Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Vancouver Health Service Delivery AreaMore information: British Columbia [Health region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	682,190	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	337,850	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	313,444	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	682,190	334,025	348,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	73,505	38,105	35,390	10.8	11.4	10.2
0 to 4 years	24,725	12,635	12,090	3.6	3.8	3.5
5 to 9 years	24,070	12,655	11,420	3.5	3.8	3.3
10 to 14 years	24,705	12,820	11,880	3.6	3.8	3.4
15 to 64 years	493,570	243,235	250,335	72.4	72.8	71.9
15 to 19 years	28,105	14,510	13,595	4.1	4.3	3.9
20 to 24 years	46,365	22,580	23,780	6.8	6.8	6.8
25 to 29 years	68,790	33,605	35,180	10.1	10.1	10.1
30 to 34 years	70,620	35,270	35,350	10.4	10.6	10.2
35 to 39 years	58,640	29,700	28,945	8.6	8.9	8.3
40 to 44 years	46,240	22,890	23,350	6.8	6.9	6.7
45 to 49 years	43,205	20,525	22,680	6.3	6.1	6.5
50 to 54 years	46,140	22,205	23,940	6.8	6.6	6.9
55 to 59 years	45,480	22,590	22,890	6.7	6.8	6.6
60 to 64 years	39,985	19,360	20,620	5.9	5.8	5.9
65 years and over	115,120	52,680	62,435	16.9	15.8	17.9
65 to 69 years	35,160	16,710	18,450	5.2	5.0	5.3
70 to 74 years	30,610	14,435	16,170	4.5	4.3	4.6
75 to 79 years	18,920	8,690	10,235	2.8	2.6	2.9
80 to 84 years	14,225	6,250	7,980	2.1	1.9	2.3
85 years and over	16,200	6,600	9,600	2.4	2.0	2.8
85 to 89 years	9,680	4,170	5,515	1.4	1.2	1.6
90 to 94 years	4,845	1,930	2,910	0.7	0.6	0.8
95 to 99 years	1,435	445	995	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	245	55	190	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	10.8	11.4	10.2	10.8	11.4	10.2
15 to 64 years	72.4	72.8	71.9	72.4	72.8	71.9
65 years and over	16.9	15.8	17.9	16.9	15.8	17.9
85 years and over	2.4	2.0	2.8	2.4	2.0	2.8
Average age of the population	42.1	41.3	42.8	42.1	41.3	42.8
Median age of the population	39.6	38.8	40.4	39.6	38.8	40.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	313,445	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	45,390	...	...	14.5	...	...
Semi-detached house	4,875	...	...	1.6	...	...
Row house	11,455	...	...	3.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	54,365	...	...	17.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	97,835	...	...	31.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	98,805	...	...	31.5	...	...
Other single-attached house	700	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	313,445	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	122,405	...	...	39.1	...	...
2 persons	103,405	...	...	33.0	...	...
3 persons	40,110	...	...	12.8	...	...
4 persons	30,060	...	...	9.6	...	...
5 or more persons	17,465	...	...	5.6	...	...
Number of persons in private households	668,800	326,540	342,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	608,690	295,915	312,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	306,620	153,500	153,125	50.4	51.9	49.0
Married	238,155	118,375	119,775	39.1	40.0	38.3
Living common-law	68,465	35,120	33,340	11.2	11.9	10.7
Living common law - Never married	58,965	30,110	28,850	9.7	10.2	9.2
Living common law - Separated	1,140	665	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	7,845	4,115	3,735	1.3	1.4	1.2
Living common law - Widowed	515	230	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	302,070	142,420	159,650	49.6	48.1	51.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	225,045	117,255	107,790	37.0	39.6	34.5
Not married and not living common law - Separated	14,170	5,990	8,180	2.3	2.0	2.6
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	38,345	14,460	23,885	6.3	4.9	7.6
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	24,510	4,720	19,795	4.0	1.6	6.3
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	173,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	99,295	...	...	57.2	...	...
