Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Mississauga HaltonMore information: Ontario [Home and Community Care Support Services]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,211,807	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	433,730	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	418,695	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,211,800	591,945	619,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	201,780	103,100	98,680	16.7	17.4	15.9
0 to 4 years	56,665	28,775	27,880	4.7	4.9	4.5
5 to 9 years	68,055	34,695	33,355	5.6	5.9	5.4
10 to 14 years	77,065	39,625	37,445	6.4	6.7	6.0
15 to 64 years	816,955	401,570	415,385	67.4	67.8	67.0
15 to 19 years	78,685	40,765	37,920	6.5	6.9	6.1
20 to 24 years	78,370	40,650	37,725	6.5	6.9	6.1
25 to 29 years	76,845	39,580	37,265	6.3	6.7	6.0
30 to 34 years	78,410	38,495	39,920	6.5	6.5	6.4
35 to 39 years	81,860	39,210	42,650	6.8	6.6	6.9
40 to 44 years	82,020	38,110	43,910	6.8	6.4	7.1
45 to 49 years	85,175	40,350	44,825	7.0	6.8	7.2
50 to 54 years	89,255	42,835	46,420	7.4	7.2	7.5
55 to 59 years	89,365	43,920	45,445	7.4	7.4	7.3
60 to 64 years	76,960	37,650	39,315	6.4	6.4	6.3
65 years and over	193,065	87,275	105,785	15.9	14.7	17.1
65 to 69 years	59,910	28,430	31,475	4.9	4.8	5.1
70 to 74 years	49,570	22,895	26,670	4.1	3.9	4.3
75 to 79 years	34,460	15,785	18,675	2.8	2.7	3.0
80 to 84 years	24,170	10,810	13,360	2.0	1.8	2.2
85 years and over	24,950	9,345	15,605	2.1	1.6	2.5
85 to 89 years	15,335	6,210	9,135	1.3	1.0	1.5
90 to 94 years	7,415	2,570	4,845	0.6	0.4	0.8
95 to 99 years	1,955	510	1,445	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	240	55	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.7	17.4	15.9	16.7	17.4	15.9
15 to 64 years	67.4	67.8	67.0	67.4	67.8	67.0
65 years and over	15.9	14.7	17.1	15.9	14.7	17.1
85 years and over	2.1	1.6	2.5	2.1	1.6	2.5
Average age of the population	40.6	39.6	41.5	40.6	39.6	41.5
Median age of the population	40.8	39.2	42.0	40.8	39.2	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	418,695	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	189,605	...	...	45.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	34,745	...	...	8.3	...	...
Row house	59,105	...	...	14.1	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	9,495	...	...	2.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	25,165	...	...	6.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	100,115	...	...	23.9	...	...
Other single-attached house	205	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	250	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	418,695	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	82,505	...	...	19.7	...	...
2 persons	117,655	...	...	28.1	...	...
3 persons	79,125	...	...	18.9	...	...
4 persons	84,290	...	...	20.1	...	...
5 or more persons	55,125	...	...	13.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,201,870	588,065	613,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,010,020	488,845	521,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	589,900	294,515	295,385	58.4	60.2	56.7
Married	538,580	268,775	269,810	53.3	55.0	51.8
Living common-law	51,315	25,745	25,570	5.1	5.3	4.9
Living common law - Never married	35,275	17,645	17,630	3.5	3.6	3.4
Living common law - Separated	2,480	1,380	1,100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	12,310	6,155	6,155	1.2	1.3	1.2
Living common law - Widowed	1,245	560	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	420,120	194,330	225,790	41.6	39.8	43.3
Not married and not living common law - Never married	298,425	158,845	139,585	29.5	32.5	26.8
Not married and not living common law - Separated	23,285	8,980	14,305	2.3	1.8	2.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	49,670	17,225	32,445	4.9	3.5	6.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	48,735	9,275	39,455	4.8	1.9	7.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	340,870	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	135,845	...	...	39.9	...	...
3 persons	83,940	...	...	24.6	...	...
4 persons	86,160	...	...	25.3	...	...
5 or more persons	34,925	...	...	10.2	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	340,870	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	286,760	...	...	84.1	...	...
Married couples	261,130	...	...	76.6	...	...
With children⁶	173,155	...	...	50.8	...	...
Without children	87,980	...	...	25.8	...	...
Common-law couples	25,630	...	...	7.5	...	...
With children⁶	10,020	...	...	2.9	...	...
Without children	15,610	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total one-parent families	54,110	...	...	15.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	43,845	...	...	12.9	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	10,260	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,201,865	588,060	613,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	1,053,370	522,495	530,870	87.6	88.9	86.5
Married spouses or common-law partners	573,525	286,820	286,705	47.7	48.8	46.7
Parents in one-parent families	54,105	10,260	43,850	4.5	1.7	7.1
Children⁶	425,740	225,415	200,320	35.4	38.3	32.6
In a two-parent family	342,000	180,190	161,815	28.5	30.6	26.4
In a one-parent family	83,735	45,225	38,505	7.0	7.7	6.3
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	148,500	65,565	82,935	12.4	11.1	13.5
Living alone	82,505	34,830	47,675	6.9	5.9	7.8
Living with other relatives⁷	33,755	12,270	21,490	2.8	2.1	3.5
Living with non-relatives only	32,240	18,465	13,775	2.7	3.1	2.2
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	418,695	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	280,405	...	...	67.0	...	...
Couple-family households	240,155	...	...	57.4	...	...
With children⁶	155,845	...	...	37.2	...	...
Without children	84,310	...	...	20.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	40,250	...	...	9.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	23,500	...	...	5.6	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	4,490	...	...	1.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	14,395	...	...	3.4	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	13,405	...	...	3.2	...	...
One-person households	82,500	...	...	19.7	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,000,205	485,025	515,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	949,340	460,005	489,330	94.9	94.8	95.0
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	48,400	38,000	42,400	48,400	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	949,895	460,260	489,640	95.0	94.9	95.0
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	42,800	34,800	38,400	42,800	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	851,275	422,985	428,290	85.1	87.2	83.1
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	46,800	32,000	38,800	46,800	32,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	704,450	361,345	343,105	70.4	74.5	66.6
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	49,200	36,400	42,400	49,200	36,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	849,780	406,400	443,375	85.0	83.8	86.1
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,950	5,160	8,800	6,950	5,160	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	82,855	34,225	48,630	8.3	7.1	9.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,600	5,520	5,480	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	292,505	143,760	148,745	29.2	29.6	28.9
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	9,000	8,000	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,000,380	485,070	515,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	949,365	460,130	489,235	94.9	94.9	94.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,950	73,100	51,500	61,950	73,100	51,500
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	949,945	460,380	489,570	95.0	94.9	95.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,480	56,600	42,800	49,480	56,600	42,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	851,580	423,340	428,240	85.1	87.3	83.1
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,400	71,300	47,640	59,400	71,300	47,640
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	704,525	361,140	343,390	70.4	74.5	66.6
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,450	71,000	49,320	60,450	71,000	49,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	849,970	406,235	443,740	85.0	83.7	86.1
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,680	8,440	10,810	9,680	8,440	10,810
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	82,860	34,090	48,775	8.3	7.0	9.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,530	5,865	6,990	6,530	5,865	6,990
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	292,085	142,790	149,295	29.2	29.4	29.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,460	9,330	9,590	9,460	9,330	9,590
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,000,380	485,070	515,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	350,910	194,925	155,980	35.1	40.2	30.3
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	73,500	80,000	66,500	73,500	80,000	66,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	93,400	104,800	79,200	93,400	104,800	79,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	260,025	120,780	139,245	26.0	24.9	27.0
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,800	18,600	15,600	16,800	18,600	15,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,640	35,520	26,400	30,640	35,520	26,400
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.0	89.8	81.0	86.0	89.8	81.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	72.4	76.4	67.2	72.4	76.4	67.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	14.0	10.2	19.0	14.0	10.2	19.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.4	0.9	0.6	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.2	4.3	6.5	5.2	4.3	6.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.7	4.0	5.7	4.7	4.0	5.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,000,205	485,025	515,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	50,865	25,015	25,850	5.1	5.2	5.0
With total income	949,340	460,010	489,335	94.9	94.8	95.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	96,820	40,860	55,960	10.2	8.9	11.4
$10,000 to $19,999	111,905	49,365	62,540	11.8	10.7	12.8
$20,000 to $29,999	137,860	60,445	77,410	14.5	13.1	15.8
$30,000 to $39,999	104,030	45,395	58,635	11.0	9.9	12.0
$40,000 to $49,999	88,490	39,430	49,065	9.3	8.6	10.0
$50,000 to $59,999	75,855	34,955	40,905	8.0	7.6	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	62,285	30,320	31,965	6.6	6.6	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	50,740	26,065	24,675	5.3	5.7	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	41,770	22,895	18,875	4.4	5.0	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	34,790	19,305	15,485	3.7	4.2	3.2
$100,000 and over	144,795	90,975	53,820	15.3	19.8	11.0
$100,000 to $149,999	90,835	53,270	37,565	9.6	11.6	7.7
$150,000 and over	53,960	37,705	16,255	5.7	8.2	3.3
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,000,205	485,025	515,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	50,305	24,765	25,545	5.0	5.1	5.0
With after-tax income	949,900	460,260	489,640	95.0	94.9	95.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	100,745	42,330	58,415	10.6	9.2	11.9
$10,000 to $19,999	116,965	51,915	65,050	12.3	11.3	13.3
$20,000 to $29,999	153,520	67,125	86,395	16.2	14.6	17.6
$30,000 to $39,999	121,060	53,955	67,105	12.7	11.7	13.7
$40,000 to $49,999	105,585	48,435	57,145	11.1	10.5	11.7
$50,000 to $59,999	85,215	41,135	44,080	9.0	8.9	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	65,525	34,045	31,475	6.9	7.4	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	51,125	28,350	22,775	5.4	6.2	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	43,805	23,370	20,435	4.6	5.1	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	28,065	16,460	11,600	3.0	3.6	2.4
