Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Cloverdale--Langley CityMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	117,050	57,410	59,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	22,065	11,420	10,640	18.9	19.9	17.8
0 to 4 years	6,890	3,525	3,365	5.9	6.1	5.6
5 to 9 years	7,600	3,930	3,670	6.5	6.8	6.2
10 to 14 years	7,575	3,970	3,605	6.5	6.9	6.0
15 to 64 years	78,330	38,565	39,765	66.9	67.2	66.7
15 to 19 years	6,660	3,355	3,305	5.7	5.8	5.5
20 to 24 years	6,755	3,530	3,225	5.8	6.1	5.4
25 to 29 years	7,565	3,735	3,825	6.5	6.5	6.4
30 to 34 years	8,970	4,330	4,645	7.7	7.5	7.8
35 to 39 years	10,040	4,860	5,180	8.6	8.5	8.7
40 to 44 years	9,035	4,420	4,615	7.7	7.7	7.7
45 to 49 years	8,285	4,080	4,200	7.1	7.1	7.0
50 to 54 years	7,550	3,730	3,825	6.5	6.5	6.4
55 to 59 years	7,130	3,530	3,605	6.1	6.1	6.0
60 to 64 years	6,345	3,005	3,345	5.4	5.2	5.6
65 years and over	16,655	7,420	9,235	14.2	12.9	15.5
65 to 69 years	5,515	2,500	3,015	4.7	4.4	5.1
70 to 74 years	4,490	2,065	2,420	3.8	3.6	4.1
75 to 79 years	3,005	1,365	1,640	2.6	2.4	2.7
80 to 84 years	1,835	810	1,020	1.6	1.4	1.7
85 years and over	1,815	680	1,135	1.6	1.2	1.9
85 to 89 years	1,080	455	625	0.9	0.8	1.0
90 to 94 years	530	170	360	0.5	0.3	0.6
95 to 99 years	175	50	130	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	25	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.9	19.9	17.8	18.9	19.9	17.8
15 to 64 years	66.9	67.2	66.7	66.9	67.2	66.7
65 years and over	14.2	12.9	15.5	14.2	12.9	15.5
85 years and over	1.6	1.2	1.9	1.6	1.2	1.9
Average age of the population	38.8	37.8	39.7	38.8	37.8	39.7
Median age of the population	38.4	37.6	39.2	38.4	37.6	39.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	42,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	13,885	...	...	32.9	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,065	...	...	2.5	...	...
Row house	8,830	...	...	20.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,150	...	...	17.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	10,490	...	...	24.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	695	...	...	1.6	...	...
Other single-attached house	50	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	42,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	10,330	...	...	24.5	...	...
2 persons	12,240	...	...	29.0	...	...
3 persons	6,840	...	...	16.2	...	...
4 persons	7,425	...	...	17.6	...	...
5 or more persons	5,325	...	...	12.6	...	...
Number of persons in private households	115,625	56,815	58,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	94,990	45,990	48,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	56,830	28,395	28,430	59.8	61.7	58.0
Married	49,090	24,535	24,555	51.7	53.3	50.1
Living common-law	7,740	3,865	3,875	8.1	8.4	7.9
Living common law - Never married	5,555	2,795	2,760	5.8	6.1	5.6
Living common law - Separated	390	200	185	0.4	0.4	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	1,645	810	840	1.7	1.8	1.7
Living common law - Widowed	150	60	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	38,155	17,595	20,565	40.2	38.3	42.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	25,240	13,475	11,760	26.6	29.3	24.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,610	1,035	1,575	2.7	2.3	3.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,940	2,200	3,740	6.3	4.8	7.6
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,370	880	3,490	4.6	1.9	7.1
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	32,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	14,180	...	...	43.7	...	...
3 persons	7,355	...	...	22.7	...	...
4 persons	8,040	...	...	24.8	...	...
5 or more persons	2,850	...	...	8.8	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	32,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	27,520	...	...	84.9	...	...
Married couples	23,650	...	...	72.9	...	...
With children⁶	14,880	...	...	45.9	...	...
Without children	8,765	...	...	27.0	...	...
Common-law couples	3,870	...	...	11.9	...	...
With children⁶	1,445	...	...	4.5	...	...
Without children	2,425	...	...	7.5	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,905	...	...	15.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,810	...	...	11.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,095	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	115,625	56,820	58,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	97,615	48,555	49,055	84.4	85.5	83.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	55,040	27,485	27,555	47.6	48.4	46.9
Parents in one-parent families	4,905	1,095	3,810	4.2	1.9	6.5
Children⁶	37,665	19,970	17,695	32.6	35.1	30.1
In a two-parent family	30,275	15,935	14,340	26.2	28.0	24.4
In a one-parent family	7,395	4,040	3,355	6.4	7.1	5.7
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	18,015	8,260	9,755	15.6	14.5	16.6
Living alone	10,330	4,625	5,700	8.9	8.1	9.7
Living with other relatives⁷	3,565	1,345	2,225	3.1	2.4	3.8
Living with non-relatives only	4,120	2,290	1,830	3.6	4.0	3.1
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	42,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	25,360	...	...	60.1	...	...
Couple-family households	21,720	...	...	51.5	...	...
With children⁶	12,955	...	...	30.7	...	...
Without children	8,770	...	...	20.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,645	...	...	8.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,445	...	...	5.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	585	...	...	1.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,860	...	...	4.4	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,585	...	...	3.8	...	...
