Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Burnaby CentralMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	120,755	59,160	61,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15,030	7,675	7,355	12.4	13.0	11.9
0 to 4 years	5,150	2,550	2,600	4.3	4.3	4.2
5 to 9 years	5,115	2,630	2,485	4.2	4.4	4.0
10 to 14 years	4,760	2,495	2,265	3.9	4.2	3.7
15 to 64 years	84,695	41,880	42,815	70.1	70.8	69.5
15 to 19 years	4,955	2,615	2,340	4.1	4.4	3.8
20 to 24 years	8,325	4,215	4,110	6.9	7.1	6.7
25 to 29 years	11,395	5,820	5,575	9.4	9.8	9.1
30 to 34 years	12,055	6,180	5,875	10.0	10.4	9.5
35 to 39 years	9,775	4,980	4,790	8.1	8.4	7.8
40 to 44 years	7,955	3,980	3,970	6.6	6.7	6.4
45 to 49 years	7,260	3,375	3,880	6.0	5.7	6.3
50 to 54 years	7,565	3,510	4,055	6.3	5.9	6.6
55 to 59 years	8,125	3,730	4,390	6.7	6.3	7.1
60 to 64 years	7,290	3,460	3,835	6.0	5.8	6.2
65 years and over	21,035	9,610	11,430	17.4	16.2	18.6
65 to 69 years	6,470	3,030	3,440	5.4	5.1	5.6
70 to 74 years	5,345	2,500	2,845	4.4	4.2	4.6
75 to 79 years	3,560	1,590	1,965	2.9	2.7	3.2
80 to 84 years	2,790	1,285	1,505	2.3	2.2	2.4
85 years and over	2,880	1,195	1,685	2.4	2.0	2.7
85 to 89 years	1,805	815	990	1.5	1.4	1.6
90 to 94 years	825	315	505	0.7	0.5	0.8
95 to 99 years	215	55	165	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.4	13.0	11.9	12.4	13.0	11.9
15 to 64 years	70.1	70.8	69.5	70.1	70.8	69.5
65 years and over	17.4	16.2	18.6	17.4	16.2	18.6
85 years and over	2.4	2.0	2.7	2.4	2.0	2.7
Average age of the population	41.8	40.8	42.7	41.8	40.8	42.7
Median age of the population	39.2	38.0	40.8	39.2	38.0	40.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	51,635	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	6,330	...	...	12.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,505	...	...	2.9	...	...
Row house	4,480	...	...	8.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	5,875	...	...	11.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	13,145	...	...	25.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	20,195	...	...	39.1	...	...
Other single-attached house	105	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	51,635	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	16,450	...	...	31.9	...	...
2 persons	17,420	...	...	33.7	...	...
3 persons	8,305	...	...	16.1	...	...
4 persons	6,055	...	...	11.7	...	...
5 or more persons	3,405	...	...	6.6	...	...
Number of persons in private households	119,670	58,680	60,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	105,725	51,485	54,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	58,250	28,985	29,260	55.1	56.3	53.9
Married	50,295	24,970	25,325	47.6	48.5	46.7
Living common-law	7,955	4,020	3,940	7.5	7.8	7.3
Living common law - Never married	6,560	3,300	3,260	6.2	6.4	6.0
Living common law - Separated	210	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	1,110	570	545	1.0	1.1	1.0
Living common law - Widowed	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	47,475	22,495	24,985	44.9	43.7	46.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	33,755	18,230	15,525	31.9	35.4	28.6
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,590	1,045	1,550	2.4	2.0	2.9
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,480	2,340	4,140	6.1	4.5	7.6
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,650	885	3,770	4.4	1.7	6.9
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	32,960	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	17,505	...	...	53.1	...	...
3 persons	7,970	...	...	24.2	...	...
4 persons	5,900	...	...	17.9	...	...
5 or more persons	1,590	...	...	4.8	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	32,960	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	27,560	...	...	83.6	...	...
Married couples	23,580	...	...	71.5	...	...
With children⁶	12,940	...	...	39.3	...	...
Without children	10,640	...	...	32.3	...	...
Common-law couples	3,980	...	...	12.1	...	...
With children⁶	815	...	...	2.5	...	...
Without children	3,165	...	...	9.6	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,395	...	...	16.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,465	...	...	13.5	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	930	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	119,670	58,680	60,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	90,795	44,425	46,370	75.9	75.7	76.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	55,120	27,590	27,535	46.1	47.0	45.1
Parents in one-parent families	5,400	935	4,465	4.5	1.6	7.3
Children⁶	30,280	15,905	14,370	25.3	27.1	23.6
In a two-parent family	22,790	11,890	10,900	19.0	20.3	17.9
In a one-parent family	7,490	4,015	3,470	6.3	6.8	5.7
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	28,875	14,255	14,620	24.1	24.3	24.0
Living alone	16,450	7,765	8,680	13.7	13.2	14.2
Living with other relatives⁷	4,020	1,640	2,380	3.4	2.8	3.9
Living with non-relatives only	8,405	4,845	3,565	7.0	8.3	5.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	51,635	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,340	...	...	52.9	...	...
Couple-family households	23,170	...	...	44.9	...	...
With children⁶	11,545	...	...	22.4	...	...
Without children	11,625	...	...	22.5	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,170	...	...	8.1	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,700	...	...	3.3	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	485	...	...	0.9	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,900	...	...	3.7	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,755	...	...	7.3	...	...
One-person households	16,450	...	...	31.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	104,665	51,015	53,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	101,240	49,415	51,830	96.7	96.9	96.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	41,600	33,600	37,200	41,600	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	101,275	49,430	51,845	96.8	96.9	96.6
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	38,000	31,600	34,400	38,000	31,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,075	44,110	44,965	85.1	86.5	83.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	39,600	27,200	33,200	39,600	27,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,520	36,640	34,875	68.3	71.8	65.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	44,000	32,400	38,000	44,000	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,645	39,810	45,835	81.8	78.0	85.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,900	6,600	8,700	7,900	6,600	8,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,905	3,945	4,965	8.5	7.7	9.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,885	14,620	15,260	28.6	28.7	28.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	9,500	10,000	10,000	9,500	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	104,930	51,235	53,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	101,280	49,475	51,810	96.5	96.6	96.5
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,680	57,300	42,400	49,680	57,300	42,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	101,325	49,495	51,835	96.6	96.6	96.5
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,240	47,440	37,240	42,240	47,440	37,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,260	44,270	44,985	85.1	86.4	83.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,920	55,750	38,240	46,920	55,750	38,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,800	36,810	34,995	68.4	71.8	65.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,440	57,600	40,880	49,440	57,600	40,880
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,365	39,780	45,580	81.4	77.6	84.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,870	9,210	10,440	9,870	9,210	10,440
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,710	3,830	4,880	8.3	7.5	9.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,450	5,825	6,930	6,450	5,825	6,930
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	30,225	14,885	15,335	28.8	29.1	28.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,650	9,540	9,750	9,650	9,540	9,750
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	104,930	51,235	53,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	33,265	18,860	14,405	31.7	36.8	26.8
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	63,600	69,500	58,000	63,600	69,500	58,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,700	82,000	65,200	74,700	82,000	65,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	29,535	13,745	15,790	28.1	26.8	29.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,200	20,000	16,600	18,200	20,000	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,040	35,120	25,600	30,040	35,120	25,600
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.2	87.0	78.4	83.2	87.0	78.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.6	74.8	65.2	70.6	74.8	65.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.7	12.9	21.7	16.7	12.9	21.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.5	1.1	0.8	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.1	6.0	8.5	7.1	6.0	8.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.8	5.0	6.8	5.8	5.0	6.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	104,665	51,015	53,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,425	1,605	1,820	3.3	3.1	3.4
With total income	101,240	49,415	51,830	96.7	96.9	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	12,600	5,570	7,030	12.4	11.3	13.6
$10,000 to $19,999	12,410	5,475	6,930	12.3	11.1	13.4
$20,000 to $29,999	16,375	7,160	9,210	16.2	14.5	17.8
$30,000 to $39,999	12,570	5,630	6,950	12.4	11.4	13.4
$40,000 to $49,999	10,480	4,920	5,565	10.4	10.0	10.7
$50,000 to $59,999	8,460	3,960	4,500	8.4	8.0	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	6,745	3,485	3,260	6.7	7.1	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	5,060	2,755	2,310	5.0	5.6	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	4,035	2,400	1,635	4.0	4.8	3.2
$90,000 to $99,999	3,135	1,820	1,315	3.1	3.7	2.5
$100,000 and over	9,380	6,245	3,135	9.3	12.6	6.0
$100,000 to $149,999	6,395	4,085	2,310	6.3	8.3	4.5
$150,000 and over	2,980	2,160	820	2.9	4.4	1.6
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	104,665	51,015	53,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,390	1,585	1,800	3.2	3.1	3.4
With after-tax income	101,275	49,430	51,845	96.8	96.9	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	12,895	5,700	7,195	12.7	11.5	13.9
$10,000 to $19,999	12,765	5,620	7,145	12.6	11.4	13.8
$20,000 to $29,999	18,325	8,115	10,210	18.1	16.4	19.7
$30,000 to $39,999	14,410	6,560	7,850	14.2	13.3	15.1
$40,000 to $49,999	11,885	5,605	6,285	11.7	11.3	12.1
$50,000 to $59,999	9,110	4,550	4,570	9.0	9.2	8.8
$60,000 to $69,999	6,595	3,670	2,930	6.5	7.4	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	4,765	2,780	1,980	4.7	5.6	3.8
$80,000 to $89,999	3,290	1,965	1,325	3.3	4.0	2.6
$90,000 to $99,999	2,195	1,365	825	2.2	2.8	1.6
$100,000 and over	5,035	3,505	1,535	5.0	7.1	3.0
$100,000 to $124,999	2,660	1,780	880	2.6	3.6	1.7
$125,000 and over	2,380	1,725	655	2.3	3.5	1.3
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	104,665	51,015	53,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	33,145	14,370	18,775	31.7	28.2	35.0
With employment income	71,520	36,640	34,875	68.3	71.8	65.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,045	4,090	4,955	12.6	11.1	14.2
$5,000 to $9,999	6,445	2,845	3,605	9.0	7.8	10.3
$10,000 to $19,999	8,555	3,955	4,605	12.0	10.8	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	6,530	3,100	3,430	9.1	8.5	9.8
$30,000 to $39,999	6,420	3,085	3,335	9.0	8.4	9.6
