Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Central Vancouver Island Health Service Delivery AreaMore information: British Columbia [Health region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	293,399	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	137,440	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	127,472	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	293,400	142,880	150,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	39,195	19,930	19,265	13.4	13.9	12.8
0 to 4 years	11,015	5,585	5,430	3.8	3.9	3.6
5 to 9 years	13,775	6,965	6,810	4.7	4.9	4.5
10 to 14 years	14,405	7,385	7,025	4.9	5.2	4.7
15 to 64 years	170,345	83,170	87,180	58.1	58.2	57.9
15 to 19 years	13,170	6,870	6,305	4.5	4.8	4.2
20 to 24 years	12,795	6,660	6,135	4.4	4.7	4.1
25 to 29 years	14,030	7,205	6,830	4.8	5.0	4.5
30 to 34 years	15,880	7,775	8,105	5.4	5.4	5.4
35 to 39 years	17,165	8,380	8,785	5.9	5.9	5.8
40 to 44 years	16,140	7,910	8,230	5.5	5.5	5.5
45 to 49 years	15,930	7,770	8,165	5.4	5.4	5.4
50 to 54 years	17,665	8,345	9,320	6.0	5.8	6.2
55 to 59 years	22,215	10,440	11,775	7.6	7.3	7.8
60 to 64 years	25,350	11,825	13,535	8.6	8.3	9.0
65 years and over	83,860	39,785	44,075	28.6	27.8	29.3
65 to 69 years	25,955	12,240	13,715	8.8	8.6	9.1
70 to 74 years	23,365	11,275	12,090	8.0	7.9	8.0
75 to 79 years	15,605	7,620	7,985	5.3	5.3	5.3
80 to 84 years	9,740	4,735	5,000	3.3	3.3	3.3
85 years and over	9,190	3,905	5,280	3.1	2.7	3.5
85 to 89 years	5,730	2,625	3,110	2.0	1.8	2.1
90 to 94 years	2,680	1,065	1,615	0.9	0.7	1.1
95 to 99 years	675	200	480	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	105	20	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.4	13.9	12.8	13.4	13.9	12.8
15 to 64 years	58.1	58.2	57.9	58.1	58.2	57.9
65 years and over	28.6	27.8	29.3	28.6	27.8	29.3
85 years and over	3.1	2.7	3.5	3.1	2.7	3.5
Average age of the population	47.3	46.5	48.1	47.3	46.5	48.1
Median age of the population	50.8	49.2	52.0	50.8	49.2	52.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	127,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	85,215	...	...	66.8	...	...
Semi-detached house	5,290	...	...	4.1	...	...
Row house	5,520	...	...	4.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	8,735	...	...	6.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	14,990	...	...	11.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,650	...	...	1.3	...	...
Other single-attached house	340	...	...	0.3	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5,725	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	127,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	37,440	...	...	29.4	...	...
2 persons	53,315	...	...	41.8	...	...
3 persons	16,495	...	...	12.9	...	...
4 persons	12,670	...	...	9.9	...	...
5 or more persons	7,550	...	...	5.9	...	...
Number of persons in private households	286,680	139,780	146,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	254,205	122,950	131,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	151,100	75,455	75,650	59.4	61.4	57.6
Married	119,610	59,775	59,830	47.1	48.6	45.6
Living common-law	31,490	15,675	15,815	12.4	12.7	12.0
Living common law - Never married	20,695	10,405	10,285	8.1	8.5	7.8
Living common law - Separated	1,310	665	645	0.5	0.5	0.5
Living common law - Divorced	8,405	4,170	4,235	3.3	3.4	3.2
Living common law - Widowed	1,085	435	645	0.4	0.4	0.5
Not married and not living common-law	103,105	47,500	55,600	40.6	38.6	42.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	58,615	32,230	26,385	23.1	26.2	20.1
Not married and not living common law - Separated	7,175	3,135	4,040	2.8	2.5	3.1
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	20,845	8,295	12,550	8.2	6.7	9.6
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	16,465	3,840	12,625	6.5	3.1	9.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	86,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	55,810	...	...	64.3	...	...
3 persons	15,030	...	...	17.3	...	...
4 persons	11,535	...	...	13.3	...	...
5 or more persons	4,455	...	...	5.1	...	...
Average size of census families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	86,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	73,675	...	...	84.8	...	...
Married couples	57,935	...	...	66.7	...	...
With children⁶	21,070	...	...	24.3	...	...
Without children	36,865	...	...	42.5	...	...
Common-law couples	15,735	...	...	18.1	...	...
With children⁶	5,260	...	...	6.1	...	...
Without children	10,475	...	...	12.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	13,155	...	...	15.2	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	9,865	...	...	11.4	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	3,295	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	286,680	139,780	146,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	226,725	112,160	114,565	79.1	80.2	78.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	147,350	73,505	73,845	51.4	52.6	50.3
Parents in one-parent families	13,155	3,295	9,865	4.6	2.4	6.7
Children⁶	66,220	35,365	30,860	23.1	25.3	21.0
In a two-parent family	46,675	24,715	21,955	16.3	17.7	14.9
In a one-parent family	19,550	10,645	8,900	6.8	7.6	6.1
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	59,960	27,620	32,335	20.9	19.8	22.0
Living alone	37,440	16,180	21,260	13.1	11.6	14.5
Living with other relatives⁷	7,035	2,995	4,035	2.5	2.1	2.7
Living with non-relatives only	15,485	8,445	7,040	5.4	6.0	4.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	127,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	74,880	...	...	58.7	...	...
Couple-family households	65,320	...	...	51.2	...	...
With children⁶	22,795	...	...	17.9	...	...
Without children	42,525	...	...	33.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	9,565	...	...	7.5	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,095	...	...	2.4	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,025	...	...	0.8	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	5,130	...	...	4.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,900	...	...	4.6	...	...