One-person households	10,330	...	...	24.5	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	93,575	45,400	48,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	90,310	43,800	46,510	96.5	96.5	96.5
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	53,600	38,800	44,800	53,600	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	90,375	43,835	46,540	96.6	96.6	96.6
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	47,200	35,600	40,400	47,200	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	81,640	40,515	41,125	87.2	89.2	85.4
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	52,000	31,800	40,800	52,000	31,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	70,065	35,650	34,415	74.9	78.5	71.4
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	54,400	35,200	44,000	54,400	35,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	74,085	32,940	41,145	79.2	72.6	85.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,400	6,600	9,700	8,400	6,600	9,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,075	3,640	5,435	9.7	8.0	11.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,000	5,880	5,480	5,000	5,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	25,600	11,690	13,905	27.4	25.7	28.9
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	93,620	45,505	48,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	90,280	43,850	46,435	96.4	96.4	96.5
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,000	62,000	44,560	53,000	62,000	44,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	90,365	43,890	46,480	96.5	96.5	96.6
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,440	51,950	39,280	45,440	51,950	39,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	81,585	40,675	40,910	87.1	89.4	85.0
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,200	59,300	39,200	49,200	59,300	39,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	70,035	35,790	34,245	74.8	78.7	71.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,600	59,900	40,920	50,600	59,900	40,920
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	73,965	32,855	41,115	79.0	72.2	85.4
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,430	9,350	11,300	10,430	9,350	11,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,345	3,865	5,485	10.0	8.5	11.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,580	5,320	7,470	6,580	5,320	7,470
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	25,295	11,465	13,830	27.0	25.2	28.7
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,900	8,630	9,130	8,900	8,630	9,130
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	93,620	45,505	48,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	35,795	20,860	14,935	38.2	45.8	31.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000	73,000	57,600	66,000	73,000	57,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	73,000	80,200	62,850	73,000	80,200	62,850
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,165	11,175	14,990	27.9	24.6	31.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,000	23,000	18,200	20,000	23,000	18,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,800	33,600	25,200	28,800	33,600	25,200
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.8	88.8	77.6	83.8	88.8	77.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	74.0	78.8	67.8	74.0	78.8	67.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.1	11.3	22.5	16.1	11.3	22.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.8	2.0	1.3	0.8	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.8	4.4	7.7	5.8	4.4	7.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.7	3.6	6.1	4.7	3.6	6.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	93,575	45,400	48,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,270	1,605	1,665	3.5	3.5	3.5
With total income	90,310	43,800	46,510	96.5	96.5	96.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,565	3,030	4,535	8.4	6.9	9.7
$10,000 to $19,999	9,205	3,630	5,575	10.2	8.3	12.0
$20,000 to $29,999	12,420	4,820	7,595	13.7	11.0	16.3
$30,000 to $39,999	10,960	4,510	6,450	12.1	10.3	13.9
$40,000 to $49,999	10,320	4,360	5,960	11.4	10.0	12.8
$50,000 to $59,999	8,950	4,175	4,775	9.9	9.5	10.3
$60,000 to $69,999	7,295	3,850	3,445	8.1	8.8	7.4
$70,000 to $79,999	5,950	3,500	2,450	6.6	8.0	5.3
$80,000 to $89,999	4,585	2,855	1,725	5.1	6.5	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	3,610	2,220	1,385	4.0	5.1	3.0
$100,000 and over	9,455	6,855	2,605	10.5	15.6	5.6
$100,000 to $149,999	7,170	5,030	2,135	7.9	11.5	4.6
$150,000 and over	2,285	1,820	470	2.5	4.2	1.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	93,575	45,400	48,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,200	1,560	1,640	3.4	3.4	3.4
With after-tax income	90,375	43,835	46,540	96.6	96.6	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,800	3,115	4,675	8.6	7.1	10.1
$10,000 to $19,999	9,515	3,745	5,765	10.5	8.5	12.4
$20,000 to $29,999	14,135	5,585	8,550	15.6	12.7	18.4
$30,000 to $39,999	13,070	5,455	7,615	14.5	12.4	16.4
$40,000 to $49,999	12,120	5,470	6,655	13.4	12.5	14.3
$50,000 to $59,999	9,930	5,110	4,820	11.0	11.7	10.4
$60,000 to $69,999	7,645	4,500	3,145	8.5	10.3	6.8
$70,000 to $79,999	5,460	3,365	2,095	6.0	7.7	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	3,845	2,445	1,400	4.3	5.6	3.0
$90,000 to $99,999	2,420	1,655	765	2.7	3.8	1.6
$100,000 and over	4,430	3,385	1,040	4.9	7.7	2.2
$100,000 to $124,999	2,695	2,020	675	3.0	4.6	1.4
$125,000 and over	1,740	1,365	370	1.9	3.1	0.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	93,575	45,400	48,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	23,515	9,750	13,760	25.1	21.5	28.6
With employment income	70,065	35,650	34,415	74.9	78.5	71.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	7,665	3,230	4,435	10.9	9.1	12.9
$5,000 to $9,999	4,930	1,895	3,030	7.0	5.3	8.8
$10,000 to $19,999	7,380	2,945	4,435	10.5	8.3	12.9
$20,000 to $29,999	5,950	2,530	3,420	8.5	7.1	10.0
$30,000 to $39,999	6,430	2,745	3,685	9.2	7.7	10.7
$40,000 to $49,999	6,510	3,005	3,505	9.3	8.4	10.2
$50,000 to $59,999	6,595	3,185	3,410	9.4	8.9	9.9
$60,000 to $69,999	5,405	3,060	2,345	7.7	8.6	6.8
$70,000 to $79,999	4,620	2,890	1,730	6.6	8.1	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	3,735	2,405	1,330	5.3	6.7	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	3,065	1,935	1,130	4.4	5.4	3.3
$100,000 and over	7,770	5,815	1,950	11.1	16.3	5.7
$100,000 to $124,999	4,240	3,020	1,225	6.1	8.5	3.5
$125,000 and over	3,530	2,800	730	5.0	7.9	2.1
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	93,575	45,400	48,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,805	42,510	45,295	93.8	93.6	94.0
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	52,400	35,200	42,400	52,400	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,990	42,540	45,450	94.0	93.7	94.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	45,600	32,000	38,000	45,600	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,790	39,925	40,865	86.3	87.9	84.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	52,400	32,400	41,200	52,400	32,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,165	35,895	35,270	76.1	79.1	73.2
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	54,000	34,800	42,800	54,000	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	56,915	22,385	34,535	60.8	49.3	71.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,840	2,580	5,880	4,840	2,580	5,880
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,495	2,360	4,135	6.9	5.2	8.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,480	4,440	6,200	5,480	4,440	6,200
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	93,620	45,505	48,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	87,670	42,510	45,160	93.6	93.4	93.8
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,600	60,200	41,560	50,600	60,200	41,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	87,850	42,530	45,315	93.8	93.5	94.2
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,760	49,880	36,080	42,760	49,880	36,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,840	40,065	40,775	86.3	88.0	84.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,240	59,650	39,000	49,240	59,650	39,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,435	36,020	35,415	76.3	79.2	73.6
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,520	59,200	39,640	49,520	59,200	39,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	57,025	22,450	34,580	60.9	49.3	71.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,950	7,490	8,250	7,950	7,490	8,250
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,575	2,370	4,205	7.0	5.2	8.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,670	5,645	8,820	7,670	5,645	8,820
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	93,620	45,505	48,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	35,545	20,695	14,855	38.0	45.5	30.9
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	70,000	53,200	62,000	70,000	53,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,700	76,500	57,800	68,700	76,500	57,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,695	10,420	14,275	26.4	22.9	29.7
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,800	31,800	24,400	26,800	31,800	24,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,320	40,800	29,600	34,320	40,800	29,600
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.8	93.4	84.8	89.8	93.4	84.8
Employment income (%)	79.8	83.4	74.8	79.8	83.4	74.8
Government transfers (%)	10.2	6.6	15.2	10.2	6.6	15.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.5	2.0	1.1	0.5	2.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	42,165	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	10,330	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,200	...	...	47,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	...	...	42,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	31,835	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...	121,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	42,180	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	113,500	...	...	113,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	97,400	...	...	97,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	10,335	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,200	...	...	55,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,240	...	...	47,240	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	31,850	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	132,400	...	...	132,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	113,600	...	...	113,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	42,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	345	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	130	...	...	0.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	230	...	...	0.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	595	...	...	1.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,250	...	...	3.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	985	...	...	2.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	970	...	...	2.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,100	...	...	2.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,275	...	...	3.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,265	...	...	3.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,620	...	...	6.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,650	...	...	6.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,590	...	...	6.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,600	...	...	6.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,405	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,145	...	...	50.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,675	...	...	13.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,755	...	...	11.3	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,955	...	...	14.1	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,760	...	...	11.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	42,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	380	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	140	...	...	0.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	240	...	...	0.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	605	...	...	1.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,305	...	...	3.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,150	...	...	2.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,165	...	...	2.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,395	...	...	3.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,480	...	...	3.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,525	...	...	3.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,165	...	...	7.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,120	...	...	7.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,040	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,945	...	...	7.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,825	...	...	6.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,695	...	...	42.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,285	...	...	14.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,410	...	...	10.5	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,000	...	...	16.6	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	30,945	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	9,215	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	16,250	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,000	...	...	143,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...	124,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,355	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	14,450	6,920	7,530	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,000	48,000	41,200	44,000	48,000	41,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	42,800	37,600	39,600	42,800	37,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	30,885	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	130,800	...	...	130,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,100	...	...	112,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,235	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	109,600	...	...	109,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,800	...	...	93,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	16,215	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	154,800	...	...	154,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...	132,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,265	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	85,600	...	...	85,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,700	...	...	75,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	14,580	6,900	7,680	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,250	55,700	47,240	51,250	55,700	47,240
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,200	47,200	41,480	44,200	47,200	41,480
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	115,625	56,815	58,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	26,105	13,460	12,645	22.6	23.7	21.5
0 to 5 years	8,320	4,255	4,065	7.2	7.5	6.9
18 to 64 years	73,885	36,305	37,580	63.9	63.9	63.9
65 years and over	15,640	7,050	8,585	13.5	12.4	14.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	7,975	3,585	4,385	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,000	1,005	990	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	630	300	330	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,150	1,945	2,210	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,820	635	1,180	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	6.9	6.3	7.5	6.9	6.3	7.5
0 to 17 years (%)	7.7	7.5	7.9	7.7	7.5	7.9
0 to 5 years (%)	7.6	7.0	8.2	7.6	7.0	8.2
18 to 64 years (%)	5.6	5.4	5.9	5.6	5.4	5.9
65 years and over (%)	11.7	9.1	13.8	11.7	9.1	13.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	115,625	56,815	58,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	26,105	13,460	12,645	22.6	23.7	21.5
0 to 5 years	8,320	4,255	4,065	7.2	7.5	6.9
18 to 64 years	73,885	36,305	37,580	63.9	63.9	63.9
65 years and over	15,640	7,050	8,585	13.5	12.4	14.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	4,835	2,360	2,470	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	980	505	475	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	275	130	140	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,210	1,630	1,580	...	...	...