$100,000 and over	78,295	53,135	25,160	8.2	11.5	5.1
$100,000 to $124,999	36,645	23,635	13,010	3.9	5.1	2.7
$125,000 and over	41,645	29,495	12,150	4.4	6.4	2.5
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,000,205	485,025	515,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	295,755	123,680	172,080	29.6	25.5	33.4
With employment income	704,450	361,345	343,105	70.4	74.5	66.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	100,095	47,825	52,275	14.2	13.2	15.2
$5,000 to $9,999	59,970	26,635	33,330	8.5	7.4	9.7
$10,000 to $19,999	73,820	34,240	39,575	10.5	9.5	11.5
$20,000 to $29,999	53,560	25,250	28,310	7.6	7.0	8.3
$30,000 to $39,999	50,945	23,695	27,245	7.2	6.6	7.9
$40,000 to $49,999	52,805	24,615	28,185	7.5	6.8	8.2
$50,000 to $59,999	50,940	24,720	26,215	7.2	6.8	7.6
$60,000 to $69,999	45,065	23,070	21,990	6.4	6.4	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	37,200	19,835	17,365	5.3	5.5	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	32,745	18,535	14,215	4.6	5.1	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	29,220	16,275	12,945	4.1	4.5	3.8
$100,000 and over	118,095	76,645	41,455	16.8	21.2	12.1
$100,000 to $124,999	51,050	29,570	21,480	7.2	8.2	6.3
$125,000 and over	67,045	47,070	19,975	9.5	13.0	5.8
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,000,205	485,025	515,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	923,525	446,410	477,110	92.3	92.0	92.6
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	47,600	35,600	40,800	47,600	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	923,785	446,470	477,315	92.4	92.1	92.7
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	42,000	32,800	36,800	42,000	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	835,985	414,860	421,125	83.6	85.5	81.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	48,000	34,400	40,400	48,000	34,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	701,890	359,515	342,375	70.2	74.1	66.5
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	49,200	37,600	43,200	49,200	37,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	792,630	379,145	413,480	79.2	78.2	80.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,260	785	2,960	1,260	785	2,960
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	49,435	18,390	31,045	4.9	3.8	6.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,000	5,320	6,400	6,000	5,320	6,400
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,000,380	485,070	515,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	923,605	446,650	476,960	92.3	92.1	92.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,450	71,100	48,480	59,450	71,100	48,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	923,875	446,725	477,150	92.4	92.1	92.6
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,320	54,950	40,240	47,320	54,950	40,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	835,510	414,710	420,800	83.5	85.5	81.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,000	72,300	47,960	60,000	72,300	47,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	702,260	359,565	342,700	70.2	74.1	66.5
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,450	71,200	49,160	60,450	71,200	49,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	792,610	379,425	413,190	79.2	78.2	80.2
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,990	4,740	7,140	5,990	4,740	7,140
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	49,685	18,195	31,490	5.0	3.8	6.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,740	6,490	8,470	7,740	6,490	8,470
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,000,380	485,070	515,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	346,915	192,620	154,295	34.7	39.7	29.9
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,500	75,500	61,600	68,500	75,500	61,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	88,100	99,800	73,600	88,100	99,800	73,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	242,040	112,735	129,305	24.2	23.2	25.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	25,600	22,000	23,600	25,600	22,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	37,360	43,240	32,200	37,360	43,240	32,200
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.4	94.4	87.2	91.4	94.4	87.2
Employment income (%)	77.4	80.6	72.8	77.4	80.6	72.8
Government transfers (%)	8.6	5.7	12.8	8.6	5.7	12.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.2	0.7	0.4	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	418,695	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	82,500	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,000	...	...	50,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,000	...	...	44,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	336,190	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...	127,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	418,710	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	140,400	...	...	140,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	112,300	...	...	112,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	82,510	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,750	...	...	63,750	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,700	...	...	51,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	336,200	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	159,200	...	...	159,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	127,100	...	...	127,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	418,695	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	4,925	...	...	1.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,005	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,265	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,690	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	10,190	...	...	2.4	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	9,060	...	...	2.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	8,915	...	...	2.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	10,070	...	...	2.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	10,420	...	...	2.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	10,715	...	...	2.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	22,825	...	...	5.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	23,360	...	...	5.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	23,685	...	...	5.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	22,860	...	...	5.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	22,285	...	...	5.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	229,440	...	...	54.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	51,110	...	...	12.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	41,850	...	...	10.0	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	59,690	...	...	14.3	...	...
$200,000 and over	76,780	...	...	18.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	418,695	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	5,690	...	...	1.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,095	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,355	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,070	...	...	1.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	10,860	...	...	2.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	10,165	...	...	2.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	10,165	...	...	2.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	11,660	...	...	2.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	12,540	...	...	3.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	13,245	...	...	3.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	27,830	...	...	6.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	28,360	...	...	6.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	28,530	...	...	6.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	28,095	...	...	6.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	26,295	...	...	6.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	194,725	...	...	46.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	56,365	...	...	13.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	43,390	...	...	10.4	...	...
$150,000 and over	94,980	...	...	22.7	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	328,650	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,000	...	...	126,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	86,965	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	183,275	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	153,000	...	...	153,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...	130,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	47,935	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...	75,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	114,740	53,295	61,445	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,400	46,000	42,800	44,400	46,000	42,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	40,800	38,800	39,600	40,800	38,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	328,370	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	159,000	...	...	159,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	126,700	...	...	126,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	86,635	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	132,600	...	...	132,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	104,900	...	...	104,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	183,650	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	187,400	...	...	187,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	148,000	...	...	148,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	47,570	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	99,200	...	...	99,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	84,100	...	...	84,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	114,485	53,085	61,400	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	57,500	60,400	55,000	57,500	60,400	55,000
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,200	48,560	46,040	47,200	48,560	46,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,201,865	588,065	613,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	249,535	127,825	121,710	20.8	21.7	19.8
0 to 5 years	69,690	35,395	34,290	5.8	6.0	5.6
18 to 64 years	766,625	375,170	391,455	63.8	63.8	63.8
65 years and over	185,710	85,070	100,640	15.5	14.5	16.4
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	101,785	47,300	54,485	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	25,330	12,990	12,345	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	7,285	3,720	3,565	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	56,425	26,640	29,785	...	...	...
65 years and over	20,030	7,670	12,360	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.5	8.0	8.9	8.5	8.0	8.9
0 to 17 years (%)	10.2	10.2	10.1	10.2	10.2	10.1
0 to 5 years (%)	10.5	10.5	10.4	10.5	10.5	10.4
18 to 64 years (%)	7.4	7.1	7.6	7.4	7.1	7.6
65 years and over (%)	10.8	9.0	12.3	10.8	9.0	12.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,201,865	588,065	613,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	249,530	127,825	121,705	20.8	21.7	19.8
0 to 5 years	69,690	35,395	34,295	5.8	6.0	5.6
18 to 64 years	766,625	375,175	391,455	63.8	63.8	63.8
65 years and over	185,710	85,070	100,640	15.5	14.5	16.4
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	61,165	30,330	30,835	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	13,655	7,040	6,615	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	3,810	1,970	1,840	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	40,645	20,445	20,195	...	...	...