One-person households	37,440	...	...	29.4	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	247,620	119,920	127,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	242,030	117,170	124,855	97.7	97.7	97.8
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	44,400	34,800	39,200	44,400	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	242,165	117,245	124,915	97.8	97.8	97.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	40,400	32,400	36,000	40,400	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	215,610	105,660	109,950	87.1	88.1	86.1
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,800	37,600	25,200	30,800	37,600	25,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	152,660	76,925	75,730	61.7	64.1	59.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	39,200	27,800	32,800	39,200	27,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	209,115	97,345	111,775	84.4	81.2	87.5
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	13,100	13,200	13,000	13,100	13,200	13,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	21,545	10,630	10,910	8.7	8.9	8.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	58,700	27,535	31,170	23.7	23.0	24.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	247,670	119,940	127,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	241,870	117,090	124,780	97.7	97.6	97.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,720	55,850	42,000	48,720	55,850	42,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	242,000	117,155	124,840	97.7	97.7	97.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,120	47,400	37,200	42,120	47,400	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	215,485	105,655	109,830	87.0	88.1	86.0
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,360	50,560	34,480	42,360	50,560	34,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	152,675	77,390	75,285	61.6	64.5	58.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,960	50,120	35,640	42,960	50,120	35,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	208,940	97,260	111,675	84.4	81.1	87.4
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,670	12,300	13,000	12,670	12,300	13,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	21,640	10,660	10,975	8.7	8.9	8.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,410	6,230	6,580	6,410	6,230	6,580
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	58,575	27,170	31,400	23.7	22.7	24.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,940	8,680	9,160	8,940	8,680	9,160
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	247,670	119,940	127,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	62,575	34,785	27,795	25.3	29.0	21.8
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	59,600	65,500	53,600	59,600	65,500	53,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,600	74,500	59,050	67,600	74,500	59,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	66,915	30,990	35,925	27.0	25.8	28.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,200	22,600	16,800	19,200	22,600	16,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,240	35,280	24,020	29,240	35,280	24,020
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	77.6	81.8	72.2	77.6	81.8	72.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	55.7	59.3	51.2	55.7	59.3	51.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	22.5	18.3	27.7	22.5	18.3	27.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	1.0	1.4	1.2	1.0	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.7	4.5	7.1	5.7	4.5	7.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.4	3.6	5.5	4.4	3.6	5.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	247,615	119,915	127,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	5,590	2,745	2,840	2.3	2.3	2.2
With total income	242,030	117,175	124,860	97.7	97.7	97.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	19,015	8,260	10,755	7.9	7.1	8.6
$10,000 to $19,999	30,235	11,915	18,320	12.5	10.2	14.7
$20,000 to $29,999	40,280	16,855	23,425	16.6	14.4	18.8
$30,000 to $39,999	34,400	15,225	19,175	14.2	13.0	15.4
$40,000 to $49,999	29,355	13,560	15,795	12.1	11.6	12.7
$50,000 to $59,999	22,810	11,090	11,720	9.4	9.5	9.4
$60,000 to $69,999	17,030	9,225	7,805	7.0	7.9	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	12,675	7,360	5,320	5.2	6.3	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	9,420	5,730	3,690	3.9	4.9	3.0
$90,000 to $99,999	6,985	4,310	2,675	2.9	3.7	2.1
$100,000 and over	19,815	13,640	6,175	8.2	11.6	4.9
$100,000 to $149,999	14,165	9,500	4,665	5.9	8.1	3.7
$150,000 and over	5,650	4,140	1,510	2.3	3.5	1.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	247,615	119,915	127,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	5,455	2,670	2,785	2.2	2.2	2.2
With after-tax income	242,165	117,250	124,920	97.8	97.8	97.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	20,215	8,610	11,600	8.3	7.3	9.3
$10,000 to $19,999	31,465	12,400	19,065	13.0	10.6	15.3
$20,000 to $29,999	45,260	19,145	26,120	18.7	16.3	20.9
$30,000 to $39,999	39,240	17,750	21,495	16.2	15.1	17.2
$40,000 to $49,999	32,255	15,340	16,920	13.3	13.1	13.5
$50,000 to $59,999	23,395	12,340	11,055	9.7	10.5	8.8
$60,000 to $69,999	16,295	9,415	6,885	6.7	8.0	5.5
$70,000 to $79,999	11,215	6,855	4,360	4.6	5.8	3.5
$80,000 to $89,999	7,670	4,840	2,825	3.2	4.1	2.3
$90,000 to $99,999	4,845	3,205	1,640	2.0	2.7	1.3
$100,000 and over	10,305	7,350	2,960	4.3	6.3	2.4
$100,000 to $124,999	5,755	4,035	1,715	2.4	3.4	1.4
$125,000 and over	4,555	3,310	1,235	1.9	2.8	1.0
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	247,615	119,915	127,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	94,960	42,990	51,975	38.3	35.9	40.7
With employment income	152,655	76,930	75,730	61.7	64.2	59.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	25,180	11,940	13,240	16.5	15.5	17.5
$5,000 to $9,999	12,625	5,395	7,225	8.3	7.0	9.5
$10,000 to $19,999	18,700	8,090	10,610	12.2	10.5	14.0
$20,000 to $29,999	15,560	6,900	8,650	10.2	9.0	11.4
$30,000 to $39,999	14,815	6,680	8,135	9.7	8.7	10.7
$40,000 to $49,999	13,400	6,305	7,095	8.8	8.2	9.4
$50,000 to $59,999	11,725	5,760	5,965	7.7	7.5	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	9,305	5,255	4,045	6.1	6.8	5.3
$70,000 to $79,999	7,455	4,535	2,920	4.9	5.9	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	6,045	3,650	2,395	4.0	4.7	3.2
$90,000 to $99,999	4,915	3,045	1,870	3.2	4.0	2.5
$100,000 and over	12,945	9,375	3,570	8.5	12.2	4.7
$100,000 to $124,999	6,750	4,590	2,160	4.4	6.0	2.8
$125,000 and over	6,190	4,785	1,410	4.1	6.2	1.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	247,620	119,920	127,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	236,635	114,230	122,405	95.6	95.3	95.8
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	43,600	31,800	36,800	43,600	31,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	237,105	114,320	122,790	95.8	95.3	96.2
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	39,200	29,200	33,600	39,200	29,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	214,570	104,910	109,660	86.7	87.5	85.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	39,600	26,600	32,400	39,600	26,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	163,860	82,375	81,485	66.2	68.7	63.8
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,400	37,600	26,800	31,400	37,600	26,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	175,545	77,965	97,580	70.9	65.0	76.4
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	10,500	11,700	9,900	10,500	11,700	9,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	16,795	8,275	8,520	6.8	6.9	6.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,200	5,160	5,280	5,200	5,160	5,280
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	247,670	119,940	127,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	236,650	114,320	122,325	95.6	95.3	95.8
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,200	55,650	39,320	47,200	55,650	39,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	237,055	114,390	122,665	95.7	95.4	96.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,240	46,640	34,280	40,240	46,640	34,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	214,250	104,880	109,370	86.5	87.4	85.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,640	52,800	34,880	43,640	52,800	34,880
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	163,715	82,750	80,965	66.1	69.0	63.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,680	49,360	33,840	41,680	49,360	33,840
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	175,525	77,995	97,525	70.9	65.0	76.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	10,380	10,580	10,230	10,380	10,580	10,230
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	16,785	8,230	8,560	6.8	6.9	6.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,690	6,335	7,030	6,690	6,335	7,030
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	247,670	119,940	127,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	62,225	34,570	27,660	25.1	28.8	21.7
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,000	63,200	49,600	56,000	63,200	49,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,200	72,100	54,450	64,200	72,100	54,450
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	63,995	29,580	34,415	25.8	24.7	26.9
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,000	30,200	21,800	25,000	30,200	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,960	42,840	28,200	34,960	42,840	28,200
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	83.6	87.0	79.2	83.6	87.0	79.2
Employment income (%)	61.1	64.2	57.0	61.1	64.2	57.0
Government transfers (%)	16.3	13.0	20.7	16.3	13.0	20.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.8	1.3	1.0	0.8	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	127,475	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,000	...	...	69,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	37,435	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,800	...	...	38,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,000	...	...	36,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	90,035	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	127,475	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	92,400	...	...	92,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	37,395	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,200	...	...	48,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,120	...	...	42,120	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	90,080	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,800	...	...	110,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,700	...	...	95,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	127,470	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,185	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	585	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,065	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,735	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	5,935	...	...	4.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	4,480	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	4,650	...	...	3.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	5,460	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	5,700	...	...	4.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	5,605	...	...	4.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	10,610	...	...	8.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	10,065	...	...	7.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	9,215	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	8,335	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	7,370	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	44,480	...	...	34.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	14,740	...	...	11.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	10,385	...	...	8.1	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	11,300	...	...	8.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	8,050	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	127,470	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,380	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	615	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,105	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,880	...	...	2.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	6,170	...	...	4.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	5,110	...	...	4.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	5,340	...	...	4.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,280	...	...	4.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	6,435	...	...	5.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	6,205	...	...	4.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	12,050	...	...	9.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	11,410	...	...	9.0	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	10,250	...	...	8.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	9,120	...	...	7.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	7,920	...	...	6.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	35,215	...	...	27.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	14,405	...	...	11.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	8,965	...	...	7.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	11,840	...	...	9.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	85,625	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	44,035	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...	77,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	26,655	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...	128,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	12,055	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...	64,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,800	...	...	60,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	52,920	24,625	28,295	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,400	37,600	35,600	36,400	37,600	35,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	34,400	33,200	34,000	34,400	33,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	85,580	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,900	...	...	109,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,700	...	...	94,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	43,960	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,200	...	...	86,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	26,755	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	140,200	...	...	140,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,400	...	...	119,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,000	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,400	...	...	75,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...	68,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	52,925	24,445	28,480	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,880	47,200	42,840	44,880	47,200	42,840
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,440	40,880	38,200	39,440	40,880	38,200
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	286,685	139,780	146,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	47,165	24,100	23,065	16.5	17.2	15.7
0 to 5 years	13,650	6,875	6,770	4.8	4.9	4.6
18 to 64 years	159,870	77,500	82,365	55.8	55.4	56.1
65 years and over	79,650	38,180	41,470	27.8	27.3	28.2
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	32,135	14,750	17,385	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	6,305	3,245	3,060	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,885	970	915	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	16,095	7,590	8,505	...	...	...