$40,000 to $49,999	6,450	3,075	3,370	9.0	8.4	9.7
$50,000 to $59,999	6,115	2,985	3,130	8.6	8.1	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	4,880	2,625	2,250	6.8	7.2	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	3,845	2,210	1,635	5.4	6.0	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	3,190	1,955	1,235	4.5	5.3	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	2,515	1,500	1,015	3.5	4.1	2.9
$100,000 and over	7,530	5,225	2,305	10.5	14.2	6.6
$100,000 to $124,999	3,735	2,420	1,315	5.2	6.6	3.8
$125,000 and over	3,795	2,805	990	5.3	7.7	2.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	104,665	51,015	53,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	97,480	47,385	50,090	93.1	92.9	93.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	39,600	29,600	34,000	39,600	29,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	97,660	47,425	50,240	93.3	93.0	93.6
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,200	35,600	27,600	31,200	35,600	27,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,695	43,350	44,345	83.8	85.0	82.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	40,800	29,200	34,400	40,800	29,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	72,225	36,740	35,480	69.0	72.0	66.1
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	43,200	32,400	37,600	43,200	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	67,835	29,840	37,995	64.8	58.5	70.8
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,820	1,030	3,020	1,820	1,030	3,020
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,775	2,120	2,655	4.6	4.2	4.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,600	4,760	6,400	5,600	4,760	6,400
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	104,930	51,235	53,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	97,695	47,530	50,170	93.1	92.8	93.4
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,360	52,300	38,800	45,360	52,300	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	97,870	47,590	50,280	93.3	92.9	93.6
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,360	43,280	33,680	38,360	43,280	33,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	87,905	43,430	44,470	83.8	84.8	82.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,480	53,200	37,880	45,480	53,200	37,880
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	72,415	36,890	35,525	69.0	72.0	66.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,640	53,550	39,480	46,640	53,550	39,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	67,825	30,040	37,785	64.6	58.6	70.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,440	5,825	6,920	6,440	5,825	6,920
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,730	2,135	2,600	4.5	4.2	4.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,450	6,085	8,570	7,450	6,085	8,570
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	104,930	51,235	53,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	32,925	18,605	14,320	31.4	36.3	26.7
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,600	62,800	52,800	57,600	62,800	52,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,400	74,200	58,550	67,400	74,200	58,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,090	12,600	14,490	25.8	24.6	27.0
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,200	27,200	23,800	25,200	27,200	23,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,440	36,760	30,560	33,440	36,760	30,560
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.2	93.0	86.6	90.2	93.0	86.6
Employment income (%)	76.2	79.4	72.0	76.2	79.4	72.0
Government transfers (%)	9.8	7.0	13.4	9.8	7.0	13.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.5	1.1	0.8	0.5	1.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	51,635	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	76,500	...	...	76,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	16,450	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...	41,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,000	...	...	38,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	35,185	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	51,690	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	97,400	...	...	97,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	82,800	...	...	82,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	16,360	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,040	...	...	51,040	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,800	...	...	43,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	35,330	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,800	...	...	118,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,800	...	...	100,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	51,635	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,635	...	...	3.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	615	...	...	1.2	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	705	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,255	...	...	2.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,610	...	...	5.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,720	...	...	3.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,860	...	...	3.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,140	...	...	4.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,865	...	...	3.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,950	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,790	...	...	7.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,435	...	...	6.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,345	...	...	6.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,125	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,785	...	...	5.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,805	...	...	36.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,715	...	...	11.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,040	...	...	7.8	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,795	...	...	9.3	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,255	...	...	8.2	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	51,635	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,735	...	...	3.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	620	...	...	1.2	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	730	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,290	...	...	2.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,720	...	...	5.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,940	...	...	3.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,085	...	...	4.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,415	...	...	4.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,225	...	...	4.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,265	...	...	4.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,310	...	...	8.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,045	...	...	7.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,805	...	...	7.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,355	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,875	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	15,210	...	...	29.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,645	...	...	10.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,675	...	...	7.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,885	...	...	11.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	32,560	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	12,215	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	13,800	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...	122,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,920	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...	64,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	24,860	12,615	12,245	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	39,200	34,800	36,800	39,200	34,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,400	36,000	32,400	34,400	36,000	32,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	32,705	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	119,100	...	...	119,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,700	...	...	100,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,170	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,700	...	...	103,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,600	...	...	87,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,815	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	147,600	...	...	147,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,300	...	...	123,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,005	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,700	...	...	80,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,300	...	...	71,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	24,800	12,565	12,235	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,880	48,680	43,040	45,880	48,680	43,040
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,800	41,560	38,000	39,800	41,560	38,000
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	119,670	58,680	60,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,840	9,165	8,675	14.9	15.6	14.2
0 to 5 years	6,185	3,075	3,110	5.2	5.2	5.1
18 to 64 years	81,680	40,265	41,410	68.3	68.6	67.9
65 years and over	20,155	9,245	10,905	16.8	15.8	17.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	18,670	8,760	9,915	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,765	1,435	1,335	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	945	445	500	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	11,555	5,535	6,020	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,355	1,790	2,560	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.6	14.9	16.3	15.6	14.9	16.3
0 to 17 years (%)	15.5	15.6	15.4	15.5	15.6	15.4
0 to 5 years (%)	15.2	14.5	16.0	15.2	14.5	16.0
18 to 64 years (%)	14.1	13.7	14.5	14.1	13.7	14.5
65 years and over (%)	21.6	19.4	23.5	21.6	19.4	23.5
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	119,670	58,680	60,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,840	9,165	8,675	14.9	15.6	14.2
0 to 5 years	6,185	3,075	3,110	5.2	5.2	5.1
18 to 64 years	81,680	40,265	41,410	68.3	68.6	67.9
65 years and over	20,155	9,245	10,905	16.8	15.8	17.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	12,955	6,355	6,605	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,690	865	820	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	545	255	295	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	9,435	4,720	4,710	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,825	760	1,065	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	10.8	10.8	10.8	10.8	10.8	10.8
0 to 17 years (%)	9.5	9.5	9.5	9.5	9.5	9.5
0 to 5 years (%)	8.9	8.2	9.6	8.9	8.2	9.6
18 to 64 years (%)	11.6	11.7	11.4	11.6	11.7	11.4
65 years and over (%)	9.1	8.2	9.8	9.1	8.2	9.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	119,675	58,680	60,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	62,640	30,120	32,520	52.3	51.3	53.3
In bottom decile	18,110	8,710	9,400	15.1	14.8	15.4
In second decile	12,155	5,725	6,440	10.2	9.8	10.6
In third decile	10,850	5,225	5,625	9.1	8.9	9.2
In fourth decile	10,810	5,250	5,555	9.0	8.9	9.1
In fifth decile	10,715	5,215	5,500	9.0	8.9	9.0
In top half of the distribution	57,030	28,560	28,470	47.7	48.7	46.7
In sixth decile	10,740	5,255	5,485	9.0	9.0	9.0
In seventh decile	11,045	5,505	5,540	9.2	9.4	9.1
In eighth decile	11,650	5,865	5,785	9.7	10.0	9.5