65 years and over	6,865	2,840	4,025	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.1	5.2	5.0	5.1	5.2	5.0
0 to 17 years (%)	5.5	5.5	5.4	5.5	5.5	5.4
0 to 5 years (%)	5.5	5.6	5.4	5.5	5.6	5.4
18 to 64 years (%)	5.3	5.5	5.2	5.3	5.5	5.2
65 years and over (%)	3.7	3.3	4.0	3.7	3.3	4.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,201,865	588,065	613,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	471,395	225,280	246,120	39.2	38.3	40.1
In bottom decile	91,510	43,820	47,685	7.6	7.5	7.8
In second decile	87,590	40,590	47,000	7.3	6.9	7.7
In third decile	91,810	43,745	48,070	7.6	7.4	7.8
In fourth decile	96,280	46,390	49,890	8.0	7.9	8.1
In fifth decile	104,210	50,735	53,475	8.7	8.6	8.7
In top half of the distribution	730,465	362,785	367,685	60.8	61.7	59.9
In sixth decile	112,745	55,175	57,570	9.4	9.4	9.4
In seventh decile	123,030	60,420	62,610	10.2	10.3	10.2
In eighth decile	137,045	67,895	69,150	11.4	11.5	11.3
In ninth decile	161,115	79,950	81,165	13.4	13.6	13.2
In top decile	196,530	99,345	97,185	16.4	16.9	15.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,201,865	...	...	1,201,865	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.366	...	...	0.366	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.460	...	...	0.460	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.313	...	...	0.313	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,205,515	589,355	616,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	1,075,885	535,735	540,155	89.2	90.9	87.7
French only	865	335	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	95,250	40,695	54,560	7.9	6.9	8.9
Neither English nor French	33,515	12,595	20,920	2.8	2.1	3.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,205,515	589,355	616,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,146,710	565,410	581,300	95.1	95.9	94.3
French	14,465	6,470	7,990	1.2	1.1	1.3
English and French	11,490	5,205	6,285	1.0	0.9	1.0
Neither English nor French	32,855	12,270	20,585	2.7	2.1	3.3
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,205,515	589,355	616,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,115,570	545,685	569,885	92.5	92.6	92.5
Official languages	627,895	313,600	314,290	52.1	53.2	51.0
English	615,230	307,925	307,310	51.0	52.2	49.9
French	12,665	5,675	6,990	1.1	1.0	1.1
Non-official languages	487,670	232,085	255,590	40.5	39.4	41.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	487,655	232,080	255,575	40.5	39.4	41.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	53,660	26,840	26,820	4.5	4.6	4.4
Berber languages	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,870	765	1,110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bilen	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,800	725	1,075	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	51,460	25,915	25,545	4.3	4.4	4.1
Amharic	535	240	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	47,320	23,945	23,380	3.9	4.1	3.8
Aramaic languages	2,080	1,010	1,070	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,335	655	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	580	275	310	0.0	0.0	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	170	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	155	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	980	450	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrigna	330	160	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	12,195	5,470	6,720	1.0	0.9	1.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	110	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	12,075	5,425	6,650	1.0	0.9	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	28,660	11,925	16,740	2.4	2.0	2.7
Bikol	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	270	105	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	700	280	415	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	415	170	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	1,065	450	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	1,230	570	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	360	165	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	24,060	9,940	14,120	2.0	1.7	2.3
Waray-Waray	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	190	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	900	425	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	505	245	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	155	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	21,500	10,855	10,645	1.8	1.8	1.7
Kannada	1,060	520	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	4,005	2,070	1,935	0.3	0.4	0.3
Tamil	12,200	6,025	6,180	1.0	1.0	1.0
Telugu	4,045	2,155	1,890	0.3	0.4	0.3
Tulu	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	285,040	137,175	147,865	23.6	23.3	24.0
Albanian	4,195	2,095	2,105	0.3	0.4	0.3
Armenian	835	390	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	78,610	36,470	42,140	6.5	6.2	6.8
Baltic languages	1,245	505	740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	260	95	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	985	410	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages	77,360	35,965	41,400	6.4	6.1	6.7
Belarusian	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,855	920	940	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	975	445	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	1,890	910	975	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	31,370	14,305	17,065	2.6	2.4	2.8
Russian	9,500	4,190	5,310	0.8	0.7	0.9
Rusyn	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	18,405	8,940	9,465	1.5	1.5	1.5
Bosnian	1,695	835	865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	7,870	3,750	4,125	0.7	0.6	0.7
Serbian	8,600	4,240	4,360	0.7	0.7	0.7
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	235	115	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,265	580	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,275	530	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	10,710	5,075	5,635	0.9	0.9	0.9
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	7,480	3,350	4,130	0.6	0.6	0.7
Frisian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	4,870	2,155	2,715	0.4	0.4	0.4
German	4,745	2,090	2,655	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pennsylvania German	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,035	955	1,075	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	500	245	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	1,460	680	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	550	230	320	0.0	0.0	0.1
Danish	285	125	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	205	80	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	3,665	1,790	1,865	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	118,965	59,510	59,455	9.9	10.1	9.6
Indo-Aryan languages	108,530	54,295	54,230	9.0	9.2	8.8
Assamese	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	5,130	2,545	2,585	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	8,630	4,300	4,330	0.7	0.7	0.7
Hindi	15,310	7,740	7,575	1.3	1.3	1.2
Kacchi	355	165	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	890	435	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Marathi	2,565	1,280	1,275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	995	520	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	285	145	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	180	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	18,430	9,245	9,185	1.5	1.6	1.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	940	490	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,585	755	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	52,880	26,390	26,485	4.4	4.5	4.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	320	170	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10,420	5,205	5,210	0.9	0.9	0.8
Baluchi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	390	215	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,760	905	855	0.1	0.2	0.1
Persian languages	8,220	4,065	4,160	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dari	3,260	1,590	1,670	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	4,235	2,120	2,120	0.4	0.4	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	725	350	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	71,230	33,535	37,695	5.9	5.7	6.1
Catalan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	16,455	8,005	8,450	1.4	1.4	1.4
Portuguese	22,920	10,770	12,155	1.9	1.8	2.0
Romanian	4,615	2,175	2,435	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	27,170	12,550	14,620	2.3	2.1	2.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,265	430	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	9,590	4,360	5,225	0.8	0.7	0.8
Mongolian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,895	1,290	1,605	0.2	0.2	0.3
Akan (Twi)	725	305	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	80	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	255	125	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	335	150	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	640	310	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	265	120	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	265	135	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	235	120	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	64,650	29,765	34,885	5.4	5.1	5.7
Chinese languages	63,315	29,130	34,190	5.3	4.9	5.5
Hakka	350	175	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	41,385	19,095	22,290	3.4	3.2	3.6
Min Dong	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,200	525	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	475	220	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	19,310	8,845	10,465	1.6	1.5	1.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	495	220	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,310	625	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	1,120	530	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	490	175	315	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	190	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	285	80	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	3,085	1,640	1,445	0.3	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	2,645	1,410	1,240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	180	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	3,195	1,470	1,725	0.3	0.2	0.3
Estonian	250	125	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	285	125	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	2,660	1,220	1,435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	89,945	43,670	46,275	7.5	7.4	7.5
English and French	4,985	2,315	2,670	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	75,020	36,845	38,175	6.2	6.3	6.2
French and non-official language(s)	1,510	685	820	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,330	1,020	1,310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	6,115	2,810	3,305	0.5	0.5	0.5
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,205,515	589,355	616,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	651,825	324,360	327,460	54.1	55.0	53.1
French	3,220	1,525	1,695	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	130,260	60,325	69,940	10.8	10.2	11.4
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	130,260	60,320	69,940	10.8	10.2	11.4
English and French	12,260	5,365	6,895	1.0	0.9	1.1
English and non-official language(s)	382,465	186,585	195,885	31.7	31.7	31.8
French and non-official language(s)	780	345	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	13,855	5,960	7,895	1.1	1.0	1.3
Multiple non-official languages	10,840	4,890	5,955	0.9	0.8	1.0
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,205,515	589,355	616,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,100,905	538,285	562,625	91.3	91.3	91.3
Official languages	821,510	404,995	416,510	68.1	68.7	67.6
English	816,030	402,445	413,585	67.7	68.3	67.1
French	5,475	2,550	2,930	0.5	0.4	0.5
Non-official languages	279,400	133,290	146,105	23.2	22.6	23.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	279,395	133,290	146,110	23.2	22.6	23.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	31,295	15,205	16,090	2.6	2.6	2.6
Berber languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	925	345	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	900	335	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	30,190	14,775	15,415	2.5	2.5	2.5
Amharic	220	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	28,075	13,780	14,295	2.3	2.3	2.3
Aramaic languages	1,455	690	770	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	905	435	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	410	185	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	215	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	135	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	8,405	3,860	4,545	0.7	0.7	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	8,375	3,845	4,525	0.7	0.7	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	15,130	6,840	8,290	1.3	1.2	1.3
Bikol	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	140	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	380	165	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	210	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	490	225	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	515	245	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	13,040	5,895	7,145	1.1	1.0	1.2
Waray-Waray	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	570	275	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	20	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	410	200	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	13,495	6,670	6,825	1.1	1.1	1.1
Kannada	550	275	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	2,145	1,100	1,045	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	8,375	4,045	4,330	0.7	0.7	0.7
Telugu	2,360	1,215	1,145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tulu	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	150,855	72,475	78,385	12.5	12.3	12.7
Albanian	2,075	1,030	1,045	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	370	170	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	41,520	19,635	21,885	3.4	3.3	3.6
Baltic languages	380	160	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	340	145	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	41,140	19,480	21,665	3.4	3.3	3.5
Belarusian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,040	520	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	270	130	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	920	450	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	16,655	7,755	8,905	1.4	1.3	1.4
Russian	6,230	2,885	3,350	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rusyn	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	9,215	4,485	4,725	0.8	0.8	0.8
Bosnian	865	415	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	3,150	1,495	1,655	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	5,100	2,530	2,570	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	455	215	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	260	110	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	6,055	2,905	3,150	0.5	0.5	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	925	435	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	470	215	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	465	210	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	380	190	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	250	120	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,130	525	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	73,075	36,015	37,060	6.1	6.1	6.0
Indo-Aryan languages	67,050	33,115	33,940	5.6	5.6	5.5
Assamese	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	3,120	1,500	1,620	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	4,910	2,365	2,545	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hindi	8,490	4,235	4,260	0.7	0.7	0.7
Kacchi	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	1,510	765	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	635	325	305	0.1	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	40	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	11,630	5,830	5,805	1.0	1.0	0.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	535	275	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	820	395	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	34,690	17,095	17,595	2.9	2.9	2.9
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	6,020	2,900	3,120	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	220	120	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,055	510	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	4,725	2,260	2,465	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	1,840	900	940	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	2,485	1,170	1,315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	405	190	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	31,750	14,660	17,090	2.6	2.5	2.8
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,795	1,585	2,210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Portuguese	9,725	4,545	5,180	0.8	0.8	0.8
Romanian	2,180	1,040	1,140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	16,020	7,475	8,540	1.3	1.3	1.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	630	270	360	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	6,945	3,225	3,715	0.6	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	955	420	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	315	135	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	20	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	205	85	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	530	300	230	0.0	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	420	235	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	47,410	22,155	25,245	3.9	3.8	4.1
