Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	North Shore/Coast Garibaldi Health Service Delivery AreaMore information: British Columbia [Health region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	305,890	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	142,946	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	127,121	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	305,890	148,905	156,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	44,315	23,105	21,210	14.5	15.5	13.5
0 to 4 years	12,485	6,495	5,990	4.1	4.4	3.8
5 to 9 years	15,120	7,865	7,255	4.9	5.3	4.6
10 to 14 years	16,710	8,745	7,970	5.5	5.9	5.1
15 to 64 years	196,205	95,395	100,805	64.1	64.1	64.2
15 to 19 years	16,245	8,285	7,960	5.3	5.6	5.1
20 to 24 years	14,825	7,755	7,075	4.8	5.2	4.5
25 to 29 years	16,290	8,250	8,040	5.3	5.5	5.1
30 to 34 years	18,980	9,205	9,775	6.2	6.2	6.2
35 to 39 years	21,105	10,140	10,965	6.9	6.8	7.0
40 to 44 years	20,935	9,860	11,075	6.8	6.6	7.1
45 to 49 years	20,995	9,985	11,015	6.9	6.7	7.0
50 to 54 years	22,140	10,600	11,540	7.2	7.1	7.4
55 to 59 years	22,340	10,630	11,715	7.3	7.1	7.5
60 to 64 years	22,345	10,690	11,650	7.3	7.2	7.4
65 years and over	65,370	30,400	34,970	21.4	20.4	22.3
65 to 69 years	19,690	9,520	10,170	6.4	6.4	6.5
70 to 74 years	16,900	8,075	8,825	5.5	5.4	5.6
75 to 79 years	12,440	5,930	6,510	4.1	4.0	4.1
80 to 84 years	7,975	3,590	4,390	2.6	2.4	2.8
85 years and over	8,365	3,285	5,080	2.7	2.2	3.2
85 to 89 years	4,945	2,100	2,840	1.6	1.4	1.8
90 to 94 years	2,670	965	1,700	0.9	0.6	1.1
95 to 99 years	650	195	455	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	100	20	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.5	15.5	13.5	14.5	15.5	13.5
15 to 64 years	64.1	64.1	64.2	64.1	64.1	64.2
65 years and over	21.4	20.4	22.3	21.4	20.4	22.3
85 years and over	2.7	2.2	3.2	2.7	2.2	3.2
Average age of the population	44.1	43.1	45.0	44.1	43.1	45.0
Median age of the population	45.2	44.0	46.0	45.2	44.0	46.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	127,125	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	59,350	...	...	46.7	...	...
Semi-detached house	4,045	...	...	3.2	...	...
Row house	9,665	...	...	7.6	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	13,270	...	...	10.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	21,745	...	...	17.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	17,035	...	...	13.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	165	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,845	...	...	1.5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	127,120	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	36,835	...	...	29.0	...	...
2 persons	44,740	...	...	35.2	...	...
3 persons	19,480	...	...	15.3	...	...
4 persons	17,755	...	...	14.0	...	...
5 or more persons	8,305	...	...	6.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	301,715	146,915	154,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	261,570	125,800	135,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	156,215	77,750	78,460	59.7	61.8	57.8
Married	127,035	63,165	63,865	48.6	50.2	47.0
Living common-law	29,185	14,585	14,600	11.2	11.6	10.8
Living common law - Never married	22,000	11,025	10,975	8.4	8.8	8.1
Living common law - Separated	965	495	465	0.4	0.4	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	5,665	2,825	2,845	2.2	2.2	2.1
Living common law - Widowed	555	245	310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	105,355	48,045	57,315	40.3	38.2	42.2
Not married and not living common law - Never married	67,985	36,260	31,730	26.0	28.8	23.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	6,295	2,600	3,695	2.4	2.1	2.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	17,815	6,435	11,375	6.8	5.1	8.4
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	13,265	2,755	10,510	5.1	2.2	7.7
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	87,800	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	47,135	...	...	53.7	...	...
3 persons	18,865	...	...	21.5	...	...
4 persons	17,195	...	...	19.6	...	...
5 or more persons	4,610	...	...	5.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	87,800	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	75,735	...	...	86.3	...	...
Married couples	61,150	...	...	69.6	...	...
With children⁶	32,180	...	...	36.7	...	...
Without children	28,970	...	...	33.0	...	...
Common-law couples	14,585	...	...	16.6	...	...
With children⁶	4,210	...	...	4.8	...	...
Without children	10,380	...	...	11.8	...	...
Total one-parent families	12,065	...	...	13.7	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	9,390	...	...	10.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	2,675	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	301,715	146,915	154,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	243,690	120,970	122,725	80.8	82.3	79.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	151,475	75,715	75,760	50.2	51.5	48.9
Parents in one-parent families	12,065	2,675	9,395	4.0	1.8	6.1
Children⁶	80,150	42,580	37,575	26.6	29.0	24.3
In a two-parent family	62,825	33,295	29,530	20.8	22.7	19.1
In a one-parent family	17,330	9,285	8,040	5.7	6.3	5.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	58,020	25,950	32,075	19.2	17.7	20.7
Living alone	36,835	15,555	21,280	12.2	10.6	13.7
Living with other relatives⁷	6,020	2,270	3,745	2.0	1.5	2.4
Living with non-relatives only	15,170	8,120	7,045	5.0	5.5	4.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	127,120	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	76,170	...	...	59.9	...	...
Couple-family households	66,635	...	...	52.4	...	...
With children⁶	32,035	...	...	25.2	...	...
Without children	34,600	...	...	27.2	...	...
One-parent-family households	9,535	...	...	7.5	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,930	...	...	2.3	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,255	...	...	1.0	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	4,575	...	...	3.6	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,355	...	...	4.2	...	...
One-person households	36,835	...	...	29.0	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	257,475	123,845	133,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	249,850	120,155	129,695	97.0	97.0	97.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	51,200	40,000	44,400	51,200	40,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	250,030	120,250	129,785	97.1	97.1	97.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	45,600	36,400	40,000	45,600	36,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	230,010	111,345	118,665	89.3	89.9	88.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	47,200	32,000	38,800	47,200	32,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	176,175	88,140	88,035	68.4	71.2	65.9
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	47,600	32,800	39,200	47,600	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	196,335	88,090	108,245	76.3	71.1	81.0
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,200	10,000	10,400	10,200	10,000	10,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	18,905	8,305	10,600	7.3	6.7	7.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	67,880	31,830	36,050	26.4	25.7	27.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,500	8,000	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	257,335	123,730	133,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	249,630	119,985	129,645	97.0	97.0	97.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	70,300	86,400	55,450	70,300	86,400	55,450
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	249,835	120,095	129,740	97.1	97.1	97.1
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,950	64,900	45,720	54,950	64,900	45,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	229,840	111,190	118,650	89.3	89.9	88.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	66,900	84,700	50,280	66,900	84,700	50,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	176,115	88,105	88,010	68.4	71.2	65.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	63,850	79,900	47,760	63,850	79,900	47,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	195,780	87,650	108,125	76.1	70.8	80.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,100	10,840	11,310	11,100	10,840	11,310
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	18,790	8,235	10,555	7.3	6.7	7.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,530	6,115	6,850	6,530	6,115	6,850
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	67,415	31,600	35,810	26.2	25.5	26.8
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,270	9,060	9,450	9,270	9,060	9,450
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	257,335	123,730	133,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	77,260	43,495	33,765	30.0	35.2	25.3
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	73,500	81,000	66,000	73,500	81,000	66,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	103,900	122,000	80,600	103,900	122,000	80,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	75,600	33,980	41,620	29.4	27.5	31.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,200	21,600	17,800	19,200	21,600	17,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,680	41,040	29,440	34,680	41,040	29,440
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.6	90.8	83.0	87.6	90.8	83.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	64.0	68.0	58.5	64.0	68.0	58.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	12.4	9.2	17.0	12.4	9.2	17.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.5	1.0	0.7	0.5	1.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.3	3.3	5.8	4.3	3.3	5.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.6	2.8	4.7	3.6	2.8	4.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	257,470	123,850	133,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	7,625	3,690	3,925	3.0	3.0	2.9
With total income	249,850	120,150	129,695	97.0	97.0	97.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	24,225	10,625	13,600	9.7	8.8	10.5
$10,000 to $19,999	25,545	10,825	14,725	10.2	9.0	11.4
$20,000 to $29,999	34,530	14,255	20,275	13.8	11.9	15.6
$30,000 to $39,999	28,830	12,285	16,545	11.5	10.2	12.8
$40,000 to $49,999	24,790	10,900	13,890	9.9	9.1	10.7
$50,000 to $59,999	20,935	9,480	11,460	8.4	7.9	8.8
$60,000 to $69,999	16,365	7,855	8,510	6.5	6.5	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	13,325	6,850	6,480	5.3	5.7	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	10,600	5,570	5,030	4.2	4.6	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	8,860	4,735	4,125	3.5	3.9	3.2
$100,000 and over	41,850	26,785	15,065	16.8	22.3	11.6
$100,000 to $149,999	22,535	13,305	9,225	9.0	11.1	7.1
$150,000 and over	19,320	13,475	5,840	7.7	11.2	4.5
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	257,470	123,850	133,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	7,440	3,600	3,845	2.9	2.9	2.9
