Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Abbotsford--South LangleyMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	116,385	57,570	58,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18,385	9,445	8,935	15.8	16.4	15.2
0 to 4 years	5,800	3,025	2,775	5.0	5.3	4.7
5 to 9 years	6,200	3,125	3,075	5.3	5.4	5.2
10 to 14 years	6,385	3,305	3,085	5.5	5.7	5.2
15 to 64 years	73,835	37,350	36,480	63.4	64.9	62.0
15 to 19 years	6,240	3,280	2,955	5.4	5.7	5.0
20 to 24 years	7,445	3,945	3,505	6.4	6.9	6.0
25 to 29 years	7,995	4,100	3,890	6.9	7.1	6.6
30 to 34 years	8,220	4,205	4,015	7.1	7.3	6.8
35 to 39 years	7,855	3,975	3,880	6.7	6.9	6.6
40 to 44 years	7,115	3,520	3,595	6.1	6.1	6.1
45 to 49 years	6,620	3,210	3,415	5.7	5.6	5.8
50 to 54 years	7,245	3,610	3,635	6.2	6.3	6.2
55 to 59 years	7,530	3,785	3,745	6.5	6.6	6.4
60 to 64 years	7,575	3,725	3,850	6.5	6.5	6.5
65 years and over	24,160	10,765	13,395	20.8	18.7	22.8
65 to 69 years	6,820	3,140	3,680	5.9	5.5	6.3
70 to 74 years	6,225	2,830	3,395	5.3	4.9	5.8
75 to 79 years	4,470	2,120	2,345	3.8	3.7	4.0
80 to 84 years	3,165	1,390	1,775	2.7	2.4	3.0
85 years and over	3,485	1,280	2,210	3.0	2.2	3.8
85 to 89 years	1,925	800	1,125	1.7	1.4	1.9
90 to 94 years	1,185	390	795	1.0	0.7	1.4
95 to 99 years	330	80	245	0.3	0.1	0.4
100 years and over	40	5	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.8	16.4	15.2	15.8	16.4	15.2
15 to 64 years	63.4	64.9	62.0	63.4	64.9	62.0
65 years and over	20.8	18.7	22.8	20.8	18.7	22.8
85 years and over	3.0	2.2	3.8	3.0	2.2	3.8
Average age of the population	42.4	41.1	43.6	42.4	41.1	43.6
Median age of the population	41.2	39.6	42.8	41.2	39.6	42.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	43,415	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	15,510	...	...	35.7	...	...
Semi-detached house	635	...	...	1.5	...	...
Row house	3,180	...	...	7.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,235	...	...	16.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	14,150	...	...	32.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,075	...	...	2.5	...	...
Other single-attached house	25	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,595	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	43,415	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	12,680	...	...	29.2	...	...
2 persons	13,835	...	...	31.9	...	...
3 persons	5,745	...	...	13.2	...	...
4 persons	5,400	...	...	12.4	...	...
5 or more persons	5,760	...	...	13.3	...	...
Number of persons in private households	113,655	56,190	57,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	97,995	48,120	49,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	55,055	27,560	27,500	56.2	57.3	55.1
Married	47,695	23,885	23,805	48.7	49.6	47.7
Living common-law	7,365	3,670	3,690	7.5	7.6	7.4
Living common law - Never married	5,090	2,560	2,530	5.2	5.3	5.1
Living common law - Separated	425	220	200	0.4	0.5	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	1,665	820	850	1.7	1.7	1.7
Living common law - Widowed	185	75	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	42,935	20,560	22,380	43.8	42.7	44.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	26,840	15,185	11,660	27.4	31.6	23.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,885	1,230	1,655	2.9	2.6	3.3
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,740	2,745	4,000	6.9	5.7	8.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,465	1,400	5,065	6.6	2.9	10.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	31,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	16,275	...	...	51.8	...	...
3 persons	6,230	...	...	19.8	...	...
4 persons	6,045	...	...	19.2	...	...
5 or more persons	2,875	...	...	9.1	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	31,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	26,365	...	...	83.9	...	...
Married couples	22,680	...	...	72.2	...	...
With children⁶	11,905	...	...	37.9	...	...
Without children	10,775	...	...	34.3	...	...
Common-law couples	3,680	...	...	11.7	...	...
With children⁶	1,290	...	...	4.1	...	...
Without children	2,390	...	...	7.6	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,065	...	...	16.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,955	...	...	12.6	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,115	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	113,655	56,190	57,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	90,985	45,320	45,665	80.1	80.7	79.5
Married spouses or common-law partners	52,725	26,335	26,390	46.4	46.9	45.9
Parents in one-parent families	5,065	1,110	3,950	4.5	2.0	6.9
Children⁶	33,200	17,875	15,320	29.2	31.8	26.7
In a two-parent family	25,410	13,610	11,805	22.4	24.2	20.5
In a one-parent family	7,780	4,265	3,515	6.8	7.6	6.1
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	22,670	10,870	11,800	19.9	19.3	20.5
Living alone	12,680	5,720	6,965	11.2	10.2	12.1
Living with other relatives⁷	4,135	1,785	2,355	3.6	3.2	4.1
Living with non-relatives only	5,855	3,370	2,485	5.2	6.0	4.3
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	43,415	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	22,895	...	...	52.7	...	...
Couple-family households	19,510	...	...	44.9	...	...
With children⁶	9,415	...	...	21.7	...	...
Without children	10,100	...	...	23.3	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,385	...	...	7.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,965	...	...	6.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	675	...	...	1.6	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,020	...	...	4.7	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,170	...	...	5.0	...	...