Chinese languages	46,390	21,675	24,715	3.8	3.7	4.0
Hakka	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	32,100	15,150	16,950	2.7	2.6	2.8
Min Dong	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	530	230	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	370	180	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	12,955	5,905	7,040	1.1	1.0	1.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	295	135	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,000	475	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	880	420	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	195	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,845	955	890	0.2	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,605	835	770	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,020	480	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	940	440	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	104,615	51,070	53,540	8.7	8.7	8.7
English and French	2,910	1,285	1,630	0.2	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	98,030	48,150	49,875	8.1	8.2	8.1
French and non-official language(s)	485	220	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,440	625	815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	1,750	795	955	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,205,515	589,355	616,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	870,700	427,945	442,760	72.2	72.6	71.9
English	122,510	60,185	62,330	10.2	10.2	10.1
French	11,280	4,855	6,425	0.9	0.8	1.0
Non-official language	156,500	74,935	81,565	13.0	12.7	13.2
Indigenous³⁹	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	156,470	74,930	81,540	13.0	12.7	13.2
English and French	2,025	890	1,140	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	17,160	8,545	8,620	1.4	1.4	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	6,205	2,630	3,575	0.5	0.4	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	305	145	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	18,830	9,225	9,600	1.6	1.6	1.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,202,020	588,130	613,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	1,168,880	575,620	593,260	97.2	97.9	96.6
English	1,168,080	575,315	592,760	97.2	97.8	96.6
French	95,435	40,330	55,105	7.9	6.9	9.0
Non-official languages	656,775	315,110	341,660	54.6	53.6	55.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	85	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	656,675	315,070	341,605	54.6	53.6	55.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	79,235	39,870	39,365	6.6	6.8	6.4
Berber languages	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	190	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	170	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	895	390	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages	3,190	1,340	1,845	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bilen	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	85	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	3,085	1,280	1,805	0.3	0.2	0.3
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	76,040	38,525	37,520	6.3	6.6	6.1
Amharic	940	445	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	71,365	36,300	35,070	5.9	6.2	5.7
Aramaic languages	2,805	1,400	1,405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,565	795	775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	920	460	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	345	160	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,190	645	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	1,410	650	760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrigna	570	260	310	0.0	0.0	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	16,375	7,560	8,815	1.4	1.3	1.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	195	105	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	16,205	7,465	8,740	1.3	1.3	1.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	40,090	16,755	23,335	3.3	2.8	3.8
Bikol	170	65	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	375	145	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,395	540	860	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	650	260	390	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	2,065	830	1,235	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	1,625	720	905	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	525	260	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	560	235	325	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pangasinan	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	37,155	15,460	21,695	3.1	2.6	3.5
Waray-Waray	205	80	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	790	310	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	2,860	1,305	1,555	0.2	0.2	0.3
Haitian Creole	250	125	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	300	110	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	1,325	660	665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	845	355	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	300	125	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	34,515	17,590	16,925	2.9	3.0	2.8
Kannada	3,210	1,585	1,625	0.3	0.3	0.3
Malayalam	6,780	3,420	3,360	0.6	0.6	0.5
Tamil	20,910	10,600	10,310	1.7	1.8	1.7
Telugu	7,480	4,125	3,360	0.6	0.7	0.5
Tulu	450	220	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	225	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	210	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	400,865	195,235	205,625	33.3	33.2	33.5
Albanian	5,730	2,855	2,875	0.5	0.5	0.5
Armenian	1,115	505	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	95,955	45,335	50,620	8.0	7.7	8.2
Baltic languages	1,595	660	935	0.1	0.1	0.2
Latvian	360	145	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	1,235	525	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages	94,710	44,800	49,905	7.9	7.6	8.1
Belarusian	320	145	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	2,435	1,275	1,160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	1,595	760	835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	2,845	1,340	1,500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	40,140	18,725	21,415	3.3	3.2	3.5
Russian	17,650	8,150	9,505	1.5	1.4	1.5
Rusyn	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	24,450	12,095	12,355	2.0	2.1	2.0
Bosnian	3,440	1,710	1,730	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatian	13,285	6,515	6,775	1.1	1.1	1.1
Serbian	11,865	5,915	5,945	1.0	1.0	1.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	350	170	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,565	815	750	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,725	720	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ukrainian	15,715	7,295	8,425	1.3	1.2	1.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	215	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	120	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15,250	7,475	7,780	1.3	1.3	1.3
Frisian	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	11,175	5,515	5,660	0.9	0.9	0.9
German	11,035	5,440	5,595	0.9	0.9	0.9
Pennsylvania German	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,525	1,745	1,780	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	1,355	705	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	2,145	1,035	1,110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	60	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,035	500	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	460	230	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	145	85	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	485	220	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	5,830	2,960	2,870	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	184,900	92,655	92,245	15.4	15.8	15.0
Indo-Aryan languages	173,155	86,690	86,460	14.4	14.7	14.1
Assamese	170	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	8,130	4,035	4,090	0.7	0.7	0.7
Gujarati	15,150	7,565	7,580	1.3	1.3	1.2
Hindi	68,240	34,205	34,035	5.7	5.8	5.5
Kacchi	820	365	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	330	170	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	2,535	1,155	1,380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Marathi	6,420	3,180	3,235	0.5	0.5	0.5
Nepali	1,615	795	820	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	510	265	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	255	135	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	260	130	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	40,345	20,730	19,610	3.4	3.5	3.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	2,005	1,055	955	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	2,745	1,375	1,370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Urdu	83,350	41,740	41,610	6.9	7.1	6.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,310	680	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	14,065	7,090	6,975	1.2	1.2	1.1
Baluchi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	755	440	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	3,195	1,640	1,555	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian languages	10,895	5,450	5,450	0.9	0.9	0.9
Dari	4,700	2,345	2,355	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian Persian	5,655	2,865	2,785	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	765	340	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	205	120	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	101,560	48,165	53,400	8.4	8.2	8.7
Catalan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	27,600	13,440	14,160	2.3	2.3	2.3
Portuguese	30,785	14,635	16,145	2.6	2.5	2.6
Romanian	5,750	2,750	3,000	0.5	0.5	0.5
Spanish	42,660	19,900	22,760	3.5	3.4	3.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	160	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,965	1,335	1,635	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	11,485	5,270	6,210	1.0	0.9	1.0
Mongolian	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	9,140	4,095	5,045	0.8	0.7	0.8
Akan (Twi)	1,470	585	885	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	365	135	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	210	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	175	70	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	150	45	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	765	355	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	120	30	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	320	130	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	90	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	75	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	220	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	2,070	940	1,125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	2,720	1,340	1,375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,035	470	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	140	40	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	105	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	1,465	650	815	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	1,325	585	740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	185	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	76,215	35,450	40,760	6.3	6.0	6.6
Chinese languages	74,740	34,760	39,985	6.2	5.9	6.5
Hakka	530	275	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	54,695	25,320	29,375	4.6	4.3	4.8
Min Dong	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,355	1,005	1,345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	870	375	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	26,300	12,245	14,055	2.2	2.1	2.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	615	260	350	0.1	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,475	700	775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	1,225	570	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	685	300	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	310	130	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	460	190	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	4,825	2,590	2,235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Azerbaijani	255	115	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	4,350	2,340	2,010	0.4	0.4	0.3
Uyghur	155	100	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	120	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	3,750	1,760	1,990	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	320	155	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	315	140	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	3,115	1,460	1,650	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	170	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,202,015	588,130	613,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	8,030	3,920	4,115	0.7	0.7	0.7
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	7,505	3,670	3,835	0.6	0.6	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian)	4,430	2,175	2,255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Métis	3,005	1,470	1,535	0.2	0.2	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	160	55	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	370	185	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	1,193,985	584,215	609,775	99.3	99.3	99.3
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,202,015	588,130	613,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	2,335	1,105	1,230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,199,685	587,030	612,655	99.8	99.8	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	418,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	307,145	...	...	73.4	...	...
Renter	111,560	...	...	26.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	418,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	103,470	...	...	24.7	...	...
Not condominium	315,240	...	...	75.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	418,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	2,110	...	...	0.5	...	...
1 bedroom	47,980	...	...	11.5	...	...
2 bedrooms	80,250	...	...	19.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	139,735	...	...	33.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	148,630	...	...	35.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	418,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	119,215	...	...	28.5	...	...
5 rooms	58,980	...	...	14.1	...	...
6 rooms	60,320	...	...	14.4	...	...
7 rooms	51,120	...	...	12.2	...	...
8 or more rooms	129,075	...	...	30.8	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	418,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	400,300	...	...	95.6	...	...
More than one person per room	18,410	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	418,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	382,900	...	...	91.4	...	...
Not suitable	35,805	...	...	8.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	418,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	42,855	...	...	10.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	110,725	...	...	26.4	...	...
1981 to 1990	67,160	...	...	16.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	65,255	...	...	15.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	42,650	...	...	10.2	...	...
2006 to 2010	35,345	...	...	8.4	...	...
2011 to 2015	27,070	...	...	6.5	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	27,650	...	...	6.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	418,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	400,695	...	...	95.7	...	...
Major repairs needed	18,015	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	418,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	186,830	...	...	44.6	...	...
Two-maintainer household	203,300	...	...	48.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	28,580	...	...	6.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	418,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	4,690	...	...	1.1	...	...
25 to 34 years	42,440	...	...	10.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	76,940	...	...	18.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	93,860	...	...	22.4	...	...
55 to 64 years	94,035	...	...	22.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	61,010	...	...	14.6	...	...
75 to 84 years	33,030	...	...	7.9	...	...
85 years and over	12,705	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	416,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	304,595	...	...	73.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	111,740	...	...	26.8	...	...
30% to less than 100%	98,570	...	...	23.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	418,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	149,170	...	...	35.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	97,640	...	...	23.3	...	...
Not suitable only	25,235	...	...	6.0	...	...
Major repairs needed only	10,410	...	...	2.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	8,285	...	...	2.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	5,320	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,790	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	495	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	269,530	...	...	64.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	403,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	52,990	...	...	13.1	...	...