3 persons	37,270	...	...	21.5	...	...
4 persons	29,085	...	...	16.8	...	...
5 or more persons	7,860	...	...	4.5	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	173,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	146,400	...	...	84.4	...	...
Married couples	112,175	...	...	64.7	...	...
With children⁶	60,170	...	...	34.7	...	...
Without children	52,000	...	...	30.0	...	...
Common-law couples	34,230	...	...	19.7	...	...
With children⁶	5,515	...	...	3.2	...	...
Without children	28,720	...	...	16.6	...	...
Total one-parent families	27,105	...	...	15.6	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	22,190	...	...	12.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	4,920	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	668,800	326,540	342,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	467,770	230,820	236,950	69.9	70.7	69.2
Married spouses or common-law partners	292,805	147,775	145,030	43.8	45.3	42.4
Parents in one-parent families	27,105	4,920	22,185	4.1	1.5	6.5
Children⁶	147,860	78,130	69,730	22.1	23.9	20.4
In a two-parent family	110,150	57,935	52,215	16.5	17.7	15.3
In a one-parent family	37,710	20,195	17,515	5.6	6.2	5.1
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	201,030	95,720	105,310	30.1	29.3	30.8
Living alone	122,405	57,525	64,880	18.3	17.6	19.0
Living with other relatives⁷	20,175	7,740	12,435	3.0	2.4	3.6
Living with non-relatives only	58,450	30,460	27,995	8.7	9.3	8.2
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	313,445	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	146,755	...	...	46.8	...	...
Couple-family households	125,695	...	...	40.1	...	...
With children⁶	55,135	...	...	17.6	...	...
Without children	70,555	...	...	22.5	...	...
One-parent-family households	21,060	...	...	6.7	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	8,415	...	...	2.7	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	2,045	...	...	0.7	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	9,215	...	...	2.9	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	24,600	...	...	7.8	...	...
One-person households	122,405	...	...	39.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	595,555	288,595	306,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	578,400	280,205	298,190	97.1	97.1	97.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	45,200	38,800	41,600	45,200	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	578,705	280,380	298,320	97.2	97.2	97.2
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	40,400	35,600	38,000	40,400	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	521,005	253,015	267,990	87.5	87.7	87.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	44,400	34,000	38,800	44,400	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	425,270	212,330	212,940	71.4	73.6	69.4
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	46,400	36,000	41,200	46,400	36,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	466,790	214,265	252,530	78.4	74.2	82.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,100	7,650	8,400	8,100	7,650	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	50,125	22,620	27,510	8.4	7.8	9.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	174,100	84,415	89,680	29.2	29.3	29.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	9,000	9,500	9,000	9,000	9,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	595,605	288,560	307,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	578,300	280,055	298,245	97.1	97.1	97.1
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,100	71,600	53,250	62,100	71,600	53,250
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	578,620	280,245	298,375	97.1	97.1	97.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,960	55,950	44,400	49,960	55,950	44,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	520,955	252,875	268,075	87.5	87.6	87.3
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,150	71,200	49,680	60,150	71,200	49,680
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	425,320	212,550	212,775	71.4	73.7	69.3
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	58,550	68,300	48,840	58,550	68,300	48,840
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	466,305	213,645	252,660	78.3	74.0	82.3
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,870	9,550	10,140	9,870	9,550	10,140
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	50,275	22,465	27,810	8.4	7.8	9.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,410	5,835	6,880	6,410	5,835	6,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	173,025	83,940	89,085	29.1	29.1	29.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,590	9,580	9,600	9,590	9,580	9,600
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	595,605	288,560	307,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	196,475	106,920	89,555	33.0	37.1	29.2
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	74,500	64,500	69,500	74,500	64,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,300	101,600	76,800	90,300	101,600	76,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	177,630	81,410	96,220	29.8	28.2	31.3
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,000	21,600	18,800	20,000	21,600	18,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,200	36,840	30,120	33,200	36,840	30,120