One-person households	12,680	...	...	29.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	95,280	46,745	48,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	92,395	45,335	47,055	97.0	97.0	97.0
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	44,800	32,800	37,600	44,800	32,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	92,450	45,365	47,085	97.0	97.0	97.0
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,400	30,800	34,800	40,400	30,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,405	40,490	39,910	84.4	86.6	82.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,400	42,400	24,000	32,400	42,400	24,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	65,445	34,055	31,385	68.7	72.9	64.7
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	45,200	27,400	35,600	45,200	27,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	79,020	36,740	42,275	82.9	78.6	87.1
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,600	8,300	12,200	10,600	8,300	12,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,310	3,770	5,540	9.8	8.1	11.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,120	5,560	5,480	5,120	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	24,690	11,465	13,225	25.9	24.5	27.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,500	8,000	8,000	7,500	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	95,390	46,860	48,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	92,395	45,305	47,090	96.9	96.7	97.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,920	56,650	39,480	47,920	56,650	39,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	92,460	45,350	47,110	96.9	96.8	97.1
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,280	47,520	35,280	41,280	47,520	35,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,295	40,465	39,835	84.2	86.4	82.1
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,800	54,150	33,320	43,800	54,150	33,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	65,420	34,095	31,325	68.6	72.8	64.6
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,240	53,650	34,000	44,240	53,650	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	79,100	36,820	42,275	82.9	78.6	87.1
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,490	10,210	12,610	11,490	10,210	12,610
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,390	3,765	5,625	9.8	8.0	11.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,530	5,790	7,020	6,530	5,790	7,020
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	24,590	11,550	13,045	25.8	24.6	26.9
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,530	8,220	8,800	8,530	8,220	8,800
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	95,390	46,860	48,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,770	17,885	11,885	31.2	38.2	24.5
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,200	64,000	49,600	57,200	64,000	49,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	65,900	73,000	55,050	65,900	73,000	55,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,010	11,435	14,570	27.3	24.4	30.0
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,200	24,400	16,400	19,200	24,400	16,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,160	35,400	22,440	28,160	35,400	22,440
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.4	85.4	71.4	79.4	85.4	71.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.4	71.2	57.3	65.4	71.2	57.3
Government transfers (%)²⁰	20.5	14.6	28.7	20.5	14.6	28.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	0.9	2.1	1.4	0.9	2.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.1	4.7	8.1	6.1	4.7	8.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.7	3.7	6.2	4.7	3.7	6.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	95,280	46,745	48,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	2,880	1,410	1,475	3.0	3.0	3.0
With total income	92,395	45,335	47,055	97.0	97.0	97.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,920	3,450	4,475	8.6	7.6	9.5
$10,000 to $19,999	12,265	4,815	7,450	13.3	10.6	15.8
$20,000 to $29,999	16,090	6,655	9,435	17.4	14.7	20.0
$30,000 to $39,999	12,915	5,445	7,470	14.0	12.0	15.9
$40,000 to $49,999	10,570	4,755	5,820	11.4	10.5	12.4
$50,000 to $59,999	8,490	4,405	4,090	9.2	9.7	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	6,575	3,815	2,765	7.1	8.4	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	4,860	3,090	1,770	5.3	6.8	3.8
$80,000 to $89,999	3,440	2,270	1,170	3.7	5.0	2.5
$90,000 to $99,999	2,545	1,730	815	2.8	3.8	1.7
$100,000 and over	6,730	4,910	1,810	7.3	10.8	3.9
$100,000 to $149,999	4,750	3,405	1,345	5.1	7.5	2.9
$150,000 and over	1,975	1,510	470	2.1	3.3	1.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	95,280	46,745	48,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	2,825	1,375	1,450	3.0	3.0	3.0
With after-tax income	92,450	45,365	47,085	97.0	97.1	97.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,205	3,560	4,645	8.9	7.8	9.9
$10,000 to $19,999	12,645	4,965	7,675	13.7	10.9	16.3
$20,000 to $29,999	17,995	7,505	10,490	19.5	16.5	22.3
$30,000 to $39,999	14,765	6,385	8,375	16.0	14.1	17.8
$40,000 to $49,999	12,000	5,880	6,120	13.0	13.0	13.0
$50,000 to $59,999	8,980	5,035	3,950	9.7	11.1	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	6,150	3,900	2,250	6.6	8.6	4.8
$70,000 to $79,999	4,090	2,685	1,405	4.4	5.9	3.0
$80,000 to $89,999	2,575	1,790	785	2.8	3.9	1.7
$90,000 to $99,999	1,580	1,115	470	1.7	2.4	1.0
$100,000 and over	3,470	2,560	915	3.8	5.6	1.9
$100,000 to $124,999	1,840	1,325	515	2.0	2.9	1.1
$125,000 and over	1,635	1,235	400	1.8	2.7	0.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	95,280	46,745	48,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	29,830	12,680	17,150	31.3	27.1	35.3
With employment income	65,445	34,055	31,385	68.7	72.9	64.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,430	3,660	4,765	12.9	10.7	15.2
$5,000 to $9,999	5,450	2,175	3,280	8.3	6.4	10.4
$10,000 to $19,999	8,310	3,435	4,875	12.7	10.1	15.5
$20,000 to $29,999	6,710	2,955	3,750	10.2	8.7	11.9
$30,000 to $39,999	6,730	3,040	3,690	10.3	8.9	11.8
$40,000 to $49,999	6,365	3,280	3,080	9.7	9.6	9.8
$50,000 to $59,999	5,815	3,245	2,570	8.9	9.5	8.2
$60,000 to $69,999	4,595	2,900	1,700	7.0	8.5	5.4
$70,000 to $79,999	3,535	2,400	1,130	5.4	7.0	3.6
$80,000 to $89,999	2,665	1,840	820	4.1	5.4	2.6
$90,000 to $99,999	1,970	1,415	555	3.0	4.2	1.8
$100,000 and over	4,880	3,720	1,160	7.5	10.9	3.7
$100,000 to $124,999	2,520	1,835	690	3.9	5.4	2.2
$125,000 and over	2,355	1,890	470	3.6	5.5	1.5
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	95,280	46,745	48,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	89,875	43,970	45,910	94.3	94.1	94.6
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	43,200	29,000	34,800	43,200	29,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	90,040	44,005	46,040	94.5	94.1	94.9
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,800	38,400	27,000	31,800	38,400	27,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,550	39,875	39,680	83.5	85.3	81.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	43,200	25,400	33,200	43,200	25,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	67,090	34,600	32,490	70.4	74.0	66.9
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	44,000	27,000	34,400	44,000	27,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,635	27,725	36,910	67.8	59.3	76.0
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,450	5,040	8,400	7,450	5,040	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,300	2,775	4,525	7.7	5.9	9.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,160	4,560	5,560	5,160	4,560	5,560
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	95,390	46,860	48,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	89,970	44,020	45,950	94.3	93.9	94.7
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,680	55,150	36,560	45,680	55,150	36,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	90,165	44,070	46,095	94.5	94.0	95.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,760	45,640	32,200	38,760	45,640	32,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,495	39,850	39,645	83.3	85.0	81.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,320	55,100	33,520	44,320	55,100	33,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	67,095	34,655	32,440	70.3	74.0	66.9
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,000	52,150	33,240	43,000	52,150	33,240
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,430	27,645	36,790	67.5	59.0	75.8
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,060	8,430	9,540	9,060	8,430	9,540
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,275	2,795	4,485	7.6	6.0	9.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,680	5,945	7,130	6,680	5,945	7,130
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	95,390	46,860	48,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,495	17,695	11,805	30.9	37.8	24.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	53,600	60,800	45,600	53,600	60,800	45,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	61,450	68,500	50,760	61,450	68,500	50,760
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,470	10,815	13,655	25.7	23.1	28.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,000	30,000	20,400	24,000	30,000	20,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,280	41,800	26,520	33,280	41,800	26,520
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	85.8	90.4	79.2	85.8	90.4	79.2
Employment income (%)	70.2	74.4	64.2	70.2	74.4	64.2
Government transfers (%)	14.2	9.6	20.9	14.2	9.6	20.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.7	1.9	1.2	0.7	1.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	43,415	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	12,680	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...	39,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,400	...	...	36,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,735	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	43,405	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	87,900	...	...	87,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	12,700	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,480	...	...	48,480	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,200	...	...	42,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,705	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	124,100	...	...	124,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,800	...	...	106,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	43,415	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	445	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	185	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	345	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	860	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,075	...	...	4.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,525	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,540	...	...	3.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,760	...	...	4.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,830	...	...	4.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,665	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,340	...	...	7.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,055	...	...	7.0	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,925	...	...	6.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,600	...	...	6.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,495	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	16,765	...	...	38.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,945	...	...	11.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,645	...	...	8.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,310	...	...	9.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,865	...	...	8.9	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	43,415	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	500	...	...	1.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	195	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	345	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	885	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,150	...	...	5.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,720	...	...	4.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,735	...	...	4.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,035	...	...	4.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,125	...	...	4.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,965	...	...	4.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,705	...	...	8.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,505	...	...	8.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,190	...	...	7.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,955	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,535	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,870	...	...	31.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,930	...	...	11.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,325	...	...	7.7	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,610	...	...	12.9	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	29,320	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,600	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...	75,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	13,100	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...	133,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.4	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,295	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...	68,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...	63,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	18,530	9,090	9,445	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	40,800	33,600	36,800	40,800	33,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	37,200	31,800	34,000	37,200	31,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	29,255	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,200	...	...	123,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,800	...	...	105,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,505	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,100	...	...	102,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,700	...	...	86,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,105	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	152,800	...	...	152,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,800	...	...	130,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,290	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,300	...	...	78,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,800	...	...	70,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	18,370	8,955	9,420	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,760	48,280	41,440	44,760	48,280	41,440
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,280	41,560	37,080	39,280	41,560	37,080
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	113,655	56,190	57,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,065	11,375	10,690	19.4	20.2	18.6
0 to 5 years	7,105	3,645	3,460	6.3	6.5	6.0
18 to 64 years	69,060	34,565	34,495	60.8	61.5	60.0
65 years and over	22,525	10,245	12,280	19.8	18.2	21.4
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,120	4,965	6,155	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,240	1,155	1,085	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	685	355	330	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,385	2,500	2,885	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,500	1,310	2,190	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.8	8.8	10.7	9.8	8.8	10.7
0 to 17 years (%)	10.1	10.1	10.1	10.1	10.1	10.1
0 to 5 years (%)	9.6	9.7	9.6	9.6	9.7	9.6
18 to 64 years (%)	7.8	7.2	8.4	7.8	7.2	8.4
65 years and over (%)	15.5	12.8	17.8	15.5	12.8	17.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	113,200	55,990	57,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,055	11,370	10,685	19.5	20.3	18.7
0 to 5 years	7,105	3,645	3,460	6.3	6.5	6.0
18 to 64 years	68,955	34,515	34,435	60.9	61.6	60.2
65 years and over	22,190	10,105	12,085	19.6	18.0	21.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	4,350	2,205	2,150	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	755	400	350	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	195	105	90	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,090	1,585	1,510	...	...	...