Not in core need	350,170	...	...	86.9	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	307,005	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	62.0	...	...	62.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	22.0	...	...	22.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	8.3	...	...	8.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,900	...	...	1,900	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,082	...	...	2,082	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,000,000	...	...	1,000,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,086,000	...	...	1,086,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	111,555	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.9	...	...	11.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.4	...	...	40.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	27.2	...	...	27.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,680	...	...	1,680	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,744	...	...	1,744	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,202,020	588,125	613,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,750	820	925	0.1	0.1	0.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,700	800	895	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,180	555	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	490	240	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	9,705	4,855	4,850	0.8	0.8	0.8
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	9,450	4,735	4,710	0.8	0.8	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	6,765	3,415	3,350	0.6	0.6	0.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,620	1,290	1,330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	255	120	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	230	100	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,190,570	582,450	608,115	99.0	99.0	99.1
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,202,015	588,130	613,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,037,795	507,950	529,840	86.3	86.4	86.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	220,900	112,475	108,425	18.4	19.1	17.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	816,895	395,480	421,420	68.0	67.2	68.6
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	164,225	80,180	84,045	13.7	13.6	13.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,202,015	588,130	613,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	605,695	302,850	302,845	50.4	51.5	49.3
Immigrants⁸¹	562,835	268,150	294,685	46.8	45.6	48.0
Before 1980	90,850	43,010	47,830	7.6	7.3	7.8
1980 to 1990	65,650	31,470	34,180	5.5	5.4	5.6
1991 to 2000	117,310	55,550	61,760	9.8	9.4	10.1
2001 to 2010	140,680	66,645	74,035	11.7	11.3	12.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	148,350	71,475	76,875	12.3	12.2	12.5
2011 to 2015	66,660	31,480	35,185	5.5	5.4	5.7
2016 to 2021	81,685	40,000	41,690	6.8	6.8	6.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	33,485	17,125	16,355	2.8	2.9	2.7
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	562,835	268,150	294,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	52,430	26,460	25,975	9.3	9.9	8.8
5 to 14 years	99,350	51,120	48,230	17.7	19.1	16.4
15 to 24 years	99,010	43,870	55,140	17.6	16.4	18.7
25 to 44 years	257,315	121,335	135,980	45.7	45.2	46.1
45 years and over	54,735	25,375	29,360	9.7	9.5	10.0
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	562,835	268,150	294,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	65,805	29,540	36,270	11.7	11.0	12.3
Brazil	3,090	1,390	1,700	0.5	0.5	0.6
Colombia	5,375	2,435	2,940	1.0	0.9	1.0
El Salvador	1,165	520	635	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyana	6,030	2,590	3,440	1.1	1.0	1.2
Haiti	230	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	11,950	5,110	6,845	2.1	1.9	2.3
Mexico	2,775	1,255	1,525	0.5	0.5	0.5
Peru	2,390	1,070	1,315	0.4	0.4	0.4
Trinidad and Tobago	7,380	3,235	4,145	1.3	1.2	1.4
United States of America	10,705	5,015	5,690	1.9	1.9	1.9
Other places of birth in Americas	14,720	6,800	7,920	2.6	2.5	2.7
Europe	135,745	64,720	71,020	24.1	24.1	24.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,825	2,435	2,385	0.9	0.9	0.8
Croatia	5,540	2,695	2,855	1.0	1.0	1.0
France	1,155	560	600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	4,115	1,960	2,150	0.7	0.7	0.7
Greece	2,160	1,070	1,090	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hungary	1,500	715	785	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	10,410	5,410	4,995	1.8	2.0	1.7
Netherlands	1,465	725	740	0.3	0.3	0.3
Poland	26,770	11,990	14,775	4.8	4.5	5.0
Portugal	15,215	7,320	7,895	2.7	2.7	2.7
Romania	4,825	2,290	2,535	0.9	0.9	0.9
Russian Federation	4,045	1,775	2,270	0.7	0.7	0.8
Serbia⁸⁶	4,135	2,020	2,110	0.7	0.8	0.7
Ukraine	8,865	4,125	4,745	1.6	1.5	1.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	21,810	10,535	11,275	3.9	3.9	3.8
Other places of birth in Europe	18,905	9,110	9,795	3.4	3.4	3.3
Africa	39,970	19,595	20,375	7.1	7.3	6.9
Algeria	475	245	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	405	200	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	14,270	7,330	6,940	2.5	2.7	2.4
Eritrea	355	170	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	725	330	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	710	265	445	0.1	0.1	0.2
Nigeria	5,005	2,555	2,450	0.9	1.0	0.8
Somalia	1,815	730	1,085	0.3	0.3	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	3,020	1,505	1,515	0.5	0.6	0.5
Other places of birth in Africa	13,190	6,265	6,925	2.3	2.3	2.3
Asia	319,930	153,600	166,335	56.8	57.3	56.4
Afghanistan	3,870	1,965	1,900	0.7	0.7	0.6
Iran⁸⁸	4,915	2,595	2,325	0.9	1.0	0.8
Iraq	11,970	6,040	5,925	2.1	2.3	2.0
Lebanon	4,535	2,225	2,310	0.8	0.8	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	8,565	4,245	4,320	1.5	1.6	1.5
Turkey	2,060	1,115	945	0.4	0.4	0.3
China⁹⁰	39,820	18,170	21,650	7.1	6.8	7.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	8,690	4,140	4,550	1.5	1.5	1.5
Korea, South⁹²	8,690	3,965	4,725	1.5	1.5	1.6
Taiwan	2,305	975	1,325	0.4	0.4	0.4
Philippines	37,795	16,030	21,765	6.7	6.0	7.4
Viet Nam	12,825	5,805	7,015	2.3	2.2	2.4
Bangladesh	3,800	1,900	1,905	0.7	0.7	0.6
India	75,680	37,590	38,095	13.4	14.0	12.9
Pakistan	50,250	25,120	25,130	8.9	9.4	8.5
Sri Lanka	9,400	4,485	4,915	1.7	1.7	1.7
Other places of birth in Asia	34,760	17,230	17,530	6.2	6.4	5.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,395	700	690	0.2	0.3	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	81,685	39,995	41,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	7,520	3,525	3,995	9.2	8.8	9.6
Brazil	1,095	510	585	1.3	1.3	1.4
Colombia	615	260	355	0.8	0.7	0.9
Haiti	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	720	345	380	0.9	0.9	0.9
Mexico	565	245	320	0.7	0.6	0.8
United States of America	2,405	1,185	1,220	2.9	3.0	2.9
Venezuela⁹⁵	620	235	385	0.8	0.6	0.9
Other places of birth in Americas	1,485	740	745	1.8	1.9	1.8
Europe	6,520	3,255	3,270	8.0	8.1	7.8
France	170	70	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	115	65	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	225	145	70	0.3	0.4	0.2
Italy	170	100	70	0.2	0.3	0.2
Russian Federation	460	175	285	0.6	0.4	0.7
Ukraine	1,300	625	670	1.6	1.6	1.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,010	560	450	1.2	1.4	1.1
Other places of birth in Europe	3,075	1,505	1,570	3.8	3.8	3.8
Africa	7,695	3,815	3,880	9.4	9.5	9.3
Algeria	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	120	65	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Egypt	2,530	1,265	1,260	3.1	3.2	3.0
Eritrea	55	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	100	60	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Morocco	170	65	105	0.2	0.2	0.3
Nigeria	2,290	1,140	1,150	2.8	2.9	2.8
Somalia	215	110	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	740	375	370	0.9	0.9	0.9
Sudan⁹⁷	220	90	130	0.3	0.2	0.3
Tunisia	75	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	980	500	475	1.2	1.3	1.1
Asia	59,815	29,340	30,480	73.2	73.4	73.1
Afghanistan	595	285	310	0.7	0.7	0.7
Bangladesh	585	290	295	0.7	0.7	0.7
China⁹⁰	7,000	3,145	3,850	8.6	7.9	9.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	205	90	115	0.3	0.2	0.3
India	21,020	10,775	10,240	25.7	26.9	24.6
Iran⁸⁸	515	250	265	0.6	0.6	0.6
Iraq	2,790	1,440	1,350	3.4	3.6	3.2
Israel	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	140	15	120	0.2	0.0	0.3
Jordan	580	330	250	0.7	0.8	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	720	295	425	0.9	0.7	1.0
Lebanon	670	325	345	0.8	0.8	0.8
Nepal	275	160	110	0.3	0.4	0.3
Pakistan	6,660	3,325	3,340	8.2	8.3	8.0
Philippines	4,660	2,025	2,635	5.7	5.1	6.3
Saudi Arabia	1,585	800	790	1.9	2.0	1.9
Sri Lanka	490	215	280	0.6	0.5	0.7
Syria⁸⁹	5,415	2,675	2,740	6.6	6.7	6.6
Turkey	705	385	320	0.9	1.0	0.8
United Arab Emirates	1,960	1,040	925	2.4	2.6	2.2
Viet Nam	930	360	565	1.1	0.9	1.4
Other places of birth in Asia	2,210	1,050	1,155	2.7	2.6	2.8
Oceania and other⁹³	135	65	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australia	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,202,015	588,130	613,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	607,760	291,025	316,740	50.6	49.5	51.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	330,345	166,155	164,195	27.5	28.3	26.7
Third generation or more¹⁰²	263,910	130,950	132,960	22.0	22.3	21.7
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	471,990	225,140	246,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	277,615	140,715	136,905	58.8	62.5	55.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	106,245	70,005	36,240	22.5	31.1	14.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	171,370	70,710	100,670	36.3	31.4	40.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	121,205	46,325	74,880	25.7	20.6	30.3
Refugees¹⁰⁸	68,345	35,860	32,485	14.5	15.9	13.2
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	4,825	2,250	2,575	1.0	1.0	1.0
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	471,990	225,140	246,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	27,075	14,320	12,755	5.7	6.4	5.2
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	33,950	15,725	18,225	7.2	7.0	7.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	9,325	4,790	4,535	2.0	2.1	1.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	17,935	8,635	9,295	3.8	3.8	3.8
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	2,645	1,125	1,520	0.6	0.5	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	381,070	180,550	200,520	80.7	80.2	81.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,202,020	588,130	613,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	621,735	302,410	319,325	51.7	51.4	52.0
South Asian	239,950	120,890	119,065	20.0	20.6	19.4
Chinese	84,040	39,770	44,270	7.0	6.8	7.2
Black	65,325	30,315	35,005	5.4	5.2	5.7
Filipino	51,990	23,425	28,570	4.3	4.0	4.7
Arab	61,740	31,495	30,240	5.1	5.4	4.9
Latin American	28,480	13,045	15,440	2.4	2.2	2.5
Southeast Asian	21,530	10,170	11,355	1.8	1.7	1.8
West Asian	14,010	7,155	6,850	1.2	1.2	1.1
Korean	12,915	6,175	6,735	1.1	1.0	1.1
Japanese	3,940	1,800	2,145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	13,420	6,370	7,050	1.1	1.1	1.1
Multiple visible minorities	24,395	11,805	12,595	2.0	2.0	2.1
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	580,280	285,715	294,565	48.3	48.6	48.0
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,202,015	588,130	613,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	87,410	43,955	43,460	7.3	7.5	7.1
English	119,395	58,665	60,730	9.9	10.0	9.9
Irish	100,455	48,660	51,800	8.4	8.3	8.4
Scottish	96,380	47,165	49,210	8.0	8.0	8.0
French, n.o.s.¹²²	36,950	17,455	19,500	3.1	3.0	3.2
German	49,120	24,420	24,700	4.1	4.2	4.0
Chinese	88,475	41,785	46,695	7.4	7.1	7.6
Italian	76,810	38,935	37,875	6.4	6.6	6.2
Indian (India)	117,490	58,920	58,575	9.8	10.0	9.5
Ukrainian	36,105	17,360	18,745	3.0	3.0	3.1
Dutch	17,820	8,725	9,090	1.5	1.5	1.5
Polish	60,195	28,850	31,345	5.0	4.9	5.1
Québécois	1,015	500	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	31,145	15,055	16,095	2.6	2.6	2.6
Filipino	51,140	23,160	27,980	4.3	3.9	4.6
French Canadian	7,245	3,510	3,735	0.6	0.6	0.6
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	10,755	5,445	5,310	0.9	0.9	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	3,540	1,800	1,740	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis	3,385	1,650	1,740	0.3	0.3	0.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	12,865	6,365	6,500	1.1	1.1	1.1
Russian	13,280	6,105	7,175	1.1	1.0	1.2
Norwegian	3,090	1,525	1,560	0.3	0.3	0.3
Welsh	9,895	4,655	5,240	0.8	0.8	0.9
Portuguese	47,325	23,065	24,265	3.9	3.9	4.0
American	8,420	3,970	4,445	0.7	0.7	0.7
Spanish	16,620	7,695	8,925	1.4	1.3	1.5
Swedish	3,430	1,630	1,795	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hungarian	9,215	4,360	4,850	0.8	0.7	0.8
Acadian	1,545	760	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	64,345	32,480	31,870	5.4	5.5	5.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	13,420	6,380	7,035	1.1	1.1	1.1
Jewish	4,900	2,460	2,440	0.4	0.4	0.4
Punjabi	12,430	6,275	6,160	1.0	1.1	1.0
Vietnamese	18,455	8,780	9,670	1.5	1.5	1.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	23,805	12,150	11,660	2.0	2.1	1.9
Greek	11,880	6,030	5,845	1.0	1.0	1.0
Jamaican	19,975	9,155	10,820	1.7	1.6	1.8
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	13,980	6,705	7,275	1.2	1.1	1.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	400	230	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	13,160	6,230	6,935	1.1	1.1	1.1
Romanian	7,600	3,710	3,890	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	7,700	3,755	3,950	0.6	0.6	0.6
Iranian	5,750	3,025	2,720	0.5	0.5	0.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	9,175	4,460	4,715	0.8	0.8	0.8
Danish	2,915	1,395	1,520	0.2	0.2	0.2
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,155	565	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	6,045	3,070	2,980	0.5	0.5	0.5
Austrian	4,650	2,315	2,335	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belgian	1,915	955	955	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian	430	235	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	15,590	7,985	7,605	1.3	1.4	1.2
Mexican	4,535	2,185	2,345	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mennonite	600	295	310	0.0	0.1	0.1