65 years and over	645	230	415	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.2	4.2
0 to 17 years (%)	3.8	3.7	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.8
0 to 5 years (%)	3.2	3.1	3.4	3.2	3.1	3.4
18 to 64 years (%)	4.3	4.5	4.2	4.3	4.5	4.2
65 years and over (%)	4.1	3.3	4.8	4.1	3.3	4.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	115,630	56,815	58,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	46,145	21,860	24,280	39.9	38.5	41.3
In bottom decile	7,470	3,445	4,030	6.5	6.1	6.9
In second decile	7,945	3,620	4,325	6.9	6.4	7.4
In third decile	8,875	4,270	4,605	7.7	7.5	7.8
In fourth decile	10,245	4,910	5,335	8.9	8.6	9.1
In fifth decile	11,605	5,625	5,985	10.0	9.9	10.2
In top half of the distribution	69,485	34,955	34,530	60.1	61.5	58.7
In sixth decile	13,000	6,390	6,615	11.2	11.2	11.2
In seventh decile	14,400	7,140	7,260	12.5	12.6	12.3
In eighth decile	15,410	7,800	7,605	13.3	13.7	12.9
In ninth decile	15,545	7,870	7,675	13.4	13.9	13.0
In top decile	11,130	5,750	5,375	9.6	10.1	9.1
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	115,630	...	...	115,630	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.272	...	...	0.272	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.358	...	...	0.358	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.245	...	...	0.245	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	115,855	56,910	58,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	107,350	53,275	54,075	92.7	93.6	91.7
French only	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	5,160	2,200	2,955	4.5	3.9	5.0
Neither English nor French	3,305	1,410	1,900	2.9	2.5	3.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	115,855	56,910	58,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	111,445	54,955	56,485	96.2	96.6	95.8
French	800	395	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
English and French	370	185	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Neither English nor French	3,240	1,370	1,865	2.8	2.4	3.2
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	115,855	56,910	58,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	110,260	54,205	56,050	95.2	95.2	95.1
Official languages	77,105	38,420	38,690	66.6	67.5	65.6
English	76,315	38,035	38,280	65.9	66.8	64.9
French	790	390	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official languages	33,150	15,785	17,365	28.6	27.7	29.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	33,140	15,780	17,360	28.6	27.7	29.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	895	475	415	0.8	0.8	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	880	465	415	0.8	0.8	0.7
Amharic	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	750	395	355	0.6	0.7	0.6
Aramaic languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	930	410	525	0.8	0.7	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	815	355	455	0.7	0.6	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,550	1,550	2,000	3.1	2.7	3.4
Bikol	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	150	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ilocano	205	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,900	1,255	1,640	2.5	2.2	2.8
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	520	245	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
Kannada	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	240	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	180	80	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Telugu	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	21,605	10,540	11,070	18.6	18.5	18.8
Albanian	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,465	685	780	1.3	1.2	1.3
Baltic languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,445	680	770	1.2	1.2	1.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	350	160	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	435	190	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	325	170	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	150	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	150	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,320	610	710	1.1	1.1	1.2
Frisian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	755	340	415	0.7	0.6	0.7
German	730	325	405	0.6	0.6	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	440	210	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afrikaans	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	335	160	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	125	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	15,880	7,865	8,015	13.7	13.8	13.6
Indo-Aryan languages	15,250	7,535	7,720	13.2	13.2	13.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	125	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	240	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	1,640	815	830	1.4	1.4	1.4
Kacchi	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	12,300	6,070	6,230	10.6	10.7	10.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	620	300	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	625	330	300	0.5	0.6	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Parsi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	50	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	505	255	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	240	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	200	120	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,710	1,270	1,440	2.3	2.2	2.4
Catalan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	260	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	450	195	260	0.4	0.3	0.4
Romanian	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	1,815	865	950	1.6	1.5	1.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	245	85	155	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korean	1,670	785	890	1.4	1.4	1.5
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	230	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,960	1,340	1,615	2.6	2.4	2.7
Chinese languages	2,660	1,200	1,460	2.3	2.1	2.5
Hakka	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,580	705	870	1.4	1.2	1.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	885	405	475	0.8	0.7	0.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	300	145	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Burmese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	250	115	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
S'gaw Karen	230	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	105	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Thai	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	250	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	195	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,595	2,700	2,895	4.8	4.7	4.9
English and French	315	130	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	4,755	2,315	2,440	4.1	4.1	4.1
French and non-official language(s)	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	385	185	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	115,855	56,910	58,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	78,940	39,140	39,800	68.1	68.8	67.5
French	145	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	10,320	5,000	5,320	8.9	8.8	9.0
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	10,320	5,000	5,320	8.9	8.8	9.0
English and French	625	265	365	0.5	0.5	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	24,610	11,865	12,750	21.2	20.8	21.6
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	470	210	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	720	345	370	0.6	0.6	0.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	115,855	56,910	58,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	109,930	54,070	55,860	94.9	95.0	94.8
Official languages	89,785	44,190	45,590	77.5	77.6	77.3
English	89,570	44,095	45,480	77.3	77.5	77.2
French	210	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official languages	20,145	9,880	10,265	17.4	17.4	17.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	20,140	9,880	10,260	17.4	17.4	17.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	565	300	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	565	290	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Amharic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	490	255	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Aramaic languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	590	265	325	0.5	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	510	230	285	0.4	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,875	885	990	1.6	1.6	1.7
Bikol	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	135	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,535	725	810	1.3	1.3	1.4
Waray-Waray	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	355	165	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	140	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,930	6,410	6,515	11.2	11.3	11.1
Albanian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	615	305	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baltic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	605	300	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	280	135	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	120	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
German	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Afrikaans	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	10,870	5,405	5,465	9.4	9.5	9.3
Indo-Aryan languages	10,540	5,240	5,300	9.1	9.2	9.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	150	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	845	415	435	0.7	0.7	0.7
Kacchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,855	4,415	4,440	7.6	7.8	7.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	435	210	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	335	170	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	265	135	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,230	595	630	1.1	1.0	1.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	190	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	930	460	475	0.8	0.8	0.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,390	675	720	1.2	1.2	1.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,005	975	1,035	1.7	1.7	1.8
Chinese languages	1,835	880	950	1.6	1.5	1.6
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,210	585	625	1.0	1.0	1.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	500	240	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Burmese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	145	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,925	2,835	3,090	5.1	5.0	5.2
English and French	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	5,595	2,670	2,925	4.8	4.7	5.0
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	115,855	56,910	58,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	94,190	46,495	47,700	81.3	81.7	80.9