65 years and over	510	220	290	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.8	3.9	3.8	3.8	3.9	3.8
0 to 17 years (%)	3.4	3.5	3.3	3.4	3.5	3.3
0 to 5 years (%)	2.8	2.9	2.6	2.8	2.9	2.6
18 to 64 years (%)	4.5	4.6	4.4	4.5	4.6	4.4
65 years and over (%)	2.3	2.1	2.4	2.3	2.1	2.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	113,655	56,185	57,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	57,250	27,345	29,905	50.4	48.7	52.0
In bottom decile	10,585	4,910	5,675	9.3	8.7	9.9
In second decile	11,325	5,160	6,165	10.0	9.2	10.7
In third decile	11,575	5,540	6,030	10.2	9.9	10.5
In fourth decile	11,770	5,720	6,045	10.4	10.2	10.5
In fifth decile	12,005	6,015	5,985	10.6	10.7	10.4
In top half of the distribution	56,405	28,845	27,560	49.6	51.3	48.0
In sixth decile	12,110	6,080	6,030	10.7	10.8	10.5
In seventh decile	12,375	6,275	6,100	10.9	11.2	10.6
In eighth decile	11,380	5,830	5,555	10.0	10.4	9.7
In ninth decile	10,855	5,650	5,205	9.6	10.1	9.1
In top decile	9,680	5,005	4,675	8.5	8.9	8.1
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	113,655	...	...	113,655	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.313	...	...	0.313	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.428	...	...	0.428	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.280	...	...	0.280	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	114,410	56,530	57,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	104,015	51,925	52,095	90.9	91.9	90.0
French only	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	4,720	2,085	2,630	4.1	3.7	4.5
Neither English nor French	5,635	2,500	3,135	4.9	4.4	5.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	114,410	56,530	57,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	107,760	53,515	54,240	94.2	94.7	93.7
French	815	415	395	0.7	0.7	0.7
English and French	310	145	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Neither English nor French	5,530	2,450	3,080	4.8	4.3	5.3
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	114,410	56,530	57,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	110,430	54,585	55,850	96.5	96.6	96.5
Official languages	77,025	38,270	38,755	67.3	67.7	67.0
English	76,150	37,825	38,325	66.6	66.9	66.2
French	875	445	435	0.8	0.8	0.8
Non-official languages	33,405	16,315	17,090	29.2	28.9	29.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	33,395	16,310	17,085	29.2	28.9	29.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	670	355	315	0.6	0.6	0.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	655	345	305	0.6	0.6	0.5
Amharic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	575	305	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Aramaic languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,250	615	635	1.1	1.1	1.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,225	605	620	1.1	1.1	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,195	510	680	1.0	0.9	1.2
Bikol	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	975	405	570	0.9	0.7	1.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	175	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,390	13,450	13,940	23.9	23.8	24.1
Albanian	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Armenian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,040	485	550	0.9	0.9	1.0
Baltic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,030	480	545	0.9	0.8	0.9
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	90	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	270	130	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Russian	320	140	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbian	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,555	1,595	1,960	3.1	2.8	3.4
Frisian	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,375	1,070	1,305	2.1	1.9	2.3
German	2,335	1,050	1,285	2.0	1.9	2.2
Pennsylvania German	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	965	440	530	0.8	0.8	0.9
Afrikaans	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	710	315	390	0.6	0.6	0.7
Low German, n.o.s.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	190	85	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	190	80	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Danish	115	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	21,010	10,470	10,540	18.4	18.5	18.2
Indo-Aryan languages	20,660	10,290	10,370	18.1	18.2	17.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	615	305	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kacchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	19,635	9,775	9,865	17.2	17.3	17.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	230	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	350	180	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	280	140	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	175	90	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,645	820	820	1.4	1.5	1.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	165	95	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Portuguese	175	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Romanian	195	85	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	1,115	550	560	1.0	1.0	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	180	65	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korean	670	335	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,125	535	590	1.0	0.9	1.0
Chinese languages	1,085	515	575	0.9	0.9	1.0
Hakka	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	690	320	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	325	165	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	210	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	245	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	165	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,985	1,945	2,035	3.5	3.4	3.5
English and French	295	135	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	3,345	1,645	1,695	2.9	2.9	2.9
French and non-official language(s)	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	260	120	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	114,410	56,530	57,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	79,805	39,510	40,295	69.8	69.9	69.6
French	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	14,065	6,955	7,110	12.3	12.3	12.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14,065	6,955	7,110	12.3	12.3	12.3
English and French	535	235	300	0.5	0.4	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	18,900	9,295	9,610	16.5	16.4	16.6
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	375	170	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	585	285	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	114,410	56,530	57,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	109,845	54,300	55,550	96.0	96.1	96.0
Official languages	87,235	43,005	44,230	76.2	76.1	76.4
English	87,045	42,900	44,145	76.1	75.9	76.3
French	195	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official languages	22,605	11,295	11,315	19.8	20.0	19.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	22,605	11,295	11,310	19.8	20.0	19.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	440	215	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	430	215	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Amharic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	385	190	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,020	500	515	0.9	0.9	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,000	490	510	0.9	0.9	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	535	280	260	0.5	0.5	0.4
Bikol	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	440	225	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,825	9,400	9,425	16.5	16.6	16.3
Albanian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	420	205	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	415	200	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	185	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	410	180	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	300	130	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
German	295	130	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	17,175	8,585	8,595	15.0	15.2	14.8
Indo-Aryan languages	16,950	8,480	8,475	14.8	15.0	14.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	385	185	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	16,300	8,150	8,145	14.2	14.4	14.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	170	90	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	230	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Dari	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	740	390	345	0.6	0.7	0.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	580	310	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	545	265	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	765	385	375	0.7	0.7	0.6
Chinese languages	725	370	360	0.6	0.7	0.6
Hakka	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	495	250	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	190	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,570	2,230	2,335	4.0	3.9	4.0
English and French	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	4,345	2,120	2,225	3.8	3.8	3.8
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	114,410	56,530	57,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	97,860	48,440	49,420	85.5	85.7	85.4
English	7,065	3,615	3,455	6.2	6.4	6.0
French	455	195	260	0.4	0.3	0.4
Non-official language	7,175	3,375	3,805	6.3	6.0	6.6
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	7,155	3,365	3,790	6.3	6.0	6.5