Swiss	2,590	1,360	1,235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	2,755	1,425	1,330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lankan	9,155	4,505	4,650	0.8	0.8	0.8
Croatian	16,425	8,245	8,180	1.4	1.4	1.3
Japanese	5,245	2,445	2,795	0.4	0.4	0.5
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	14,185	7,005	7,175	1.2	1.2	1.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,030	475	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,810	920	895	0.2	0.2	0.1
Muslim	13,685	6,905	6,780	1.1	1.2	1.1
Egyptian	16,850	8,810	8,040	1.4	1.5	1.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	5,720	2,730	2,985	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tamil	7,985	4,075	3,910	0.7	0.7	0.6
Icelandic	765	370	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	6,190	2,960	3,225	0.5	0.5	0.5
Moroccan	800	330	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	3,005	1,420	1,585	0.2	0.2	0.3
Syrian	8,955	4,440	4,515	0.7	0.8	0.7
Guyanese	7,355	3,555	3,800	0.6	0.6	0.6
Afghan	6,785	3,425	3,360	0.6	0.6	0.5
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	4,900	2,255	2,645	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbian	11,600	5,860	5,740	1.0	1.0	0.9
Ojibway	725	355	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	1,690	800	895	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	3,525	1,660	1,865	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ontarian	2,580	1,300	1,285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian	3,200	1,720	1,480	0.3	0.3	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	7,775	3,650	4,120	0.6	0.6	0.7
Turkish	5,740	3,040	2,700	0.5	0.5	0.4
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	3,755	1,905	1,840	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algerian	560	295	265	0.0	0.1	0.0
Brazilian	3,840	1,755	2,085	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigerian	3,945	1,955	1,995	0.3	0.3	0.3
Armenian	2,260	1,095	1,170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	3,335	1,700	1,635	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,335	1,105	1,230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	3,995	1,750	2,245	0.3	0.3	0.4
Taiwanese	2,115	905	1,210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraqi	8,350	4,170	4,180	0.7	0.7	0.7
Salvadorean	1,485	625	855	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	4,535	1,960	2,575	0.4	0.3	0.4
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	4,770	2,320	2,450	0.4	0.4	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	7,065	3,640	3,425	0.6	0.6	0.6
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	3,995	1,800	2,195	0.3	0.3	0.4
Algonquin	175	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	4,600	2,070	2,525	0.4	0.4	0.4
Lithuanian	3,020	1,365	1,655	0.3	0.2	0.3
South African	2,630	1,255	1,375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	1,230	685	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	8,485	4,380	4,105	0.7	0.7	0.7
Chilean	1,850	830	1,025	0.2	0.1	0.2
Congolese	495	235	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	760	350	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	1,110	545	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	2,565	1,175	1,390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	2,955	1,320	1,635	0.2	0.2	0.3
Yoruba	2,485	1,260	1,220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	370	175	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	255	135	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	6,425	3,190	3,235	0.5	0.5	0.5
Maltese	5,735	2,875	2,860	0.5	0.5	0.5
Macedonian	3,990	1,955	2,035	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slovenian	4,725	2,300	2,430	0.4	0.4	0.4
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	720	350	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	345	125	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	3,075	1,570	1,505	0.3	0.3	0.2
Eritrean	635	325	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	1,765	855	910	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	880	455	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	395	225	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	605	280	325	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	2,630	1,360	1,275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	1,990	990	995	0.2	0.2	0.2
Barbadian	1,905	850	1,055	0.2	0.1	0.2
African American	1,115	515	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,530	760	765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	315	155	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	2,780	1,405	1,380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	1,580	795	790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	3,760	1,895	1,865	0.3	0.3	0.3
Venezuelan	2,490	1,180	1,305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	1,140	505	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	2,015	1,050	965	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cameroonian	185	70	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	880	410	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	1,635	725	905	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	605	230	370	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	1,100	575	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	1,285	625	665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	505	270	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	2,070	905	1,170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Franco Ontarian	300	150	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	1,455	740	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	1,060	520	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	800	440	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	290	100	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	680	355	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	420	210	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5,835	2,875	2,960	0.5	0.5	0.5
Thai	570	225	345	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dominican	900	410	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	1,245	605	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	1,395	715	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	840	425	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	1,040	460	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	360	145	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	120	80	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	410	230	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	1,280	610	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	385	155	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	975	435	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	445	205	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	930	460	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	990	435	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	300	165	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	475	220	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	1,175	595	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	735	350	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	700	330	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jordanian	2,115	1,115	1,000	0.2	0.2	0.2
Manitoban	110	35	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	110	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	890	455	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayali	1,225	630	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	1,205	615	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhalese	1,175	620	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	235	135	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	280	140	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	100	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	1,075	480	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Flemish	180	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	325	180	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	340	165	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	280	145	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	1,600	845	755	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	800	385	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	2,875	1,400	1,475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	220	120	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	1,205	555	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Zimbabwean	345	150	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	415	190	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	490	275	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	985	485	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	670	265	400	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ugandan	390	190	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	80	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	505	200	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	800	385	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central African	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	390	175	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	130	90	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	765	340	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	405	170	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	265	155	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	205	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	120	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	295	140	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	1,070	595	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Roma	270	145	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	265	130	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	205	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	1,145	595	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Singaporean	300	150	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	380	180	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	435	230	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,202,020	588,130	613,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	19,510	8,915	10,595	1.6	1.5	1.7
Christian	629,705	295,480	334,225	52.4	50.2	54.4
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	83,270	38,330	44,940	6.9	6.5	7.3
Anabaptist	1,110	535	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	32,110	14,780	17,325	2.7	2.5	2.8
Baptist	9,770	4,530	5,245	0.8	0.8	0.9
Catholic	373,520	177,435	196,085	31.1	30.2	31.9
Christian Orthodox	47,835	23,305	24,530	4.0	4.0	4.0
Jehovah's Witness	3,020	1,250	1,770	0.3	0.2	0.3
Latter Day Saints	665	295	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	5,205	2,430	2,775	0.4	0.4	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,810	815	995	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	11,555	5,145	6,415	1.0	0.9	1.0
Presbyterian	13,400	6,020	7,380	1.1	1.0	1.2
Reformed	1,365	690	665	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	26,185	11,465	14,720	2.2	1.9	2.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	18,900	8,455	10,445	1.6	1.4	1.7
Hindu	79,670	40,265	39,410	6.6	6.8	6.4
Jewish	3,750	1,855	1,890	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	177,375	89,225	88,150	14.8	15.2	14.4
Sikh	24,145	11,890	12,255	2.0	2.0	2.0
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	7,130	3,060	4,065	0.6	0.5	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	260,680	137,425	123,255	21.7	23.4	20.1
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,191,900	582,970	608,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,063,365	519,070	544,300	89.2	89.0	89.4
Movers	128,535	63,905	64,630	10.8	11.0	10.6
Non-migrants	65,635	32,480	33,150	5.5	5.6	5.4
Migrants	62,900	31,425	31,480	5.3	5.4	5.2
Internal migrants	45,490	22,540	22,950	3.8	3.9	3.8
Intraprovincial migrants	41,785	20,730	21,055	3.5	3.6	3.5
Interprovincial migrants	3,705	1,805	1,900	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	17,415	8,885	8,530	1.5	1.5	1.4
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,145,535	559,675	585,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	742,305	360,575	381,735	64.8	64.4	65.2
Movers	403,230	199,105	204,130	35.2	35.6	34.8
Non-migrants	157,780	77,285	80,495	13.8	13.8	13.7
Migrants	245,450	121,815	123,635	21.4	21.8	21.1
Internal migrants	152,490	75,440	77,055	13.3	13.5	13.2
Intraprovincial migrants	136,705	67,545	69,160	11.9	12.1	11.8
Interprovincial migrants	15,785	7,900	7,885	1.4	1.4	1.3
External migrants	92,965	46,380	46,585	8.1	8.3	8.0
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,000,380	485,065	515,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	131,440	64,470	66,975	13.1	13.3	13.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	868,935	420,600	448,340	86.9	86.7	87.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	657,900	318,625	339,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	43,050	23,240	19,810	6.5	7.3	5.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	614,850	295,385	319,465	93.5	92.7	94.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,000,380	485,070	515,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	122,665	59,350	63,325	12.3	12.2	12.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	242,195	119,095	123,105	24.2	24.6	23.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	635,520	306,630	328,885	63.5	63.2	63.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	232,605	114,435	118,170	23.3	23.6	22.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	36,710	25,690	11,015	3.7	5.3	2.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	19,665	12,335	7,330	2.0	2.5	1.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	17,045	13,355	3,690	1.7	2.8	0.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	167,435	75,905	91,530	16.7	15.6	17.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	28,460	12,835	15,620	2.8	2.6	3.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	402,915	192,195	210,715	40.3	39.6	40.9
Bachelor's degree	260,840	120,365	140,475	26.1	24.8	27.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	26,045	12,125	13,925	2.6	2.5	2.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	10,815	4,780	6,035	1.1	1.0	1.2