With after-tax income	250,030	120,250	129,780	97.1	97.1	97.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	25,820	11,295	14,520	10.3	9.4	11.2
$10,000 to $19,999	26,570	11,210	15,355	10.6	9.3	11.8
$20,000 to $29,999	38,920	16,160	22,760	15.6	13.4	17.5
$30,000 to $39,999	33,130	14,365	18,765	13.2	11.9	14.5
$40,000 to $49,999	28,415	12,800	15,615	11.4	10.6	12.0
$50,000 to $59,999	22,245	10,525	11,715	8.9	8.8	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	17,045	8,760	8,285	6.8	7.3	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	12,925	6,840	6,085	5.2	5.7	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	9,945	5,455	4,490	4.0	4.5	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	7,310	4,305	3,000	2.9	3.6	2.3
$100,000 and over	27,720	18,535	9,190	11.1	15.4	7.1
$100,000 to $124,999	11,165	6,920	4,245	4.5	5.8	3.3
$125,000 and over	16,555	11,610	4,945	6.6	9.7	3.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	257,470	123,850	133,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	81,300	35,710	45,595	31.6	28.8	34.1
With employment income	176,170	88,140	88,030	68.4	71.2	65.9
Under $5,000 (including loss)	26,695	12,130	14,570	15.2	13.8	16.5
$5,000 to $9,999	14,140	6,065	8,075	8.0	6.9	9.2
$10,000 to $19,999	19,235	8,405	10,830	10.9	9.5	12.3
$20,000 to $29,999	14,835	6,550	8,285	8.4	7.4	9.4
$30,000 to $39,999	14,270	6,455	7,820	8.1	7.3	8.9
$40,000 to $49,999	13,085	5,855	7,230	7.4	6.6	8.2
$50,000 to $59,999	11,995	5,590	6,405	6.8	6.3	7.3
$60,000 to $69,999	10,230	5,105	5,130	5.8	5.8	5.8
$70,000 to $79,999	8,465	4,580	3,885	4.8	5.2	4.4
$80,000 to $89,999	7,220	3,800	3,420	4.1	4.3	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	6,420	3,500	2,920	3.6	4.0	3.3
$100,000 and over	29,570	20,110	9,455	16.8	22.8	10.7
$100,000 to $124,999	10,290	6,235	4,050	5.8	7.1	4.6
$125,000 and over	19,280	13,875	5,400	10.9	15.7	6.1
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	257,475	123,845	133,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	242,675	116,445	126,235	94.3	94.0	94.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	50,800	37,600	43,200	50,800	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	243,235	116,590	126,645	94.5	94.1	94.8
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,400	33,600	38,400	44,400	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	227,020	109,650	117,365	88.2	88.5	87.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	49,200	34,000	40,400	49,200	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	182,405	90,745	91,660	70.8	73.3	68.6
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	46,400	32,400	38,400	46,400	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	155,595	65,930	89,660	60.4	53.2	67.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,840	5,040	6,120	5,840	5,040	6,120
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	12,175	5,225	6,950	4.7	4.2	5.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,080	6,200	5,640	5,080	6,200
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	257,335	123,730	133,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	242,530	116,365	126,170	94.2	94.0	94.4
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	70,100	88,100	53,550	70,100	88,100	53,550
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	243,070	116,485	126,585	94.5	94.1	94.7
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,700	66,600	43,720	54,700	66,600	43,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	226,610	109,470	117,140	88.1	88.5	87.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	69,400	88,700	51,350	69,400	88,700	51,350
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	182,200	90,580	91,620	70.8	73.2	68.6
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	62,150	78,000	46,480	62,150	78,000	46,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	154,860	65,515	89,350	60.2	52.9	66.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,300	8,350	8,260	8,300	8,350	8,260
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	11,865	4,980	6,890	4.6	4.0	5.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,400	6,180	8,280	7,400	6,180	8,280
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	257,335	123,730	133,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	76,330	42,985	33,340	29.7	34.7	25.0
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,000	78,000	60,000	69,000	78,000	60,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	98,200	115,900	75,300	98,200	115,900	75,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	71,550	32,110	39,445	27.8	26.0	29.5
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,600	28,800	23,800	25,600	28,800	23,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	42,440	50,920	35,520	42,440	50,920	35,520
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	92.4	94.6	89.0	92.4	94.6	89.0
Employment income (%)	66.6	68.8	63.1	66.6	68.8	63.1
Government transfers (%)	7.6	5.3	10.9	7.6	5.3	10.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.5	0.3	0.9	0.5	0.3	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	127,120	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	36,835	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,400	...	...	46,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...	41,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	90,285	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	127,105	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	138,200	...	...	138,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	36,795	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	64,800	...	...	64,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,950	...	...	52,950	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	90,310	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	168,000	...	...	168,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	130,400	...	...	130,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	127,120	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,930	...	...	1.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	850	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,190	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,265	...	...	1.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,640	...	...	3.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,765	...	...	3.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,590	...	...	2.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,955	...	...	3.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	4,155	...	...	3.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	4,115	...	...	3.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	8,200	...	...	6.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	7,845	...	...	6.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	7,310	...	...	5.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	6,990	...	...	5.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	6,510	...	...	5.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	59,800	...	...	47.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	13,455	...	...	10.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	10,510	...	...	8.3	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	14,220	...	...	11.2	...	...
$200,000 and over	21,610	...	...	17.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	127,120	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,415	...	...	1.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	885	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,255	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,355	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,930	...	...	3.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	4,250	...	...	3.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	4,075	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	4,730	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	4,810	...	...	3.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	4,895	...	...	3.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	9,415	...	...	7.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	9,070	...	...	7.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	8,375	...	...	6.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	7,910	...	...	6.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	6,985	...	...	5.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	50,770	...	...	39.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	14,200	...	...	11.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	10,690	...	...	8.4	...	...
$150,000 and over	25,875	...	...	20.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	86,700	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	36,575	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	36,490	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	156,000	...	...	156,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...	133,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	11,275	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	52,000	23,675	28,325	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,400	44,000	41,600	42,400	44,000	41,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,800	39,600	38,000	38,800	39,600	38,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	86,695	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	167,400	...	...	167,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	129,200	...	...	129,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	36,520	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	149,600	...	...	149,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	118,200	...	...	118,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	36,650	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	208,400	...	...	208,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	156,600	...	...	156,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,075	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	95,900	...	...	95,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,600	...	...	78,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	51,945	23,455	28,495	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	58,700	61,550	56,350	58,700	61,550	56,350
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,480	50,040	47,160	48,480	50,040	47,160
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	301,715	146,915	154,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	54,160	28,125	26,035	18.0	19.1	16.8
0 to 5 years	15,220	7,885	7,335	5.0	5.4	4.7
18 to 64 years	184,610	89,280	95,330	61.2	60.8	61.6
65 years and over	62,940	29,515	33,430	20.9	20.1	21.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	32,225	14,815	17,410	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	6,535	3,385	3,145	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,680	860	825	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	17,940	8,310	9,635	...	...	...