English and French	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	960	470	485	0.8	0.8	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	185	85	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	635	315	320	0.6	0.6	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	113,725	56,320	57,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	108,050	53,805	54,245	95.0	95.5	94.5
English	108,015	53,790	54,230	95.0	95.5	94.5
French	4,660	1,965	2,695	4.1	3.5	4.7
Non-official languages	40,635	20,025	20,610	35.7	35.6	35.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	40,590	20,010	20,580	35.7	35.5	35.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	900	505	395	0.8	0.9	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	875	490	390	0.8	0.9	0.7
Amharic	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	770	420	350	0.7	0.7	0.6
Aramaic languages	90	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,500	775	730	1.3	1.4	1.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	1,460	760	700	1.3	1.3	1.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,720	795	925	1.5	1.4	1.6
Bikol	45	45	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	185	85	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,540	695	840	1.4	1.2	1.5
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	140	85	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Haitian Creole	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	220	125	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	165	90	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamil	55	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Telugu	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	32,830	16,185	16,650	28.9	28.7	29.0
Albanian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Armenian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,245	600	645	1.1	1.1	1.1
Baltic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,240	600	640	1.1	1.1	1.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	310	140	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Russian	545	275	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbian	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	190	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	4,215	1,880	2,335	3.7	3.3	4.1
Frisian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,825	1,300	1,530	2.5	2.3	2.7
German	2,765	1,270	1,490	2.4	2.3	2.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,255	535	715	1.1	0.9	1.2
Afrikaans	135	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	795	345	455	0.7	0.6	0.8
Low German, n.o.s.	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	250	95	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	305	125	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Danish	175	65	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Icelandic	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	120	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	25,020	12,585	12,440	22.0	22.3	21.7
Indo-Aryan languages	24,465	12,310	12,155	21.5	21.9	21.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	4,340	2,110	2,230	3.8	3.7	3.9
Kacchi	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	23,475	11,825	11,645	20.6	21.0	20.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	525	265	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	580	280	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	485	240	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	160	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	215	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,760	1,325	1,435	2.4	2.4	2.5
Catalan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	310	180	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Portuguese	305	170	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Romanian	260	90	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Spanish	1,995	940	1,055	1.8	1.7	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	320	135	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Korean	820	415	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	395	220	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Akan (Twi)	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	85	60	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	105	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	205	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
American Sign Language	170	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,610	760	845	1.4	1.3	1.5
Chinese languages	1,595	755	845	1.4	1.3	1.5
Hakka	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,240	570	665	1.1	1.0	1.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	135	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	565	270	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	265	85	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Lao	165	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Thai	125	25	100	0.1	0.0	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	90	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	90	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	230	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	165	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	113,730	56,320	57,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	5,795	2,765	3,025	5.1	4.9	5.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	5,505	2,665	2,840	4.8	4.7	4.9
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,620	1,190	1,425	2.3	2.1	2.5
Métis	2,840	1,445	1,395	2.5	2.6	2.4
Inuk (Inuit)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	210	65	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	107,935	53,555	54,380	94.9	95.1	94.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	113,730	56,320	57,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,455	650	805	1.3	1.2	1.4
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	112,275	55,675	56,600	98.7	98.9	98.6
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	43,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	28,740	...	...	66.2	...	...
Renter	14,660	...	...	33.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	43,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	12,350	...	...	28.5	...	...
Not condominium	31,055	...	...	71.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	43,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	395	...	...	0.9	...	...
1 bedroom	6,160	...	...	14.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	14,560	...	...	33.5	...	...
3 bedrooms	9,430	...	...	21.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,860	...	...	29.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	43,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	15,000	...	...	34.6	...	...
5 rooms	6,825	...	...	15.7	...	...
6 rooms	5,280	...	...	12.2	...	...
7 rooms	4,390	...	...	10.1	...	...
8 or more rooms	11,915	...	...	27.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	43,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	41,835	...	...	96.4	...	...
More than one person per room	1,575	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	43,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	40,340	...	...	92.9	...	...
Not suitable	3,065	...	...	7.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	43,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	2,595	...	...	6.0	...	...
1961 to 1980	14,525	...	...	33.5	...	...
1981 to 1990	9,165	...	...	21.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	6,925	...	...	16.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,485	...	...	3.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,790	...	...	6.4	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,990	...	...	4.6	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,935	...	...	9.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	43,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	41,265	...	...	95.1	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,145	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	43,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	21,205	...	...	48.9	...	...
Two-maintainer household	18,285	...	...	42.1	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,915	...	...	9.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	43,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,225	...	...	2.8	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,670	...	...	13.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,140	...	...	16.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,350	...	...	16.9	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,550	...	...	19.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,490	...	...	17.3	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,215	...	...	9.7	...	...
85 years and over	1,770	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	42,445	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	31,890	...	...	75.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,555	...	...	24.9	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,570	...	...	22.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	43,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	14,420	...	...	33.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,395	...	...	21.6	...	...
Not suitable only	2,400	...	...	5.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,315	...	...	3.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	480	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	640	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	150	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	35	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	28,990	...	...	66.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	41,455	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	5,235	...	...	12.6	...	...