English	7,820	3,875	3,940	6.7	6.8	6.7
French	555	225	330	0.5	0.4	0.6
Non-official language	10,510	4,945	5,565	9.1	8.7	9.4
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	10,500	4,940	5,560	9.1	8.7	9.4
English and French	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,405	720	685	1.2	1.3	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	210	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,070	520	555	0.9	0.9	0.9
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	115,635	56,930	58,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	112,300	55,515	56,790	97.1	97.5	96.7
English	112,285	55,500	56,780	97.1	97.5	96.7
French	5,110	2,130	2,985	4.4	3.7	5.1
Non-official languages	44,115	21,205	22,910	38.2	37.2	39.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	44,060	21,180	22,875	38.1	37.2	39.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,380	785	600	1.2	1.4	1.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,355	765	595	1.2	1.3	1.0
Amharic	95	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,210	680	535	1.0	1.2	0.9
Aramaic languages	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,170	535	635	1.0	0.9	1.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	180	85	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Vietnamese	990	455	540	0.9	0.8	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,015	2,220	2,790	4.3	3.9	4.8
Bikol	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	165	55	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
Fijian	45	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hiligaynon	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	375	160	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Indonesian	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	100	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,725	2,095	2,635	4.1	3.7	4.5
Waray-Waray	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	740	335	405	0.6	0.6	0.7
Kannada	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	285	125	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Tamil	380	200	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Telugu	165	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	29,585	14,520	15,070	25.6	25.5	25.7
Albanian	160	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Armenian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,850	860	985	1.6	1.5	1.7
Baltic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,840	860	975	1.6	1.5	1.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	55	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Czech	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	405	175	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	690	325	365	0.6	0.6	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	450	225	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	55	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Croatian	195	85	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Serbian	240	120	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	220	90	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,205	1,025	1,185	1.9	1.8	2.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,285	620	660	1.1	1.1	1.1
German	1,265	615	650	1.1	1.1	1.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	740	335	405	0.6	0.6	0.7
Afrikaans	245	130	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	465	190	270	0.4	0.3	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	230	90	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Swedish	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	160	95	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	21,470	10,690	10,780	18.6	18.8	18.4
Indo-Aryan languages	20,705	10,305	10,395	17.9	18.1	17.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	245	140	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	490	275	210	0.4	0.5	0.4
Hindi	6,720	3,360	3,360	5.8	5.9	5.7
Kacchi	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	35	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	120	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	16,750	8,335	8,415	14.5	14.6	14.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	295	125	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Urdu	1,045	550	495	0.9	1.0	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	855	430	420	0.7	0.8	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	745	375	370	0.6	0.7	0.6
Dari	370	170	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	335	185	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,215	2,010	2,205	3.6	3.5	3.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	470	235	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Portuguese	725	350	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	265	130	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	2,975	1,400	1,570	2.6	2.5	2.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	440	190	250	0.4	0.3	0.4
Korean	1,930	865	1,065	1.7	1.5	1.8
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	675	360	320	0.6	0.6	0.5
Akan (Twi)	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	240	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	115	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	180	70	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	170	65	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,430	1,585	1,850	3.0	2.8	3.2
Chinese languages	3,150	1,450	1,700	2.7	2.5	2.9
Hakka	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	2,225	1,000	1,220	1.9	1.8	2.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	275	120	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,240	550	690	1.1	1.0	1.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	280	140	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burmese	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	235	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
S'gaw Karen	235	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	185	80	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	125	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	315	150	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	60	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	250	135	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,630	56,925	58,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	4,360	2,050	2,310	3.8	3.6	3.9
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	4,100	1,910	2,195	3.5	3.4	3.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,000	920	1,080	1.7	1.6	1.8
Métis	2,075	980	1,090	1.8	1.7	1.9
Inuk (Inuit)	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	175	90	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	111,270	54,875	56,395	96.2	96.4	96.1
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,630	56,925	58,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,080	560	515	0.9	1.0	0.9
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	114,550	56,365	58,190	99.1	99.0	99.1
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	42,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	30,800	...	...	73.0	...	...
Renter	11,385	...	...	27.0	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	42,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	10,570	...	...	25.1	...	...
Not condominium	31,610	...	...	74.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	42,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	280	...	...	0.7	...	...
1 bedroom	5,725	...	...	13.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	11,625	...	...	27.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	11,875	...	...	28.2	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,675	...	...	30.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	42,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	14,645	...	...	34.7	...	...
5 rooms	6,500	...	...	15.4	...	...
6 rooms	5,320	...	...	12.6	...	...
7 rooms	4,325	...	...	10.3	...	...
8 or more rooms	11,400	...	...	27.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	42,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	40,555	...	...	96.1	...	...
More than one person per room	1,620	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	42,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	39,380	...	...	93.4	...	...
Not suitable	2,800	...	...	6.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	42,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	1,070	...	...	2.5	...	...
1961 to 1980	7,125	...	...	16.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,775	...	...	11.3	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,035	...	...	16.7	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,905	...	...	11.6	...	...
2006 to 2010	7,765	...	...	18.4	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,210	...	...	12.4	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,290	...	...	10.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	42,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	40,785	...	...	96.7	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,395	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	42,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	18,690	...	...	44.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,110	...	...	47.7	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,385	...	...	8.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	42,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	800	...	...	1.9	...	...
25 to 34 years	6,280	...	...	14.9	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,525	...	...	22.6	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,130	...	...	21.6	...	...
55 to 64 years	7,425	...	...	17.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,435	...	...	12.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,690	...	...	6.4	...	...
85 years and over	900	...	...	2.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	42,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	32,050	...	...	76.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,000	...	...	23.8	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,155	...	...	21.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	42,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	13,225	...	...	31.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,120	...	...	21.6	...	...
Not suitable only	2,240	...	...	5.3	...	...
Major repairs needed only	915	...	...	2.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	465	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	385	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	65	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	25	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	28,955	...	...	68.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	41,205	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,035	...	...	14.6	...	...