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.2	89.8	83.8	87.2	89.8	83.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.4	72.4	65.4	69.4	72.4	65.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	12.8	10.2	16.1	12.8	10.2	16.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.7	1.2	0.9	0.7	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.5	4.7	6.6	5.5	4.7	6.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.6	4.0	5.4	4.6	4.0	5.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	595,555	288,595	306,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	17,155	8,390	8,770	2.9	2.9	2.9
With total income	578,395	280,205	298,195	97.1	97.1	97.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	58,860	26,810	32,050	10.2	9.6	10.7
$10,000 to $19,999	63,015	29,145	33,870	10.9	10.4	11.4
$20,000 to $29,999	88,150	39,080	49,075	15.2	13.9	16.5
$30,000 to $39,999	69,175	31,095	38,080	12.0	11.1	12.8
$40,000 to $49,999	56,670	25,615	31,055	9.8	9.1	10.4
$50,000 to $59,999	46,915	21,320	25,600	8.1	7.6	8.6
$60,000 to $69,999	37,825	18,365	19,465	6.5	6.6	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	30,785	15,520	15,265	5.3	5.5	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	24,490	12,610	11,880	4.2	4.5	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	19,895	10,310	9,580	3.4	3.7	3.2
$100,000 and over	82,610	50,340	32,270	14.3	18.0	10.8
$100,000 to $149,999	47,340	27,070	20,265	8.2	9.7	6.8
$150,000 and over	35,275	23,265	12,005	6.1	8.3	4.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	595,555	288,595	306,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	16,845	8,215	8,630	2.8	2.8	2.8
With after-tax income	578,710	280,385	298,325	97.2	97.2	97.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	61,575	28,100	33,480	10.6	10.0	11.2
$10,000 to $19,999	65,125	30,175	34,945	11.3	10.8	11.7
$20,000 to $29,999	99,445	44,335	55,105	17.2	15.8	18.5
$30,000 to $39,999	78,725	35,640	43,085	13.6	12.7	14.4
$40,000 to $49,999	64,865	29,530	35,340	11.2	10.5	11.8
$50,000 to $59,999	51,100	24,385	26,720	8.8	8.7	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	38,985	19,605	19,385	6.7	7.0	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	29,870	15,530	14,335	5.2	5.5	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	21,950	11,560	10,390	3.8	4.1	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	15,340	8,590	6,755	2.7	3.1	2.3
$100,000 and over	51,725	32,935	18,790	8.9	11.7	6.3
$100,000 to $124,999	22,150	13,380	8,770	3.8	4.8	2.9
$125,000 and over	29,580	19,560	10,015	5.1	7.0	3.4
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	595,555	288,595	306,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	170,285	76,265	94,020	28.6	26.4	30.6
With employment income	425,270	212,330	212,940	71.4	73.6	69.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	52,930	24,390	28,540	12.4	11.5	13.4
$5,000 to $9,999	34,630	15,410	19,220	8.1	7.3	9.0
$10,000 to $19,999	49,325	22,370	26,955	11.6	10.5	12.7
$20,000 to $29,999	37,155	17,220	19,935	8.7	8.1	9.4
$30,000 to $39,999	34,900	16,275	18,620	8.2	7.7	8.7
$40,000 to $49,999	34,825	16,365	18,460	8.2	7.7	8.7
$50,000 to $59,999	32,910	15,525	17,385	7.7	7.3	8.2
$60,000 to $69,999	27,780	14,110	13,675	6.5	6.6	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	22,975	12,020	10,955	5.4	5.7	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	19,475	10,335	9,140	4.6	4.9	4.3
$90,000 to $99,999	16,125	8,530	7,595	3.8	4.0	3.6
$100,000 and over	62,240	39,770	22,470	14.6	18.7	10.5
$100,000 to $124,999	24,440	14,145	10,290	5.7	6.7	4.8
$125,000 and over	37,800	25,630	12,175	8.9	12.1	5.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	595,555	288,595	306,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	558,705	269,760	288,950	93.8	93.5	94.1
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	43,200	35,200	38,800	43,200	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	559,675	270,025	289,645	94.0	93.6	94.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	38,400	32,000	34,800	38,400	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	511,920	248,225	263,695	86.0	86.0	85.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,800	34,800	39,600	44,800	34,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	427,455	211,985	215,470	71.8	73.5	70.2
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	45,600	35,600	40,400	45,600	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	365,790	159,775	206,015	61.4	55.4	67.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,660	1,100	2,240	1,660	1,100	2,240
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	25,640	11,025	14,615	4.3	3.8	4.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	4,960	6,320	5,640	4,960	6,320
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	595,605	288,560	307,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	558,345	269,360	288,985	93.7	93.3	94.1
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,450	69,300	50,320	59,450	69,300	50,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	559,245	269,630	289,615	93.9	93.4	94.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,720	54,200	41,680	47,720	54,200	41,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	511,630	247,845	263,785	85.9	85.9	85.9
