	195	525	1.2	0.7	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	70	45	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
42. Psychology	840	230	610	1.4	0.8	2.0
45. Social sciences	1,915	915	1,000	3.2	3.1	3.2
Business, management and public administration	8,570	3,770	4,805	14.2	12.8	15.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	330	70	255	0.5	0.2	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,235	3,695	4,540	13.7	12.6	14.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,550	750	800	2.6	2.5	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	600	270	335	1.0	0.9	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	555	270	290	0.9	0.9	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	325	195	135	0.5	0.7	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,885	1,170	720	3.1	4.0	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,640	1,055	585	2.7	3.6	1.9
25. Library science	60	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	170	95	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,120	6,335	785	11.8	21.5	2.5
04. Architecture and related services	225	125	95	0.4	0.4	0.3
14. Engineering	1,980	1,550	430	3.3	5.3	1.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,350	1,195	155	2.2	4.1	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,710	1,660	55	2.8	5.6	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,230	1,190	40	2.0	4.0	0.1
48. Precision production	625	615	10	1.0	2.1	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	655	335	320	1.1	1.1	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	430	180	250	0.7	0.6	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	225	150	75	0.4	0.5	0.2
Health and related fields	5,565	1,125	4,440	9.2	3.8	14.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	505	280	230	0.8	1.0	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,990	820	4,170	8.3	2.8	13.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,920	1,010	910	3.2	3.4	3.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,105	330	775	1.8	1.1	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	285	205	75	0.5	0.7	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	505	455	55	0.8	1.5	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	60,260	29,415	30,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	21,335	11,090	10,245	35.4	37.7	33.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	38,925	18,325	20,600	64.6	62.3	66.8
Location of study inside Canada	27,985	13,170	14,810	46.4	44.8	48.0
Same as province or territory of residence	24,135	11,310	12,825	40.1	38.4	41.6
Different than province or territory of residence	3,850	1,860	1,990	6.4	6.3	6.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	10,940	5,155	5,785	18.2	17.5	18.8
Americas	1,275	640	635	2.1	2.2	2.1
United States of America	1,015	525	490	1.7	1.8	1.6
Mexico	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peru	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	85	45	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Europe	1,595	895	700	2.6	3.0	2.3
Belgium	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	50	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	100	70	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Netherlands	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hungary	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	110	60	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	105	40	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	765	445	320	1.3	1.5	1.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	155	80	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
Africa	215	120	90	0.4	0.4	0.3
Nigeria	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	30	15	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	65	45	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Asia	7,545	3,360	4,190	12.5	11.4	13.6
Iran⁸⁸	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Israel	25	15	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,365	590	780	2.3	2.0	2.5
Taiwan	270	100	170	0.4	0.3	0.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	165	80	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japan	75	15	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	90	25	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	1,125	420	710	1.9	1.4	2.3
Viet Nam	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	3,910	1,865	2,045	6.5	6.3	6.6
Pakistan	190	85	110	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other locations of study in Asia	165	75	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Oceania	310	140	170	0.5	0.5	0.6
Australia	175	85	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Zealand	60	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	99,215	48,600	50,615	...	...	...
In the labour force	63,220	33,080	30,140	...	...	...
Employed	58,555	30,820	27,730	...	...	...
Unemployed	4,670	2,260	2,410	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	35,995	15,515	20,475	...	...	...
Participation rate	63.7	68.1	59.5	63.7	68.1	59.5
Employment rate	59.0	63.4	54.8	59.0	63.4	54.8
Unemployment rate	7.4	6.8	8.0	7.4	6.8	8.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	99,215	48,600	50,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	36,980	16,105	20,870	37.3	33.1	41.2
Worked	62,240	32,495	29,745	62.7	66.9	58.8
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	32,660	18,840	13,820	32.9	38.8	27.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	29,575	13,655	15,920	29.8	28.1	31.5
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.3	42.4	40.0	41.3	42.4	40.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	63,220	33,085	30,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,205	580	625	1.9	1.8	2.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	62,015	32,505	29,510	98.1	98.2	97.9
Employee	51,845	25,725	26,125	82.0	77.8	86.7
Permanent position	43,910	22,310	21,595	69.5	67.4	71.7
Temporary position	7,940	3,410	4,530	12.6	10.3	15.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,455	1,080	1,380	3.9	3.3	4.6
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,485	2,330	3,150	8.7	7.0	10.5
Self-employed¹⁹²	10,165	6,780	3,385	16.1	20.5	11.2
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	63,220	33,085	30,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,205	580	625	1.9	1.8	2.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	62,015	32,505	29,510	98.1	98.2	97.9
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	840	660	180	1.3	2.0	0.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,325	3,535	7,795	17.9	10.7	25.9
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,170	3,245	920	6.6	9.8	3.1
3 Health occupations	4,135	740	3,395	6.5	2.2	11.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,195	2,340	4,855	11.4	7.1	16.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,110	1,045	1,065	3.3	3.2	3.5