65 years and over	9,740	3,915	5,820	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.2	10.6	11.8	11.2	10.6	11.8
0 to 17 years (%)	13.4	13.5	13.3	13.4	13.5	13.3
0 to 5 years (%)	13.8	14.0	13.5	13.8	14.0	13.5
18 to 64 years (%)	10.1	9.8	10.3	10.1	9.8	10.3
65 years and over (%)	12.2	10.3	14.0	12.2	10.3	14.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	278,830	135,760	143,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	44,800	22,835	21,965	16.1	16.8	15.4
0 to 5 years	12,945	6,545	6,400	4.6	4.8	4.5
18 to 64 years	155,185	75,145	80,035	55.7	55.4	55.9
65 years and over	78,850	37,775	41,070	28.3	27.8	28.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	9,650	4,975	4,670	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,600	825	780	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	400	205	195	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	6,910	3,645	3,265	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,135	505	625	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.5	3.7	3.3	3.5	3.7	3.3
0 to 17 years (%)	3.6	3.6	3.5	3.6	3.6	3.5
0 to 5 years (%)	3.1	3.2	3.0	3.1	3.2	3.0
18 to 64 years (%)	4.5	4.9	4.1	4.5	4.9	4.1
65 years and over (%)	1.4	1.3	1.5	1.4	1.3	1.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	286,685	139,780	146,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	151,825	72,210	79,615	53.0	51.7	54.2
In bottom decile	30,400	14,485	15,920	10.6	10.4	10.8
In second decile	31,325	14,365	16,950	10.9	10.3	11.5
In third decile	30,460	14,425	16,040	10.6	10.3	10.9
In fourth decile	29,655	14,285	15,365	10.3	10.2	10.5
In fifth decile	29,990	14,650	15,340	10.5	10.5	10.4
In top half of the distribution	134,855	67,570	67,290	47.0	48.3	45.8
In sixth decile	29,720	14,635	15,085	10.4	10.5	10.3
In seventh decile	28,465	14,090	14,370	9.9	10.1	9.8
In eighth decile	27,765	13,925	13,840	9.7	10.0	9.4
In ninth decile	26,825	13,635	13,190	9.4	9.8	9.0
In top decile	22,075	11,280	10,800	7.7	8.1	7.4
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	286,680	...	...	286,680	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.311	...	...	0.311	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.441	...	...	0.441	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.278	...	...	0.278	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	290,515	141,760	148,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	270,875	133,175	137,695	93.2	93.9	92.6
French only	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	18,505	8,095	10,415	6.4	5.7	7.0
Neither English nor French	1,070	465	610	0.4	0.3	0.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	290,515	141,760	148,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	285,860	139,580	146,285	98.4	98.5	98.3
French	3,375	1,630	1,745	1.2	1.1	1.2
English and French	295	140	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Neither English nor French	980	410	570	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	290,515	141,760	148,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	286,040	139,715	146,330	98.5	98.6	98.4
Official languages	263,225	129,300	133,925	90.6	91.2	90.0
English	259,535	127,520	132,015	89.3	90.0	88.7
French	3,690	1,780	1,905	1.3	1.3	1.3
Non-official languages	22,815	10,410	12,405	7.9	7.3	8.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	410	180	230	0.1	0.1	0.2
Algonquian languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	140	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
Halkomelem	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	200	85	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	185	85	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	22,410	10,230	12,180	7.7	7.2	8.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	725	400	325	0.2	0.3	0.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	700	395	310	0.2	0.3	0.2
Amharic	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	620	345	275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	800	365	435	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	730	330	400	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,680	600	1,080	0.6	0.4	0.7
Bikol	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	65	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,330	475	855	0.5	0.3	0.6
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	255	140	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	175	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	45	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	13,725	6,460	7,260	4.7	4.6	4.9
Albanian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,300	1,010	1,290	0.8	0.7	0.9
Baltic languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,240	985	1,260	0.8	0.7	0.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	225	100	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	555	235	320	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	480	200	275	0.2	0.1	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	420	180	240	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bosnian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	295	125	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	355	170	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	6,020	2,795	3,220	2.1	2.0	2.2
Frisian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,190	1,455	1,740	1.1	1.0	1.2
German	3,095	1,405	1,690	1.1	1.0	1.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,020	980	1,040	0.7	0.7	0.7
Afrikaans	250	130	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	1,700	815	885	0.6	0.6	0.6
Low German, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	780	355	425	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	435	200	230	0.1	0.1	0.2
Icelandic	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	150	70	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Swedish	175	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	135	80	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,960	1,520	1,440	1.0	1.1	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages	2,665	1,365	1,300	0.9	1.0	0.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	345	200	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,935	965	970	0.7	0.7	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	75	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	295	150	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	275	145	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	225	125	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,235	1,015	1,215	0.8	0.7	0.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	660	355	310	0.2	0.3	0.2
Portuguese	300	125	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	1,140	470	670	0.4	0.3	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	495	135	355	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korean	825	385	440	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
Akan (Twi)	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,800	1,240	1,560	1.0	0.9	1.0
Chinese languages	2,775	1,225	1,545	1.0	0.9	1.0
Hakka	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,965	880	1,085	0.7	0.6	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	675	300	375	0.2	0.2	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	140	20	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	135	20	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	65	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	680	325	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	220	100	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	415	210	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,470	2,040	2,425	1.5	1.4	1.6
English and French	1,090	505	580	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	2,895	1,345	1,555	1.0	0.9	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	325	115	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	290,515	141,760	148,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	268,320	131,595	136,725	92.4	92.8	91.9
French	490	235	255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	4,145	1,970	2,170	1.4	1.4	1.5
Indigenous³⁹	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,085	1,945	2,135	1.4	1.4	1.4
English and French	2,465	1,080	1,385	0.8	0.8	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	14,295	6,505	7,790	4.9	4.6	5.2
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	565	260	305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	230	110	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	290,515	141,760	148,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	287,810	140,510	147,300	99.1	99.1	99.0
Official languages	279,710	136,635	143,070	96.3	96.4	96.2
English	278,980	136,295	142,685	96.0	96.1	95.9
French	730	345	390	0.3	0.2	0.3
Non-official languages	8,100	3,870	4,225	2.8	2.7	2.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,995	3,825	4,170	2.8	2.7	2.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	420	215	205	0.1	0.2	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	410	205	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	375	185	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	495	230	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	455	210	245	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	720	330	390	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	600	265	330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	145	75	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	3,335	1,605	1,730	1.1	1.1	1.2
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	525	250	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	520	250	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	230	115	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	535	260	275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	260	120	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	250	115	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	230	120	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	115	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,655	815	835	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages	1,520	765	755	0.5	0.5	0.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	150	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,205	595	610	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	580	255	325	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	360	160	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	650	315	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,790	855	930	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese languages	1,770	850	925	0.6	0.6	0.6
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,390	665	725	0.5	0.5	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	325	155	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,705	1,250	1,455	0.9	0.9	1.0