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,350	71,400	49,920	60,350	71,400	49,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	427,555	212,190	215,365	71.8	73.5	70.1
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,650	66,500	47,000	56,650	66,500	47,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	365,530	159,350	206,190	61.4	55.2	67.2
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,370	6,010	6,640	6,370	6,010	6,640
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	25,995	11,125	14,870	4.4	3.9	4.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,420	6,175	8,350	7,420	6,175	8,350
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	595,605	288,560	307,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	192,880	104,875	88,005	32.4	36.3	28.7
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	63,200	68,500	58,000	63,200	68,500	58,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,700	93,800	69,500	82,700	93,800	69,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	166,485	76,215	90,270	28.0	26.4	29.4
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,600	29,000	24,800	26,600	29,000	24,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	39,600	44,760	35,240	39,600	44,760	35,240
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	93.0	94.8	90.6	93.0	94.8	90.6
Employment income (%)	73.0	75.6	69.6	73.0	75.6	69.6
Government transfers (%)	7.0	5.1	9.4	7.0	5.1	9.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.4	0.9	0.6	0.4	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	313,445	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	122,405	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,400	...	...	46,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...	41,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	191,040	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	313,490	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	114,600	...	...	114,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,200	...	...	92,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	122,375	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...	63,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,120	...	...	51,120	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	191,120	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	147,600	...	...	147,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,600	...	...	118,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	313,445	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	8,065	...	...	2.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	3,335	...	...	1.1	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,305	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	8,500	...	...	2.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	14,950	...	...	4.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	10,855	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	10,750	...	...	3.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	11,855	...	...	3.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	10,695	...	...	3.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	10,575	...	...	3.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	21,215	...	...	6.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	20,170	...	...	6.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	19,195	...	...	6.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	17,585	...	...	5.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	15,775	...	...	5.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	125,630	...	...	40.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	31,900	...	...	10.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	23,730	...	...	7.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	30,500	...	...	9.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	39,500	...	...	12.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	313,445	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	9,160	...	...	2.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	3,400	...	...	1.1	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,375	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	8,860	...	...	2.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	15,855	...	...	5.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	12,360	...	...	3.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	12,350	...	...	3.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	13,390	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	12,670	...	...	4.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	12,655	...	...	4.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	24,980	...	...	8.0	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	23,305	...	...	7.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	21,405	...	...	6.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	18,715	...	...	6.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	16,320	...	...	5.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	103,655	...	...	33.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	32,210	...	...	10.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	22,745	...	...	7.3	...	...