65 years and over	7,750	3,120	4,630	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.7	10.1	11.3	10.7	10.1	11.3
0 to 17 years (%)	12.1	12.0	12.1	12.1	12.0	12.1
0 to 5 years (%)	11.0	10.9	11.2	11.0	10.9	11.2
18 to 64 years (%)	9.7	9.3	10.1	9.7	9.3	10.1
65 years and over (%)	12.3	10.6	13.9	12.3	10.6	13.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	289,510	140,845	148,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	51,750	26,830	24,920	17.9	19.0	16.8
0 to 5 years	14,500	7,505	6,995	5.0	5.3	4.7
18 to 64 years	176,840	85,435	91,410	61.1	60.7	61.5
65 years and over	60,920	28,580	32,340	21.0	20.3	21.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	17,170	8,215	8,950	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,520	1,840	1,680	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	780	390	390	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	11,275	5,375	5,895	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,375	1,000	1,375	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.9	5.8	6.0	5.9	5.8	6.0
0 to 17 years (%)	6.8	6.9	6.8	6.8	6.9	6.8
0 to 5 years (%)	5.4	5.2	5.5	5.4	5.2	5.5
18 to 64 years (%)	6.4	6.3	6.5	6.4	6.3	6.5
65 years and over (%)	3.9	3.5	4.3	3.9	3.5	4.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	301,715	146,915	154,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	124,115	58,385	65,730	41.1	39.7	42.5
In bottom decile	31,335	14,840	16,495	10.4	10.1	10.7
In second decile	23,490	10,640	12,850	7.8	7.2	8.3
In third decile	22,675	10,610	12,060	7.5	7.2	7.8
In fourth decile	22,900	10,995	11,910	7.6	7.5	7.7
In fifth decile	23,720	11,305	12,415	7.9	7.7	8.0
In top half of the distribution	177,600	88,530	89,070	58.9	60.3	57.5
In sixth decile	25,025	12,160	12,860	8.3	8.3	8.3
In seventh decile	26,950	13,245	13,710	8.9	9.0	8.9
In eighth decile	29,440	14,615	14,825	9.8	9.9	9.6
In ninth decile	36,065	18,055	18,010	12.0	12.3	11.6
In top decile	60,120	30,455	29,670	19.9	20.7	19.2
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	301,715	...	...	301,715	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.429	...	...	0.429	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.512	...	...	0.512	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.371	...	...	0.371	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.0	...	...	5.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	303,780	148,085	155,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	268,005	132,395	135,610	88.2	89.4	87.1
French only	135	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	31,150	13,745	17,405	10.3	9.3	11.2
Neither English nor French	4,495	1,885	2,610	1.5	1.3	1.7
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	303,780	148,085	155,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	291,915	142,770	149,150	96.1	96.4	95.8
French	5,610	2,690	2,915	1.8	1.8	1.9
English and French	1,885	805	1,080	0.6	0.5	0.7
Neither English nor French	4,375	1,815	2,555	1.4	1.2	1.6
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	303,780	148,085	155,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	293,830	143,475	150,360	96.7	96.9	96.6
Official languages	222,295	111,260	111,040	73.2	75.1	71.3
English	216,775	108,580	108,195	71.4	73.3	69.5
French	5,520	2,670	2,850	1.8	1.8	1.8
Non-official languages	71,535	32,215	39,320	23.5	21.8	25.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	265	115	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	60	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	60	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	71,270	32,100	39,170	23.5	21.7	25.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,065	590	470	0.4	0.4	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,055	590	465	0.3	0.4	0.3
Amharic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	850	475	375	0.3	0.3	0.2
Aramaic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	125	75	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	390	165	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	380	160	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,785	1,805	2,980	1.6	1.2	1.9
Bikol	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	145	55	90	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	505	215	290	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	130	40	95	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,700	1,365	2,340	1.2	0.9	1.5
Waray-Waray	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	270	145	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	43,685	20,500	23,190	14.4	13.8	14.9
Albanian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	205	85	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	6,370	2,760	3,610	2.1	1.9	2.3
Baltic languages	115	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	6,255	2,715	3,540	2.1	1.8	2.3
Belarusian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	220	100	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	995	460	535	0.3	0.3	0.3
Macedonian	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,395	610	780	0.5	0.4	0.5
Russian	1,840	740	1,100	0.6	0.5	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	735	355	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	310	140	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	320	160	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	615	270	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovene (Slovenian)	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	360	150	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	6,530	3,030	3,495	2.1	2.0	2.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	4,035	1,850	2,185	1.3	1.2	1.4
German	3,790	1,735	2,060	1.2	1.2	1.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	230	105	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yiddish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,560	770	790	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afrikaans	375	195	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	1,135	545	590	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	925	410	515	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	380	175	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	190	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	335	135	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	380	200	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	22,465	10,805	11,660	7.4	7.3	7.5
Indo-Aryan languages	3,655	1,755	1,910	1.2	1.2	1.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	540	225	315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	485	255	225	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	140	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,070	1,005	1,065	0.7	0.7	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	175	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	18,805	9,055	9,750	6.2	6.1	6.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	185	105	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	18,565	8,925	9,640	6.1	6.0	6.2
Dari	165	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	16,945	8,150	8,795	5.6	5.5	5.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,455	690	765	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,655	3,570	4,090	2.5	2.4	2.6
Catalan	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,455	710	755	0.5	0.5	0.5
Portuguese	1,345	595	750	0.4	0.4	0.5
Romanian	500	225	275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	4,310	2,015	2,295	1.4	1.4	1.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,940	615	1,325	0.6	0.4	0.9
Korean	3,730	1,565	2,170	1.2	1.1	1.4
Mongolian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	130	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	13,470	5,855	7,610	4.4	4.0	4.9
Chinese languages	13,450	5,850	7,600	4.4	4.0	4.9
Hakka	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	9,400	4,090	5,315	3.1	2.8	3.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	355	155	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	3,470	1,515	1,960	1.1	1.0	1.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	180	35	140	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	155	30	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	605	320	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	145	75	65	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	450	240	215	0.1	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	915	390	520	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	225	90	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	600	260	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,950	4,610	5,335	3.3	3.1	3.4
English and French	1,590	810	780	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	7,130	3,270	3,855	2.3	2.2	2.5
French and non-official language(s)	190	75	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	235	100	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	805	355	455	0.3	0.2	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	303,780	148,085	155,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	227,970	113,315	114,655	75.0	76.5	73.6
French	1,335	635	700	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official language	21,750	10,015	11,735	7.2	6.8	7.5
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	21,735	10,015	11,730	7.2	6.8	7.5
English and French	4,445	2,155	2,290	1.5	1.5	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	45,135	20,605	24,535	14.9	13.9	15.8
French and non-official language(s)	70	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,880	810	1,075	0.6	0.5	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	1,200	530	665	0.4	0.4	0.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	303,780	148,085	155,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	294,585	143,880	150,705	97.0	97.2	96.8
Official languages	254,405	125,260	129,140	83.7	84.6	82.9
English	252,250	124,225	128,020	83.0	83.9	82.2
French	2,155	1,040	1,120	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official languages	40,180	18,620	21,565	13.2	12.6	13.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	40,150	18,600	21,550	13.2	12.6	13.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	410	215	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	410	215	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	345	185	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	200	105	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	200	100	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,570	1,130	1,445	0.8	0.8	0.9
Bikol	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	275	130	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,075	895	1,175	0.7	0.6	0.8
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	140	75	65	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kannada	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	23,155	10,985	12,170	7.6	7.4	7.8
Albanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,580	1,220	1,360	0.8	0.8	0.9
Baltic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,565	1,215	1,350	0.8	0.8	0.9
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	380	205	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	460	210	250	0.2	0.1	0.2
Russian	1,040	465	580	0.3	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	260	130	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	225	115	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	970	470	505	0.3	0.3	0.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	525	240	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	485	225	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	330	165	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	190	100	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	135	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	15,950	7,600	8,350	5.3	5.1	5.4
Indo-Aryan languages	2,055	965	1,085	0.7	0.7	0.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	185	75	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	200	105	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,415	680	735	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	13,900	6,635	7,265	4.6	4.5	4.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	115	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	13,755	6,560	7,195	4.5	4.4	4.6
Dari	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	12,600	6,025	6,575	4.1	4.1	4.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,035	480	555	0.3	0.3	0.4
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,440	1,615	1,825	1.1	1.1	1.2
Catalan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	295	120	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	720	350	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	200	90	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	2,205	1,035	1,170	0.7	0.7	0.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	950	400	545	0.3	0.3	0.4
Korean	2,810	1,215	1,595	0.9	0.8	1.0
Mongolian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	20	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,250	4,160	5,095	3.0	2.8	3.3