English and French	320	140	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,290	1,065	1,230	0.8	0.8	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	290,515	141,760	148,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	275,230	134,865	140,365	94.7	95.1	94.4
English	3,570	1,695	1,875	1.2	1.2	1.3
French	2,005	870	1,135	0.7	0.6	0.8
Non-official language	8,070	3,560	4,510	2.8	2.5	3.0
Indigenous³⁹	535	250	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-Indigenous	7,535	3,315	4,225	2.6	2.3	2.8
English and French	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	395	200	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	385	180	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	815	370	445	0.3	0.3	0.3
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	286,700	139,745	146,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	285,630	139,275	146,355	99.6	99.7	99.6
English	285,585	139,250	146,335	99.6	99.6	99.6
French	18,410	8,020	10,395	6.4	5.7	7.1
Non-official languages	35,000	16,025	18,975	12.2	11.5	12.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,760	800	960	0.6	0.6	0.7
Algonquian languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	945	440	500	0.3	0.3	0.3
Halkomelem	865	405	455	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	630	280	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haisla	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	555	250	310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	33,340	15,270	18,070	11.6	10.9	12.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	915	485	425	0.3	0.3	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	865	470	395	0.3	0.3	0.3
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	685	360	325	0.2	0.3	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	150	90	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Maltese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,030	475	560	0.4	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	100	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	930	435	500	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,465	930	1,540	0.9	0.7	1.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	75	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	135	20	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	100	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	75	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,095	775	1,315	0.7	0.6	0.9
Waray-Waray	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	115	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	325	165	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	200	110	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	95	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	22,245	10,405	11,835	7.8	7.4	8.1
Albanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,895	1,340	1,555	1.0	1.0	1.1
Baltic languages	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,845	1,310	1,535	1.0	0.9	1.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	285	115	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	695	325	375	0.2	0.2	0.3
Russian	795	380	410	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	625	285	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	65	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	430	210	225	0.1	0.2	0.2
Serbian	175	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	470	240	220	0.2	0.2	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	8,480	3,895	4,590	3.0	2.8	3.1
Frisian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	5,020	2,340	2,680	1.8	1.7	1.8
German	4,960	2,305	2,665	1.7	1.6	1.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,735	1,280	1,450	1.0	0.9	1.0
Afrikaans	670	365	305	0.2	0.3	0.2
Dutch	2,040	920	1,125	0.7	0.7	0.8
Low German, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,065	450	610	0.4	0.3	0.4
Danish	545	240	305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	265	110	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	290	130	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	245	120	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	4,125	2,105	2,030	1.4	1.5	1.4
Indo-Aryan languages	3,690	1,880	1,815	1.3	1.3	1.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	220	130	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	1,630	860	765	0.6	0.6	0.5
Kacchi	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	50	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,515	1,265	1,250	0.9	0.9	0.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	445	225	220	0.2	0.2	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	440	220	215	0.2	0.2	0.1
Dari	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	350	175	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,290	3,340	3,945	2.5	2.4	2.7
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,260	595	665	0.4	0.4	0.5
Portuguese	645	285	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	5,695	2,590	3,105	2.0	1.9	2.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,020	385	635	0.4	0.3	0.4
Korean	1,055	480	580	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	435	240	200	0.2	0.2	0.1
Akan (Twi)	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	130	75	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	80	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	550	180	370	0.2	0.1	0.3
American Sign Language	480	150	335	0.2	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,265	1,505	1,765	1.1	1.1	1.2
Chinese languages	3,250	1,500	1,750	1.1	1.1	1.2
Hakka	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,430	1,095	1,335	0.8	0.8	0.9
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	145	55	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	955	465	490	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	215	55	165	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	215	55	165	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	140	90	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	120	75	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	770	380	395	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	240	115	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	495	250	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	286,700	139,740	146,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	29,635	14,300	15,335	10.3	10.2	10.4
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	28,735	13,925	14,815	10.0	10.0	10.1
First Nations (North American Indian)	19,665	9,520	10,145	6.9	6.8	6.9
Métis	8,910	4,325	4,580	3.1	3.1	3.1
Inuk (Inuit)	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	510	200	315	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	385	180	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	257,065	125,440	131,620	89.7	89.8	89.6
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	286,700	139,740	146,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	16,075	7,825	8,250	5.6	5.6	5.6
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	270,625	131,915	138,710	94.4	94.4	94.4
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	127,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	95,175	...	...	74.7	...	...
Renter	31,315	...	...	24.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	975	...	...	0.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	127,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	13,710	...	...	10.8	...	...
Not condominium	113,760	...	...	89.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	127,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	750	...	...	0.6	...	...
1 bedroom	13,705	...	...	10.8	...	...
2 bedrooms	36,410	...	...	28.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	45,725	...	...	35.9	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	30,880	...	...	24.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	127,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	32,025	...	...	25.1	...	...
5 rooms	22,155	...	...	17.4	...	...
6 rooms	20,110	...	...	15.8	...	...
7 rooms	15,975	...	...	12.5	...	...
8 or more rooms	37,210	...	...	29.2	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	127,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	126,040	...	...	98.9	...	...
More than one person per room	1,430	...	...	1.1	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	127,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	123,170	...	...	96.6	...	...
Not suitable	4,310	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	127,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	17,660	...	...	13.9	...	...
1961 to 1980	34,795	...	...	27.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	17,945	...	...	14.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	23,740	...	...	18.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	7,465	...	...	5.9	...	...
2006 to 2010	9,525	...	...	7.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	7,175	...	...	5.6	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	9,170	...	...	7.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	127,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	119,690	...	...	93.9	...	...
Major repairs needed	7,785	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	127,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	61,150	...	...	48.0	...	...
Two-maintainer household	59,965	...	...	47.0	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	6,355	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	127,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,645	...	...	2.1	...	...
25 to 34 years	12,015	...	...	9.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	16,985	...	...	13.3	...	...
45 to 54 years	18,295	...	...	14.4	...	...
55 to 64 years	27,015	...	...	21.2	...	...
65 to 74 years	29,130	...	...	22.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	16,060	...	...	12.6	...	...
85 years and over	5,325	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	124,325	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	98,620	...	...	79.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	25,700	...	...	20.7	...	...
30% to less than 100%	23,250	...	...	18.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	127,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	34,905	...	...	27.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	23,335	...	...	18.3	...	...
Not suitable only	3,185	...	...	2.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	5,550	...	...	4.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	595	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,715	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	470	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	55	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	92,570	...	...	72.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	121,875	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	11,760	...	...	9.6	...	...