6 Sales and service occupations	15,245	6,455	8,790	24.1	19.5	29.2
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	13,495	12,115	1,380	21.3	36.6	4.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,275	895	385	2.0	2.7	1.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,230	1,475	755	3.5	4.5	2.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	63,220	33,085	30,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,205	580	625	1.9	1.8	2.1
All industries¹⁹¹	62,015	32,505	29,510	98.1	98.2	97.9
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	855	455	400	1.4	1.4	1.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	140	120	15	0.2	0.4	0.0
22 Utilities	345	230	115	0.5	0.7	0.4
23 Construction	5,860	4,985	875	9.3	15.1	2.9
31-33 Manufacturing	4,245	2,885	1,365	6.7	8.7	4.5
41 Wholesale trade	2,370	1,560	800	3.7	4.7	2.7
44-45 Retail trade	7,000	3,240	3,760	11.1	9.8	12.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	6,135	4,680	1,455	9.7	14.1	4.8
51 Information and cultural industries	1,410	900	515	2.2	2.7	1.7
52 Finance and insurance	2,730	1,135	1,595	4.3	3.4	5.3
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,215	775	445	1.9	2.3	1.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,040	2,825	2,215	8.0	8.5	7.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	135	45	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,680	1,575	1,105	4.2	4.8	3.7
61 Educational services	4,845	1,355	3,490	7.7	4.1	11.6
62 Health care and social assistance	6,565	1,130	5,440	10.4	3.4	18.1
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,375	755	625	2.2	2.3	2.1
72 Accommodation and food services	3,450	1,120	2,335	5.5	3.4	7.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,420	1,090	1,325	3.8	3.3	4.4
91 Public administration	3,190	1,640	1,560	5.0	5.0	5.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	67,610	35,175	32,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	60,190	31,230	28,960	89.0	88.8	89.3
French	75	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
Non-official language	1,385	810	575	2.0	2.3	1.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,385	810	575	2.0	2.3	1.8
English and French	380	115	265	0.6	0.3	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	5,450	2,945	2,505	8.1	8.4	7.7
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	67,610	35,175	32,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	66,195	34,495	31,705	97.9	98.1	97.7
Official languages	63,680	33,025	30,665	94.2	93.9	94.5
English	63,570	32,995	30,575	94.0	93.8	94.3
French	115	25	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official languages	2,510	1,470	1,040	3.7	4.2	3.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,510	1,470	1,040	3.7	4.2	3.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,595	1,025	565	2.4	2.9	1.7
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,535	1,010	530	2.3	2.9	1.6
Indo-Aryan languages	1,520	1,000	520	2.2	2.8	1.6
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,470	970	500	2.2	2.8	1.5
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	810	405	400	1.2	1.2	1.2
Chinese languages	800	405	395	1.2	1.2	1.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	560	290	270	0.8	0.8	0.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	240	115	125	0.4	0.3	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,420	685	730	2.1	1.9	2.3
English and French	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,355	660	690	2.0	1.9	2.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	67,610	35,175	32,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	62,850	32,650	30,205	93.0	92.8	93.1
English	980	565	415	1.4	1.6	1.3
French	320	100	215	0.5	0.3	0.7
Non-official language	2,720	1,485	1,230	4.0	4.2	3.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,715	1,485	1,230	4.0	4.2	3.8
English and French	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	130	75	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	580	285	295	0.9	0.8	0.9
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	58,550	30,820	27,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	11,385	5,415	5,970	19.4	17.6	21.5
Worked outside Canada	250	145	105	0.4	0.5	0.4
No fixed workplace address	10,045	7,605	2,440	17.2	24.7	8.8
Usual place of work	36,880	17,660	19,215	63.0	57.3	69.3
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	36,880	17,655	19,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	13,170	5,810	7,360	35.7	32.9	38.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	23,225	11,550	11,675	63.0	65.4	60.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	415	265	150	1.1	1.5	0.8
Commute to a different province or territory	65	30	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	46,925	25,270	21,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	39,585	22,225	17,360	84.4	88.0	80.2
Car, truck or van - as a driver	36,390	20,825	15,560	77.5	82.4	71.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,200	1,400	1,795	6.8	5.5	8.3
Public transit	4,280	1,660	2,615	9.1	6.6	12.1
Walked	1,635	580	1,060	3.5	2.3	4.9
Bicycle	440	310	130	0.9	1.2	0.6
Other method	985	490	495	2.1	1.9	2.3
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	46,925	25,270	21,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	10,460	4,490	5,975	22.3	17.8	27.6
15 to 29 minutes	15,615	8,585	7,035	33.3	34.0	32.5
30 to 44 minutes	12,875	7,565	5,310	27.4	29.9	24.5
45 to 59 minutes	4,420	2,725	1,690	9.4	10.8	7.8
60 minutes and over	3,550	1,905	1,645	7.6	7.5	7.6
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	46,925	25,270	21,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,790	2,685	1,100	8.1	10.6	5.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	8,250	5,335	2,920	17.6	21.1	13.5
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,505	5,500	5,005	22.4	21.8	23.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,190	4,170	5,025	19.6	16.5	23.2
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,490	3,285	4,205	16.0	13.0	19.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,695	4,295	3,395	16.4	17.0	15.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,520	11,720	10,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,315	680	640	5.8	5.8	5.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	21,200	11,045	10,155	94.1	94.2	94.1
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	17,265	9,055	8,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,095	565	530	6.3	6.2	6.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	615	295	320	3.6	3.3	3.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	480	265	210	2.8	2.9	2.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	16,175	8,490	7,685	93.7	93.8	93.6

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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