Chinese languages	9,245	4,155	5,090	3.0	2.8	3.3
Hakka	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	7,215	3,215	4,000	2.4	2.2	2.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,790	825	965	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	290	135	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	220	105	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	210	105	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,200	4,210	4,995	3.0	2.8	3.2
English and French	755	345	410	0.2	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	8,125	3,705	4,420	2.7	2.5	2.8
French and non-official language(s)	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	145	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	303,780	148,085	155,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	258,980	127,590	131,390	85.3	86.2	84.4
English	16,345	7,695	8,650	5.4	5.2	5.6
French	3,290	1,585	1,700	1.1	1.1	1.1
Non-official language	20,455	9,065	11,390	6.7	6.1	7.3
Indigenous³⁹	350	145	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	20,105	8,930	11,185	6.6	6.0	7.2
English and French	285	105	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,505	725	775	0.5	0.5	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	1,030	445	585	0.3	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,855	850	1,005	0.6	0.6	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	301,610	146,755	154,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	297,135	144,775	152,365	98.5	98.7	98.4
English	297,055	144,745	152,310	98.5	98.6	98.4
French	31,115	13,685	17,430	10.3	9.3	11.3
Non-official languages	95,940	43,675	52,270	31.8	29.8	33.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,500	700	800	0.5	0.5	0.5
Algonquian languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	945	455	495	0.3	0.3	0.3
Halkomelem	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	325	165	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	315	150	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Straits	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	240	110	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	320	155	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	285	140	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	94,485	42,990	51,490	31.3	29.3	33.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,155	1,070	1,090	0.7	0.7	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,145	1,065	1,080	0.7	0.7	0.7
Amharic	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,595	820	775	0.5	0.6	0.5
Aramaic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	435	200	235	0.1	0.1	0.2
Maltese	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	515	220	300	0.2	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	495	205	290	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	6,985	2,610	4,375	2.3	1.8	2.8
Bikol	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	210	55	155	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	155	55	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	750	255	495	0.2	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	265	105	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	105	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,430	2,390	4,035	2.1	1.6	2.6
Waray-Waray	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	135	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	115	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	375	220	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	125	75	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tamil	220	115	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	61,025	28,680	32,350	20.2	19.5	20.9
Albanian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	165	50	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	7,875	3,425	4,455	2.6	2.3	2.9
Baltic languages	165	60	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Latvian	100	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	7,745	3,370	4,375	2.6	2.3	2.8
Belarusian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	300	110	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,345	650	695	0.4	0.4	0.4
Macedonian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,720	765	950	0.6	0.5	0.6
Russian	2,780	1,175	1,600	0.9	0.8	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,020	450	570	0.3	0.3	0.4
Bosnian	160	70	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Croatian	460	180	280	0.2	0.1	0.2
Serbian	525	245	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	825	370	455	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slovene (Slovenian)	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	670	285	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	250	145	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Irish	140	75	65	0.0	0.1	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	11,305	5,325	5,975	3.7	3.6	3.9
Frisian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	7,270	3,460	3,815	2.4	2.4	2.5
German	7,140	3,370	3,765	2.4	2.3	2.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	270	150	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yiddish	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,020	1,505	1,510	1.0	1.0	1.0
Afrikaans	1,345	675	665	0.4	0.5	0.4
Dutch	1,640	820	820	0.5	0.6	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,565	670	900	0.5	0.5	0.6
Danish	500	255	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	430	195	235	0.1	0.1	0.2
Swedish	725	290	440	0.2	0.2	0.3
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	610	325	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	27,040	13,135	13,900	9.0	9.0	9.0
Indo-Aryan languages	5,620	2,765	2,855	1.9	1.9	1.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	1,165	530	635	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hindi	2,050	1,055	995	0.7	0.7	0.6
Kacchi	490	220	270	0.2	0.1	0.2
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	140	75	65	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,970	1,455	1,515	1.0	1.0	1.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	420	210	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	21,510	10,420	11,085	7.1	7.1	7.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	325	175	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	65	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	21,330	10,335	10,985	7.1	7.0	7.1
Dari	185	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	19,725	9,585	10,135	6.5	6.5	6.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,560	745	815	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	16,565	7,560	9,000	5.5	5.2	5.8
Catalan	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,000	1,345	1,650	1.0	0.9	1.1
Portuguese	2,135	1,005	1,125	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	575	240	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	11,935	5,460	6,470	4.0	3.7	4.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	70	50	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	3,180	1,335	1,840	1.1	0.9	1.2
Korean	4,220	1,845	2,380	1.4	1.3	1.5
Mongolian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	510	275	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	380	200	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	55	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	350	145	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	320	135	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	16,040	7,155	8,880	5.3	4.9	5.7
Chinese languages	16,000	7,125	8,875	5.3	4.9	5.7
Hakka	70	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	12,905	5,815	7,095	4.3	4.0	4.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	660	305	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	225	100	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	4,575	1,935	2,635	1.5	1.3	1.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	75	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	295	110	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	280	95	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,370	655	715	0.5	0.4	0.5
Azerbaijani	355	180	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,165	535	630	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,090	500	590	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	285	160	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	705	285	415	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	301,610	146,755	154,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	15,490	7,565	7,920	5.1	5.2	5.1
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	15,120	7,385	7,730	5.0	5.0	5.0
First Nations (North American Indian)	11,860	5,950	5,910	3.9	4.1	3.8
Métis	3,225	1,430	1,800	1.1	1.0	1.2
Inuk (Inuit)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	230	125	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	286,120	139,190	146,930	94.9	94.8	94.9
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	301,610	146,755	154,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	10,125	5,040	5,080	3.4	3.4	3.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	291,480	141,710	149,770	96.6	96.6	96.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	127,105	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	87,240	...	...	68.6	...	...
Renter	38,525	...	...	30.3	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	1,335	...	...	1.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	127,105	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	33,510	...	...	26.4	...	...
Not condominium	93,595	...	...	73.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	127,105	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,790	...	...	1.4	...	...
1 bedroom	22,520	...	...	17.7	...	...
2 bedrooms	33,305	...	...	26.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	34,730	...	...	27.3	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	34,755	...	...	27.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	127,105	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	46,430	...	...	36.5	...	...
5 rooms	18,360	...	...	14.4	...	...
6 rooms	14,755	...	...	11.6	...	...
7 rooms	13,050	...	...	10.3	...	...
8 or more rooms	34,515	...	...	27.2	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.9	...	...	5.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	127,105	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	124,100	...	...	97.6	...	...
More than one person per room	3,005	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	127,105	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	120,245	...	...	94.6	...	...
Not suitable	6,860	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	127,105	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	19,955	...	...	15.7	...	...
1961 to 1980	39,185	...	...	30.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	17,635	...	...	13.9	...	...
1991 to 2000	17,300	...	...	13.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	6,190	...	...	4.9	...	...
2006 to 2010	8,065	...	...	6.3	...	...
2011 to 2015	7,360	...	...	5.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	11,410	...	...	9.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	127,105	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	118,860	...	...	93.5	...	...
Major repairs needed	8,245	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	127,105	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	62,455	...	...	49.1	...	...
Two-maintainer household	57,965	...	...	45.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	6,685	...	...	5.3	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	127,105	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,875	...	...	1.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	13,390	...	...	10.5	...	...
35 to 44 years	21,175	...	...	16.7	...	...
45 to 54 years	23,780	...	...	18.7	...	...
55 to 64 years	25,985	...	...	20.4	...	...
65 to 74 years	22,330	...	...	17.6	...	...
75 to 84 years	13,370	...	...	10.5	...	...
85 years and over	5,205	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	121,660	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	86,430	...	...	71.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	35,230	...	...	29.0	...	...
30% to less than 100%	29,330	...	...	24.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	127,105	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	45,525	...	...	35.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	31,050	...	...	24.4	...	...
Not suitable only	4,390	...	...	3.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	5,425	...	...	4.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,840	...	...	1.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,195	...	...	1.7	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	480	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	145	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	81,580	...	...	64.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	115,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	15,710	...	...	13.6	...	...