In ninth decile	11,830	5,930	5,900	9.9	10.1	9.7
In top decile	11,770	6,010	5,760	9.8	10.2	9.4
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	119,675	...	...	119,675	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.354	...	...	0.354	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.457	...	...	0.457	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.318	...	...	0.318	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.5	...	...	4.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	119,950	58,810	61,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	105,755	52,640	53,115	88.2	89.5	86.9
French only	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	5,570	2,670	2,905	4.6	4.5	4.8
Neither English nor French	8,570	3,475	5,095	7.1	5.9	8.3
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	119,950	58,810	61,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	109,860	54,555	55,300	91.6	92.8	90.4
French	885	470	420	0.7	0.8	0.7
English and French	785	380	410	0.7	0.6	0.7
Neither English nor French	8,420	3,410	5,015	7.0	5.8	8.2
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	119,950	58,810	61,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	111,760	54,880	56,880	93.2	93.3	93.0
Official languages	43,310	23,000	20,310	36.1	39.1	33.2
English	42,530	22,580	19,950	35.5	38.4	32.6
French	780	420	360	0.7	0.7	0.6
Non-official languages	68,450	31,880	36,575	57.1	54.2	59.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	68,425	31,865	36,560	57.0	54.2	59.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,945	1,065	875	1.6	1.8	1.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,815	990	820	1.5	1.7	1.3
Amharic	165	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,065	570	495	0.9	1.0	0.8
Aramaic languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	55	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	510	290	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,575	675	900	1.3	1.1	1.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,545	660	880	1.3	1.1	1.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,105	2,095	3,015	4.3	3.6	4.9
Bikol	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	295	130	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	450	200	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Kankanaey	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pangasinan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,825	1,520	2,300	3.2	2.6	3.8
Waray-Waray	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	945	535	405	0.8	0.9	0.7
Kannada	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	195	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	340	180	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	325	200	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tulu	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	20,310	10,315	10,000	16.9	17.5	16.4
Albanian	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,345	2,165	2,180	3.6	3.7	3.6
Baltic languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,335	2,160	2,175	3.6	3.7	3.6
Belarusian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	135	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	435	230	205	0.4	0.4	0.3
Russian	1,540	730	810	1.3	1.2	1.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,770	905	870	1.5	1.5	1.4
Bosnian	165	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	485	235	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbian	1,085	570	515	0.9	1.0	0.8
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	220	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	780	385	395	0.7	0.7	0.6
Frisian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	525	255	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
German	505	255	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	155	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	190	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	9,315	4,820	4,500	7.8	8.2	7.4
Indo-Aryan languages	5,660	2,835	2,825	4.7	4.8	4.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	415	225	190	0.3	0.4	0.3
Gujarati	1,025	520	505	0.9	0.9	0.8
Hindi	1,325	665	655	1.1	1.1	1.1
Kacchi	235	85	145	0.2	0.1	0.2
Kashmiri	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	230	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,890	940	950	1.6	1.6	1.6
Rohingya	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	360	185	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,655	1,980	1,670	3.0	3.4	2.7
Baluchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	300	170	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	140	90	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Persian languages	3,195	1,715	1,475	2.7	2.9	2.4
Dari	715	390	330	0.6	0.7	0.5
Iranian Persian	2,160	1,165	995	1.8	2.0	1.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	315	160	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,490	2,745	2,740	4.6	4.7	4.5
Catalan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	685	355	335	0.6	0.6	0.5
Portuguese	1,595	780	810	1.3	1.3	1.3
Romanian	435	225	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	2,765	1,380	1,380	2.3	2.3	2.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,050	350	700	0.9	0.6	1.1
Korean	4,500	1,985	2,520	3.8	3.4	4.1
Mongolian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	210	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	55	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	31,800	14,265	17,540	26.5	24.3	28.7
Chinese languages	31,705	14,225	17,485	26.4	24.2	28.6
Hakka	160	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mandarin	17,430	7,755	9,675	14.5	13.2	15.8
Min Dong	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	985	440	540	0.8	0.7	0.9
Wu (Shanghainese)	285	130	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Yue (Cantonese)	12,645	5,735	6,910	10.5	9.8	11.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	175	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	150	55	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	130	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	345	190	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	245	145	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	330	150	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	255	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,190	3,930	4,260	6.8	6.7	7.0
English and French	290	145	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	6,745	3,260	3,485	5.6	5.5	5.7
French and non-official language(s)	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	955	430	525	0.8	0.7	0.9
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	119,950	58,810	61,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	48,205	25,135	23,070	40.2	42.7	37.7
French	180	85	90	0.2	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	25,040	11,455	13,590	20.9	19.5	22.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	25,035	11,455	13,585	20.9	19.5	22.2
English and French	615	320	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	42,555	20,305	22,250	35.5	34.5	36.4
French and non-official language(s)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	765	375	390	0.6	0.6	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	2,545	1,120	1,430	2.1	1.9	2.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	119,950	58,810	61,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	110,170	54,165	56,000	91.8	92.1	91.6
Official languages	64,315	32,865	31,450	53.6	55.9	51.4
English	64,035	32,720	31,315	53.4	55.6	51.2
French	280	145	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official languages	45,855	21,300	24,550	38.2	36.2	40.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	45,850	21,300	24,550	38.2	36.2	40.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,320	695	625	1.1	1.2	1.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bilen	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,255	670	590	1.0	1.1	1.0
Amharic	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	705	355	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Aramaic languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	440	255	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	900	405	500	0.8	0.7	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	890	400	490	0.7	0.7	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,805	1,240	1,565	2.3	2.1	2.6
Bikol	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	160	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	210	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,175	945	1,235	1.8	1.6	2.0
Waray-Waray	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	575	300	270	0.5	0.5	0.4
Kannada	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	210	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	195	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tulu	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	11,660	5,835	5,825	9.7	9.9	9.5
Albanian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,570	1,270	1,305	2.1	2.2	2.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,570	1,270	1,305	2.1	2.2	2.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	170	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	1,125	550	575	0.9	0.9	0.9
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,045	520	520	0.9	0.9	0.9
Bosnian	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	225	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	700	365	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	5,740	2,900	2,835	4.8	4.9	4.6
Indo-Aryan languages	3,045	1,510	1,540	2.5	2.6	2.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	250	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	550	275	275	0.5	0.5	0.4
Hindi	735	380	360	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kacchi	110	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	990	485	510	0.8	0.8	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,690	1,395	1,300	2.2	2.4	2.1
Baluchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	220	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Parsi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	2,345	1,215	1,130	2.0	2.1	1.8
Dari	500	270	230	0.4	0.5	0.4
Iranian Persian	1,600	825	775	1.3	1.4	1.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	245	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,130	1,555	1,575	2.6	2.6	2.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	175	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Portuguese	1,070	530	545	0.9	0.9	0.9
Romanian	220	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	1,665	845	815	1.4	1.4	1.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	525	220	300	0.4	0.4	0.5
Korean	3,585	1,605	1,980	3.0	2.7	3.2
Mongolian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	55	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	23,970	10,715	13,250	20.0	18.2	21.7
Chinese languages	23,900	10,685	13,210	19.9	18.2	21.6
Hakka	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	14,205	6,405	7,800	11.8	10.9	12.8
Min Dong	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	590	265	330	0.5	0.5	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	190	85	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	8,770	3,870	4,905	7.3	6.6	8.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	190	105	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	140	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,785	4,645	5,140	8.2	7.9	8.4
English and French	140	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	9,160	4,350	4,815	7.6	7.4	7.9