$150,000 and over	48,705	...	...	15.5	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	172,065	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	73,815	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	65,755	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,000	...	...	143,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...	124,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	24,830	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...	65,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	180,855	87,975	92,875	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,400	40,800	40,000	40,400	40,800	40,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	37,200	36,800	36,800	37,200	36,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	172,190	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	150,400	...	...	150,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	119,900	...	...	119,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	73,700	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	140,600	...	...	140,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	111,600	...	...	111,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	65,840	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	188,400	...	...	188,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	148,600	...	...	148,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	24,710	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	90,400	...	...	90,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,400	...	...	75,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	180,295	87,695	92,600	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,600	58,150	53,150	55,600	58,150	53,150
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,840	47,360	44,400	45,840	47,360	44,400
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	668,800	326,540	342,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	89,100	46,260	42,840	13.3	14.2	12.5
0 to 5 years	29,410	15,065	14,345	4.4	4.6	4.2
18 to 64 years	470,780	230,425	240,360	70.4	70.6	70.2
65 years and over	108,920	49,860	59,060	16.3	15.3	17.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	91,450	43,590	47,865	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	12,105	6,375	5,730	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	3,560	1,880	1,680	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	60,025	28,825	31,205	...	...	...
65 years and over	19,315	8,390	10,925	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.7	13.3	14.0	13.7	13.3	14.0
0 to 17 years (%)	13.6	13.8	13.4	13.6	13.8	13.4
0 to 5 years (%)	12.1	12.5	11.7	12.1	12.5	11.7
18 to 64 years (%)	12.8	12.5	13.0	12.8	12.5	13.0
65 years and over (%)	17.7	16.8	18.5	17.7	16.8	18.5
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	667,150	325,705	341,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	88,785	46,090	42,695	13.3	14.2	12.5
0 to 5 years	29,325	15,025	14,300	4.4	4.6	4.2
18 to 64 years	469,775	229,910	239,865	70.4	70.6	70.2
65 years and over	108,595	49,705	58,890	16.3	15.3	17.2
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	69,545	34,550	34,995	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	7,765	4,060	3,705	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,135	1,120	1,010	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	53,400	26,660	26,740	...	...	...
65 years and over	8,380	3,825	4,550	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	10.4	10.6	10.3	10.4	10.6	10.3
0 to 17 years (%)	8.8	8.8	8.7	8.8	8.8	8.7
0 to 5 years (%)	7.3	7.5	7.1	7.3	7.5	7.1
18 to 64 years (%)	11.4	11.6	11.2	11.4	11.6	11.2
65 years and over (%)	7.7	7.7	7.7	7.7	7.7	7.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	668,800	326,540	342,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	313,970	150,010	163,965	46.9	45.9	47.9
In bottom decile	93,515	45,365	48,150	14.0	13.9	14.1
In second decile	61,305	28,860	32,445	9.2	8.8	9.5
In third decile	54,920	26,090	28,830	8.2	8.0	8.4
In fourth decile	51,815	24,710	27,110	7.7	7.6	7.9
In fifth decile	52,415	24,985	27,435	7.8	7.7	8.0
In top half of the distribution	354,825	176,535	178,295	53.1	54.1	52.1
In sixth decile	54,485	26,285	28,200	8.1	8.0	8.2
In seventh decile	56,265	27,370	28,895	8.4	8.4	8.4
In eighth decile	62,660	30,830	31,835	9.4	9.4	9.3
In ninth decile	72,640	36,410	36,240	10.9	11.2	10.6
In top decile	108,765	55,635	53,125	16.3	17.0	15.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	668,800	...	...	668,800	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.416	...	...	0.416	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.506	...	...	0.506	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.364	...	...	0.364	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.1	...	...	5.1	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	674,445	330,030	344,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	572,035	285,480	286,560	84.8	86.5	83.2
French only	355	165	185	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and French	62,920	28,700	34,215	9.3	8.7	9.9
Neither English nor French	39,140	15,685	23,455	5.8	4.8	6.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	674,445	330,030	344,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	621,190	307,325	313,865	92.1	93.1	91.1
French	10,675	5,490	5,185	1.6	1.7	1.5
English and French	3,930	1,755	2,175	0.6	0.5	0.6
Neither English nor French	38,645	15,460	23,195	5.7	4.7	6.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	674,445	330,030	344,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	637,625	312,470	325,155	94.5	94.7	94.4
Official languages	350,470	182,335	168,135	52.0	55.2	48.8
English	340,280	177,010	163,270	50.5	53.6	47.4
French	10,190	5,325	4,865	1.5	1.6	1.4
Non-official languages	287,155	130,135	157,015	42.6	39.4	45.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	310	160	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	160	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	115	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	286,845	129,975	156,860	42.5	39.4	45.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,315	2,955	2,360	0.8	0.9	0.7
Berber languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	240	120	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	5,030	2,810	2,220	0.7	0.9	0.6