Not in core need	36,225	...	...	87.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	27,930	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.6	...	...	61.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	19.8	...	...	19.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	7.2	...	...	7.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,320	...	...	1,320	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,620	...	...	1,620	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	800,000	...	...	800,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	917,000	...	...	917,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	14,615	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.6	...	...	9.6	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.6	...	...	34.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	23.3	...	...	23.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,180	...	...	1,180	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,304	...	...	1,304	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	10	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	x	...	...	x	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	500	...	...	500	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	113,730	56,320	57,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,535	800	740	1.3	1.4	1.3
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,510	780	730	1.3	1.4	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,015	515	500	0.9	0.9	0.9
Métis single ancestry	480	250	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuit single ancestry	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	4,585	2,135	2,450	4.0	3.8	4.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	4,340	2,005	2,335	3.8	3.6	4.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,580	1,145	1,435	2.3	2.0	2.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,745	850	890	1.5	1.5	1.6
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	245	130	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	245	130	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	107,605	53,390	54,215	94.6	94.8	94.4
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	113,730	56,320	57,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	100,755	49,780	50,975	88.6	88.4	88.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	21,030	10,875	10,155	18.5	19.3	17.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	79,725	38,910	40,820	70.1	69.1	71.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	12,975	6,535	6,440	11.4	11.6	11.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	113,730	56,320	57,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	81,040	40,275	40,765	71.3	71.5	71.0
Immigrants⁸¹	29,110	14,045	15,065	25.6	24.9	26.2
Before 1980	5,900	2,900	3,000	5.2	5.1	5.2
1980 to 1990	3,135	1,485	1,650	2.8	2.6	2.9
1991 to 2000	5,590	2,660	2,930	4.9	4.7	5.1
2001 to 2010	6,800	3,270	3,530	6.0	5.8	6.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	7,690	3,735	3,955	6.8	6.6	6.9
2011 to 2015	3,500	1,705	1,795	3.1	3.0	3.1
2016 to 2021	4,190	2,030	2,160	3.7	3.6	3.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,580	2,000	1,580	3.1	3.6	2.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	29,110	14,045	15,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,160	1,060	1,100	7.4	7.5	7.3
5 to 14 years	4,100	2,230	1,875	14.1	15.9	12.4
15 to 24 years	7,630	3,485	4,140	26.2	24.8	27.5
25 to 44 years	10,855	5,345	5,505	37.3	38.1	36.5
45 years and over	4,365	1,925	2,445	15.0	13.7	16.2
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	29,110	14,045	15,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,605	1,215	1,390	8.9	8.7	9.2
Brazil	155	85	70	0.5	0.6	0.5
Colombia	65	20	40	0.2	0.1	0.3
El Salvador	205	110	95	0.7	0.8	0.6
Guyana	15	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Haiti	30	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	95	45	50	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexico	185	55	130	0.6	0.4	0.9
Peru	35	10	25	0.1	0.1	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	1,055	485	575	3.6	3.5	3.8
Other places of birth in Americas	735	365	370	2.5	2.6	2.5
Europe	5,545	2,660	2,885	19.0	18.9	19.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Croatia	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	85	40	40	0.3	0.3	0.3
Germany	810	420	400	2.8	3.0	2.7
Greece	35	35	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Hungary	120	60	60	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italy	85	40	45	0.3	0.3	0.3
Netherlands	615	255	365	2.1	1.8	2.4
Poland	280	110	170	1.0	0.8	1.1
Portugal	75	50	25	0.3	0.4	0.2
Romania	210	80	125	0.7	0.6	0.8
Russian Federation	200	100	100	0.7	0.7	0.7
Serbia⁸⁶	25	25	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Ukraine	195	85	110	0.7	0.6	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,005	970	1,025	6.9	6.9	6.8
Other places of birth in Europe	770	385	385	2.6	2.7	2.6
Africa	1,035	580	455	3.6	4.1	3.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	80	50	25	0.3	0.4	0.2
Egypt	50	35	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Eritrea	25	25	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Ethiopia	45	30	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
Morocco	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nigeria	65	40	25	0.2	0.3	0.2
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	245	115	130	0.8	0.8	0.9
Other places of birth in Africa	505	270	235	1.7	1.9	1.6
Asia	19,490	9,355	10,130	67.0	66.6	67.2
Afghanistan	125	60	65	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iran⁸⁸	225	125	100	0.8	0.9	0.7
Iraq	95	55	40	0.3	0.4	0.3
Lebanon	15	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	255	125	130	0.9	0.9	0.9
Turkey	25	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	680	295	390	2.3	2.1	2.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	95	40	55	0.3	0.3	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	470	230	245	1.6	1.6	1.6
Taiwan	200	105	95	0.7	0.7	0.6
Philippines	1,430	640	785	4.9	4.6	5.2
Viet Nam	1,035	495	545	3.6	3.5	3.6
Bangladesh	15	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
India	13,740	6,640	7,095	47.2	47.3	47.1
Pakistan	275	165	115	0.9	1.2	0.8
Sri Lanka	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Asia	795	335	460	2.7	2.4	3.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	445	235	210	1.5	1.7	1.4
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,190	2,025	2,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	265	135	135	6.3	6.7	6.3
Brazil	25	15	15	0.6	0.7	0.7
Colombia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	35	15	15	0.8	0.7	0.7
Mexico	35	10	25	0.8	0.5	1.2
United States of America	100	55	40	2.4	2.7	1.9
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	60	35	25	1.4	1.7	1.2
Europe	235	125	110	5.6	6.2	5.1
France	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	15	10	0	0.4	0.5	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	15	15	0	0.4	0.7	0.0
Italy	15	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.5
Russian Federation	45	15	20	1.1	0.7	0.9
Ukraine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	60	40	25	1.4	2.0	1.2
Other places of birth in Europe	75	40	45	1.8	2.0	2.1
Africa	390	220	170	9.3	10.9	7.9
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	60	50	15	1.4	2.5	0.7
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	20	20	0	0.5	1.0	0.0
Eritrea	10	10	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Ethiopia	30	20	10	0.7	1.0	0.5
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	60	30	25	1.4	1.5	1.2
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	30	0	25	0.7	0.0	1.2
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	165	85	80	3.9	4.2	3.7
Asia	3,250	1,530	1,720	77.6	75.6	79.6
Afghanistan	40	20	20	1.0	1.0	0.9
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	110	45	65	2.6	2.2	3.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	2,120	1,000	1,120	50.6	49.4	51.9
Iran⁸⁸	20	0	10	0.5	0.0	0.5
Iraq	30	25	10	0.7	1.2	0.5
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	55	30	30	1.3	1.5	1.4
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	80	40	35	1.9	2.0	1.6
Philippines	325	160	170	7.8	7.9	7.9
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	245	120	125	5.8	5.9	5.8
Turkey	20	15	0	0.5	0.7	0.0
United Arab Emirates	25	15	15	0.6	0.7	0.7
Viet Nam	55	15	40	1.3	0.7	1.9
Other places of birth in Asia	95	35	60	2.3	1.7	2.8
Oceania and other⁹³	40	15	25	1.0	0.7	1.2
Australia	20	10	10	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	10	15	0.5	0.5	0.7
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	113,730	56,320	57,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	33,670	16,580	17,095	29.6	29.4	29.8
Second generation¹⁰¹	26,905	13,400	13,505	23.7	23.8	23.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	53,150	26,335	26,810	46.7	46.8	46.7
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	23,215	11,150	12,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	7,385	3,805	3,580	31.8	34.1	29.7
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	3,155	1,860	1,300	13.6	16.7	10.8
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	4,230	1,950	2,280	18.2	17.5	18.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	13,545	6,030	7,510	58.3	54.1	62.2
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,185	1,240	945	9.4	11.1	7.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	95	65	30	0.4	0.6	0.2
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	23,215	11,150	12,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	445	285	160	1.9	2.6	1.3
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,905	910	1,000	8.2	8.2	8.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	395	190	210	1.7	1.7	1.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	920	470	450	4.0	4.2	3.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	130	55	75	0.6	0.5	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	19,415	9,240	10,175	83.6	82.9	84.3
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	113,730	56,320	57,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	38,245	19,400	18,845	33.6	34.4	32.8
South Asian	26,030	13,270	12,760	22.9	23.6	22.2
Chinese	1,870	885	985	1.6	1.6	1.7
Black	1,700	930	775	1.5	1.7	1.3
Filipino	2,070	1,025	1,040	1.8	1.8	1.8
Arab	460	235	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latin American	1,100	570	530	1.0	1.0	0.9
Southeast Asian	2,165	1,110	1,055	1.9	2.0	1.8
West Asian	525	285	235	0.5	0.5	0.4
Korean	860	440	420	0.8	0.8	0.7