French and non-official language(s)	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	410	185	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	119,950	58,810	61,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	81,410	40,445	40,965	67.9	68.8	67.0
English	15,985	7,655	8,330	13.3	13.0	13.6
French	580	285	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official language	16,745	7,925	8,820	14.0	13.5	14.4
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	16,730	7,920	8,815	13.9	13.5	14.4
English and French	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,610	1,230	1,380	2.2	2.1	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	375	180	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,095	1,010	1,085	1.7	1.7	1.8
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	120,020	58,910	61,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	111,460	55,475	55,990	92.9	94.2	91.6
English	111,430	55,465	55,970	92.8	94.2	91.6
French	5,605	2,695	2,915	4.7	4.6	4.8
Non-official languages	83,480	39,195	44,280	69.6	66.5	72.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	83,430	39,170	44,265	69.5	66.5	72.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,850	1,570	1,285	2.4	2.7	2.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	170	100	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Somali	115	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,705	1,485	1,220	2.3	2.5	2.0
Amharic	280	150	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Arabic	1,820	975	840	1.5	1.7	1.4
Aramaic languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	235	135	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	625	395	235	0.5	0.7	0.4
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,015	905	1,110	1.7	1.5	1.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,980	885	1,090	1.6	1.5	1.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	7,415	3,030	4,385	6.2	5.1	7.2
Bikol	60	30	35	0.0	0.1	0.1
Bisaya, n.o.s.	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	235	90	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	25	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	455	185	270	0.4	0.3	0.4
Indonesian	730	345	385	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kankanaey	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	190	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,270	2,480	3,790	5.2	4.2	6.2
Waray-Waray	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages	120	80	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,595	885	715	1.3	1.5	1.2
Kannada	230	125	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Malayalam	310	170	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tamil	585	325	260	0.5	0.6	0.4
Telugu	705	395	310	0.6	0.7	0.5
Tulu	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,335	13,815	13,520	22.8	23.5	22.1
Albanian	255	125	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	5,065	2,590	2,475	4.2	4.4	4.1
Baltic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	5,055	2,585	2,475	4.2	4.4	4.1
Belarusian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	135	80	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Polish	575	295	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian	2,085	1,020	1,065	1.7	1.7	1.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	2,075	1,070	1,005	1.7	1.8	1.6
Bosnian	355	165	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatian	740	360	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Serbian	1,515	800	715	1.3	1.4	1.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	430	210	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,585	780	795	1.3	1.3	1.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,150	580	565	1.0	1.0	0.9
German	1,140	580	560	0.9	1.0	0.9
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	290	145	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	195	85	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	165	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Danish	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	305	170	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	13,115	6,690	6,420	10.9	11.4	10.5
Indo-Aryan languages	9,095	4,630	4,470	7.6	7.9	7.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	520	270	255	0.4	0.5	0.4
Gujarati	1,905	890	1,020	1.6	1.5	1.7
Hindi	4,855	2,505	2,345	4.0	4.3	3.8
Kacchi	465	200	265	0.4	0.3	0.4
Kashmiri	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	425	220	205	0.4	0.4	0.3
Nepali	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,925	1,575	1,350	2.4	2.7	2.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	60	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	120	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	905	500	405	0.8	0.8	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	4,225	2,185	2,040	3.5	3.7	3.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	515	280	240	0.4	0.5	0.4
Parsi	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	315	180	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Persian languages	3,610	1,885	1,730	3.0	3.2	2.8
Dari	880	440	440	0.7	0.7	0.7
Iranian Persian	2,485	1,305	1,175	2.1	2.2	1.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	310	180	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,740	3,835	3,905	6.4	6.5	6.4
Catalan	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,125	485	640	0.9	0.8	1.0
Portuguese	1,895	965	925	1.6	1.6	1.5
Romanian	500	280	225	0.4	0.5	0.4
Spanish	4,720	2,410	2,315	3.9	4.1	3.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,940	780	1,160	1.6	1.3	1.9
Korean	5,350	2,440	2,915	4.5	4.1	4.8
Mongolian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	600	320	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	355	190	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	290	130	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	265	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	36,845	16,710	20,135	30.7	28.4	32.9
Chinese languages	36,770	16,680	20,090	30.6	28.3	32.9
Hakka	270	120	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mandarin	25,320	11,320	14,000	21.1	19.2	22.9
Min Dong	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,095	905	1,190	1.7	1.5	1.9
Wu (Shanghainese)	495	210	290	0.4	0.4	0.5
Yue (Cantonese)	16,270	7,370	8,900	13.6	12.5	14.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	135	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Burmese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	210	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	185	85	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	550	290	265	0.5	0.5	0.4
Azerbaijani	55	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	455	230	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	350	145	200	0.3	0.2	0.3
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	280	120	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	120,015	58,910	61,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,010	1,020	990	1.7	1.7	1.6
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,940	985	955	1.6	1.7	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,240	640	595	1.0	1.1	1.0
Métis	695	345	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuk (Inuit)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	30	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	118,010	57,890	60,120	98.3	98.3	98.4
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	120,015	58,910	61,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	870	465	405	0.7	0.8	0.7
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	119,150	58,450	60,700	99.3	99.2	99.3
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	51,685	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	29,170	...	...	56.4	...	...
Renter	22,525	...	...	43.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	51,685	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	25,535	...	...	49.4	...	...
Not condominium	26,160	...	...	50.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	51,685	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,270	...	...	2.5	...	...
1 bedroom	14,230	...	...	27.5	...	...
2 bedrooms	19,530	...	...	37.8	...	...
3 bedrooms	8,115	...	...	15.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	8,545	...	...	16.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	51,685	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	32,655	...	...	63.2	...	...
5 rooms	6,115	...	...	11.8	...	...
6 rooms	3,800	...	...	7.4	...	...
7 rooms	2,900	...	...	5.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	6,215	...	...	12.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.5	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	51,685	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	48,725	...	...	94.3	...	...
More than one person per room	2,960	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	51,685	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	45,530	...	...	88.1	...	...
Not suitable	6,165	...	...	11.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	51,685	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	4,280	...	...	8.3	...	...
1961 to 1980	14,160	...	...	27.4	...	...
1981 to 1990	8,115	...	...	15.7	...	...
1991 to 2000	6,350	...	...	12.3	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,545	...	...	4.9	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,950	...	...	9.6	...	...
2011 to 2015	4,170	...	...	8.1	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	7,125	...	...	13.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	51,685	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	48,305	...	...	93.5	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,390	...	...	6.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	51,685	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	27,010	...	...	52.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,910	...	...	40.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,770	...	...	7.3	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	51,685	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,185	...	...	4.2	...	...
25 to 34 years	10,315	...	...	20.0	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,420	...	...	18.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,450	...	...	16.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,125	...	...	17.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,870	...	...	13.3	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,655	...	...	7.1	...	...
85 years and over	1,670	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	51,395	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	34,495	...	...	67.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	16,900	...	...	32.9	...	...
30% to less than 100%	13,390	...	...	26.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	51,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	23,325	...	...	45.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	14,390	...	...	27.8	...	...
Not suitable only	4,070	...	...	7.9	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,910	...	...	3.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,480	...	...	2.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	860	...	...	1.7	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	445	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	170	...	...	0.3	...	...
Acceptable housing	28,365	...	...	54.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	47,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	10,240	...	...	21.4	...	...