Amharic	290	150	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,245	1,865	1,380	0.5	0.6	0.4
Aramaic languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,200	650	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	195	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	12,190	5,405	6,785	1.8	1.6	2.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	230	100	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	11,925	5,290	6,635	1.8	1.6	1.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	24,170	9,680	14,490	3.6	2.9	4.2
Bikol	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	230	80	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	660	225	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	575	215	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	1,845	760	1,085	0.3	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	1,155	520	635	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	210	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	18,735	7,470	11,265	2.8	2.3	3.3
Waray-Waray	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	255	105	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,110	1,775	1,335	0.5	0.5	0.4
Kannada	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	595	350	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	1,645	870	770	0.2	0.3	0.2
Telugu	695	460	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	89,070	43,800	45,270	13.2	13.3	13.1
Albanian	170	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	320	160	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	15,205	6,840	8,365	2.3	2.1	2.4
Baltic languages	250	90	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	100	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	155	50	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	14,955	6,755	8,205	2.2	2.0	2.4
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	450	195	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,015	500	515	0.2	0.2	0.1
Macedonian	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	2,560	1,155	1,405	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	5,375	2,345	3,030	0.8	0.7	0.9
Rusyn	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	3,790	1,790	2,005	0.6	0.5	0.6
Bosnian	355	160	195	0.1	0.0	0.1
Croatian	1,140	510	630	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	2,215	1,075	1,140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	630	280	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	140	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	890	370	520	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	105	75	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	7,800	3,850	3,950	1.2	1.2	1.1
Frisian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	5,220	2,495	2,720	0.8	0.8	0.8
German	4,890	2,345	2,545	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	225	100	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,690	905	785	0.3	0.3	0.2
Afrikaans	315	165	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	1,290	690	600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	870	435	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	325	175	155	0.0	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	360	170	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,895	950	945	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	34,130	17,195	16,930	5.1	5.2	4.9
Indo-Aryan languages	22,565	11,390	11,170	3.3	3.5	3.2
Assamese	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,145	665	475	0.2	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	1,095	570	525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	4,470	2,330	2,150	0.7	0.7	0.6
Kacchi	180	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	315	175	145	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	225	120	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	13,425	6,500	6,925	2.0	2.0	2.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	270	145	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,185	675	510	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	11,560	5,805	5,755	1.7	1.8	1.7
Baluchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	560	300	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	140	85	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10,830	5,405	5,425	1.6	1.6	1.6
Dari	425	210	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	9,385	4,675	4,705	1.4	1.4	1.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,020	520	505	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	29,440	14,635	14,805	4.4	4.4	4.3
Catalan	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,065	2,025	2,040	0.6	0.6	0.6
Portuguese	6,875	3,310	3,570	1.0	1.0	1.0
Romanian	1,200	550	650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	17,190	8,690	8,500	2.5	2.6	2.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	7,390	2,400	4,995	1.1	0.7	1.5
Korean	9,440	3,830	5,610	1.4	1.2	1.6
Mongolian	190	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	630	335	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	60	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	95	65	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	50	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	130,620	57,530	73,095	19.4	17.4	21.2
Chinese languages	130,230	57,330	72,900	19.3	17.4	21.2
Hakka	650	285	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	46,335	19,550	26,785	6.9	5.9	7.8
Min Dong	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	3,175	1,345	1,830	0.5	0.4	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	895	380	520	0.1	0.1	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	78,095	35,295	42,800	11.6	10.7	12.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	975	440	535	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	380	185	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	255	125	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	945	310	640	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	805	240	565	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,885	1,020	865	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	150	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,615	885	730	0.2	0.3	0.2