Master's degree	95,185	48,780	46,405	9.5	10.1	9.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	10,025	6,150	3,880	1.0	1.3	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	657,900	318,625	339,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	37,995	20,575	17,415	5.8	6.5	5.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	122,100	62,530	59,560	18.6	19.6	17.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	497,815	235,525	262,295	75.7	73.9	77.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	169,970	82,660	87,315	25.8	25.9	25.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	23,750	16,530	7,220	3.6	5.2	2.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	12,530	7,765	4,760	1.9	2.4	1.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	11,230	8,765	2,465	1.7	2.8	0.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	126,305	57,270	69,035	19.2	18.0	20.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,910	8,855	11,055	3.0	2.8	3.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	327,845	152,865	174,980	49.8	48.0	51.6
Bachelor's degree	207,395	94,120	113,280	31.5	29.5	33.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	20,745	9,215	11,525	3.2	2.9	3.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	8,910	3,655	5,255	1.4	1.1	1.5
Master's degree	83,090	41,510	41,580	12.6	13.0	12.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	7,710	4,360	3,345	1.2	1.4	1.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,000,380	485,070	515,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	364,865	178,440	186,425	36.5	36.8	36.2
Education	30,220	5,425	24,790	3.0	1.1	4.8
13. Education	30,220	5,425	24,790	3.0	1.1	4.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	21,605	8,480	13,120	2.2	1.7	2.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,225	1,495	735	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	19,380	6,990	12,390	1.9	1.4	2.4
Humanities	36,455	10,920	25,535	3.6	2.3	5.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	4,060	770	3,290	0.4	0.2	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	9,270	2,070	7,205	0.9	0.4	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	12,960	3,675	9,285	1.3	0.8	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	850	310	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	2,005	885	1,115	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,660	1,015	645	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	4,280	2,065	2,215	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,375	130	1,235	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	84,260	28,290	55,970	8.4	5.8	10.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	805	165	640	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	10,070	3,670	6,400	1.0	0.8	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	11,050	830	10,215	1.1	0.2	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	13,385	4,770	8,615	1.3	1.0	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,750	605	1,150	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	12,130	2,655	9,470	1.2	0.5	1.8
45. Social sciences	35,075	15,605	19,470	3.5	3.2	3.8
Business, management and public administration	166,055	77,505	88,550	16.6	16.0	17.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	195	80	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	7,245	1,460	5,785	0.7	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	158,615	75,965	82,645	15.9	15.7	16.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	33,175	14,655	18,525	3.3	3.0	3.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	13,385	4,985	8,395	1.3	1.0	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	8,890	3,670	5,220	0.9	0.8	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	765	175	590	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	9,125	5,475	3,655	0.9	1.1	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,015	350	665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	44,285	28,810	15,475	4.4	5.9	3.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	35,145	24,210	10,935	3.5	5.0	2.1
25. Library science	1,140	150	990	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	6,655	3,500	3,155	0.7	0.7	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,345	950	395	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	118,020	99,355	18,675	11.8	20.5	3.6
04. Architecture and related services	6,630	4,045	2,585	0.7	0.8	0.5
14. Engineering	58,570	45,940	12,625	5.9	9.5	2.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	21,920	19,215	2,705	2.2	4.0	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	25	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	11,970	11,690	285	1.2	2.4	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	12,425	12,200	225	1.2	2.5	0.0
48. Precision production	6,485	6,250	235	0.6	1.3	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	8,405	4,265	4,145	0.8	0.9	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	5,665	2,860	2,805	0.6	0.6	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,745	1,400	1,340	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	70,545	17,660	52,880	7.1	3.6	10.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	6,640	3,490	3,150	0.7	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	61,265	12,950	48,315	6.1	2.7	9.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	160	45	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,475	1,180	1,290	0.2	0.2	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	22,295	11,185	11,110	2.2	2.3	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	11,885	3,440	8,450	1.2	0.7	1.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	100	85	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	140	135	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	6,935	4,625	2,310	0.7	1.0	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	3,235	2,900	335	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	190	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	657,895	318,625	339,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	160,085	83,105	76,985	24.3	26.1	22.7
Education	21,810	3,765	18,045	3.3	1.2	5.3
13. Education	21,810	3,765	18,045	3.3	1.2	5.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	16,745	6,485	10,260	2.5	2.0	3.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,620	1,070	550	0.2	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	15,125	5,420	9,710	2.3	1.7	2.9
Humanities	27,200	7,815	19,385	4.1	2.5	5.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,995	515	2,485	0.5	0.2	0.7
23. English language and literature/letters	7,040	1,520	5,515	1.1	0.5	1.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	9,725	2,655	7,070	1.5	0.8	2.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	595	205	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,510	655	855	0.2	0.2	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,120	655	460	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	3,205	1,505	1,705	0.5	0.5	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,005	95	915	0.2	0.0	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	66,575	21,515	45,055	10.1	6.8	13.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	660	120	545	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	8,120	2,850	5,275	1.2	0.9	1.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	8,390	595	7,795	1.3	0.2	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	11,105	3,625	7,475	1.7	1.1	2.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,300	475	825	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	9,550	2,030	7,520	1.5	0.6	2.2
45. Social sciences	27,450	11,820	15,625	4.2	3.7	4.6
Business, management and public administration	135,925	62,625	73,305	20.7	19.7	21.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	155	55	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,790	1,110	4,685	0.9	0.3	1.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	129,990	61,460	68,525	19.8	19.3	20.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	24,405	10,140	14,260	3.7	3.2	4.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	10,005	3,590	6,410	1.5	1.1	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	6,670	2,700	3,970	1.0	0.8	1.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	650	145	505	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	6,360	3,500	2,865	1.0	1.1	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	720	210	515	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	38,455	25,005	13,450	5.8	7.8	4.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	31,390	21,530	9,865	4.8	6.8	2.9
25. Library science	740	115	625	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	5,160	2,550	2,610	0.8	0.8	0.8
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,165	810	350	0.2	0.3	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	89,065	72,995	16,075	13.5	22.9	4.7
04. Architecture and related services	5,235	3,085	2,150	0.8	1.0	0.6
14. Engineering	46,790	35,570	11,220	7.1	11.2	3.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	16,060	13,830	2,235	2.4	4.3	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	8,350	8,155	195	1.3	2.6	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,490	8,365	125	1.3	2.6	0.0
48. Precision production	4,120	3,980	145	0.6	1.2	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	6,360	3,090	3,275	1.0	1.0	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	4,095	1,940	2,155	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,270	1,150	1,120	0.3	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	54,245	13,640	40,600	8.2	4.3	12.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,745	2,520	2,225	0.7	0.8	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	47,415	10,200	37,215	7.2	3.2	11.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	140	35	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,935	885	1,055	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	16,885	8,400	8,485	2.6	2.6	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	9,005	2,510	6,500	1.4	0.8	1.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	70	50	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	75	75	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	5,455	3,690	1,765	0.8	1.2	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,290	2,075	215	0.3	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	145	55	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	657,895	318,625	339,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	160,085	83,105	76,985	24.3	26.1	22.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	497,810	235,520	262,290	75.7	73.9	77.3
Location of study inside Canada	309,165	147,060	162,100	47.0	46.2	47.8
Same as province or territory of residence	287,120	136,135	150,985	43.6	42.7	44.5
Different than province or territory of residence	22,050	10,930	11,120	3.4	3.4	3.3
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	188,645	88,460	100,190	28.7	27.8	29.5
Americas	27,580	13,775	13,805	4.2	4.3	4.1
United States of America	15,945	8,675	7,275	2.4	2.7	2.1
Mexico	1,480	615	870	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cuba	515	275	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	955	365	590	0.1	0.1	0.2
Brazil	1,980	860	1,120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	1,970	830	1,140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Peru	660	235	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,280	530	745	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	2,780	1,380	1,395	0.4	0.4	0.4
Europe	35,040	17,770	17,270	5.3	5.6	5.1
Belgium	185	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	845	445	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	680	385	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	295	180	115	0.0	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	285	155	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	285	165	125	0.0	0.1	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	195	80	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	5,710	2,510	3,210	0.9	0.8	0.9
Romania	2,215	1,100	1,115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian Federation	1,920	840	1,080	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	4,225	1,920	2,310	0.6	0.6	0.7
Ireland⁹⁶	655	380	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	9,935	5,685	4,255	1.5	1.8	1.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	765	390	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	340	205	135	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	1,390	720	675	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Europe	5,090	2,535	2,555	0.8	0.8	0.8
Africa	12,185	5,795	6,395	1.9	1.8	1.9
Nigeria	1,760	860	910	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algeria	190	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	210	65	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	100	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	6,640	3,180	3,460	1.0	1.0	1.0
South Africa, Republic of	1,165	615	545	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	2,120	945	1,175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asia	111,775	50,055	61,720	17.0	15.7	18.2
Iran⁸⁸	1,250	520	730	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraq	3,655	1,680	1,975	0.6	0.5	0.6
Israel	325	175	150	0.0	0.1	0.0
Lebanon	1,370	600	775	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	2,110	1,000	1,105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkey	845	460	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	13,980	6,345	7,635	2.1	2.0	2.3
Taiwan	365	140	225	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	750	315	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	640	235	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	2,860	1,135	1,720	0.4	0.4	0.5
Philippines	14,660	5,395	9,265	2.2	1.7	2.7
Viet Nam	770	295	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	1,250	520	725	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lanka	1,275	550	725	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	40,310	19,210	21,095	6.1	6.0	6.2
Pakistan	18,340	8,250	10,090	2.8	2.6	3.0
Other locations of study in Asia	7,030	3,230	3,805	1.1	1.0	1.1
Oceania	2,070	1,070	1,000	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australia	1,835	940	895	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Zealand	200	120	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	30	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,000,380	485,070	515,310	...	...	...