Not in core need	35,170	...	...	85.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	30,780	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	73.7	...	...	73.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	20.0	...	...	20.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	9.0	...	...	9.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,840	...	...	1,840	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,922	...	...	1,922	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	850,000	...	...	850,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	922,000	...	...	922,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	11,375	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.8	...	...	9.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.0	...	...	34.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	30.1	...	...	30.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,290	...	...	1,290	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,428	...	...	1,428	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	115,630	56,930	58,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,010	450	560	0.9	0.8	1.0
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	970	435	535	0.8	0.8	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	615	270	350	0.5	0.5	0.6
Métis single ancestry	355	165	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,825	1,820	2,005	3.3	3.2	3.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,695	1,755	1,935	3.2	3.1	3.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,150	1,005	1,150	1.9	1.8	2.0
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,500	735	765	1.3	1.3	1.3
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	110,790	54,655	56,140	95.8	96.0	95.6
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	115,630	56,925	58,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	102,705	50,825	51,880	88.8	89.3	88.4
Canadian citizens aged under 18	24,535	12,695	11,835	21.2	22.3	20.2
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	78,165	38,125	40,040	67.6	67.0	68.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	12,930	6,105	6,830	11.2	10.7	11.6
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	115,630	56,925	58,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	78,490	39,215	39,275	67.9	68.9	66.9
Immigrants⁸¹	34,485	16,350	18,130	29.8	28.7	30.9
Before 1980	5,305	2,545	2,755	4.6	4.5	4.7
1980 to 1990	3,705	1,745	1,960	3.2	3.1	3.3
1991 to 2000	5,985	2,750	3,240	5.2	4.8	5.5
2001 to 2010	8,795	4,170	4,625	7.6	7.3	7.9
2011 to 2021⁸²	10,695	5,145	5,550	9.2	9.0	9.5
2011 to 2015	5,185	2,560	2,625	4.5	4.5	4.5
2016 to 2021	5,510	2,585	2,925	4.8	4.5	5.0
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,660	1,365	1,295	2.3	2.4	2.2
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	34,485	16,350	18,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,095	1,480	1,620	9.0	9.1	8.9
5 to 14 years	6,115	3,145	2,970	17.7	19.2	16.4
15 to 24 years	7,220	3,185	4,040	20.9	19.5	22.3
25 to 44 years	14,580	6,965	7,620	42.3	42.6	42.0
45 years and over	3,470	1,575	1,890	10.1	9.6	10.4
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	34,485	16,350	18,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,170	1,380	1,795	9.2	8.4	9.9
Brazil	185	75	110	0.5	0.5	0.6
Colombia	240	110	130	0.7	0.7	0.7
El Salvador	255	130	125	0.7	0.8	0.7
Guyana	70	25	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	15	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Jamaica	125	55	75	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mexico	325	130	190	0.9	0.8	1.0
Peru	95	30	65	0.3	0.2	0.4
Trinidad and Tobago	105	45	65	0.3	0.3	0.4
United States of America	1,015	415	600	2.9	2.5	3.3
Other places of birth in Americas	730	355	385	2.1	2.2	2.1
Europe	5,695	2,855	2,840	16.5	17.5	15.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	95	50	45	0.3	0.3	0.2
Croatia	60	20	35	0.2	0.1	0.2
France	45	25	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Germany	445	210	240	1.3	1.3	1.3
Greece	80	55	20	0.2	0.3	0.1
Hungary	145	80	60	0.4	0.5	0.3
Italy	180	95	85	0.5	0.6	0.5
Netherlands	355	175	180	1.0	1.1	1.0
Poland	290	135	155	0.8	0.8	0.9
Portugal	215	95	115	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romania	215	95	120	0.6	0.6	0.7
Russian Federation	240	115	120	0.7	0.7	0.7
Serbia⁸⁶	95	65	30	0.3	0.4	0.2
Ukraine	200	90	105	0.6	0.6	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,245	1,130	1,115	6.5	6.9	6.2
Other places of birth in Europe	795	395	400	2.3	2.4	2.2
Africa	1,620	850	770	4.7	5.2	4.2
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	80	50	35	0.2	0.3	0.2
Egypt	150	80	70	0.4	0.5	0.4
Eritrea	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	55	30	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Morocco	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	215	120	95	0.6	0.7	0.5
Somalia	20	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	330	175	155	1.0	1.1	0.9
Other places of birth in Africa	720	355	365	2.1	2.2	2.0
Asia	22,975	10,810	12,170	66.6	66.1	67.1
Afghanistan	285	130	150	0.8	0.8	0.8
Iran⁸⁸	265	145	120	0.8	0.9	0.7
Iraq	255	150	105	0.7	0.9	0.6
Lebanon	80	45	35	0.2	0.3	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	255	135	120	0.7	0.8	0.7
Turkey	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,270	565	705	3.7	3.5	3.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	365	145	220	1.1	0.9	1.2
Korea, South⁹²	1,325	585	740	3.8	3.6	4.1
Taiwan	485	225	260	1.4	1.4	1.4
Philippines	4,730	2,115	2,610	13.7	12.9	14.4
Viet Nam	720	325	400	2.1	2.0	2.2
Bangladesh	115	65	55	0.3	0.4	0.3
India	10,275	5,000	5,270	29.8	30.6	29.1
Pakistan	555	260	295	1.6	1.6	1.6
Sri Lanka	255	115	140	0.7	0.7	0.8
Other places of birth in Asia	1,710	780	930	5.0	4.8	5.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,025	465	560	3.0	2.8	3.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,510	2,585	2,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	560	215	340	10.2	8.3	11.6
Brazil	100	40	55	1.8	1.5	1.9
Colombia	60	15	40	1.1	0.6	1.4
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	15	10	10	0.3	0.4	0.3
Mexico	85	35	45	1.5	1.4	1.5
United States of America	170	75	100	3.1	2.9	3.4
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	130	40	90	2.4	1.5	3.1
Europe	325	190	135	5.9	7.4	4.6
France	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	20	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.3
Italy	20	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.3
Russian Federation	35	10	20	0.6	0.4	0.7
Ukraine	40	20	20	0.7	0.8	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	95	60	40	1.7	2.3	1.4
Other places of birth in Europe	105	75	35	1.9	2.9	1.2
Africa	445	215	230	8.1	8.3	7.9
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	45	20	20	0.8	0.8	0.7
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	30	15	20	0.5	0.6	0.7
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Morocco	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Nigeria	105	50	55	1.9	1.9	1.9
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	80	45	40	1.5	1.7	1.4
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	135	65	65	2.5	2.5	2.2
Asia	4,120	1,945	2,175	74.8	75.2	74.4
Afghanistan	30	15	15	0.5	0.6	0.5
Bangladesh	35	20	20	0.6	0.8	0.7
China⁹⁰	240	105	135	4.4	4.1	4.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	10	15	0.5	0.4	0.5
India	2,270	1,165	1,105	41.2	45.1	37.8
Iran⁸⁸	20	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.5
Iraq	30	20	15	0.5	0.8	0.5
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Jordan	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	285	125	160	5.2	4.8	5.5
Lebanon	20	0	20	0.4	0.0	0.7
Nepal	20	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.5
Pakistan	100	35	60	1.8	1.4	2.1
Philippines	550	215	340	10.0	8.3	11.6
Saudi Arabia	15	15	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Sri Lanka	50	30	20	0.9	1.2	0.7
Syria⁸⁹	170	85	85	3.1	3.3	2.9
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	25	20	10	0.5	0.8	0.3
Viet Nam	50	15	30	0.9	0.6	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	160	70	95	2.9	2.7	3.2
Oceania and other⁹³	55	15	45	1.0	0.6	1.5
Australia	20	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.5
Other places of birth⁹⁸	40	10	25	0.7	0.4	0.9
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	115,630	56,925	58,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	38,195	18,285	19,910	33.0	32.1	33.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	29,060	14,630	14,435	25.1	25.7	24.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	48,380	24,015	24,370	41.8	42.2	41.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	29,180	13,805	15,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	15,040	7,435	7,610	51.5	53.9	49.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	5,760	3,290	2,475	19.7	23.8	16.1
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,280	4,150	5,130	31.8	30.1	33.4
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	10,670	4,520	6,150	36.6	32.7	40.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,255	1,745	1,510	11.2	12.6	9.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	220	110	110	0.8	0.8	0.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	29,180	13,805	15,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	940	550	390	3.2	4.0	2.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,180	1,400	1,780	10.9	10.1	11.6
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	710	340	370	2.4	2.5	2.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,510	810	695	5.2	5.9	4.5
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	205	85	120	0.7	0.6	0.8
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	22,645	10,625	12,020	77.6	77.0	78.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	115,630	56,930	58,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	49,040	24,115	24,920	42.4	42.4	42.4
South Asian	24,240	12,160	12,085	21.0	21.4	20.6
Chinese	4,065	2,030	2,035	3.5	3.6	3.5
Black	2,560	1,280	1,275	2.2	2.2	2.2
Filipino	6,775	3,190	3,585	5.9	5.6	6.1
Arab	885	455	430	0.8	0.8	0.7
Latin American	2,105	1,030	1,070	1.8	1.8	1.8
Southeast Asian	2,240	1,060	1,180	1.9	1.9	2.0
West Asian	890	440	450	0.8	0.8	0.8
Korean	2,075	935	1,135	1.8	1.6	1.9
Japanese	735	360	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	685	335	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Multiple visible minorities	1,785	840	945	1.5	1.5	1.6
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	66,595	32,810	33,785	57.6	57.6	57.6
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	115,630	56,925	58,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	11,830	5,955	5,875	10.2	10.5	10.0
English	22,020	10,810	11,205	19.0	19.0	19.1
Irish	13,285	6,215	7,075	11.5	10.9	12.1
Scottish	17,175	8,440	8,730	14.9	14.8	14.9
French, n.o.s.¹²²	6,350	2,950	3,400	5.5	5.2	5.8
German	11,875	5,810	6,055	10.3	10.2	10.3