Uyghur	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,555	700	855	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	405	150	255	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	1,060	510	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	36,820	17,560	19,260	5.5	5.3	5.6
English and French	3,045	1,505	1,535	0.5	0.5	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	29,055	14,005	15,060	4.3	4.2	4.4
French and non-official language(s)	615	300	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	660	295	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	3,440	1,460	1,980	0.5	0.4	0.6
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	674,445	330,030	344,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	372,315	191,115	181,200	55.2	57.9	52.6
French	2,480	1,250	1,230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official language	95,600	42,135	53,455	14.2	12.8	15.5
Indigenous³⁹	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	95,555	42,115	53,440	14.2	12.8	15.5
English and French	8,570	4,155	4,420	1.3	1.3	1.3
English and non-official language(s)	180,655	84,820	95,835	26.8	25.7	27.8
French and non-official language(s)	250	120	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	4,880	2,290	2,580	0.7	0.7	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	9,705	4,150	5,560	1.4	1.3	1.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	674,445	330,030	344,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	635,750	311,915	323,840	94.3	94.5	94.0
Official languages	462,505	233,840	228,665	68.6	70.9	66.4
English	458,460	231,840	226,620	68.0	70.2	65.8
French	4,045	2,000	2,045	0.6	0.6	0.6
Non-official languages	173,250	78,075	95,180	25.7	23.7	27.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	173,190	78,040	95,150	25.7	23.6	27.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,410	1,225	1,180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Berber languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,270	1,160	1,110	0.3	0.4	0.3
Amharic	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,430	740	690	0.2	0.2	0.2
Aramaic languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	575	300	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	7,910	3,550	4,360	1.2	1.1	1.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	7,780	3,485	4,285	1.2	1.1	1.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	13,330	5,625	7,700	2.0	1.7	2.2
Bikol	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	300	115	185	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	305	125	180	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	985	435	545	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	395	195	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,850	4,525	6,320	1.6	1.4	1.8
Waray-Waray	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,780	965	815	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kannada	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	315	180	135	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tamil	1,030	520	515	0.2	0.2	0.1
Telugu	380	235	145	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	43,180	20,810	22,370	6.4	6.3	6.5
Albanian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	6,255	2,900	3,355	0.9	0.9	1.0
Baltic languages	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	6,210	2,885	3,325	0.9	0.9	1.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	175	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	350	175	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	750	345	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	2,680	1,225	1,455	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,665	780	890	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bosnian	140	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	355	160	200	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbian	1,155	555	595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	240	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	265	125	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,155	560	590	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	800	385	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	770	370	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	220	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	745	340	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	19,955	9,650	10,300	3.0	2.9	3.0
Indo-Aryan languages	12,815	6,285	6,540	1.9	1.9	1.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	605	320	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	410	195	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	2,140	1,065	1,075	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,535	4,115	4,415	1.3	1.2	1.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	650	340	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	7,135	3,375	3,760	1.1	1.0	1.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	340	165	175	0.1	0.0	0.1
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	6,705	3,160	3,545	1.0	1.0	1.0
Dari	225	95	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	5,925	2,800	3,125	0.9	0.8	0.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	555	265	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	14,860	7,250	7,610	2.2	2.2	2.2
Catalan	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,430	610	815	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	4,080	1,945	2,135	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	400	190	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	8,910	4,485	4,425	1.3	1.4	1.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	3,775	1,535	2,240	0.6	0.5	0.7
Korean	5,730	2,465	3,260	0.8	0.7	0.9
Mongolian	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	93,040	40,920	52,125	13.8	12.4	15.1
Chinese languages	92,825	40,815	52,010	13.8	12.4	15.1
Hakka	205	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	34,550	14,955	19,595	5.1	4.5	5.7