Not in core need	110,120	...	...	90.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	93,620	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	52.8	...	...	52.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	14.6	...	...	14.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.1	...	...	5.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	940	...	...	940	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,261	...	...	1,261	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	600,000	...	...	600,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	672,000	...	...	672,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	31,015	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.3	...	...	10.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.1	...	...	39.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	23.7	...	...	23.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,170	...	...	1,170	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,251	...	...	1,251	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	980	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	10.8	...	...	10.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	464	...	...	464	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	493	...	...	493	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	286,700	139,740	146,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	14,840	7,325	7,510	5.2	5.2	5.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	14,700	7,260	7,435	5.1	5.2	5.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	12,905	6,350	6,555	4.5	4.5	4.5
Métis single ancestry	1,730	880	855	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuit single ancestry	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	16,440	7,670	8,775	5.7	5.5	6.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	15,870	7,410	8,460	5.5	5.3	5.8
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10,485	4,825	5,660	3.7	3.5	3.9
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,255	2,515	2,745	1.8	1.8	1.9
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	125	70	60	0.0	0.1	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	570	255	310	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	555	245	310	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	255,420	124,745	130,675	89.1	89.3	88.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	286,700	139,740	146,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	275,030	134,395	140,635	95.9	96.2	95.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	46,105	23,645	22,460	16.1	16.9	15.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	228,925	110,750	118,180	79.8	79.3	80.4
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	11,670	5,345	6,325	4.1	3.8	4.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	286,700	139,740	146,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	244,285	119,965	124,320	85.2	85.8	84.6
Immigrants⁸¹	39,690	18,510	21,185	13.8	13.2	14.4
Before 1980	19,335	9,275	10,055	6.7	6.6	6.8
1980 to 1990	4,465	1,975	2,490	1.6	1.4	1.7
1991 to 2000	3,840	1,680	2,170	1.3	1.2	1.5
2001 to 2010	5,415	2,495	2,915	1.9	1.8	2.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	6,635	3,085	3,555	2.3	2.2	2.4
2011 to 2015	2,840	1,335	1,505	1.0	1.0	1.0
2016 to 2021	3,795	1,745	2,050	1.3	1.2	1.4
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,720	1,265	1,455	0.9	0.9	1.0
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	39,685	18,510	21,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,860	2,355	2,500	12.2	12.7	11.8
5 to 14 years	7,540	3,750	3,790	19.0	20.3	17.9
15 to 24 years	8,295	3,575	4,720	20.9	19.3	22.3
25 to 44 years	15,770	7,385	8,380	39.7	39.9	39.6
45 years and over	3,225	1,440	1,790	8.1	7.8	8.4
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	39,685	18,510	21,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	5,735	2,420	3,320	14.5	13.1	15.7
Brazil	100	35	70	0.3	0.2	0.3
Colombia	125	45	80	0.3	0.2	0.4
El Salvador	85	35	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyana	65	25	40	0.2	0.1	0.2
Haiti	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Jamaica	130	50	80	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mexico	400	165	235	1.0	0.9	1.1
Peru	70	15	55	0.2	0.1	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	125	55	75	0.3	0.3	0.4
United States of America	3,940	1,705	2,235	9.9	9.2	10.5
Other places of birth in Americas	675	285	390	1.7	1.5	1.8
Europe	21,800	10,630	11,180	54.9	57.4	52.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	80	30	55	0.2	0.2	0.3
Croatia	260	130	130	0.7	0.7	0.6
France	330	150	180	0.8	0.8	0.8
Germany	2,485	1,150	1,330	6.3	6.2	6.3
Greece	115	65	50	0.3	0.4	0.2
Hungary	320	175	145	0.8	0.9	0.7
Italy	405	235	170	1.0	1.3	0.8
Netherlands	1,680	825	855	4.2	4.5	4.0
Poland	505	255	250	1.3	1.4	1.2
Portugal	200	120	80	0.5	0.6	0.4
Romania	105	50	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
Russian Federation	210	110	95	0.5	0.6	0.4
Serbia⁸⁶	90	40	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	190	85	105	0.5	0.5	0.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	12,185	5,950	6,230	30.7	32.1	29.4
Other places of birth in Europe	2,645	1,260	1,385	6.7	6.8	6.5
Africa	1,725	885	835	4.3	4.8	3.9
Algeria	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	25	25	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Egypt	50	35	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	20	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Morocco	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nigeria	160	75	95	0.4	0.4	0.4
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	855	445	405	2.2	2.4	1.9
Other places of birth in Africa	560	275	285	1.4	1.5	1.3
Asia	9,410	4,035	5,375	23.7	21.8	25.4
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	310	180	130	0.8	1.0	0.6
Iraq	20	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Lebanon	20	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	280	135	140	0.7	0.7	0.7
Turkey	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,705	730	980	4.3	3.9	4.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	305	130	170	0.8	0.7	0.8
Korea, South⁹²	720	305	415	1.8	1.6	2.0
Taiwan	190	60	130	0.5	0.3	0.6
Philippines	1,870	690	1,180	4.7	3.7	5.6
Viet Nam	695	320	375	1.8	1.7	1.8
Bangladesh	35	10	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	1,840	910	930	4.6	4.9	4.4
Pakistan	90	40	55	0.2	0.2	0.3
Sri Lanka	55	35	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth in Asia	1,230	425	800	3.1	2.3	3.8
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,015	535	475	2.6	2.9	2.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	3,800	1,750	2,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	495	225	270	13.0	12.9	13.2
Brazil	30	10	20	0.8	0.6	1.0
Colombia	10	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.5
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	50	10	35	1.3	0.6	1.7
United States of America	330	160	175	8.7	9.1	8.6
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	10	0	0.4	0.6	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	55	30	30	1.4	1.7	1.5
Europe	660	310	345	17.4	17.7	16.9
France	45	15	30	1.2	0.9	1.5
Germany	45	30	15	1.2	1.7	0.7
Ireland⁹⁶	50	20	25	1.3	1.1	1.2
Italy	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	25	15	10	0.7	0.9	0.5
Ukraine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	300	160	135	7.9	9.1	6.6
Other places of birth in Europe	190	70	120	5.0	4.0	5.9
Africa	310	160	150	8.2	9.1	7.3
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	125	55	65	3.3	3.1	3.2
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	45	30	15	1.2	1.7	0.7
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	100	55	45	2.6	3.1	2.2
Asia	2,210	990	1,225	58.2	56.6	59.9
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	15	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.5
China⁹⁰	465	200	265	12.2	11.4	13.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	35	15	15	0.9	0.9	0.7
India	450	250	200	11.8	14.3	9.8
Iran⁸⁸	25	10	10	0.7	0.6	0.5
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	40	0	40	1.1	0.0	2.0
Jordan	25	10	15	0.7	0.6	0.7
Korea, South⁹²	150	60	95	3.9	3.4	4.6
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	20	0	15	0.5	0.0	0.7
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	510	220	290	13.4	12.6	14.2
Saudi Arabia	15	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.7
Sri Lanka	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	260	130	130	6.8	7.4	6.4
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.5
Viet Nam	75	30	40	2.0	1.7	2.0
Other places of birth in Asia	105	25	80	2.8	1.4	3.9
Oceania and other⁹³	125	65	55	3.3	3.7	2.7
Australia	50	35	15	1.3	2.0	0.7
Other places of birth⁹⁸	70	35	40	1.8	2.0	2.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	286,700	139,740	146,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	45,600	21,280	24,320	15.9	15.2	16.5
Second generation¹⁰¹	53,705	26,330	27,370	18.7	18.8	18.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	187,395	92,125	95,270	65.4	65.9	64.8
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	20,355	9,225	11,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	11,130	5,390	5,740	54.7	58.4	51.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	4,885	2,905	1,980	24.0	31.5	17.8
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	6,250	2,490	3,760	30.7	27.0	33.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	7,540	3,065	4,475	37.0	33.2	40.2
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,550	730	825	7.6	7.9	7.4
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	135	50	90	0.7	0.5	0.8
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	20,355	9,225	11,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	315	145	170	1.5	1.6	1.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,865	1,845	2,020	19.0	20.0	18.1
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	695	305	390	3.4	3.3	3.5
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,430	610	815	7.0	6.6	7.3
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	170	45	125	0.8	0.5	1.1
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	13,885	6,275	7,615	68.2	68.0	68.4
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	286,700	139,740	146,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	22,435	10,385	12,050	7.8	7.4	8.2
South Asian	5,280	2,665	2,610	1.8	1.9	1.8
Chinese	4,310	2,020	2,285	1.5	1.4	1.6
Black	2,205	1,010	1,195	0.8	0.7	0.8
Filipino	2,880	1,165	1,720	1.0	0.8	1.2
Arab	535	265	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin American	1,290	530	760	0.4	0.4	0.5
Southeast Asian	1,745	770	970	0.6	0.6	0.7
West Asian	430	240	185	0.1	0.2	0.1
Korean	1,125	525	605	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japanese	1,300	525	780	0.5	0.4	0.5
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	450	225	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	885	445	440	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	264,265	129,355	134,910	92.2	92.6	91.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	286,700	139,740	146,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	35,350	17,855	17,500	12.3	12.8	11.9
English	93,560	44,780	48,775	32.6	32.0	33.2
Irish	50,940	23,715	27,230	17.8	17.0	18.5
Scottish	67,325	32,175	35,150	23.5	23.0	23.9
French, n.o.s.¹²²	25,475	11,755	13,715	8.9	8.4	9.3
German	38,590	18,255	20,330	13.5	13.1	13.8
Chinese	4,980	2,335	2,640	1.7	1.7	1.8
Italian	9,065	4,565	4,500	3.2	3.3	3.1
Indian (India)	3,665	1,895	1,770	1.3	1.4	1.2
Ukrainian	14,090	6,700	7,395	4.9	4.8	5.0
Dutch	14,730	7,140	7,585	5.1	5.1	5.2
Polish	8,820	3,930	4,890	3.1	2.8	3.3