Not in core need	37,650	...	...	78.6	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	29,165	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	55.5	...	...	55.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.2	...	...	28.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	15.5	...	...	15.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,390	...	...	1,390	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,716	...	...	1,716	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	800,000	...	...	800,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,067,000	...	...	1,067,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	22,520	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.7	...	...	11.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.0	...	...	39.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	29.3	...	...	29.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,450	...	...	1,450	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,516	...	...	1,516	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	120,020	58,910	61,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	730	390	345	0.6	0.7	0.6
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	705	375	335	0.6	0.6	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	620	345	275	0.5	0.6	0.5
Métis single ancestry	80	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,590	835	755	1.3	1.4	1.2
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,535	805	735	1.3	1.4	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,080	555	525	0.9	0.9	0.9
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	455	250	205	0.4	0.4	0.3
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	117,695	57,690	60,010	98.1	97.9	98.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	120,015	58,910	61,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	91,230	44,910	46,320	76.0	76.2	75.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	15,120	7,760	7,360	12.6	13.2	12.0
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	76,105	37,145	38,960	63.4	63.1	63.8
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	28,790	14,000	14,785	24.0	23.8	24.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	120,015	58,910	61,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	46,670	24,540	22,130	38.9	41.7	36.2
Immigrants⁸¹	63,535	29,325	34,210	52.9	49.8	56.0
Before 1980	7,450	3,490	3,960	6.2	5.9	6.5
1980 to 1990	6,250	2,930	3,325	5.2	5.0	5.4
1991 to 2000	15,515	7,125	8,390	12.9	12.1	13.7
2001 to 2010	15,750	6,975	8,780	13.1	11.8	14.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	18,565	8,815	9,755	15.5	15.0	16.0
2011 to 2015	7,580	3,405	4,175	6.3	5.8	6.8
2016 to 2021	10,985	5,405	5,580	9.2	9.2	9.1
Non-permanent residents⁸³	9,810	5,050	4,770	8.2	8.6	7.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	63,535	29,325	34,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,255	2,225	2,035	6.7	7.6	5.9
5 to 14 years	9,710	5,055	4,655	15.3	17.2	13.6
15 to 24 years	10,405	5,010	5,395	16.4	17.1	15.8
25 to 44 years	30,850	13,340	17,510	48.6	45.5	51.2
45 years and over	8,315	3,700	4,615	13.1	12.6	13.5
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	63,535	29,325	34,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,755	1,885	1,865	5.9	6.4	5.5
Brazil	600	290	310	0.9	1.0	0.9
Colombia	275	140	130	0.4	0.5	0.4
El Salvador	235	125	115	0.4	0.4	0.3
Guyana	45	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	135	100	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
Mexico	620	270	350	1.0	0.9	1.0
Peru	170	95	85	0.3	0.3	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	875	490	390	1.4	1.7	1.1
Other places of birth in Americas	725	335	390	1.1	1.1	1.1
Europe	7,335	3,705	3,635	11.5	12.6	10.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	550	260	295	0.9	0.9	0.9
Croatia	355	190	170	0.6	0.6	0.5
France	115	85	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
Germany	335	140	195	0.5	0.5	0.6
Greece	120	65	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hungary	130	40	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Italy	455	250	205	0.7	0.9	0.6
Netherlands	115	50	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	385	195	190	0.6	0.7	0.6
Portugal	365	170	195	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romania	410	215	190	0.6	0.7	0.6
Russian Federation	745	335	415	1.2	1.1	1.2
Serbia⁸⁶	500	250	245	0.8	0.9	0.7
Ukraine	490	230	265	0.8	0.8	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,060	580	480	1.7	2.0	1.4
Other places of birth in Europe	1,200	650	555	1.9	2.2	1.6
Africa	3,250	1,650	1,600	5.1	5.6	4.7
Algeria	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	115	75	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
Eritrea	525	345	175	0.8	1.2	0.5
Ethiopia	180	100	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
Morocco	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	130	65	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somalia	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	240	95	145	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other places of birth in Africa	1,860	860	995	2.9	2.9	2.9
Asia	48,325	21,680	26,640	76.1	73.9	77.9
Afghanistan	760	395	370	1.2	1.3	1.1
Iran⁸⁸	1,805	960	845	2.8	3.3	2.5
Iraq	445	230	215	0.7	0.8	0.6
Lebanon	105	70	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	360	170	190	0.6	0.6	0.6
Turkey	140	80	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	15,960	6,840	9,120	25.1	23.3	26.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	5,055	2,305	2,745	8.0	7.9	8.0
Korea, South⁹²	3,785	1,755	2,035	6.0	6.0	5.9
Taiwan	4,125	1,910	2,210	6.5	6.5	6.5
Philippines	6,215	2,505	3,710	9.8	8.5	10.8
Viet Nam	1,555	685	870	2.4	2.3	2.5
Bangladesh	215	105	110	0.3	0.4	0.3
India	3,635	1,825	1,815	5.7	6.2	5.3
Pakistan	470	260	215	0.7	0.9	0.6
Sri Lanka	185	70	115	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	3,500	1,520	1,985	5.5	5.2	5.8
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	875	410	465	1.4	1.4	1.4
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	10,985	5,400	5,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,130	540	590	10.3	10.0	10.6
Brazil	475	235	235	4.3	4.4	4.2
Colombia	45	20	25	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Mexico	155	60	100	1.4	1.1	1.8
United States of America	240	125	120	2.2	2.3	2.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	20	25	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Americas	170	80	90	1.5	1.5	1.6
Europe	985	540	445	9.0	10.0	8.0
France	40	35	10	0.4	0.6	0.2
Germany	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	40	25	15	0.4	0.5	0.3
Italy	15	15	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Russian Federation	120	35	85	1.1	0.6	1.5
Ukraine	180	100	80	1.6	1.9	1.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	115	65	45	1.0	1.2	0.8
Other places of birth in Europe	465	265	205	4.2	4.9	3.7
Africa	845	535	310	7.7	9.9	5.6
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	40	30	10	0.4	0.6	0.2
Eritrea	435	300	135	4.0	5.6	2.4
Ethiopia	65	45	25	0.6	0.8	0.4
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	80	55	35	0.7	1.0	0.6
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	40	20	20	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sudan⁹⁷	20	15	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Tunisia	35	15	25	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other places of birth in Africa	70	45	30	0.6	0.8	0.5
Asia	7,935	3,735	4,200	72.2	69.2	75.3
Afghanistan	290	170	120	2.6	3.1	2.2
Bangladesh	50	30	20	0.5	0.6	0.4
China⁹⁰	2,640	1,160	1,480	24.0	21.5	26.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	140	65	75	1.3	1.2	1.3
India	1,555	800	755	14.2	14.8	13.5
Iran⁸⁸	325	165	160	3.0	3.1	2.9
Iraq	140	75	65	1.3	1.4	1.2
Israel	25	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.3
Japan	100	25	75	0.9	0.5	1.3
Jordan	20	15	10	0.2	0.3	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	445	185	260	4.1	3.4	4.7
Lebanon	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	200	125	80	1.8	2.3	1.4
Philippines	890	405	485	8.1	7.5	8.7
Saudi Arabia	45	25	25	0.4	0.5	0.4
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	215	105	110	2.0	1.9	2.0
Turkey	50	40	15	0.5	0.7	0.3
United Arab Emirates	25	15	15	0.2	0.3	0.3
Viet Nam	170	70	100	1.5	1.3	1.8
Other places of birth in Asia	600	260	340	5.5	4.8	6.1
Oceania and other⁹³	90	50	40	0.8	0.9	0.7
Australia	85	50	35	0.8	0.9	0.6
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	120,015	58,915	61,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	74,785	35,065	39,725	62.3	59.5	65.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	26,455	13,630	12,830	22.0	23.1	21.0
Third generation or more¹⁰²	18,775	10,215	8,560	15.6	17.3	14.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	56,085	25,835	30,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	35,660	17,100	18,555	63.6	66.2	61.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	14,795	8,270	6,525	26.4	32.0	21.6
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	20,865	8,830	12,035	37.2	34.2	39.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	13,700	5,200	8,505	24.4	20.1	28.1
Refugees¹⁰⁸	5,685	3,105	2,575	10.1	12.0	8.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,040	430	610	1.9	1.7	2.0
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	56,085	25,835	30,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,260	725	535	2.2	2.8	1.8
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,390	2,015	3,375	9.6	7.8	11.2
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,570	1,270	1,300	4.6	4.9	4.3
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,790	2,180	2,605	8.5	8.4	8.6
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	155	70	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	41,920	19,575	22,345	74.7	75.8	73.9
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	120,020	58,910	61,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	85,250	40,475	44,770	71.0	68.7	73.3
South Asian	11,660	5,935	5,730	9.7	10.1	9.4
Chinese	40,545	18,785	21,765	33.8	31.9	35.6
Black	2,675	1,520	1,150	2.2	2.6	1.9
Filipino	7,875	3,375	4,495	6.6	5.7	7.4
Arab	1,375	725	655	1.1	1.2	1.1
Latin American	3,275	1,655	1,625	2.7	2.8	2.7
Southeast Asian	3,195	1,445	1,745	2.7	2.5	2.9
West Asian	3,860	2,010	1,855	3.2	3.4	3.0
Korean	5,380	2,450	2,930	4.5	4.2	4.8
Japanese	1,600	680	925	1.3	1.2	1.5
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	755	385	370	0.6	0.7	0.6
Multiple visible minorities	3,050	1,520	1,530	2.5	2.6	2.5
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	34,770	18,435	16,335	29.0	31.3	26.7
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	120,020	58,910	61,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	5,090	2,750	2,345	4.2	4.7	3.8
English	8,350	4,605	3,745	7.0	7.8	6.1
Irish	5,655	2,925	2,730	4.7	5.0	4.5
Scottish	6,405	3,340	3,060	5.3	5.7	5.0
French, n.o.s.¹²²	3,015	1,605	1,410	2.5	2.7	2.3
German	4,785	2,475	2,310	4.0	4.2	3.8
Chinese	36,430	16,955	19,480	30.4	28.8	31.9
Italian	3,430	1,795	1,640	2.9	3.0	2.7
Indian (India)	7,725	3,815	3,910	6.4	6.5	6.4
Ukrainian	2,455	1,225	1,230	2.0	2.1	2.0
Dutch	1,355	730	620	1.1	1.2	1.0
Polish	1,710	845	865	1.4	1.4	1.4
Québécois	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,270	1,185	1,085	1.9	2.0	1.8
Filipino	7,785	3,385	4,400	6.5	5.7	7.2
French Canadian	435	235	205	0.4	0.4	0.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	995	525	470	0.8	0.9	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	775	385	395	0.6	0.7	0.6
Métis	605	310	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,225	640	585	1.0	1.1	1.0