Not in core need	100,050	...	...	86.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	84,925	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	54.7	...	...	54.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	22.8	...	...	22.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	8.4	...	...	8.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,480	...	...	1,480	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,138	...	...	2,138	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,200,000	...	...	1,200,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,520,000	...	...	1,520,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	37,120	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.4	...	...	10.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	43.2	...	...	43.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	25.9	...	...	25.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,660	...	...	1,660	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,920	...	...	1,920	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,340	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	9.8	...	...	9.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	254	...	...	254	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	352	...	...	352	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	301,610	146,755	154,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	7,885	3,930	3,960	2.6	2.7	2.6
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	7,830	3,905	3,925	2.6	2.7	2.5
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	7,385	3,735	3,645	2.4	2.5	2.4
Métis single ancestry	425	160	260	0.1	0.1	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	9,270	4,535	4,735	3.1	3.1	3.1
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	9,005	4,425	4,575	3.0	3.0	3.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	6,515	3,220	3,300	2.2	2.2	2.1
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,460	1,200	1,260	0.8	0.8	0.8
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	260	105	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	260	105	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	284,460	138,295	146,165	94.3	94.2	94.4
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	301,605	146,755	154,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	268,520	130,835	137,685	89.0	89.2	88.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	50,050	25,995	24,055	16.6	17.7	15.5
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	218,465	104,840	113,630	72.4	71.4	73.4
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	33,095	15,925	17,170	11.0	10.9	11.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	301,605	146,755	154,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	201,015	100,130	100,885	66.6	68.2	65.1
Immigrants⁸¹	91,245	42,020	49,230	30.3	28.6	31.8
Before 1980	20,775	9,415	11,355	6.9	6.4	7.3
1980 to 1990	8,835	4,120	4,715	2.9	2.8	3.0
1991 to 2000	15,575	6,885	8,690	5.2	4.7	5.6
2001 to 2010	20,105	9,045	11,060	6.7	6.2	7.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	25,960	12,550	13,410	8.6	8.6	8.7
2011 to 2015	13,475	6,525	6,955	4.5	4.4	4.5
2016 to 2021	12,485	6,030	6,455	4.1	4.1	4.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	9,345	4,610	4,735	3.1	3.1	3.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	91,245	42,015	49,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	7,550	3,655	3,895	8.3	8.7	7.9
5 to 14 years	14,220	7,085	7,140	15.6	16.9	14.5
15 to 24 years	14,540	6,335	8,205	15.9	15.1	16.7
25 to 44 years	44,585	19,855	24,735	48.9	47.3	50.2
45 years and over	10,355	5,090	5,260	11.3	12.1	10.7
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	91,245	42,015	49,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	9,555	4,320	5,235	10.5	10.3	10.6
Brazil	670	290	380	0.7	0.7	0.8
Colombia	365	165	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
El Salvador	115	70	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Guyana	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Haiti	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	205	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexico	1,180	475	705	1.3	1.1	1.4
Peru	305	125	180	0.3	0.3	0.4
Trinidad and Tobago	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	5,230	2,405	2,825	5.7	5.7	5.7
Other places of birth in Americas	1,305	615	690	1.4	1.5	1.4
Europe	28,955	13,700	15,255	31.7	32.6	31.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	215	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatia	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	880	475	405	1.0	1.1	0.8
Germany	2,575	1,115	1,460	2.8	2.7	3.0
Greece	200	115	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hungary	425	185	240	0.5	0.4	0.5
Italy	1,045	545	500	1.1	1.3	1.0
Netherlands	1,090	535	550	1.2	1.3	1.1
Poland	1,190	520	665	1.3	1.2	1.4
Portugal	285	105	185	0.3	0.2	0.4
Romania	540	230	310	0.6	0.5	0.6
Russian Federation	990	350	640	1.1	0.8	1.3
Serbia⁸⁶	215	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	540	225	310	0.6	0.5	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	13,275	6,555	6,725	14.5	15.6	13.7
Other places of birth in Europe	5,290	2,460	2,830	5.8	5.9	5.7
Africa	4,780	2,375	2,415	5.2	5.7	4.9
Algeria	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	210	120	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ethiopia	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	2,200	1,080	1,115	2.4	2.6	2.3
Other places of birth in Africa	2,040	995	1,045	2.2	2.4	2.1
Asia	45,095	20,125	24,970	49.4	47.9	50.7
Afghanistan	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	16,585	8,040	8,540	18.2	19.1	17.3
Iraq	145	75	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Lebanon	125	65	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	140	95	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Turkey	295	125	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
China⁹⁰	8,530	3,705	4,825	9.3	8.8	9.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,940	825	1,115	2.1	2.0	2.3
Korea, South⁹²	2,870	1,215	1,660	3.1	2.9	3.4
Taiwan	1,065	480	585	1.2	1.1	1.2
Philippines	6,195	2,395	3,800	6.8	5.7	7.7
Viet Nam	385	150	240	0.4	0.4	0.5
Bangladesh	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	2,735	1,370	1,365	3.0	3.3	2.8
Pakistan	240	110	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lanka	145	65	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	3,625	1,370	2,250	4.0	3.3	4.6
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	2,855	1,505	1,355	3.1	3.6	2.8
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	12,480	6,030	6,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,830	870	965	14.7	14.4	14.9
Brazil	335	160	175	2.7	2.7	2.7
Colombia	50	25	30	0.4	0.4	0.5
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Mexico	190	90	100	1.5	1.5	1.5
United States of America	975	475	500	7.8	7.9	7.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Other places of birth in Americas	260	110	150	2.1	1.8	2.3
Europe	3,190	1,690	1,500	25.6	28.0	23.2
France	230	125	100	1.8	2.1	1.5
Germany	150	85	65	1.2	1.4	1.0
Ireland⁹⁶	125	65	55	1.0	1.1	0.9
Italy	50	20	35	0.4	0.3	0.5
Russian Federation	175	65	110	1.4	1.1	1.7
Ukraine	125	50	80	1.0	0.8	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,570	915	650	12.6	15.2	10.1
Other places of birth in Europe	765	350	410	6.1	5.8	6.4
Africa	475	275	205	3.8	4.6	3.2
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	25	15	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	35	10	20	0.3	0.2	0.3
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	25	15	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	20	15	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	250	120	130	2.0	2.0	2.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	100	70	25	0.8	1.2	0.4
Asia	6,115	2,700	3,410	49.0	44.8	52.8
Afghanistan	20	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,410	600	820	11.3	10.0	12.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	120	35	80	1.0	0.6	1.2
India	540	305	240	4.3	5.1	3.7
Iran⁸⁸	1,890	920	975	15.1	15.3	15.1
Iraq	40	15	20	0.3	0.2	0.3
Israel	15	10	10	0.1	0.2	0.2
Japan	170	40	125	1.4	0.7	1.9
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	305	110	195	2.4	1.8	3.0
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Pakistan	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Philippines	1,150	485	665	9.2	8.0	10.3
Saudi Arabia	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Sri Lanka	35	20	15	0.3	0.3	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	60	45	20	0.5	0.7	0.3
Turkey	55	25	25	0.4	0.4	0.4
United Arab Emirates	25	15	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Viet Nam	60	25	30	0.5	0.4	0.5
Other places of birth in Asia	185	45	135	1.5	0.7	2.1
Oceania and other⁹³	880	500	375	7.1	8.3	5.8
Australia	705	395	310	5.6	6.6	4.8
Other places of birth⁹⁸	170	105	70	1.4	1.7	1.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	301,610	146,755	154,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	105,985	49,385	56,600	35.1	33.7	36.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	65,840	32,570	33,270	21.8	22.2	21.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	129,785	64,805	64,985	43.0	44.2	42.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	70,475	32,600	37,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	49,490	23,745	25,745	70.2	72.8	68.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	21,110	12,505	8,605	30.0	38.4	22.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	28,375	11,235	17,145	40.3	34.5	45.3
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	16,120	6,370	9,745	22.9	19.5	25.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,205	2,180	2,020	6.0	6.7	5.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	665	300	365	0.9	0.9	1.0
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	70,475	32,600	37,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,675	880	795	2.4	2.7	2.1
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	13,150	5,830	7,325	18.7	17.9	19.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,560	1,205	1,355	3.6	3.7	3.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,705	1,645	2,060	5.3	5.0	5.4
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	355	140	220	0.5	0.4	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	49,025	22,900	26,120	69.6	70.2	69.0
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	301,610	146,755	154,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	76,695	35,265	41,425	25.4	24.0	26.8
South Asian	8,775	4,320	4,460	2.9	2.9	2.9
Chinese	19,475	8,850	10,620	6.5	6.0	6.9
Black	1,910	940	970	0.6	0.6	0.6
Filipino	8,410	3,435	4,980	2.8	2.3	3.2
Arab	1,105	585	525	0.4	0.4	0.3
Latin American	3,800	1,675	2,120	1.3	1.1	1.4
Southeast Asian	1,685	695	985	0.6	0.5	0.6
West Asian	19,795	9,630	10,170	6.6	6.6	6.6
Korean	4,470	1,985	2,485	1.5	1.4	1.6
Japanese	3,455	1,355	2,105	1.1	0.9	1.4
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,055	535	525	0.3	0.4	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	2,765	1,280	1,490	0.9	0.9	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	224,915	111,490	113,425	74.6	76.0	73.2
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	301,610	146,755	154,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	27,810	14,555	13,255	9.2	9.9	8.6
English	74,990	36,985	38,015	24.9	25.2	24.5
Irish	45,675	21,860	23,815	15.1	14.9	15.4
Scottish	56,525	27,770	28,755	18.7	18.9	18.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	20,215	9,760	10,455	6.7	6.7	6.8
German	31,040	14,745	16,295	10.3	10.0	10.5
Chinese	18,745	8,465	10,280	6.2	5.8	6.6
Italian	12,495	6,295	6,205	4.1	4.3	4.0
Indian (India)	6,070	2,960	3,110	2.0	2.0	2.0
Ukrainian	11,350	5,435	5,915	3.8	3.7	3.8
Dutch	10,720	5,335	5,380	3.6	3.6	3.5
Polish	9,115	4,180	4,940	3.0	2.8	3.2
Québécois	475	220	255	0.2	0.1	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	18,095	9,080	9,015	6.0	6.2	5.8
Filipino	8,035	3,300	4,735	2.7	2.2	3.1
French Canadian	2,760	1,335	1,430	0.9	0.9	0.9
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	6,170	3,100	3,065	2.0	2.1	2.0
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	6,515	3,280	3,230	2.2	2.2	2.1