Japanese	355	150	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	315	140	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	790	365	425	0.7	0.6	0.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	75,480	36,915	38,565	66.4	65.5	67.2
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	113,730	56,320	57,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	11,860	5,970	5,890	10.4	10.6	10.3
English	22,585	10,900	11,685	19.9	19.4	20.4
Irish	12,645	5,700	6,945	11.1	10.1	12.1
Scottish	16,255	7,885	8,370	14.3	14.0	14.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	6,730	3,245	3,480	5.9	5.8	6.1
German	15,925	7,640	8,290	14.0	13.6	14.4
Chinese	2,135	1,020	1,115	1.9	1.8	1.9
Italian	2,805	1,410	1,395	2.5	2.5	2.4
Indian (India)	14,010	7,055	6,950	12.3	12.5	12.1
Ukrainian	4,950	2,410	2,540	4.4	4.3	4.4
Dutch	7,375	3,520	3,855	6.5	6.3	6.7
Polish	2,890	1,320	1,570	2.5	2.3	2.7
Québécois	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,345	1,615	1,735	2.9	2.9	3.0
Filipino	1,940	960	990	1.7	1.7	1.7
French Canadian	815	365	450	0.7	0.6	0.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,960	995	965	1.7	1.8	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,865	830	1,035	1.6	1.5	1.8
Métis	2,495	1,250	1,245	2.2	2.2	2.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,685	1,395	1,295	2.4	2.5	2.3
Russian	3,785	1,835	1,955	3.3	3.3	3.4
Norwegian	3,185	1,475	1,710	2.8	2.6	3.0
Welsh	2,360	1,025	1,335	2.1	1.8	2.3
Portuguese	475	285	185	0.4	0.5	0.3
American	1,485	685	805	1.3	1.2	1.4
Spanish	925	435	490	0.8	0.8	0.9
Swedish	2,220	1,140	1,080	2.0	2.0	1.9
Hungarian	1,255	560	690	1.1	1.0	1.2
Acadian	120	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	410	235	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	485	225	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Jewish	335	190	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Punjabi	7,225	3,690	3,535	6.4	6.6	6.2
Vietnamese	1,750	910	840	1.5	1.6	1.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	250	105	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Greek	465	225	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jamaican	230	145	85	0.2	0.3	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	750	385	370	0.7	0.7	0.6
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	395	225	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Korean	810	395	410	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	755	345	410	0.7	0.6	0.7
Lebanese	115	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian	200	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	465	240	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Danish	1,375	645	730	1.2	1.1	1.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	580	275	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sikh	6,080	3,115	2,965	5.3	5.5	5.2
Austrian	840	355	480	0.7	0.6	0.8
Belgian	415	245	165	0.4	0.4	0.3
Haitian	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	455	270	185	0.4	0.5	0.3
Mexican	430	190	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mennonite	1,750	845	905	1.5	1.5	1.6
Swiss	650	305	340	0.6	0.5	0.6
Finnish	790	355	430	0.7	0.6	0.7
Sri Lankan	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Croatian	400	210	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Japanese	395	185	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,175	595	580	1.0	1.1	1.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	130	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	690	355	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Muslim	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	695	380	315	0.6	0.7	0.5
Colombian	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Moroccan	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Czech	385	160	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
Syrian	170	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Guyanese	70	55	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Afghan	235	100	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbian	90	65	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ojibway	175	95	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Newfoundlander	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	65	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Persian	145	85	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Turkish	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Armenian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slovak	210	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	250	130	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	195	115	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iraqi	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Salvadorean	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	120	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	210	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	390	210	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
Palestinian	80	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chilean	120	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	110	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	225	75	150	0.2	0.1	0.3
Peruvian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Berber	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Maltese	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	50	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	135	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Eritrean	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Albertan	75	55	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ghanaian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	60	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
African American	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	125	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	80	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	100	65	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	170	70	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Laotian	175	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ilocano	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Northern Irish	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	550	320	230	0.5	0.6	0.4
Ecuadorian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	145	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kurdish	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	275	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jatt	890	450	445	0.8	0.8	0.8
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	140	40	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Dominican	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Igbo	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	170	85	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Sudanese	80	60	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Buddhist	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	315	170	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	113,730	56,320	57,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,150	585	570	1.0	1.0	1.0
Christian	42,345	19,590	22,760	37.2	34.8	39.6
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	15,450	7,370	8,075	13.6	13.1	14.1
Anabaptist	2,625	1,260	1,365	2.3	2.2	2.4
Anglican	2,345	970	1,370	2.1	1.7	2.4
Baptist	1,570	715	855	1.4	1.3	1.5
Catholic	8,760	4,125	4,635	7.7	7.3	8.1
Christian Orthodox	560	265	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jehovah's Witness	745	320	425	0.7	0.6	0.7
Latter Day Saints	225	95	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lutheran	925	405	520	0.8	0.7	0.9
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,655	795	860	1.5	1.4	1.5
Presbyterian	575	280	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Reformed	970	445	525	0.9	0.8	0.9
United Church	2,505	1,015	1,490	2.2	1.8	2.6
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,275	1,440	1,830	2.9	2.6	3.2
Hindu	2,150	1,110	1,040	1.9	2.0	1.8
Jewish	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	1,500	795	710	1.3	1.4	1.2
Sikh	21,800	10,965	10,835	19.2	19.5	18.9
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	110	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	875	325	550	0.8	0.6	1.0
No religion and secular perspectives	43,700	22,845	20,855	38.4	40.6	36.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	112,540	55,740	56,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	96,250	47,410	48,835	85.5	85.1	86.0
Movers	16,290	8,330	7,960	14.5	14.9	14.0
Non-migrants	8,955	4,680	4,275	8.0	8.4	7.5
Migrants	7,330	3,645	3,680	6.5	6.5	6.5
Internal migrants	6,365	3,135	3,225	5.7	5.6	5.7
Intraprovincial migrants	5,370	2,675	2,695	4.8	4.8	4.7
Interprovincial migrants	990	460	530	0.9	0.8	0.9
External migrants	965	510	460	0.9	0.9	0.8
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	107,865	53,375	54,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	58,435	28,905	29,530	54.2	54.2	54.2
Movers	49,425	24,470	24,960	45.8	45.8	45.8
Non-migrants	22,385	11,055	11,330	20.8	20.7	20.8
Migrants	27,040	13,410	13,630	25.1	25.1	25.0
Internal migrants	21,390	10,500	10,895	19.8	19.7	20.0
Intraprovincial migrants	18,260	8,920	9,345	16.9	16.7	17.2
Interprovincial migrants	3,130	1,580	1,550	2.9	3.0	2.8
External migrants	5,650	2,915	2,735	5.2	5.5	5.0
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	95,385	46,860	48,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	20,755	10,925	9,830	21.8	23.3	20.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	74,635	35,935	38,695	78.2	76.7	79.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,410	29,395	30,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,155	5,245	3,905	15.4	17.8	13.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	50,255	24,150	26,105	84.6	82.2	87.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	95,385	46,855	48,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	18,530	9,550	8,980	19.4	20.4	18.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	34,035	17,040	16,990	35.7	36.4	35.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	42,830	20,270	22,560	44.9	43.3	46.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,235	13,420	13,815	28.6	28.6	28.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	8,430	6,410	2,015	8.8	13.7	4.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,380	1,925	1,455	3.5	4.1	3.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,045	4,485	560	5.3	9.6	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,660	5,420	9,240	15.4	11.6	19.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,145	1,585	2,560	4.3	3.4	5.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	15,590	6,845	8,750	16.3	14.6	18.0