Chinese	4,710	2,260	2,445	4.1	4.0	4.2
Italian	3,710	1,865	1,845	3.2	3.3	3.1
Indian (India)	13,730	6,885	6,845	11.9	12.1	11.7
Ukrainian	5,120	2,565	2,550	4.4	4.5	4.3
Dutch	4,500	2,285	2,215	3.9	4.0	3.8
Polish	2,825	1,230	1,600	2.4	2.2	2.7
Québécois	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,615	1,825	1,790	3.1	3.2	3.0
Filipino	6,545	3,100	3,445	5.7	5.4	5.9
French Canadian	955	460	490	0.8	0.8	0.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,785	940	845	1.5	1.7	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,425	700	725	1.2	1.2	1.2
Métis	2,025	980	1,045	1.8	1.7	1.8
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,320	1,150	1,170	2.0	2.0	2.0
Russian	2,425	1,120	1,305	2.1	2.0	2.2
Norwegian	2,950	1,460	1,485	2.6	2.6	2.5
Welsh	2,300	1,115	1,185	2.0	2.0	2.0
Portuguese	1,170	550	625	1.0	1.0	1.1
American	1,450	670	780	1.3	1.2	1.3
Spanish	1,630	745	895	1.4	1.3	1.5
Swedish	1,975	905	1,075	1.7	1.6	1.8
Hungarian	1,295	585	710	1.1	1.0	1.2
Acadian	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	825	400	425	0.7	0.7	0.7
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	630	315	315	0.5	0.6	0.5
Jewish	310	145	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Punjabi	5,015	2,495	2,520	4.3	4.4	4.3
Vietnamese	1,385	645	740	1.2	1.1	1.3
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	480	265	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Greek	540	290	250	0.5	0.5	0.4
Jamaican	345	150	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	960	460	505	0.8	0.8	0.9
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	425	185	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Korean	1,995	910	1,080	1.7	1.6	1.8
Romanian	695	325	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	385	220	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	435	250	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
Danish	1,245	630	605	1.1	1.1	1.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	345	115	230	0.3	0.2	0.4
Sikh	3,965	1,965	2,000	3.4	3.5	3.4
Austrian	1,020	565	460	0.9	1.0	0.8
Belgian	375	140	235	0.3	0.2	0.4
Haitian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	845	420	425	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mexican	710	385	325	0.6	0.7	0.6
Mennonite	355	190	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	490	205	285	0.4	0.4	0.5
Finnish	785	395	385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Sri Lankan	190	80	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Croatian	600	265	335	0.5	0.5	0.6
Japanese	1,085	515	565	0.9	0.9	1.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,150	555	600	1.0	1.0	1.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	765	400	365	0.7	0.7	0.6
Muslim	220	130	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	535	245	290	0.5	0.4	0.5
Tamil	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	630	335	295	0.5	0.6	0.5
Colombian	245	125	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	395	195	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syrian	190	110	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Guyanese	105	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	470	220	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	180	80	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Serbian	295	165	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ojibway	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	90	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	175	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ontarian	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	180	75	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	215	115	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkish	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	45	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	95	65	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	205	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	45	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slovak	200	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	200	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	505	255	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iraqi	165	90	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Salvadorean	360	185	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Caribbean	85	60	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	440	225	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	95	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	260	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	300	140	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Palestinian	145	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	185	85	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Congolese	75	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nova Scotian	30	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ethiopian	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	180	85	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Peruvian	130	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	170	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Maltese	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	150	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	205	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Brunswicker	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	180	70	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bulgarian	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	125	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	180	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	135	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	175	80	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Laotian	90	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	100	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
British Columbian	385	185	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ecuadorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	120	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	1,155	550	605	1.0	1.0	1.0
Jatt	555	250	300	0.5	0.4	0.5
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	210	75	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Dominican	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	140	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Igbo	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Byelorussian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	180	85	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Sudanese	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Breton	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	135	85	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	90	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Grenadian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	125	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Flemish	40	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	75	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Goan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Uruguayan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	65	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	95	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	320	155	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Edo	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	115,630	56,925	58,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,540	720	820	1.3	1.3	1.4
Christian	42,715	19,695	23,020	36.9	34.6	39.2
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	13,195	6,240	6,960	11.4	11.0	11.9
Anabaptist	355	165	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Anglican	2,065	855	1,210	1.8	1.5	2.1
Baptist	1,680	785	895	1.5	1.4	1.5
Catholic	14,875	7,040	7,835	12.9	12.4	13.3
Christian Orthodox	1,010	530	480	0.9	0.9	0.8
Jehovah's Witness	590	260	335	0.5	0.5	0.6
Latter Day Saints	265	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lutheran	1,100	430	670	1.0	0.8	1.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,430	630	795	1.2	1.1	1.4
Presbyterian	705	285	420	0.6	0.5	0.7
Reformed	585	300	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
United Church	2,265	880	1,385	2.0	1.5	2.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,490	1,120	1,365	2.2	2.0	2.3
Hindu	3,515	1,785	1,730	3.0	3.1	2.9
Jewish	185	70	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Muslim	3,615	1,730	1,885	3.1	3.0	3.2
Sikh	16,545	8,295	8,250	14.3	14.6	14.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	645	265	380	0.6	0.5	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	46,825	24,345	22,475	40.5	42.8	38.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	114,390	56,285	58,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	98,395	48,420	49,975	86.0	86.0	86.0
Movers	15,995	7,865	8,125	14.0	14.0	14.0
Non-migrants	9,475	4,660	4,815	8.3	8.3	8.3
Migrants	6,520	3,210	3,310	5.7	5.7	5.7
Internal migrants	5,725	2,825	2,900	5.0	5.0	5.0
Intraprovincial migrants	4,910	2,430	2,480	4.3	4.3	4.3
Interprovincial migrants	815	395	420	0.7	0.7	0.7
External migrants	795	385	415	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	108,630	53,305	55,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	59,135	29,060	30,075	54.4	54.5	54.4
Movers	49,495	24,245	25,250	45.6	45.5	45.6
Non-migrants	22,495	10,945	11,545	20.7	20.5	20.9
Migrants	27,000	13,295	13,705	24.9	24.9	24.8
Internal migrants	21,205	10,455	10,750	19.5	19.6	19.4
Intraprovincial migrants	18,450	9,100	9,355	17.0	17.1	16.9
Interprovincial migrants	2,755	1,355	1,400	2.5	2.5	2.5
External migrants	5,795	2,840	2,955	5.3	5.3	5.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	93,620	45,500	48,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14,675	7,575	7,100	15.7	16.6	14.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	78,945	37,930	41,020	84.3	83.4	85.2
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	64,520	31,410	33,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,035	3,370	2,665	9.4	10.7	8.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	58,485	28,040	30,445	90.6	89.3	92.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	93,620	45,500	48,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,165	6,700	6,465	14.1	14.7	13.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	30,395	15,245	15,150	32.5	33.5	31.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	50,060	23,555	26,505	53.5	51.8	55.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	28,605	14,200	14,400	30.6	31.2	29.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,645	5,820	1,830	8.2	12.8	3.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,965	1,735	1,230	3.2	3.8	2.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,685	4,085	600	5.0	9.0	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,760	6,675	10,085	17.9	14.7	21.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,205	1,710	2,490	4.5	3.8	5.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	21,455	9,355	12,105	22.9	20.6	25.2