Métis	3,195	1,490	1,710	1.1	1.0	1.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	7,570	3,700	3,870	2.5	2.5	2.5
Russian	6,740	3,260	3,475	2.2	2.2	2.2
Norwegian	8,110	3,700	4,410	2.7	2.5	2.8
Welsh	7,925	3,680	4,240	2.6	2.5	2.7
Portuguese	2,170	1,040	1,125	0.7	0.7	0.7
American	5,030	2,370	2,665	1.7	1.6	1.7
Spanish	4,005	1,810	2,195	1.3	1.2	1.4
Swedish	7,190	3,220	3,970	2.4	2.2	2.6
Hungarian	3,255	1,505	1,750	1.1	1.0	1.1
Acadian	470	275	195	0.2	0.2	0.1
Pakistani	400	180	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	870	425	445	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jewish	3,020	1,515	1,505	1.0	1.0	1.0
Punjabi	945	460	485	0.3	0.3	0.3
Vietnamese	770	315	450	0.3	0.2	0.3
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	570	290	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Greek	1,860	995	860	0.6	0.7	0.6
Jamaican	495	265	230	0.2	0.2	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,140	910	1,230	0.7	0.6	0.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	850	385	465	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	4,500	1,995	2,505	1.5	1.4	1.6
Romanian	1,570	625	945	0.5	0.4	0.6
Lebanese	670	260	410	0.2	0.2	0.3
Iranian	17,140	8,240	8,905	5.7	5.6	5.8
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	645	260	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	3,745	1,865	1,885	1.2	1.3	1.2
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,125	535	595	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sikh	635	330	305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	3,320	1,595	1,720	1.1	1.1	1.1
Belgian	1,240	650	590	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	300	175	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexican	2,260	1,065	1,185	0.7	0.7	0.8
Mennonite	690	400	290	0.2	0.3	0.2
Swiss	2,425	1,220	1,205	0.8	0.8	0.8
Finnish	2,405	1,150	1,250	0.8	0.8	0.8
Sri Lankan	230	110	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,505	700	805	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	3,855	1,580	2,275	1.3	1.1	1.5
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	540	245	295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	250	135	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	2,280	1,050	1,230	0.8	0.7	0.8
Muslim	575	290	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	505	240	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	815	380	435	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	1,675	810	870	0.6	0.6	0.6
Colombian	445	190	250	0.1	0.1	0.2
Moroccan	145	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
Czech	2,420	1,145	1,285	0.8	0.8	0.8
Syrian	180	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	185	75	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	130	45	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	170	65	105	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbian	750	325	425	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ojibway	165	65	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Newfoundlander	210	110	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	735	345	395	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ontarian	270	165	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	6,190	3,110	3,080	2.1	2.1	2.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	180	85	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	705	255	440	0.2	0.2	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	70	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	925	460	470	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigerian	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	420	180	245	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slovak	1,300	590	710	0.4	0.4	0.5
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	945	420	525	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	875	400	475	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iraqi	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	165	95	70	0.1	0.1	0.0
African Caribbean	35	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	500	240	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	610	300	305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	115	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	95	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	690	365	330	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	1,960	915	1,045	0.6	0.6	0.7
Australian	3,000	1,520	1,480	1.0	1.0	1.0
Palestinian	215	115	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	555	300	255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	130	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	320	135	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	385	165	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	250	135	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovenian	380	175	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	755	385	370	0.3	0.3	0.2
New Brunswicker	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	155	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.0
Eritrean	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	80	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	205	100	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	315	155	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	365	140	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	235	105	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	120	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	250	100	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	315	130	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	450	215	235	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cuban	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	220	100	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	65	10	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	550	265	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	95	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	340	130	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	290	145	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	340	190	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	480	235	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Columbian	1,300	655	650	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ecuadorian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	310	125	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	495	220	275	0.2	0.1	0.2
Kurdish	270	140	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jatt	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	160	100	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
Coptic	85	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	325	130	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	170	60	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	125	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	935	460	480	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sudanese	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	230	95	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	155	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.0
Buddhist	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	110	80	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	285	135	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	20	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	270	125	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	100	65	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	315	155	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sicilian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	95	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	145	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
Uruguayan	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	301,610	146,755	154,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,730	1,135	1,595	0.9	0.8	1.0
Christian	97,450	43,200	54,250	32.3	29.4	35.0
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	19,925	9,185	10,740	6.6	6.3	6.9
Anabaptist	430	210	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	11,900	5,030	6,875	3.9	3.4	4.4
Baptist	2,480	1,065	1,415	0.8	0.7	0.9
Catholic	35,700	16,285	19,415	11.8	11.1	12.5
Christian Orthodox	2,790	1,245	1,545	0.9	0.8	1.0
Jehovah's Witness	1,170	480	690	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	420	180	240	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lutheran	2,925	1,300	1,630	1.0	0.9	1.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	365	160	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,425	600	825	0.5	0.4	0.5
Presbyterian	2,115	970	1,145	0.7	0.7	0.7
Reformed	170	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	10,405	4,005	6,400	3.4	2.7	4.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	5,220	2,395	2,825	1.7	1.6	1.8
Hindu	1,240	640	600	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jewish	2,435	1,225	1,210	0.8	0.8	0.8
Muslim	14,625	6,900	7,730	4.8	4.7	5.0
Sikh	2,715	1,290	1,425	0.9	0.9	0.9
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,115	530	580	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other religions and spiritual traditions	4,300	1,695	2,605	1.4	1.2	1.7
No religion and secular perspectives	175,005	90,145	84,855	58.0	61.4	54.8
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	299,400	145,540	153,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	256,080	124,560	131,520	85.5	85.6	85.5
Movers	43,315	20,980	22,335	14.5	14.4	14.5
Non-migrants	23,595	11,410	12,185	7.9	7.8	7.9
Migrants	19,720	9,575	10,145	6.6	6.6	6.6
Internal migrants	15,620	7,470	8,150	5.2	5.1	5.3
Intraprovincial migrants	12,305	5,845	6,465	4.1	4.0	4.2
Interprovincial migrants	3,315	1,630	1,685	1.1	1.1	1.1
External migrants	4,100	2,100	2,000	1.4	1.4	1.3
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	289,185	140,385	148,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	166,000	80,445	85,555	57.4	57.3	57.5
Movers	123,185	59,940	63,250	42.6	42.7	42.5
Non-migrants	37,555	18,245	19,310	13.0	13.0	13.0
Migrants	85,635	41,700	43,940	29.6	29.7	29.5
Internal migrants	66,210	32,350	33,860	22.9	23.0	22.8
Intraprovincial migrants	55,060	26,815	28,240	19.0	19.1	19.0
Interprovincial migrants	11,155	5,530	5,625	3.9	3.9	3.8
External migrants	19,420	9,350	10,075	6.7	6.7	6.8
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	257,330	123,730	133,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	27,010	14,570	12,435	10.5	11.8	9.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	230,325	109,160	121,160	89.5	88.2	90.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	163,700	78,360	85,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,560	5,130	3,430	5.2	6.5	4.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	155,135	73,230	81,910	94.8	93.5	96.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	257,330	123,730	133,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	23,405	12,185	11,215	9.1	9.8	8.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	65,025	31,750	33,275	25.3	25.7	24.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	168,900	79,790	89,115	65.6	64.5	66.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	70,260	34,260	36,000	27.3	27.7	26.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	17,880	13,075	4,800	6.9	10.6	3.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	7,750	4,520	3,230	3.0	3.7	2.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	10,130	8,560	1,575	3.9	6.9	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	41,240	16,995	24,240	16.0	13.7	18.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,140	4,180	6,960	4.3	3.4	5.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	98,645	45,535	53,110	38.3	36.8	39.8
Bachelor's degree	60,860	27,540	33,315	23.7	22.3	24.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,420	2,930	4,490	2.9	2.4	3.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,015	1,605	1,410	1.2	1.3	1.1
Master's degree	23,460	11,135	12,320	9.1	9.0	9.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,890	2,320	1,570	1.5	1.9	1.2