Québécois	370	220	150	0.1	0.2	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	16,290	7,725	8,565	5.7	5.5	5.8
Filipino	2,845	1,175	1,670	1.0	0.8	1.1
French Canadian	3,170	1,435	1,735	1.1	1.0	1.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	5,315	2,675	2,635	1.9	1.9	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	11,925	5,685	6,245	4.2	4.1	4.2
Métis	7,670	3,700	3,970	2.7	2.6	2.7
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	8,020	4,000	4,015	2.8	2.9	2.7
Russian	6,285	3,010	3,270	2.2	2.2	2.2
Norwegian	11,215	5,240	5,975	3.9	3.7	4.1
Welsh	9,625	4,510	5,115	3.4	3.2	3.5
Portuguese	1,355	610	745	0.5	0.4	0.5
American	5,710	2,855	2,860	2.0	2.0	1.9
Spanish	2,375	1,095	1,275	0.8	0.8	0.9
Swedish	8,155	3,830	4,325	2.8	2.7	2.9
Hungarian	3,675	1,820	1,855	1.3	1.3	1.3
Acadian	625	285	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	160	65	95	0.1	0.0	0.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	700	345	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jewish	1,425	635	785	0.5	0.5	0.5
Punjabi	735	370	370	0.3	0.3	0.3
Vietnamese	1,195	565	630	0.4	0.4	0.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	275	155	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Greek	990	500	495	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jamaican	445	240	210	0.2	0.2	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	705	255	450	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,995	870	1,130	0.7	0.6	0.8
Korean	1,080	515	565	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	1,570	735	835	0.5	0.5	0.6
Lebanese	320	170	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian	460	255	200	0.2	0.2	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	590	305	290	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	5,065	2,440	2,625	1.8	1.7	1.8
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,160	1,065	1,095	0.8	0.8	0.7
Sikh	480	245	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	3,440	1,635	1,805	1.2	1.2	1.2
Belgian	1,835	875	965	0.6	0.6	0.7
Haitian	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	270	145	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexican	1,015	470	535	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mennonite	720	350	375	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	1,720	895	825	0.6	0.6	0.6
Finnish	3,035	1,440	1,595	1.1	1.0	1.1
Sri Lankan	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	1,200	580	620	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japanese	1,640	670	970	0.6	0.5	0.7
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	215	80	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	375	190	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	2,550	1,225	1,330	0.9	0.9	0.9
Muslim	100	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egyptian	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	255	95	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	2,225	1,070	1,160	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombian	190	80	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	75	60	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	1,320	600	720	0.5	0.4	0.5
Syrian	335	150	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	115	70	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Afghan	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	205	90	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	355	175	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	400	185	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	390	245	140	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hong Konger	105	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	295	155	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	180	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	245	140	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	185	100	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	180	110	70	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bangladeshi	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	160	55	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nigerian	215	90	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	120	80	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slovak	525	240	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	695	340	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	195	85	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Caribbean	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	145	85	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	120	75	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algonquin	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	60	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	445	205	235	0.2	0.1	0.2
South African	770	385	385	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australian	1,210	595	620	0.4	0.4	0.4
Palestinian	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	255	105	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	155	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	145	85	65	0.1	0.1	0.0
Peruvian	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	230	120	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	310	135	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	615	345	265	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Brunswicker	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	100	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	150	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	215	120	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	555	245	310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bulgarian	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	230	135	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	295	125	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	510	250	255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	180	110	70	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cuban	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	305	145	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	335	140	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	70	10	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	390	210	180	0.1	0.2	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	410	195	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	1,560	805	755	0.5	0.6	0.5
Ecuadorian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	290	155	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	220	130	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	130	80	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	245	70	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	120	75	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	145	60	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
New Zealander	470	255	220	0.2	0.2	0.1
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	130	25	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malaysian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	185	95	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	115	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	135	80	60	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cape Bretoner	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	60	45	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	275	125	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	115	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
United Empire Loyalist	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	85	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	286,700	139,745	146,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,475	540	930	0.5	0.4	0.6
Christian	95,165	41,975	53,185	33.2	30.0	36.2
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	19,970	9,260	10,710	7.0	6.6	7.3
Anabaptist	430	225	210	0.1	0.2	0.1
Anglican	13,595	5,690	7,905	4.7	4.1	5.4
Baptist	4,035	1,830	2,205	1.4	1.3	1.5
Catholic	26,770	11,895	14,875	9.3	8.5	10.1
Christian Orthodox	805	400	400	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jehovah's Witness	2,365	1,070	1,290	0.8	0.8	0.9
Latter Day Saints	760	370	395	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lutheran	3,350	1,365	1,985	1.2	1.0	1.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	480	220	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,355	1,040	1,315	0.8	0.7	0.9
Presbyterian	2,165	950	1,215	0.8	0.7	0.8
Reformed	525	245	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Church	12,285	5,080	7,205	4.3	3.6	4.9
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	5,280	2,340	2,940	1.8	1.7	2.0
Hindu	1,185	625	560	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jewish	745	370	380	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	1,380	650	730	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sikh	2,175	1,065	1,105	0.8	0.8	0.8
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	2,585	1,240	1,350	0.9	0.9	0.9
Other religions and spiritual traditions	3,985	1,510	2,480	1.4	1.1	1.7
No religion and secular perspectives	178,010	91,770	86,235	62.1	65.7	58.7
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	284,800	138,770	146,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	247,735	120,960	126,775	87.0	87.2	86.8
Movers	37,065	17,805	19,260	13.0	12.8	13.2
Non-migrants	17,895	8,620	9,275	6.3	6.2	6.4
Migrants	19,170	9,185	9,985	6.7	6.6	6.8
Internal migrants	17,870	8,625	9,245	6.3	6.2	6.3
Intraprovincial migrants	13,765	6,635	7,130	4.8	4.8	4.9
Interprovincial migrants	4,105	1,990	2,120	1.4	1.4	1.5
External migrants	1,300	560	740	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	275,840	134,195	141,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	155,955	76,120	79,830	56.5	56.7	56.4
Movers	119,885	58,070	61,820	43.5	43.3	43.6
Non-migrants	37,185	17,830	19,355	13.5	13.3	13.7
Migrants	82,705	40,240	42,465	30.0	30.0	30.0
Internal migrants	76,725	37,420	39,310	27.8	27.9	27.8
Intraprovincial migrants	61,230	29,660	31,570	22.2	22.1	22.3
Interprovincial migrants	15,500	7,760	7,740	5.6	5.8	5.5
External migrants	5,975	2,815	3,160	2.2	2.1	2.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	247,670	119,940	127,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	44,290	24,920	19,370	17.9	20.8	15.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	203,380	95,020	108,355	82.1	79.2	84.8
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	142,200	68,250	73,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	18,520	11,110	7,410	13.0	16.3	10.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	123,680	57,140	66,540	87.0	83.7	90.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	247,670	119,940	127,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	36,565	19,995	16,570	14.8	16.7	13.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	76,765	36,410	40,355	31.0	30.4	31.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	134,340	63,535	70,805	54.2	53.0	55.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	84,960	42,100	42,855	34.3	35.1	33.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	26,120	19,600	6,520	10.5	16.3	5.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	10,310	5,815	4,495	4.2	4.8	3.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	15,810	13,785	2,025	6.4	11.5	1.6
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	48,135	18,755	29,385	19.4	15.6	23.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	10,700	3,750	6,955	4.3	3.1	5.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	49,380	21,435	27,945	19.9	17.9	21.9
Bachelor's degree	31,040	13,070	17,970	12.5	10.9	14.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,760	1,510	2,240	1.5	1.3	1.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,515	955	560	0.6	0.8	0.4