Bachelor's degree	14,695	6,415	8,275	15.7	14.1	17.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,665	685	985	1.8	1.5	2.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	435	195	235	0.5	0.4	0.5
Master's degree	4,250	1,840	2,405	4.5	4.0	5.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	405	215	190	0.4	0.5	0.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	64,520	31,410	33,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,185	2,910	2,265	8.0	9.3	6.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	18,690	9,690	9,000	29.0	30.9	27.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	40,650	18,805	21,840	63.0	59.9	66.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,135	10,905	11,230	34.3	34.7	33.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,565	4,295	1,270	8.6	13.7	3.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,070	1,220	855	3.2	3.9	2.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,490	3,080	415	5.4	9.8	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,355	5,315	8,040	20.7	16.9	24.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,210	1,290	1,920	5.0	4.1	5.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	18,515	7,905	10,610	28.7	25.2	32.0
Bachelor's degree	12,665	5,475	7,190	19.6	17.4	21.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,400	555	850	2.2	1.8	2.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	370	150	210	0.6	0.5	0.6
Master's degree	3,780	1,580	2,200	5.9	5.0	6.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	300	140	165	0.5	0.4	0.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	93,620	45,505	48,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	43,560	21,945	21,615	46.5	48.2	44.9
Education	3,180	630	2,555	3.4	1.4	5.3
13. Education	3,180	630	2,555	3.4	1.4	5.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,560	730	830	1.7	1.6	1.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	270	195	80	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,290	540	750	1.4	1.2	1.6
Humanities	3,135	1,250	1,885	3.3	2.7	3.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	275	35	235	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	640	190	450	0.7	0.4	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,400	585	815	1.5	1.3	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	160	105	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	275	155	125	0.3	0.3	0.3
54. History	285	140	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,845	1,770	4,075	6.2	3.9	8.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	510	150	360	0.5	0.3	0.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,050	80	965	1.1	0.2	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	930	220	715	1.0	0.5	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	975	235	735	1.0	0.5	1.5
45. Social sciences	2,215	1,000	1,215	2.4	2.2	2.5
Business, management and public administration	11,025	4,470	6,555	11.8	9.8	13.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	500	115	385	0.5	0.3	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,505	4,350	6,155	11.2	9.6	12.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,680	745	930	1.8	1.6	1.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	590	225	365	0.6	0.5	0.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	575	225	350	0.6	0.5	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	440	265	170	0.5	0.6	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,240	1,475	765	2.4	3.2	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,935	1,325	615	2.1	2.9	1.3
25. Library science	85	15	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	185	110	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	30	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,050	9,210	840	10.7	20.2	1.7
04. Architecture and related services	205	140	65	0.2	0.3	0.1
14. Engineering	2,235	1,815	420	2.4	4.0	0.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,790	1,605	190	1.9	3.5	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,475	2,420	50	2.6	5.3	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,110	2,075	40	2.3	4.6	0.1
48. Precision production	1,235	1,160	70	1.3	2.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	845	425	420	0.9	0.9	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	645	275	365	0.7	0.6	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	205	145	60	0.2	0.3	0.1
Health and related fields	7,800	1,515	6,285	8.3	3.3	13.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	545	275	270	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,140	1,175	5,965	7.6	2.6	12.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	115	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,700	1,330	1,365	2.9	2.9	2.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,690	475	1,210	1.8	1.0	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	445	335	105	0.5	0.7	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	555	510	45	0.6	1.1	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	64,520	31,410	33,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	23,870	12,605	11,265	37.0	40.1	34.0
Education	2,375	440	1,930	3.7	1.4	5.8
13. Education	2,375	440	1,930	3.7	1.4	5.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,290	560	730	2.0	1.8	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	210	135	75	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,080	425	655	1.7	1.4	2.0
Humanities	2,580	975	1,600	4.0	3.1	4.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	235	30	200	0.4	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	535	150	385	0.8	0.5	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,160	465	700	1.8	1.5	2.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	125	80	45	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	215	125	95	0.3	0.4	0.3
54. History	235	115	120	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,990	1,460	3,525	7.7	4.6	10.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	455	130	330	0.7	0.4	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	880	65	815	1.4	0.2	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	790	145	645	1.2	0.5	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	90	50	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
42. Psychology	820	195	625	1.3	0.6	1.9
45. Social sciences	1,920	870	1,055	3.0	2.8	3.2
Business, management and public administration	9,040	3,610	5,420	14.0	11.5	16.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	415	100	315	0.6	0.3	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,615	3,515	5,100	13.4	11.2	15.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,295	570	730	2.0	1.8	2.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	475	170	305	0.7	0.5	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	445	190	250	0.7	0.6	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	325	180	140	0.5	0.6	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,975	1,295	680	3.1	4.1	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,735	1,190	540	2.7	3.8	1.6
25. Library science	65	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	145	70	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,925	7,200	725	12.3	22.9	2.2
04. Architecture and related services	175	115	60	0.3	0.4	0.2
14. Engineering	1,880	1,485	390	2.9	4.7	1.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,410	1,245	160	2.2	4.0	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,895	1,860	35	2.9	5.9	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,605	1,575	30	2.5	5.0	0.1
48. Precision production	965	915	55	1.5	2.9	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	670	315	355	1.0	1.0	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	495	200	295	0.8	0.6	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	175	115	60	0.3	0.4	0.2
Health and related fields	6,370	1,315	5,055	9.9	4.2	15.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	465	235	230	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,810	1,025	4,790	9.0	3.3	14.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	90	60	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,130	1,060	1,070	3.3	3.4	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,315	370	945	2.0	1.2	2.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	370	285	85	0.6	0.9	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	445	400	40	0.7	1.3	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	64,520	31,410	33,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	23,870	12,605	11,265	37.0	40.1	34.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	40,650	18,805	21,840	63.0	59.9	66.0
Location of study inside Canada	29,665	13,690	15,975	46.0	43.6	48.2
Same as province or territory of residence	25,960	11,840	14,115	40.2	37.7	42.6
Different than province or territory of residence	3,705	1,845	1,855	5.7	5.9	5.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	10,985	5,120	5,865	17.0	16.3	17.7
Americas	1,410	685	730	2.2	2.2	2.2
United States of America	875	460	415	1.4	1.5	1.3
Mexico	165	70	95	0.3	0.2	0.3
Cuba	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Brazil	120	70	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	50	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	125	50	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	1,435	810	630	2.2	2.6	1.9
Belgium	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	50	40	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hungary	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	110	55	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	65	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	700	405	295	1.1	1.3	0.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	160	85	70	0.2	0.3	0.2
Africa	405	210	200	0.6	0.7	0.6
Nigeria	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	120	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	130	55	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asia	7,455	3,275	4,185	11.6	10.4	12.6
Iran⁸⁸	75	20	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iraq	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	475	215	260	0.7	0.7	0.8
Taiwan	115	35	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	95	15	80	0.1	0.0	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	570	215	355	0.9	0.7	1.1
Philippines	2,025	850	1,175	3.1	2.7	3.5
Viet Nam	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	3,335	1,560	1,775	5.2	5.0	5.4
Pakistan	170	80	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other locations of study in Asia	320	145	175	0.5	0.5	0.5
Oceania	270	150	125	0.4	0.5	0.4
Australia	140	80	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
New Zealand	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	93,620	45,505	48,120	...	...	...