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	163,700	78,355	85,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,715	3,925	2,790	4.1	5.0	3.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	33,915	17,665	16,250	20.7	22.5	19.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	123,070	56,765	66,300	75.2	72.4	77.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	48,085	23,665	24,420	29.4	30.2	28.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	11,650	8,630	3,025	7.1	11.0	3.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,055	2,985	2,070	3.1	3.8	2.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	6,600	5,645	950	4.0	7.2	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	28,580	12,100	16,485	17.5	15.4	19.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	7,850	2,935	4,910	4.8	3.7	5.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	74,980	33,095	41,880	45.8	42.2	49.1
Bachelor's degree	46,825	20,505	26,320	28.6	26.2	30.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,165	1,905	3,255	3.2	2.4	3.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,185	1,035	1,150	1.3	1.3	1.3
Master's degree	18,195	8,250	9,945	11.1	10.5	11.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,610	1,400	1,210	1.6	1.8	1.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	257,330	123,730	133,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	88,430	43,940	44,485	34.4	35.5	33.3
Education	11,320	2,235	9,085	4.4	1.8	6.8
13. Education	11,320	2,235	9,085	4.4	1.8	6.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	9,605	3,830	5,775	3.7	3.1	4.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,010	755	250	0.4	0.6	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	8,590	3,070	5,520	3.3	2.5	4.1
Humanities	10,050	3,505	6,545	3.9	2.8	4.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,335	260	1,075	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	2,960	735	2,220	1.2	0.6	1.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,805	1,095	1,710	1.1	0.9	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	230	85	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	620	380	240	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	445	260	180	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	1,260	635	625	0.5	0.5	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	395	50	345	0.2	0.0	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	23,315	8,470	14,845	9.1	6.8	11.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	395	95	295	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,805	935	1,870	1.1	0.8	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,380	200	2,175	0.9	0.2	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	4,630	1,895	2,735	1.8	1.5	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	545	175	370	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	4,150	945	3,205	1.6	0.8	2.4
45. Social sciences	8,420	4,220	4,200	3.3	3.4	3.1
Business, management and public administration	36,585	16,810	19,770	14.2	13.6	14.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,410	325	1,080	0.5	0.3	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	35,145	16,470	18,680	13.7	13.3	14.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,465	4,410	4,055	3.3	3.6	3.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,375	1,400	1,975	1.3	1.1	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,765	805	965	0.7	0.7	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	160	50	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	2,885	2,040	845	1.1	1.6	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	275	115	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,325	4,005	2,315	2.5	3.2	1.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,655	3,250	1,405	1.8	2.6	1.1
25. Library science	460	75	390	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	985	540	445	0.4	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	215	140	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	29,770	25,450	4,315	11.6	20.6	3.2
04. Architecture and related services	2,435	1,435	1,000	0.9	1.2	0.7
14. Engineering	10,900	8,655	2,245	4.2	7.0	1.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,710	4,060	650	1.8	3.3	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	5,905	5,725	180	2.3	4.6	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,785	3,690	90	1.5	3.0	0.1
48. Precision production	2,025	1,885	145	0.8	1.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,815	2,175	1,635	1.5	1.8	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,815	895	915	0.7	0.7	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,000	1,280	720	0.8	1.0	0.5
Health and related fields	22,455	5,125	17,330	8.7	4.1	13.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,775	1,300	1,475	1.1	1.1	1.1
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	18,615	3,245	15,365	7.2	2.6	11.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,025	570	455	0.4	0.5	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	7,150	3,745	3,400	2.8	3.0	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,595	1,595	3,000	1.8	1.3	2.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	40	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	790	630	160	0.3	0.5	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,715	1,480	240	0.7	1.2	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	163,700	78,360	85,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	40,635	21,595	19,040	24.8	27.6	22.3
Education	6,595	1,215	5,380	4.0	1.6	6.3
13. Education	6,595	1,215	5,380	4.0	1.6	6.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,220	2,855	4,365	4.4	3.6	5.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	715	535	180	0.4	0.7	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	6,505	2,315	4,190	4.0	3.0	4.9
Humanities	7,330	2,545	4,785	4.5	3.2	5.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,010	180	830	0.6	0.2	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	2,075	510	1,565	1.3	0.7	1.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,165	845	1,320	1.3	1.1	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	175	75	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	500	290	205	0.3	0.4	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	290	175	110	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	865	435	430	0.5	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	250	35	215	0.2	0.0	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	17,900	6,185	11,710	10.9	7.9	13.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	300	55	240	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,410	780	1,625	1.5	1.0	1.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,735	160	1,580	1.1	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	3,465	1,210	2,255	2.1	1.5	2.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	405	130	280	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	3,045	600	2,440	1.9	0.8	2.9
45. Social sciences	6,535	3,250	3,290	4.0	4.1	3.9
Business, management and public administration	27,845	12,510	15,340	17.0	16.0	18.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	935	185	750	0.6	0.2	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	26,895	12,315	14,580	16.4	15.7	17.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,930	2,805	3,125	3.6	3.6	3.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,530	1,010	1,525	1.5	1.3	1.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,220	525	690	0.7	0.7	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	135	40	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,885	1,170	720	1.2	1.5	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	160	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,040	3,255	1,790	3.1	4.2	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,035	2,845	1,190	2.5	3.6	1.4
25. Library science	255	30	225	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	585	280	310	0.4	0.4	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	165	100	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	20,925	17,290	3,635	12.8	22.1	4.3
04. Architecture and related services	1,805	960	840	1.1	1.2	1.0
14. Engineering	8,175	6,170	2,005	5.0	7.9	2.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,085	2,585	500	1.9	3.3	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	4,200	4,070	130	2.6	5.2	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,395	2,350	55	1.5	3.0	0.1
48. Precision production	1,260	1,160	100	0.8	1.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,005	1,625	1,380	1.8	2.1	1.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,400	660	745	0.9	0.8	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,605	965	640	1.0	1.2	0.7
Health and related fields	16,020	3,780	12,250	9.8	4.8	14.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,195	1,055	1,145	1.3	1.3	1.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	13,100	2,360	10,740	8.0	3.0	12.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	695	350	340	0.4	0.4	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	5,215	2,690	2,515	3.2	3.4	2.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	3,400	1,185	2,215	2.1	1.5	2.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	635	520	120	0.4	0.7	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,170	990	180	0.7	1.3	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	163,700	78,360	85,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	40,635	21,595	19,040	24.8	27.6	22.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	123,065	56,765	66,305	75.2	72.4	77.7
Location of study inside Canada	85,095	39,715	45,375	52.0	50.7	53.2
Same as province or territory of residence	63,040	28,980	34,060	38.5	37.0	39.9
Different than province or territory of residence	22,055	10,735	11,315	13.5	13.7	13.3
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	37,975	17,050	20,925	23.2	21.8	24.5
Americas	7,195	3,370	3,825	4.4	4.3	4.5
United States of America	5,255	2,580	2,675	3.2	3.3	3.1
Mexico	705	295	410	0.4	0.4	0.5
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	580	245	335	0.4	0.3	0.4
Colombia	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	80	15	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	365	150	215	0.2	0.2	0.3
Europe	10,745	5,375	5,370	6.6	6.9	6.3
Belgium	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	665	365	300	0.4	0.5	0.4
Germany	500	250	250	0.3	0.3	0.3
Netherlands	220	120	95	0.1	0.2	0.1
Switzerland	190	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	90	35	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	270	125	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	220	100	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	540	240	305	0.3	0.3	0.4
Ukraine	245	110	140	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	400	230	165	0.2	0.3	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	5,755	2,990	2,765	3.5	3.8	3.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	135	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	1,275	530	740	0.8	0.7	0.9
Africa	1,155	615	540	0.7	0.8	0.6
Nigeria	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	880	435	440	0.5	0.6	0.5
Other locations of study in Africa	90	75	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Asia	16,675	6,495	10,180	10.2	8.3	11.9
Iran⁸⁸	6,305	2,710	3,590	3.9	3.5	4.2
Iraq	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	75	45	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Lebanon	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	3,295	1,305	1,990	2.0	1.7	2.3
Taiwan	245	75	170	0.1	0.1	0.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	175	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	700	190	505	0.4	0.2	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	1,265	380	890	0.8	0.5	1.0
Philippines	2,930	950	1,985	1.8	1.2	2.3
Viet Nam	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	850	450	395	0.5	0.6	0.5
Pakistan	60	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	465	180	290	0.3	0.2	0.3
Oceania	2,195	1,190	1,005	1.3	1.5	1.2
Australia	1,760	950	810	1.1	1.2	0.9
New Zealand	435	240	190	0.3	0.3	0.2
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	257,330	123,730	133,600	...	...	...