In the labour force	654,410	341,250	313,155	...	...	...
Employed	570,595	302,800	267,790	...	...	...
Unemployed	83,810	38,450	45,365	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	345,975	143,820	202,155	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.4	70.4	60.8	65.4	70.4	60.8
Employment rate	57.0	62.4	52.0	57.0	62.4	52.0
Unemployment rate	12.8	11.3	14.5	12.8	11.3	14.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,000,380	485,070	515,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	358,615	151,340	207,270	35.8	31.2	40.2
Worked	641,770	333,725	308,045	64.2	68.8	59.8
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	362,120	202,440	159,680	36.2	41.7	31.0
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	279,650	131,290	148,360	28.0	27.1	28.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.9	41.9	39.8	40.9	41.9	39.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	654,405	341,250	313,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	22,320	10,315	12,005	3.4	3.0	3.8
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	632,085	330,940	301,150	96.6	97.0	96.2
Employee	532,180	265,905	266,275	81.3	77.9	85.0
Permanent position	451,645	229,115	222,525	69.0	67.1	71.1
Temporary position	80,540	36,795	43,750	12.3	10.8	14.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	28,020	12,820	15,195	4.3	3.8	4.9
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	52,525	23,970	28,550	8.0	7.0	9.1
Self-employed¹⁹²	99,905	65,030	34,875	15.3	19.1	11.1
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	654,405	341,250	313,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	22,320	10,315	12,005	3.4	3.0	3.8
All occupations¹⁹¹	632,085	330,940	301,150	96.6	97.0	96.2
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	11,480	8,300	3,185	1.8	2.4	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	143,380	53,140	90,235	21.9	15.6	28.8
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	82,600	61,440	21,155	12.6	18.0	6.8
3 Health occupations	40,585	9,695	30,890	6.2	2.8	9.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	66,450	20,940	45,510	10.2	6.1	14.5
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	19,065	8,640	10,425	2.9	2.5	3.3
6 Sales and service occupations	150,820	70,325	80,495	23.0	20.6	25.7
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	87,740	78,060	9,685	13.4	22.9	3.1
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,105	3,855	1,245	0.8	1.1	0.4
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	24,865	16,540	8,325	3.8	4.8	2.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	654,405	341,250	313,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	22,320	10,315	12,005	3.4	3.0	3.8
All industries¹⁹¹	632,085	330,940	301,150	96.6	97.0	96.2
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,895	925	970	0.3	0.3	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,355	900	455	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	3,560	2,510	1,050	0.5	0.7	0.3
23 Construction	39,830	33,815	6,010	6.1	9.9	1.9
31-33 Manufacturing	54,080	36,140	17,945	8.3	10.6	5.7
41 Wholesale trade	33,660	19,705	13,955	5.1	5.8	4.5
44-45 Retail trade	71,165	34,905	36,260	10.9	10.2	11.6
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	40,315	28,635	11,680	6.2	8.4	3.7
51 Information and cultural industries	17,705	10,905	6,800	2.7	3.2	2.2
52 Finance and insurance	51,850	25,530	26,315	7.9	7.5	8.4
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	16,010	8,550	7,460	2.4	2.5	2.4
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	81,905	48,475	33,430	12.5	14.2	10.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	4,105	1,820	2,290	0.6	0.5	0.7
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	26,320	14,215	12,100	4.0	4.2	3.9
61 Educational services	43,945	12,480	31,465	6.7	3.7	10.0
62 Health care and social assistance	61,630	12,875	48,760	9.4	3.8	15.6
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	9,275	4,940	4,335	1.4	1.4	1.4
72 Accommodation and food services	28,695	12,700	16,000	4.4	3.7	5.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	21,315	9,490	11,825	3.3	2.8	3.8
91 Public administration	23,470	11,430	12,045	3.6	3.3	3.8
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	691,845	358,575	333,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	638,715	333,395	305,325	92.3	93.0	91.6
French	1,205	275	930	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official language	6,175	3,210	2,965	0.9	0.9	0.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	6,175	3,210	2,965	0.9	0.9	0.9
English and French	11,195	3,970	7,220	1.6	1.1	2.2
English and non-official language(s)	33,075	17,085	15,985	4.8	4.8	4.8
French and non-official language(s)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,130	465	670	0.2	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	325	175	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	691,845	358,575	333,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	683,765	354,750	329,020	98.8	98.9	98.7
Official languages	671,420	348,630	322,790	97.0	97.2	96.9
English	668,935	348,070	320,860	96.7	97.1	96.3
French	2,490	560	1,930	0.4	0.2	0.6
Non-official languages	12,350	6,120	6,230	1.8	1.7	1.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	12,345	6,120	6,230	1.8	1.7	1.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	955	555	405	0.1	0.2	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	935	540	395	0.1	0.2	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	910	520	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	625	280	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	625	280	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	190	65	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	175	65	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	175	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	150	60	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	5,070	2,500	2,570	0.7	0.7	0.8
Albanian	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,840	875	970	0.3	0.2	0.3
Baltic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,835	875	965	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bulgarian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	875	425	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	270	115	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	205	120	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	445	200	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	75	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,510	770	735	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	1,425	720	705	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	175	95	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	435	255	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	725	320	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	80	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,555	780	775	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	70	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	570	320	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	860	380	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	90	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	560	280	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,405	2,220	2,185	0.6	0.6	0.7
Chinese languages	4,405	2,220	2,185	0.6	0.6	0.7
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,535	1,735	1,800	0.5	0.5	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	825	470	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,070	3,825	4,250	1.2	1.1	1.3
English and French	2,010	640	1,370	0.3	0.2	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	5,870	3,095	2,770	0.8	0.9	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	105	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	691,845	358,575	333,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	653,220	340,240	312,980	94.4	94.9	93.9
English	6,565	2,745	3,825	0.9	0.8	1.1
French	8,120	3,110	5,010	1.2	0.9	1.5
Non-official language	19,175	10,040	9,130	2.8	2.8	2.7
Indigenous³⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	19,160	10,030	9,130	2.8	2.8	2.7
English and French	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	605	300	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	795	335	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	3,320	1,790	1,530	0.5	0.5	0.5
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	570,595	302,805	267,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	209,625	101,740	107,880	36.7	33.6	40.3
Worked outside Canada	3,265	2,300	965	0.6	0.8	0.4
No fixed workplace address	58,960	44,025	14,930	10.3	14.5	5.6
Usual place of work	298,750	154,735	144,015	52.4	51.1	53.8
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	298,750	154,735	144,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	164,830	77,740	87,090	55.2	50.2	60.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	22,760	12,400	10,355	7.6	8.0	7.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	110,545	64,245	46,305	37.0	41.5	32.2
Commute to a different province or territory	605	340	265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	357,705	198,755	158,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	300,720	174,175	126,540	84.1	87.6	79.6
Car, truck or van - as a driver	272,830	163,945	108,885	76.3	82.5	68.5
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	27,885	10,230	17,655	7.8	5.1	11.1
Public transit	34,490	14,590	19,895	9.6	7.3	12.5
Walked	11,030	4,670	6,360	3.1	2.3	4.0
Bicycle	1,390	1,005	380	0.4	0.5	0.2
Other method	10,085	4,315	5,770	2.8	2.2	3.6
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	357,705	198,755	158,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	77,245	36,105	41,140	21.6	18.2	25.9
15 to 29 minutes	124,945	67,360	57,590	34.9	33.9	36.2
30 to 44 minutes	87,405	53,810	33,595	24.4	27.1	21.1
45 to 59 minutes	33,410	20,425	12,985	9.3	10.3	8.2
60 minutes and over	34,700	21,060	13,640	9.7	10.6	8.6
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	357,705	198,755	158,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	22,860	17,025	5,840	6.4	8.6	3.7
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	54,500	35,010	19,490	15.2	17.6	12.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	83,115	45,005	38,110	23.2	22.6	24.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	81,690	39,800	41,895	22.8	20.0	26.4
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	59,695	29,860	29,835	16.7	15.0	18.8
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	55,840	32,060	23,780	15.6	16.1	15.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	255,050	130,710	124,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	21,660	11,020	10,635	8.5	8.4	8.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	233,395	119,690	113,705	91.5	91.6	91.4
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	193,900	99,640	94,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,490	8,905	8,585	9.0	8.9	9.1
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	10,765	5,375	5,385	5.6	5.4	5.7
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	6,725	3,525	3,200	3.5	3.5	3.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	176,415	90,740	85,670	91.0	91.1	90.9

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 2, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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