Russian	1,880	905	975	1.6	1.5	1.6
Norwegian	1,025	515	515	0.9	0.9	0.8
Welsh	925	480	445	0.8	0.8	0.7
Portuguese	1,330	685	650	1.1	1.2	1.1
American	695	385	310	0.6	0.7	0.5
Spanish	1,775	910	860	1.5	1.5	1.4
Swedish	885	450	435	0.7	0.8	0.7
Hungarian	755	315	445	0.6	0.5	0.7
Acadian	65	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pakistani	640	360	280	0.5	0.6	0.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	730	435	300	0.6	0.7	0.5
Jewish	385	210	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Punjabi	745	385	365	0.6	0.7	0.6
Vietnamese	2,390	1,135	1,255	2.0	1.9	2.1
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	700	345	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Greek	545	300	245	0.5	0.5	0.4
Jamaican	280	170	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	3,020	1,405	1,610	2.5	2.4	2.6
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	270	155	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Korean	5,320	2,420	2,905	4.4	4.1	4.8
Romanian	660	405	255	0.5	0.7	0.4
Lebanese	215	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	2,265	1,155	1,110	1.9	2.0	1.8
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	465	255	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Danish	355	180	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	265	150	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Sikh	390	200	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austrian	565	270	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belgian	230	140	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Haitian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	800	430	370	0.7	0.7	0.6
Mexican	990	480	510	0.8	0.8	0.8
Mennonite	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	240	130	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	385	215	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Sri Lankan	170	70	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Croatian	685	335	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Japanese	2,085	895	1,190	1.7	1.5	1.9
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	750	370	380	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	275	160	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Muslim	570	285	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Egyptian	160	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	460	240	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamil	120	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	180	130	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Colombian	395	210	185	0.3	0.4	0.3
Moroccan	50	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Czech	285	125	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Syrian	265	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	995	520	475	0.8	0.9	0.8
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	170	115	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbian	1,230	690	540	1.0	1.2	0.9
Ojibway	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	2,020	1,010	1,005	1.7	1.7	1.6
Ontarian	40	35	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian	770	430	340	0.6	0.7	0.6
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	360	210	150	0.3	0.4	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	320	185	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Algerian	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	800	410	385	0.7	0.7	0.6
Nigerian	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	160	100	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Slovak	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	255	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	145	85	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	3,745	1,715	2,035	3.1	2.9	3.3
Iraqi	190	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Salvadorean	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	515	265	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	275	170	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
South African	115	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	250	140	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Palestinian	140	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	175	70	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Congolese	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	165	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	195	85	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Peruvian	145	95	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Yoruba	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	50	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Albanian	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	60	30	35	0.0	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	230	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eritrean	300	160	140	0.2	0.3	0.2
African Canadian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	95	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	65	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	160	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ghanaian	65	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	55	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
African American	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	265	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bosnian	305	155	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Venezuelan	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	60	40	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	700	325	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Laotian	85	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	220	75	145	0.2	0.1	0.2
Northern Irish	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
British Columbian	175	105	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ecuadorian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kurdish	405	220	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Fijian	355	140	210	0.3	0.2	0.3
Jatt	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	185	80	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Dominican	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	275	125	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	225	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	270	170	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nicaraguan	85	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mauritian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	150	90	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	35	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Honduran	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oromo	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tanzanian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Basque	35	35	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	10	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Roma	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Costa Rican	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amhara	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	120,020	58,910	61,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	4,555	1,875	2,675	3.8	3.2	4.4
Christian	41,015	18,770	22,245	34.2	31.9	36.4
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	11,335	5,030	6,305	9.4	8.5	10.3
Anabaptist	340	160	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Anglican	1,280	585	690	1.1	1.0	1.1
Baptist	1,165	510	660	1.0	0.9	1.1
Catholic	17,455	7,960	9,495	14.5	13.5	15.5
Christian Orthodox	3,210	1,695	1,515	2.7	2.9	2.5
Jehovah's Witness	570	235	330	0.5	0.4	0.5
Latter Day Saints	120	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	530	230	305	0.4	0.4	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	180	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	890	420	470	0.7	0.7	0.8
Presbyterian	605	280	330	0.5	0.5	0.5
Reformed	75	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
United Church	1,260	520	735	1.0	0.9	1.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,000	970	1,025	1.7	1.6	1.7
Hindu	4,320	2,245	2,075	3.6	3.8	3.4
Jewish	270	135	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	8,285	4,220	4,065	6.9	7.2	6.7
Sikh	2,530	1,270	1,260	2.1	2.2	2.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,270	555	720	1.1	0.9	1.2
No religion and secular perspectives	57,710	29,810	27,900	48.1	50.6	45.7
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	118,940	58,365	60,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	99,035	48,375	50,655	83.3	82.9	83.6
Movers	19,910	9,995	9,915	16.7	17.1	16.4
Non-migrants	9,705	4,835	4,875	8.2	8.3	8.0
Migrants	10,200	5,160	5,040	8.6	8.8	8.3
Internal migrants	6,780	3,495	3,285	5.7	6.0	5.4
Intraprovincial migrants	5,485	2,765	2,725	4.6	4.7	4.5
Interprovincial migrants	1,290	730	560	1.1	1.3	0.9
External migrants	3,420	1,665	1,755	2.9	2.9	2.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	114,920	56,375	58,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	62,800	30,055	32,750	54.6	53.3	55.9
Movers	52,120	26,320	25,800	45.4	46.7	44.1
Non-migrants	16,250	8,000	8,245	14.1	14.2	14.1
Migrants	35,875	18,320	17,555	31.2	32.5	30.0
Internal migrants	21,280	10,940	10,335	18.5	19.4	17.7
Intraprovincial migrants	17,545	8,935	8,610	15.3	15.8	14.7
Interprovincial migrants	3,735	2,015	1,720	3.3	3.6	2.9
External migrants	14,600	7,375	7,220	12.7	13.1	12.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	104,930	51,230	53,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	12,235	6,000	6,230	11.7	11.7	11.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	92,695	45,230	47,470	88.3	88.3	88.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	71,600	35,075	36,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,740	2,545	2,195	6.6	7.3	6.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	66,860	32,530	34,325	93.4	92.7	94.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	104,935	51,230	53,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	11,145	5,370	5,775	10.6	10.5	10.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	26,530	13,270	13,260	25.3	25.9	24.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	67,260	32,590	34,670	64.1	63.6	64.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,315	12,655	12,660	24.1	24.7	23.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,115	3,540	1,580	4.9	6.9	2.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,520	1,460	1,060	2.4	2.8	2.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,595	2,080	515	2.5	4.1	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,540	6,980	8,560	14.8	13.6	15.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,660	2,135	2,520	4.4	4.2	4.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	41,940	19,935	22,010	40.0	38.9	41.0
Bachelor's degree	28,180	13,175	15,010	26.9	25.7	28.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,850	1,195	1,655	2.7	2.3	3.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	955	480	475	0.9	0.9	0.9
Master's degree	8,850	4,360	4,485	8.4	8.5	8.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,115	725	390	1.1	1.4	0.7