Bachelor's degree	10,490	4,525	5,965	11.0	9.7	12.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,280	500	775	1.3	1.1	1.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	355	215	140	0.4	0.5	0.3
Master's degree	3,125	1,395	1,730	3.3	3.0	3.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	350	215	140	0.4	0.5	0.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,410	29,395	30,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,845	4,405	3,440	13.2	15.0	11.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	20,580	10,570	10,015	34.6	36.0	33.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	30,985	14,425	16,560	52.2	49.1	55.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,750	9,270	9,485	31.6	31.5	31.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,790	4,485	1,310	9.7	15.3	4.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,245	1,320	930	3.8	4.5	3.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,540	3,160	380	6.0	10.8	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,140	3,685	6,455	17.1	12.5	21.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,815	1,105	1,715	4.7	3.8	5.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	12,235	5,160	7,075	20.6	17.6	23.6
Bachelor's degree	8,335	3,475	4,855	14.0	11.8	16.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	855	345	505	1.4	1.2	1.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	265	155	115	0.4	0.5	0.4
Master's degree	2,535	1,050	1,480	4.3	3.6	4.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	250	135	115	0.4	0.5	0.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	95,390	46,855	48,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	52,560	26,590	25,965	55.1	56.7	53.5
Education	2,985	620	2,370	3.1	1.3	4.9
13. Education	2,985	620	2,370	3.1	1.3	4.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,465	605	860	1.5	1.3	1.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	170	125	45	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,295	485	815	1.4	1.0	1.7
Humanities	3,550	1,465	2,085	3.7	3.1	4.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	280	60	225	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	520	120	400	0.5	0.3	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,575	635	940	1.7	1.4	1.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	150	85	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	640	390	250	0.7	0.8	0.5
54. History	325	165	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,915	1,235	2,680	4.1	2.6	5.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	350	160	195	0.4	0.3	0.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	855	75	785	0.9	0.2	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	585	150	430	0.6	0.3	0.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	65	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
42. Psychology	635	175	465	0.7	0.4	1.0
45. Social sciences	1,385	660	730	1.5	1.4	1.5
Business, management and public administration	7,865	3,070	4,795	8.2	6.6	9.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	635	120	520	0.7	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	7,225	2,955	4,270	7.6	6.3	8.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,315	600	715	1.4	1.3	1.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	570	230	340	0.6	0.5	0.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	415	175	240	0.4	0.4	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	250	180	75	0.3	0.4	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	60	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,580	895	685	1.7	1.9	1.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,305	815	485	1.4	1.7	1.0
25. Library science	145	0	135	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,465	8,785	680	9.9	18.7	1.4
04. Architecture and related services	155	120	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
14. Engineering	1,195	1,035	155	1.3	2.2	0.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,425	1,215	205	1.5	2.6	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	3,015	2,905	115	3.2	6.2	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,355	2,265	90	2.5	4.8	0.2
48. Precision production	1,325	1,250	75	1.4	2.7	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,030	555	480	1.1	1.2	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	845	420	420	0.9	0.9	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	190	130	60	0.2	0.3	0.1
Health and related fields	6,875	1,175	5,700	7.2	2.5	11.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	475	265	210	0.5	0.6	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,325	850	5,470	6.6	1.8	11.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	70	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,765	1,265	1,500	2.9	2.7	3.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,590	330	1,255	1.7	0.7	2.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	510	365	150	0.5	0.8	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	630	540	85	0.7	1.2	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	59,410	29,400	30,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	28,425	14,970	13,455	47.8	50.9	44.8
Education	1,890	335	1,550	3.2	1.1	5.2
13. Education	1,890	335	1,550	3.2	1.1	5.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,085	405	680	1.8	1.4	2.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	90	55	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	995	345	650	1.7	1.2	2.2
Humanities	2,580	980	1,605	4.3	3.3	5.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	215	35	175	0.4	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	405	80	325	0.7	0.3	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,245	485	755	2.1	1.6	2.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	100	60	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	285	160	125	0.5	0.5	0.4
54. History	285	135	150	0.5	0.5	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	2,920	885	2,035	4.9	3.0	6.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	260	115	145	0.4	0.4	0.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	625	60	570	1.1	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	430	115	315	0.7	0.4	1.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	55	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	455	120	330	0.8	0.4	1.1
45. Social sciences	1,075	460	615	1.8	1.6	2.0
Business, management and public administration	5,770	2,215	3,560	9.7	7.5	11.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	430	65	365	0.7	0.2	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	5,340	2,150	3,185	9.0	7.3	10.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	975	430	540	1.6	1.5	1.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	460	180	280	0.8	0.6	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	305	130	175	0.5	0.4	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	175	115	60	0.3	0.4	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,205	730	470	2.0	2.5	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,030	680	345	1.7	2.3	1.1
25. Library science	85	0	85	0.1	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	90	50	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,765	6,240	530	11.4	21.2	1.8
04. Architecture and related services	110	80	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
14. Engineering	915	785	130	1.5	2.7	0.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	965	835	140	1.6	2.8	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,155	2,085	75	3.6	7.1	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,685	1,600	90	2.8	5.4	0.3
48. Precision production	930	865	65	1.6	2.9	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	740	395	345	1.2	1.3	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	615	305	310	1.0	1.0	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	125	90	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
Health and related fields	5,105	925	4,175	8.6	3.1	13.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	380	230	150	0.6	0.8	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,685	670	4,015	7.9	2.3	13.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,945	870	1,075	3.3	3.0	3.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,135	245	890	1.9	0.8	3.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	405	275	125	0.7	0.9	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	390	335	60	0.7	1.1	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	59,410	29,400	30,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	28,425	14,970	13,455	47.8	50.9	44.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	30,985	14,425	16,555	52.2	49.1	55.2
Location of study inside Canada	24,260	11,385	12,870	40.8	38.7	42.9
Same as province or territory of residence	21,135	9,870	11,270	35.6	33.6	37.6
Different than province or territory of residence	3,120	1,520	1,600	5.3	5.2	5.3
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	6,730	3,040	3,690	11.3	10.3	12.3
Americas	940	445	495	1.6	1.5	1.6
United States of America	730	365	360	1.2	1.2	1.2
Mexico	60	15	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	35	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Colombia	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peru	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	830	410	415	1.4	1.4	1.4
Belgium	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	65	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	55	15	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	340	195	145	0.6	0.7	0.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	70	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Africa	225	115	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigeria	20	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	95	50	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	4,555	1,975	2,585	7.7	6.7	8.6
Iran⁸⁸	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	230	100	130	0.4	0.3	0.4
Taiwan	50	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	35	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	220	90	135	0.4	0.3	0.4
Philippines	605	250	360	1.0	0.9	1.2
Viet Nam	50	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	3,070	1,355	1,705	5.2	4.6	5.7
Pakistan	70	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	110	30	80	0.2	0.1	0.3
Oceania	180	95	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australia	120	70	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
New Zealand	35	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	95,390	46,860	48,525	...	...	...
In the labour force	60,145	31,885	28,255	...	...	...