Master's degree	11,215	4,905	6,305	4.5	4.1	4.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,855	990	870	0.7	0.8	0.7
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	142,200	68,250	73,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	14,625	8,775	5,850	10.3	12.9	7.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	41,460	20,860	20,605	29.2	30.6	27.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	86,110	38,615	47,500	60.6	56.6	64.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	53,585	25,835	27,745	37.7	37.9	37.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	15,930	11,825	4,110	11.2	17.3	5.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	6,350	3,475	2,870	4.5	5.1	3.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	9,585	8,345	1,240	6.7	12.2	1.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	30,815	11,725	19,090	21.7	17.2	25.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,830	2,285	4,550	4.8	3.3	6.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	32,530	12,780	19,750	22.9	18.7	26.7
Bachelor's degree	21,095	8,220	12,870	14.8	12.0	17.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,395	915	1,475	1.7	1.3	2.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,000	520	475	0.7	0.8	0.6
Master's degree	7,085	2,715	4,365	5.0	4.0	5.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	960	405	560	0.7	0.6	0.8
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	247,670	119,940	127,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	113,330	56,405	56,925	45.8	47.0	44.6
Education	11,145	2,845	8,300	4.5	2.4	6.5
13. Education	11,145	2,845	8,300	4.5	2.4	6.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,700	1,945	2,755	1.9	1.6	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	475	360	120	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	4,225	1,585	2,640	1.7	1.3	2.1
Humanities	5,710	2,270	3,435	2.3	1.9	2.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	485	110	375	0.2	0.1	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	1,740	565	1,175	0.7	0.5	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,470	470	995	0.6	0.4	0.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	135	50	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	350	215	130	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	595	345	250	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	790	475	320	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	145	40	105	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	13,420	4,620	8,800	5.4	3.9	6.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	315	70	245	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,140	480	660	0.5	0.4	0.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,760	285	2,475	1.1	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	1,740	530	1,210	0.7	0.4	0.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	370	150	215	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	2,615	760	1,855	1.1	0.6	1.5
45. Social sciences	4,485	2,345	2,140	1.8	2.0	1.7
Business, management and public administration	24,010	8,225	15,780	9.7	6.9	12.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,330	485	1,855	0.9	0.4	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	21,640	7,740	13,900	8.7	6.5	10.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,760	2,585	2,170	1.9	2.2	1.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,345	1,185	1,155	0.9	1.0	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	855	390	465	0.3	0.3	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	1,245	910	335	0.5	0.8	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	245	80	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,435	2,130	1,300	1.4	1.8	1.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,645	1,800	835	1.1	1.5	0.7
25. Library science	335	50	285	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	420	255	170	0.2	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	28,470	26,715	1,755	11.5	22.3	1.4
04. Architecture and related services	585	390	195	0.2	0.3	0.2
14. Engineering	3,605	3,170	435	1.5	2.6	0.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	5,440	4,855	585	2.2	4.0	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	8,300	8,070	225	3.4	6.7	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	6,660	6,470	190	2.7	5.4	0.1
48. Precision production	3,860	3,745	115	1.6	3.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,025	3,030	1,995	2.0	2.5	1.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,585	1,195	1,385	1.0	1.0	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,450	1,830	610	1.0	1.5	0.5
Health and related fields	24,035	4,170	19,870	9.7	3.5	15.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,440	680	760	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	22,000	3,130	18,870	8.9	2.6	14.8
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	80	15	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	525	350	170	0.2	0.3	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	9,600	5,005	4,595	3.9	4.2	3.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,940	1,835	4,105	2.4	1.5	3.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	80	70	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	995	720	280	0.4	0.6	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,525	2,340	185	1.0	2.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	142,200	68,250	73,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	56,085	29,630	26,455	39.4	43.4	35.8
Education	5,870	1,340	4,535	4.1	2.0	6.1
13. Education	5,870	1,340	4,535	4.1	2.0	6.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,230	1,280	1,945	2.3	1.9	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	280	200	80	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,950	1,080	1,865	2.1	1.6	2.5
Humanities	3,355	1,240	2,115	2.4	1.8	2.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	295	55	235	0.2	0.1	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	1,015	280	730	0.7	0.4	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	910	300	610	0.6	0.4	0.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	225	125	100	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	315	175	140	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	455	260	200	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	85	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,400	2,930	6,470	6.6	4.3	8.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	260	55	205	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	865	335	520	0.6	0.5	0.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,060	235	1,825	1.4	0.3	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	1,150	270	885	0.8	0.4	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	255	95	150	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,705	420	1,285	1.2	0.6	1.7
45. Social sciences	3,105	1,510	1,595	2.2	2.2	2.2
Business, management and public administration	15,750	5,105	10,650	11.1	7.5	14.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,520	265	1,255	1.1	0.4	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,200	4,830	9,375	10.0	7.1	12.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,000	1,395	1,600	2.1	2.0	2.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,520	655	865	1.1	1.0	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	615	260	355	0.4	0.4	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	705	450	255	0.5	0.7	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	105	20	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,440	1,590	850	1.7	2.3	1.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,115	1,485	630	1.5	2.2	0.9
25. Library science	155	15	135	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	17,095	15,725	1,365	12.0	23.0	1.8
04. Architecture and related services	340	185	160	0.2	0.3	0.2
14. Engineering	2,085	1,730	355	1.5	2.5	0.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,055	2,630	425	2.1	3.9	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	5,410	5,225	185	3.8	7.7	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,945	3,790	155	2.8	5.6	0.2
48. Precision production	2,245	2,160	85	1.6	3.2	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,485	1,870	1,620	2.5	2.7	2.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,785	710	1,075	1.3	1.0	1.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,700	1,155	545	1.2	1.7	0.7
Health and related fields	15,930	2,835	13,095	11.2	4.2	17.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,005	465	540	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	14,525	2,175	12,355	10.2	3.2	16.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	65	0	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	335	195	140	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	6,550	3,310	3,240	4.6	4.8	4.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,165	1,310	2,855	2.9	1.9	3.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	40	35	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	675	465	215	0.5	0.7	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,630	1,485	145	1.1	2.2	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	142,200	68,250	73,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	56,085	29,630	26,455	39.4	43.4	35.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	86,115	38,615	47,495	60.6	56.6	64.2
Location of study inside Canada	76,880	34,405	42,480	54.1	50.4	57.4
Same as province or territory of residence	58,960	26,085	32,870	41.5	38.2	44.4
Different than province or territory of residence	17,920	8,315	9,605	12.6	12.2	13.0
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	9,235	4,215	5,020	6.5	6.2	6.8
Americas	2,460	1,140	1,320	1.7	1.7	1.8
United States of America	2,070	1,005	1,065	1.5	1.5	1.4
Mexico	145	55	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Colombia	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peru	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	2,795	1,440	1,355	2.0	2.1	1.8
Belgium	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	105	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	280	130	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Netherlands	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungary	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ukraine	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	85	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,585	835	750	1.1	1.2	1.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	250	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	400	205	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigeria	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	290	150	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Asia	3,120	1,130	1,990	2.2	1.7	2.7
Iran⁸⁸	85	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	50	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	670	245	425	0.5	0.4	0.6
Taiwan	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	190	25	160	0.1	0.0	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	270	120	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Philippines	850	255	595	0.6	0.4	0.8
Viet Nam	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	570	265	305	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pakistan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	160	55	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oceania	460	290	165	0.3	0.4	0.2
Australia	350	225	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
New Zealand	95	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	247,670	119,940	127,730	...	...	...