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	71,595	35,075	36,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,080	2,165	1,915	5.7	6.2	5.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	14,175	7,475	6,700	19.8	21.3	18.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	53,340	25,430	27,905	74.5	72.5	76.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,435	9,145	9,290	25.7	26.1	25.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,485	2,400	1,085	4.9	6.8	3.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,750	1,040	710	2.4	3.0	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,735	1,360	380	2.4	3.9	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,520	5,195	6,330	16.1	14.8	17.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,430	1,545	1,880	4.8	4.4	5.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	34,900	16,290	18,615	48.7	46.4	51.0
Bachelor's degree	23,085	10,635	12,450	32.2	30.3	34.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,320	955	1,365	3.2	2.7	3.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	775	355	420	1.1	1.0	1.2
Master's degree	7,855	3,800	4,055	11.0	10.8	11.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	865	540	325	1.2	1.5	0.9
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	104,930	51,230	53,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	37,670	18,640	19,030	35.9	36.4	35.4
Education	3,155	625	2,530	3.0	1.2	4.7
13. Education	3,155	625	2,530	3.0	1.2	4.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,715	1,715	1,995	3.5	3.3	3.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	610	370	235	0.6	0.7	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	3,110	1,345	1,765	3.0	2.6	3.3
Humanities	3,995	1,440	2,555	3.8	2.8	4.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	655	150	505	0.6	0.3	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	1,065	285	780	1.0	0.6	1.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,320	505	815	1.3	1.0	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	190	120	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	305	175	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	320	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	95	20	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,080	2,970	5,110	7.7	5.8	9.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	120	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,140	455	685	1.1	0.9	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	960	125	840	0.9	0.2	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	945	300	645	0.9	0.6	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	200	80	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
42. Psychology	1,380	395	985	1.3	0.8	1.8
45. Social sciences	3,330	1,580	1,755	3.2	3.1	3.3
Business, management and public administration	16,390	7,005	9,385	15.6	13.7	17.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	505	135	375	0.5	0.3	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	15,845	6,865	8,985	15.1	13.4	16.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,330	1,695	1,635	3.2	3.3	3.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,330	580	755	1.3	1.1	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	800	390	410	0.8	0.8	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	75	0	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,070	705	375	1.0	1.4	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,525	3,760	1,760	5.3	7.3	3.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,695	3,370	1,320	4.5	6.6	2.5
25. Library science	185	50	140	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	485	240	245	0.5	0.5	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	155	100	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	12,050	9,910	2,145	11.5	19.3	4.0
04. Architecture and related services	600	370	225	0.6	0.7	0.4
14. Engineering	6,010	4,630	1,385	5.7	9.0	2.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,180	1,795	385	2.1	3.5	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,585	1,510	75	1.5	2.9	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,185	1,135	50	1.1	2.2	0.1
48. Precision production	495	470	20	0.5	0.9	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,015	485	535	1.0	0.9	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	635	270	365	0.6	0.5	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	380	215	165	0.4	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	7,695	1,915	5,780	7.3	3.7	10.8
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	540	270	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,910	1,515	5,395	6.6	3.0	10.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	235	130	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,310	1,065	1,240	2.2	2.1	2.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,730	640	1,090	1.6	1.2	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	170	105	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	400	305	90	0.4	0.6	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	71,600	35,075	36,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	18,260	9,645	8,615	25.5	27.5	23.6
Education	2,135	410	1,730	3.0	1.2	4.7
13. Education	2,135	410	1,730	3.0	1.2	4.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,050	1,415	1,635	4.3	4.0	4.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	500	320	180	0.7	0.9	0.5
50. Visual and performing arts	2,545	1,100	1,450	3.6	3.1	4.0
Humanities	2,975	995	1,980	4.2	2.8	5.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	495	95	405	0.7	0.3	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	840	190	645	1.2	0.5	1.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,010	375	635	1.4	1.1	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	125	70	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	205	125	80	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	210	105	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	65	20	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,715	2,415	4,305	9.4	6.9	11.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	90	25	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	995	385	610	1.4	1.1	1.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	785	100	685	1.1	0.3	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	770	215	555	1.1	0.6	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	155	65	95	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	1,145	330	820	1.6	0.9	2.2
45. Social sciences	2,770	1,290	1,480	3.9	3.7	4.1
Business, management and public administration	13,290	5,610	7,680	18.6	16.0	21.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	365	80	280	0.5	0.2	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,900	5,525	7,380	18.0	15.8	20.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,635	1,255	1,380	3.7	3.6	3.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,090	455	635	1.5	1.3	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	645	280	360	0.9	0.8	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	0	60	0.1	0.0	0.2
40. Physical sciences	790	500	290	1.1	1.4	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,885	3,360	1,520	6.8	9.6	4.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,250	3,065	1,190	5.9	8.7	3.3
25. Library science	150	35	115	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	340	170	165	0.5	0.5	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	150	95	50	0.2	0.3	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,190	7,395	1,795	12.8	21.1	4.9
04. Architecture and related services	460	280	180	0.6	0.8	0.5
14. Engineering	4,875	3,665	1,210	6.8	10.4	3.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,595	1,295	300	2.2	3.7	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,170	1,115	50	1.6	3.2	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	800	760	40	1.1	2.2	0.1
48. Precision production	285	265	10	0.4	0.8	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	800	365	440	1.1	1.0	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	465	175	285	0.6	0.5	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	335	180	150	0.5	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	6,050	1,485	4,565	8.4	4.2	12.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	440	225	210	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,415	1,165	4,250	7.6	3.3	11.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	180	90	90	0.3	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,610	725	880	2.2	2.1	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,225	460	770	1.7	1.3	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	140	90	50	0.2	0.3	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	240	175	65	0.3	0.5	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	71,600	35,075	36,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	18,260	9,645	8,615	25.5	27.5	23.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	53,335	25,430	27,905	74.5	72.5	76.4
Location of study inside Canada	31,995	15,995	15,995	44.7	45.6	43.8
Same as province or territory of residence	26,900	13,175	13,725	37.6	37.6	37.6
Different than province or territory of residence	5,095	2,825	2,270	7.1	8.1	6.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	21,340	9,430	11,910	29.8	26.9	32.6
Americas	3,295	1,695	1,595	4.6	4.8	4.4
United States of America	1,615	885	725	2.3	2.5	2.0
Mexico	460	205	250	0.6	0.6	0.7
Cuba	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	665	330	340	0.9	0.9	0.9
Colombia	170	75	95	0.2	0.2	0.3
Peru	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	240	120	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Europe	2,915	1,500	1,415	4.1	4.3	3.9
Belgium	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
France	80	55	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Germany	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungary	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	25	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Poland	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Romania	200	105	90	0.3	0.3	0.2
Russian Federation	385	160	225	0.5	0.5	0.6
Ukraine	220	115	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	100	75	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	815	385	430	1.1	1.1	1.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	115	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italy	25	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	180	100	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
Other locations of study in Europe	480	250	230	0.7	0.7	0.6
Africa	455	270	190	0.6	0.8	0.5
Nigeria	35	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	40	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tunisia	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	55	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	200	105	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asia	14,160	5,725	8,440	19.8	16.3	23.1
Iran⁸⁸	845	405	435	1.2	1.2	1.2
Iraq	110	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Israel	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Lebanon	35	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	55	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	4,230	1,710	2,525	5.9	4.9	6.9
Taiwan	910	280	630	1.3	0.8	1.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	465	180	285	0.6	0.5	0.8
Japan	415	95	320	0.6	0.3	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	1,375	505	870	1.9	1.4	2.4
Philippines	2,635	935	1,705	3.7	2.7	4.7
Viet Nam	110	35	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bangladesh	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sri Lanka	35	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	2,015	1,010	1,005	2.8	2.9	2.8
Pakistan	125	60	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	590	275	320	0.8	0.8	0.9
Oceania	515	250	270	0.7	0.7	0.7
Australia	440	205	235	0.6	0.6	0.6
New Zealand	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	104,930	51,235	53,700	...	...	...