Employed	55,245	29,610	25,630	...	...	...
Unemployed	4,900	2,280	2,620	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	35,240	14,970	20,270	...	...	...
Participation rate	63.1	68.0	58.2	63.1	68.0	58.2
Employment rate	57.9	63.2	52.8	57.9	63.2	52.8
Unemployment rate	8.1	7.2	9.3	8.1	7.2	9.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	95,390	46,860	48,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	36,830	15,930	20,900	38.6	34.0	43.1
Worked	58,555	30,920	27,630	61.4	66.0	56.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	30,755	18,555	12,195	32.2	39.6	25.1
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,805	12,370	15,440	29.1	26.4	31.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.5	43.0	39.7	41.5	43.0	39.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	60,145	31,885	28,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,370	630	740	2.3	2.0	2.6
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	58,775	31,255	27,520	97.7	98.0	97.4
Employee	48,630	24,665	23,965	80.9	77.4	84.8
Permanent position	41,715	21,720	19,995	69.4	68.1	70.8
Temporary position	6,910	2,950	3,965	11.5	9.3	14.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,150	1,005	1,150	3.6	3.2	4.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,760	1,945	2,820	7.9	6.1	10.0
Self-employed¹⁹²	10,145	6,590	3,555	16.9	20.7	12.6
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	60,145	31,885	28,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,370	630	740	2.3	2.0	2.6
All occupations¹⁹¹	58,775	31,255	27,520	97.7	98.0	97.4
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	505	380	125	0.8	1.2	0.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	8,960	2,445	6,515	14.9	7.7	23.1
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	2,450	1,880	575	4.1	5.9	2.0
3 Health occupations	3,775	610	3,165	6.3	1.9	11.2
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,670	1,755	3,915	9.4	5.5	13.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,395	620	775	2.3	1.9	2.7
6 Sales and service occupations	14,425	5,740	8,685	24.0	18.0	30.7
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	14,965	13,780	1,180	24.9	43.2	4.2
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	3,145	1,785	1,350	5.2	5.6	4.8
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,485	2,255	1,230	5.8	7.1	4.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	60,145	31,885	28,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,370	630	740	2.3	2.0	2.6
All industries¹⁹¹	58,775	31,255	27,520	97.7	98.0	97.4
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	3,270	1,675	1,600	5.4	5.3	5.7
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	115	95	25	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	170	125	45	0.3	0.4	0.2
23 Construction	7,305	6,215	1,100	12.1	19.5	3.9
31-33 Manufacturing	5,575	3,940	1,630	9.3	12.4	5.8
41 Wholesale trade	2,300	1,445	850	3.8	4.5	3.0
44-45 Retail trade	6,915	2,960	3,955	11.5	9.3	14.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	5,245	4,190	1,055	8.7	13.1	3.7
51 Information and cultural industries	970	555	420	1.6	1.7	1.5
52 Finance and insurance	1,695	600	1,090	2.8	1.9	3.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	915	505	405	1.5	1.6	1.4
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	2,835	1,380	1,460	4.7	4.3	5.2
55 Management of companies and enterprises	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,605	1,435	1,170	4.3	4.5	4.1
61 Educational services	3,355	940	2,420	5.6	2.9	8.6
62 Health care and social assistance	6,260	930	5,330	10.4	2.9	18.9
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	850	390	465	1.4	1.2	1.6
72 Accommodation and food services	3,370	1,230	2,140	5.6	3.9	7.6
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,820	1,440	1,375	4.7	4.5	4.9
91 Public administration	2,125	1,165	955	3.5	3.7	3.4
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	64,365	33,895	30,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	57,415	30,115	27,305	89.2	88.8	89.6
French	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-official language	1,850	950	895	2.9	2.8	2.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,850	950	895	2.9	2.8	2.9
English and French	310	80	225	0.5	0.2	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	4,725	2,725	1,995	7.3	8.0	6.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	64,365	33,895	30,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	63,270	33,280	29,995	98.3	98.2	98.4
Official languages	60,165	31,555	28,610	93.5	93.1	93.9
English	60,090	31,545	28,545	93.4	93.1	93.7
French	75	10	65	0.1	0.0	0.2
Non-official languages	3,100	1,720	1,385	4.8	5.1	4.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,100	1,720	1,385	4.8	5.1	4.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	320	155	165	0.5	0.5	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	315	155	160	0.5	0.5	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,575	1,455	1,120	4.0	4.3	3.7
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,470	1,375	1,095	3.8	4.1	3.6
Indo-Aryan languages	2,465	1,375	1,085	3.8	4.1	3.6
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,455	1,370	1,085	3.8	4.0	3.6
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	80	65	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	70	65	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	140	75	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	140	75	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	105	55	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,095	615	475	1.7	1.8	1.6
English and French	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,060	615	445	1.6	1.8	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	64,365	33,895	30,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	60,290	31,640	28,655	93.7	93.3	94.0
English	1,270	750	525	2.0	2.2	1.7
French	245	75	165	0.4	0.2	0.5
Non-official language	2,310	1,265	1,045	3.6	3.7	3.4
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,300	1,265	1,035	3.6	3.7	3.4
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	205	135	75	0.3	0.4	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	55,245	29,610	25,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	7,680	3,395	4,280	13.9	11.5	16.7
Worked outside Canada	185	150	40	0.3	0.5	0.2
No fixed workplace address	11,510	8,505	2,995	20.8	28.7	11.7
Usual place of work	35,875	17,560	18,315	64.9	59.3	71.4
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	35,875	17,560	18,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	19,830	8,530	11,300	55.3	48.6	61.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	7,510	3,950	3,560	20.9	22.5	19.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	8,450	5,025	3,425	23.6	28.6	18.7
Commute to a different province or territory	85	50	35	0.2	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	47,385	26,065	21,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	43,030	24,090	18,935	90.8	92.4	88.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	39,385	22,390	17,000	83.1	85.9	79.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,640	1,700	1,940	7.7	6.5	9.1
Public transit	1,340	520	820	2.8	2.0	3.8
Walked	1,930	820	1,105	4.1	3.1	5.2
Bicycle	275	200	75	0.6	0.8	0.4
Other method	815	440	375	1.7	1.7	1.8
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	47,385	26,065	21,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	15,795	7,255	8,540	33.3	27.8	40.1
15 to 29 minutes	14,215	7,275	6,945	30.0	27.9	32.6
30 to 44 minutes	9,065	5,550	3,510	19.1	21.3	16.5
45 to 59 minutes	4,275	2,865	1,415	9.0	11.0	6.6
60 minutes and over	4,030	3,125	905	8.5	12.0	4.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	47,385	26,065	21,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	5,125	3,775	1,355	10.8	14.5	6.4
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	8,790	5,825	2,965	18.6	22.3	13.9
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,585	5,495	5,085	22.3	21.1	23.9
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,750	3,910	4,840	18.5	15.0	22.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,380	2,770	3,605	13.5	10.6	16.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,750	4,295	3,455	16.4	16.5	16.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,505	11,605	10,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,075	525	545	4.8	4.5	5.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	21,430	11,085	10,350	95.2	95.5	95.0
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,245	8,375	7,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	840	405	430	5.2	4.8	5.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	425	195	230	2.6	2.3	2.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	415	215	200	2.6	2.6	2.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,410	7,965	7,440	94.9	95.1	94.5

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable
x
suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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