In the labour force	65,315	33,905	31,405	...	...	...
Employed	60,540	31,745	28,795	...	...	...
Unemployed	4,770	2,160	2,615	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	28,310	11,595	16,710	...	...	...
Participation rate	69.8	74.5	65.3	69.8	74.5	65.3
Employment rate	64.7	69.8	59.8	64.7	69.8	59.8
Unemployment rate	7.3	6.4	8.3	7.3	6.4	8.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	93,620	45,505	48,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	29,140	12,125	17,010	31.1	26.6	35.3
Worked	64,485	33,375	31,110	68.9	73.3	64.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	36,710	21,450	15,260	39.2	47.1	31.7
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,775	11,930	15,850	29.7	26.2	32.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.9	43.2	40.5	41.9	43.2	40.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	65,315	33,905	31,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,290	575	715	2.0	1.7	2.3
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	64,020	33,325	30,695	98.0	98.3	97.7
Employee	55,465	27,985	27,485	84.9	82.5	87.5
Permanent position	48,735	24,960	23,780	74.6	73.6	75.7
Temporary position	6,730	3,025	3,700	10.3	8.9	11.8
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,355	1,125	1,225	3.6	3.3	3.9
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,380	1,900	2,480	6.7	5.6	7.9
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,555	5,345	3,215	13.1	15.8	10.2
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	65,315	33,905	31,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,290	575	715	2.0	1.7	2.3
All occupations¹⁹¹	64,020	33,325	30,695	98.0	98.3	97.7
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	560	430	125	0.9	1.3	0.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,785	3,495	8,290	18.0	10.3	26.4
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,165	3,290	875	6.4	9.7	2.8
3 Health occupations	4,530	905	3,625	6.9	2.7	11.5
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,195	2,355	4,840	11.0	6.9	15.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,800	830	970	2.8	2.4	3.1
6 Sales and service occupations	16,250	6,645	9,610	24.9	19.6	30.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	13,720	12,505	1,210	21.0	36.9	3.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,215	860	355	1.9	2.5	1.1
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,810	2,020	795	4.3	6.0	2.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	65,315	33,905	31,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,290	575	715	2.0	1.7	2.3
All industries¹⁹¹	64,020	33,325	30,695	98.0	98.3	97.7
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	890	490	395	1.4	1.4	1.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	100	80	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	415	250	170	0.6	0.7	0.5
23 Construction	7,005	5,910	1,095	10.7	17.4	3.5
31-33 Manufacturing	5,190	3,695	1,495	7.9	10.9	4.8
41 Wholesale trade	3,060	1,975	1,080	4.7	5.8	3.4
44-45 Retail trade	7,590	3,450	4,140	11.6	10.2	13.2
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,840	3,625	1,215	7.4	10.7	3.9
51 Information and cultural industries	1,465	925	535	2.2	2.7	1.7
52 Finance and insurance	2,530	965	1,565	3.9	2.8	5.0
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,310	715	600	2.0	2.1	1.9
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,180	2,185	1,990	6.4	6.4	6.3
55 Management of companies and enterprises	125	40	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,590	1,395	1,195	4.0	4.1	3.8
61 Educational services	4,215	1,170	3,040	6.5	3.5	9.7
62 Health care and social assistance	7,365	1,285	6,080	11.3	3.8	19.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,165	570	595	1.8	1.7	1.9
72 Accommodation and food services	3,460	1,250	2,210	5.3	3.7	7.0
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,945	1,515	1,425	4.5	4.5	4.5
91 Public administration	3,590	1,830	1,765	5.5	5.4	5.6
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	69,265	35,755	33,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	63,660	32,715	30,945	91.9	91.5	92.4
French	35	15	15	0.1	0.0	0.0
Non-official language	1,180	675	500	1.7	1.9	1.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,180	675	500	1.7	1.9	1.5
English and French	380	135	240	0.5	0.4	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	3,950	2,175	1,775	5.7	6.1	5.3
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	69,265	35,755	33,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	68,390	35,295	33,095	98.7	98.7	98.8
Official languages	66,390	34,145	32,240	95.8	95.5	96.2
English	66,310	34,125	32,185	95.7	95.4	96.1
French	80	20	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official languages	2,000	1,150	855	2.9	3.2	2.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,000	1,150	855	2.9	3.2	2.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,350	820	530	1.9	2.3	1.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,190	725	465	1.7	2.0	1.4
Indo-Aryan languages	1,185	720	465	1.7	2.0	1.4
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,145	715	430	1.7	2.0	1.3
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	135	85	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	130	85	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	260	130	125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	250	135	115	0.4	0.4	0.3
Chinese languages	230	130	105	0.3	0.4	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	135	90	45	0.2	0.3	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	870	465	410	1.3	1.3	1.2
English and French	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	800	440	360	1.2	1.2	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	69,265	35,755	33,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	65,645	33,820	31,825	94.8	94.6	95.0
English	820	455	360	1.2	1.3	1.1
French	280	115	160	0.4	0.3	0.5
Non-official language	2,145	1,195	950	3.1	3.3	2.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,145	1,195	950	3.1	3.3	2.8
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	35	0	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	305	145	165	0.4	0.4	0.5
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	60,545	31,745	28,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	10,905	4,915	5,990	18.0	15.5	20.8
Worked outside Canada	180	125	60	0.3	0.4	0.2
No fixed workplace address	10,170	7,635	2,535	16.8	24.1	8.8
Usual place of work	39,280	19,075	20,210	64.9	60.1	70.2
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	39,280	19,075	20,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	15,460	6,680	8,785	39.4	35.0	43.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	22,575	11,685	10,890	57.5	61.3	53.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,140	640	500	2.9	3.4	2.5
Commute to a different province or territory	100	70	35	0.3	0.4	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	49,455	26,705	22,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	44,120	24,560	19,560	89.2	92.0	86.0
Car, truck or van - as a driver	40,665	23,170	17,500	82.2	86.8	76.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,450	1,390	2,060	7.0	5.2	9.1
Public transit	2,840	1,115	1,725	5.7	4.2	7.6
Walked	1,500	525	980	3.0	2.0	4.3
Bicycle	195	155	40	0.4	0.6	0.2
Other method	795	355	445	1.6	1.3	2.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	49,455	26,705	22,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	11,050	4,805	6,245	22.3	18.0	27.5
15 to 29 minutes	17,345	8,680	8,660	35.1	32.5	38.1
30 to 44 minutes	12,005	7,420	4,585	24.3	27.8	20.2
45 to 59 minutes	5,260	3,430	1,835	10.6	12.8	8.1
60 minutes and over	3,795	2,380	1,420	7.7	8.9	6.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	49,455	26,705	22,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	4,645	3,510	1,130	9.4	13.1	5.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	9,295	6,230	3,065	18.8	23.3	13.5
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	11,835	5,915	5,920	23.9	22.1	26.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,180	3,930	5,250	18.6	14.7	23.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,450	2,765	3,685	13.0	10.4	16.2
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	8,045	4,345	3,695	16.3	16.3	16.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	26,580	13,705	12,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,250	640	610	4.7	4.7	4.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	25,330	13,065	12,270	95.3	95.3	95.3
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	19,180	9,920	9,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,000	520	480	5.2	5.2	5.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	535	270	270	2.8	2.7	2.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	465	250	215	2.4	2.5	2.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,180	9,405	8,775	94.8	94.8	94.8

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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