In the labour force	67,775	35,355	32,415	...	...	...
Employed	61,050	32,115	28,935	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,720	3,240	3,480	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	37,160	15,875	21,280	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.6	69.0	60.4	64.6	69.0	60.4
Employment rate	58.2	62.7	53.9	58.2	62.7	53.9
Unemployment rate	9.9	9.2	10.7	9.9	9.2	10.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	104,930	51,230	53,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	38,665	16,665	21,995	36.8	32.5	41.0
Worked	66,270	34,560	31,710	63.2	67.5	59.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	34,600	19,680	14,920	33.0	38.4	27.8
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	31,665	14,875	16,790	30.2	29.0	31.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.5	41.5	39.3	40.5	41.5	39.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	67,770	35,355	32,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,840	795	1,055	2.7	2.2	3.3
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	65,930	34,565	31,365	97.3	97.8	96.7
Employee	56,160	28,505	27,655	82.9	80.6	85.3
Permanent position	46,375	23,875	22,505	68.4	67.5	69.4
Temporary position	9,785	4,625	5,155	14.4	13.1	15.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,040	2,025	2,015	6.0	5.7	6.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,740	2,605	3,140	8.5	7.4	9.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	9,770	6,065	3,710	14.4	17.2	11.4
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	67,770	35,355	32,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,840	795	1,055	2.7	2.2	3.3
All occupations¹⁹¹	65,930	34,565	31,365	97.3	97.8	96.7
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	465	325	140	0.7	0.9	0.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	13,225	4,480	8,745	19.5	12.7	27.0
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	9,345	7,120	2,225	13.8	20.1	6.9
3 Health occupations	4,530	1,240	3,285	6.7	3.5	10.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,410	2,025	4,385	9.5	5.7	13.5
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,160	1,660	1,495	4.7	4.7	4.6
6 Sales and service occupations	17,480	8,130	9,345	25.8	23.0	28.8
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	8,950	8,080	870	13.2	22.9	2.7
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	490	355	130	0.7	1.0	0.4
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,880	1,135	740	2.8	3.2	2.3
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	67,770	35,355	32,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,840	795	1,055	2.7	2.2	3.3
All industries¹⁹¹	65,930	34,565	31,365	97.3	97.8	96.7
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	235	140	100	0.3	0.4	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	155	80	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
22 Utilities	400	260	145	0.6	0.7	0.4
23 Construction	4,690	4,085	605	6.9	11.6	1.9
31-33 Manufacturing	3,605	2,370	1,230	5.3	6.7	3.8
41 Wholesale trade	2,520	1,485	1,030	3.7	4.2	3.2
44-45 Retail trade	7,755	3,805	3,940	11.4	10.8	12.2
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,015	2,270	745	4.4	6.4	2.3
51 Information and cultural industries	3,325	2,125	1,200	4.9	6.0	3.7
52 Finance and insurance	3,345	1,585	1,760	4.9	4.5	5.4
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,990	1,095	895	2.9	3.1	2.8
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	8,635	5,020	3,620	12.7	14.2	11.2
55 Management of companies and enterprises	145	75	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,040	1,640	1,395	4.5	4.6	4.3
61 Educational services	4,465	1,595	2,870	6.6	4.5	8.9
62 Health care and social assistance	7,200	1,630	5,570	10.6	4.6	17.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,305	695	615	1.9	2.0	1.9
72 Accommodation and food services	4,765	2,215	2,550	7.0	6.3	7.9
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,995	1,290	1,705	4.4	3.6	5.3
91 Public administration	2,360	1,115	1,245	3.5	3.2	3.8
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	72,015	37,410	34,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	60,685	31,980	28,705	84.3	85.5	82.9
French	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	2,755	1,375	1,380	3.8	3.7	4.0
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,755	1,375	1,380	3.8	3.7	4.0
English and French	445	210	235	0.6	0.6	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	7,750	3,655	4,095	10.8	9.8	11.8
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	245	125	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	72,015	37,410	34,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	70,145	36,430	33,715	97.4	97.4	97.4
Official languages	65,190	34,075	31,110	90.5	91.1	89.9
English	65,050	34,030	31,025	90.3	91.0	89.6
French	140	45	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official languages	4,955	2,350	2,600	6.9	6.3	7.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	4,950	2,350	2,600	6.9	6.3	7.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	140	45	95	0.2	0.1	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	140	45	95	0.2	0.1	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	60	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	545	285	260	0.8	0.8	0.8
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	235	160	75	0.3	0.4	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	100	70	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	75	60	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	135	90	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kurdish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	130	85	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Dari	30	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian Persian	85	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	215	80	135	0.3	0.2	0.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	150	65	90	0.2	0.2	0.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	85	10	75	0.1	0.0	0.2
Korean	605	305	300	0.8	0.8	0.9
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,450	1,655	1,800	4.8	4.4	5.2
Chinese languages	3,450	1,655	1,800	4.8	4.4	5.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,450	1,115	1,335	3.4	3.0	3.9
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	965	515	455	1.3	1.4	1.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,875	980	895	2.6	2.6	2.6
English and French	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,755	910	850	2.4	2.4	2.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	72,015	37,410	34,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	65,070	34,220	30,850	90.4	91.5	89.1
English	1,790	775	1,015	2.5	2.1	2.9
French	330	170	155	0.5	0.5	0.4
Non-official language	3,745	1,765	1,980	5.2	4.7	5.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,745	1,765	1,980	5.2	4.7	5.7
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	260	115	150	0.4	0.3	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	785	355	425	1.1	0.9	1.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	61,045	32,115	28,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	17,830	9,230	8,600	29.2	28.7	29.7
Worked outside Canada	555	385	175	0.9	1.2	0.6
No fixed workplace address	7,805	5,735	2,065	12.8	17.9	7.1
Usual place of work	34,855	16,760	18,095	57.1	52.2	62.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	34,855	16,760	18,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	12,965	6,015	6,955	37.2	35.9	38.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	21,570	10,560	11,010	61.9	63.0	60.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	225	135	95	0.6	0.8	0.5
Commute to a different province or territory	90	55	35	0.3	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	42,660	22,500	20,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	28,875	16,485	12,385	67.7	73.3	61.4
Car, truck or van - as a driver	26,145	15,680	10,465	61.3	69.7	51.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,725	810	1,920	6.4	3.6	9.5
Public transit	10,180	4,315	5,865	23.9	19.2	29.1
Walked	2,360	1,035	1,325	5.5	4.6	6.6
Bicycle	385	290	95	0.9	1.3	0.5
Other method	860	365	495	2.0	1.6	2.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	42,660	22,500	20,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	6,645	3,275	3,370	15.6	14.6	16.7
15 to 29 minutes	14,245	7,625	6,625	33.4	33.9	32.9
30 to 44 minutes	13,815	7,685	6,125	32.4	34.2	30.4
45 to 59 minutes	4,485	2,215	2,275	10.5	9.8	11.3
60 minutes and over	3,465	1,705	1,760	8.1	7.6	8.7
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	42,660	22,500	20,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,090	1,320	765	4.9	5.9	3.8
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,145	3,840	2,300	14.4	17.1	11.4
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,030	4,805	4,220	21.2	21.4	20.9
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,625	4,630	4,990	22.6	20.6	24.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	9,530	4,590	4,940	22.3	20.4	24.5
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,245	3,310	2,935	14.6	14.7	14.6
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	18,195	9,345	8,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	855	455	395	4.7	4.9	4.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,345	8,885	8,455	95.3	95.1	95.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	12,645	6,590	6,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	650	350	300	5.1	5.3	5.0
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	400	210	185	3.2	3.2	3.1
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	245	135	110	1.9	2.0	1.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,995	6,240	5,755	94.9	94.7	95.0

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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