In the labour force	164,005	83,975	80,030	...	...	...
Employed	150,315	77,025	73,290	...	...	...
Unemployed	13,690	6,950	6,740	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	93,330	39,755	53,570	...	...	...
Participation rate	63.7	67.9	59.9	63.7	67.9	59.9
Employment rate	58.4	62.3	54.9	58.4	62.3	54.9
Unemployment rate	8.3	8.3	8.4	8.3	8.3	8.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	257,330	123,730	133,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	93,425	39,840	53,580	36.3	32.2	40.1
Worked	163,910	83,890	80,020	63.7	67.8	59.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	81,175	46,080	35,095	31.5	37.2	26.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	82,735	37,810	44,920	32.2	30.6	33.6
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.6	41.4	39.7	40.6	41.4	39.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	164,005	83,975	80,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,020	1,435	1,585	1.8	1.7	2.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	160,985	82,545	78,445	98.2	98.3	98.0
Employee	122,400	60,015	62,390	74.6	71.5	78.0
Permanent position	100,250	49,850	50,395	61.1	59.4	63.0
Temporary position	22,155	10,160	11,995	13.5	12.1	15.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	6,965	3,175	3,795	4.2	3.8	4.7
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	15,185	6,985	8,200	9.3	8.3	10.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	38,585	22,535	16,055	23.5	26.8	20.1
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	164,005	83,975	80,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,020	1,435	1,585	1.8	1.7	2.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	160,985	82,545	78,445	98.2	98.3	98.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	4,350	3,130	1,225	2.7	3.7	1.5
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	30,425	10,305	20,120	18.6	12.3	25.1
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	14,650	11,005	3,645	8.9	13.1	4.6
3 Health occupations	11,860	2,705	9,160	7.2	3.2	11.4
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	20,200	6,500	13,695	12.3	7.7	17.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	10,750	5,060	5,690	6.6	6.0	7.1
6 Sales and service occupations	39,850	18,630	21,225	24.3	22.2	26.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	22,680	20,480	2,195	13.8	24.4	2.7
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	3,420	2,505	915	2.1	3.0	1.1
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,795	2,225	570	1.7	2.6	0.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	164,005	83,975	80,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,020	1,435	1,585	1.8	1.7	2.0
All industries¹⁹¹	160,985	82,545	78,445	98.2	98.3	98.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,000	1,360	645	1.2	1.6	0.8
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,155	890	270	0.7	1.1	0.3
22 Utilities	940	645	290	0.6	0.8	0.4
23 Construction	13,780	11,880	1,905	8.4	14.1	2.4
31-33 Manufacturing	5,870	4,150	1,720	3.6	4.9	2.1
41 Wholesale trade	4,080	2,700	1,380	2.5	3.2	1.7
44-45 Retail trade	17,270	8,380	8,895	10.5	10.0	11.1
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	5,660	4,095	1,565	3.5	4.9	2.0
51 Information and cultural industries	5,835	3,520	2,315	3.6	4.2	2.9
52 Finance and insurance	7,570	3,680	3,895	4.6	4.4	4.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	5,580	3,005	2,570	3.4	3.6	3.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	21,835	12,230	9,605	13.3	14.6	12.0
55 Management of companies and enterprises	550	265	285	0.3	0.3	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	6,465	3,620	2,850	3.9	4.3	3.6
61 Educational services	12,205	3,910	8,295	7.4	4.7	10.4
62 Health care and social assistance	18,245	3,655	14,590	11.1	4.4	18.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	5,875	2,920	2,955	3.6	3.5	3.7
72 Accommodation and food services	12,170	5,770	6,400	7.4	6.9	8.0
81 Other services (except public administration)	6,460	2,385	4,075	3.9	2.8	5.1
91 Public administration	7,425	3,480	3,945	4.5	4.1	4.9
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	176,985	90,110	86,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	166,230	85,035	81,195	93.9	94.4	93.5
French	315	65	255	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official language	1,560	810	745	0.9	0.9	0.9
Indigenous³⁹	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,545	800	740	0.9	0.9	0.9
English and French	1,865	795	1,065	1.1	0.9	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	6,705	3,270	3,440	3.8	3.6	4.0
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	250	115	145	0.1	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	176,985	90,110	86,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	175,670	89,475	86,200	99.3	99.3	99.2
Official languages	172,560	87,840	84,710	97.5	97.5	97.5
English	171,890	87,690	84,200	97.1	97.3	96.9
French	670	160	515	0.4	0.2	0.6
Non-official languages	3,120	1,630	1,485	1.8	1.8	1.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,090	1,615	1,475	1.7	1.8	1.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,290	700	590	0.7	0.8	0.7
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	935	535	405	0.5	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	875	505	375	0.5	0.6	0.4
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	875	505	375	0.5	0.6	0.4
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	800	450	355	0.5	0.5	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	55	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	240	115	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	175	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	135	40	95	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	320	150	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,260	695	565	0.7	0.8	0.7
Chinese languages	1,255	690	565	0.7	0.8	0.7
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,140	625	515	0.6	0.7	0.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	120	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,315	640	675	0.7	0.7	0.8
English and French	175	70	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,115	560	560	0.6	0.6	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	176,985	90,110	86,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	169,310	86,470	82,830	95.7	96.0	95.3
English	1,735	830	910	1.0	0.9	1.0
French	1,355	650	705	0.8	0.7	0.8
Non-official language	3,940	1,880	2,060	2.2	2.1	2.4
Indigenous³⁹	135	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	3,800	1,835	1,970	2.1	2.0	2.3
English and French	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	200	80	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	325	140	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	150,315	77,020	73,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	45,525	22,180	23,340	30.3	28.8	31.8
Worked outside Canada	705	485	225	0.5	0.6	0.3
No fixed workplace address	20,485	14,795	5,690	13.6	19.2	7.8
Usual place of work	83,595	39,565	44,035	55.6	51.4	60.1
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	83,595	39,565	44,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	36,155	15,735	20,415	43.3	39.8	46.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	43,180	21,305	21,875	51.7	53.8	49.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,880	2,240	1,640	4.6	5.7	3.7
Commute to a different province or territory	385	280	100	0.5	0.7	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	104,080	54,360	49,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	80,975	44,005	36,970	77.8	81.0	74.4
Car, truck or van - as a driver	74,410	41,515	32,895	71.5	76.4	66.2
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	6,565	2,485	4,080	6.3	4.6	8.2
Public transit	8,625	3,645	4,985	8.3	6.7	10.0
Walked	8,615	3,355	5,260	8.3	6.2	10.6
Bicycle	2,720	1,725	995	2.6	3.2	2.0
Other method	3,150	1,640	1,515	3.0	3.0	3.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	104,080	54,360	49,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	38,445	17,760	20,690	36.9	32.7	41.6
15 to 29 minutes	34,880	18,220	16,660	33.5	33.5	33.5
30 to 44 minutes	17,800	10,455	7,345	17.1	19.2	14.8
45 to 59 minutes	6,820	4,030	2,790	6.6	7.4	5.6
60 minutes and over	6,140	3,900	2,240	5.9	7.2	4.5
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	104,080	54,360	49,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	4,825	3,425	1,405	4.6	6.3	2.8
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	13,960	8,955	5,005	13.4	16.5	10.1
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	25,860	14,260	11,600	24.8	26.2	23.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	27,415	12,570	14,840	26.3	23.1	29.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	19,420	8,580	10,845	18.7	15.8	21.8
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	12,600	6,575	6,030	12.1	12.1	12.1
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	55,315	28,710	26,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,240	2,660	2,580	9.5	9.3	9.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	50,070	26,050	24,020	90.5	90.7	90.3
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	41,905	21,750	20,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,050	2,030	2,020	9.7	9.3	10.0
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,445	1,215	1,225	5.8	5.6	6.1
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,605	810	795	3.8	3.7	3.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	37,855	19,720	18,135	90.3	90.7	90.0

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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