In the labour force	136,280	69,700	66,580	...	...	...
Employed	125,065	63,625	61,440	...	...	...
Unemployed	11,220	6,075	5,140	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	111,390	50,240	61,150	...	...	...
Participation rate	55.0	58.1	52.1	55.0	58.1	52.1
Employment rate	50.5	53.0	48.1	50.5	53.0	48.1
Unemployment rate	8.2	8.7	7.7	8.2	8.7	7.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	247,670	119,940	127,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	109,990	49,600	60,395	44.4	41.4	47.3
Worked	137,680	70,345	67,335	55.6	58.7	52.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	65,070	36,370	28,700	26.3	30.3	22.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	72,610	33,975	38,635	29.3	28.3	30.2
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.4	41.0	39.8	40.4	41.0	39.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	136,280	69,700	66,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,615	1,310	1,310	1.9	1.9	2.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	133,660	68,385	65,275	98.1	98.1	98.0
Employee	106,470	52,795	53,675	78.1	75.7	80.6
Permanent position	89,350	45,020	44,330	65.6	64.6	66.6
Temporary position	17,125	7,770	9,350	12.6	11.1	14.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,335	1,790	2,550	3.2	2.6	3.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	12,790	5,990	6,800	9.4	8.6	10.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	27,190	15,590	11,600	20.0	22.4	17.4
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	136,280	69,700	66,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,615	1,310	1,310	1.9	1.9	2.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	133,660	68,385	65,275	98.1	98.1	98.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,320	855	465	1.0	1.2	0.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	18,530	4,490	14,040	13.6	6.4	21.1
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,790	5,900	1,890	5.7	8.5	2.8
3 Health occupations	12,035	2,370	9,670	8.8	3.4	14.5
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	15,860	4,910	10,945	11.6	7.0	16.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,325	1,845	2,480	3.2	2.6	3.7
6 Sales and service occupations	36,720	15,430	21,285	26.9	22.1	32.0
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	27,515	25,150	2,365	20.2	36.1	3.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,315	3,905	1,405	3.9	5.6	2.1
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	4,255	3,530	725	3.1	5.1	1.1
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	136,280	69,700	66,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,615	1,310	1,310	1.9	1.9	2.0
All industries¹⁹¹	133,660	68,385	65,275	98.1	98.1	98.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	4,965	3,585	1,385	3.6	5.1	2.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	815	740	75	0.6	1.1	0.1
22 Utilities	580	515	65	0.4	0.7	0.1
23 Construction	14,635	12,605	2,030	10.7	18.1	3.0
31-33 Manufacturing	6,780	5,320	1,460	5.0	7.6	2.2
41 Wholesale trade	2,510	1,840	675	1.8	2.6	1.0
44-45 Retail trade	17,570	8,265	9,305	12.9	11.9	14.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	5,845	4,435	1,410	4.3	6.4	2.1
51 Information and cultural industries	2,090	1,180	905	1.5	1.7	1.4
52 Finance and insurance	3,590	1,255	2,335	2.6	1.8	3.5
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,515	1,265	1,240	1.8	1.8	1.9
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	8,590	4,485	4,100	6.3	6.4	6.2
55 Management of companies and enterprises	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	6,500	3,655	2,840	4.8	5.2	4.3
61 Educational services	9,270	2,840	6,435	6.8	4.1	9.7
62 Health care and social assistance	20,075	3,945	16,135	14.7	5.7	24.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,935	1,425	1,510	2.2	2.0	2.3
72 Accommodation and food services	10,055	4,350	5,705	7.4	6.2	8.6
81 Other services (except public administration)	6,325	2,775	3,555	4.6	4.0	5.3
91 Public administration	7,865	3,835	4,030	5.8	5.5	6.1
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	148,930	75,800	73,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	145,915	74,585	71,330	98.0	98.4	97.5
French	160	25	140	0.1	0.0	0.2
Non-official language	300	180	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous³⁹	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	280	170	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and French	1,120	435	685	0.8	0.6	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	1,345	535	805	0.9	0.7	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	148,930	75,800	73,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	148,630	75,670	72,960	99.8	99.8	99.8
Official languages	148,120	75,405	72,715	99.5	99.5	99.4
English	147,730	75,325	72,405	99.2	99.4	99.0
French	390	75	310	0.3	0.1	0.4
Non-official languages	510	260	245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	470	245	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	75	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	70	40	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	175	105	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	175	105	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	135	85	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	300	135	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and French	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	205	90	120	0.1	0.1	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	148,930	75,800	73,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	146,645	74,900	71,745	98.5	98.8	98.1
English	425	130	295	0.3	0.2	0.4
French	820	340	480	0.6	0.4	0.7
Non-official language	890	350	540	0.6	0.5	0.7
Indigenous³⁹	250	95	155	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-Indigenous	645	260	385	0.4	0.3	0.5
English and French	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	65	40	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	125,065	63,625	61,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	22,295	9,670	12,625	17.8	15.2	20.5
Worked outside Canada	165	145	25	0.1	0.2	0.0
No fixed workplace address	22,610	16,780	5,835	18.1	26.4	9.5
Usual place of work	79,990	37,035	42,955	64.0	58.2	69.9
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	79,990	37,035	42,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	44,075	19,180	24,890	55.1	51.8	57.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	24,610	11,170	13,435	30.8	30.2	31.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	10,670	6,170	4,500	13.3	16.7	10.5
Commute to a different province or territory	640	515	125	0.8	1.4	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	102,600	53,810	48,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	90,325	47,675	42,650	88.0	88.6	87.4
Car, truck or van - as a driver	84,270	44,870	39,400	82.1	83.4	80.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	6,055	2,805	3,255	5.9	5.2	6.7
Public transit	2,220	1,025	1,195	2.2	1.9	2.4
Walked	5,990	2,650	3,345	5.8	4.9	6.9
Bicycle	1,370	895	475	1.3	1.7	1.0
Other method	2,695	1,570	1,125	2.6	2.9	2.3
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	102,600	53,810	48,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	45,185	20,730	24,460	44.0	38.5	50.1
15 to 29 minutes	33,340	17,495	15,845	32.5	32.5	32.5
30 to 44 minutes	12,875	7,595	5,280	12.5	14.1	10.8
45 to 59 minutes	4,795	3,175	1,620	4.7	5.9	3.3
60 minutes and over	6,410	4,820	1,595	6.2	9.0	3.3
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	102,600	53,810	48,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	6,240	4,590	1,650	6.1	8.5	3.4
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	15,195	9,915	5,275	14.8	18.4	10.8
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	26,755	14,730	12,025	26.1	27.4	24.6
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	24,560	10,390	14,175	23.9	19.3	29.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	15,095	5,915	9,175	14.7	11.0	18.8
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	14,765	8,275	6,480	14.4	15.4	13.3
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	48,095	24,555	23,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,405	1,730	1,675	7.1	7.0	7.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	44,690	22,825	21,860	92.9	93.0	92.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	36,205	18,545	17,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,665	1,355	1,310	7.4	7.3	7.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,345	660	685	3.7	3.6	3.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,325	695	630	3.7	3.7	3.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	33,540	17,185	16,355	92.6	92.7	92.6

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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