Min Dong	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,550	670	880	0.2	0.2	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	505	240	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	55,340	24,575	30,770	8.2	7.4	8.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	620	265	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	210	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	150	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	355	135	225	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	305	110	190	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	855	430	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	760	390	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	335	145	190	0.0	0.0	0.1
Estonian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	225	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	38,695	18,120	20,575	5.7	5.5	6.0
English and French	1,710	850	855	0.3	0.3	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	35,325	16,545	18,780	5.2	5.0	5.5
French and non-official language(s)	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	330	165	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,225	510	720	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	674,445	330,030	344,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	502,540	249,575	252,960	74.5	75.6	73.4
English	60,680	28,390	32,285	9.0	8.6	9.4
French	6,470	3,110	3,360	1.0	0.9	1.0
Non-official language	82,640	38,580	44,060	12.3	11.7	12.8
Indigenous³⁹	250	110	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	82,385	38,470	43,915	12.2	11.7	12.8
English and French	540	250	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	9,220	4,270	4,950	1.4	1.3	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	2,830	1,315	1,510	0.4	0.4	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	155	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	9,380	4,470	4,910	1.4	1.4	1.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	668,950	326,650	342,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	630,200	311,300	318,905	94.2	95.3	93.2
English	629,845	311,155	318,685	94.2	95.3	93.1
French	62,800	28,560	34,235	9.4	8.7	10.0
Non-official languages	368,205	169,780	198,425	55.0	52.0	58.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	805	345	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	245	85	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	160	55	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	160	55	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	60	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	95	25	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	80	15	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	240	130	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	165	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	367,465	169,470	197,995	54.9	51.9	57.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,255	5,015	4,245	1.4	1.5	1.2
Berber languages	35	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	35	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	385	205	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	240	135	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	8,900	4,825	4,075	1.3	1.5	1.2
Amharic	475	250	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	5,395	3,100	2,300	0.8	0.9	0.7
Aramaic languages	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	2,910	1,415	1,500	0.4	0.4	0.4
Maltese	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	310	145	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	15,255	6,820	8,440	2.3	2.1	2.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	330	150	175	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	14,965	6,680	8,285	2.2	2.0	2.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	34,295	13,750	20,540	5.1	4.2	6.0
Bikol	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	255	85	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,060	430	630	0.2	0.1	0.2
Fijian	160	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	890	325	565	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ilocano	3,300	1,360	1,940	0.5	0.4	0.6
Indonesian	1,900	915	985	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kankanaey	75	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	930	465	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	305	135	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	230	80	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30,560	11,990	18,570	4.6	3.7	5.4
Waray-Waray	160	50	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	705	295	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	355	195	160	0.1	0.1	0.0
Haitian Creole	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	50	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	125	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	4,885	2,750	2,130	0.7	0.8	0.6
Kannada	355	205	150	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	995	580	420	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamil	2,740	1,470	1,275	0.4	0.5	0.4
Telugu	1,145	710	435	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tulu	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	40	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	133,195	65,675	67,520	19.9	20.1	19.7
Albanian	230	120	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	355	170	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	18,885	8,800	10,085	2.8	2.7	2.9
Baltic languages	300	110	190	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	135	45	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	170	60	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	18,650	8,730	9,915	2.8	2.7	2.9
Belarusian	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	510	245	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,455	740	715	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	3,160	1,490	1,670	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian	7,990	3,570	4,415	1.2	1.1	1.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,730	2,285	2,445	0.7	0.7	0.7
Bosnian	880	385	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	2,045	960	1,090	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	3,015	1,500	1,515	0.5	0.5	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	135	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	850	410	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	205	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	2,000	890	1,115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	1,265	690	570	0.2	0.2	0.2
Irish	1,035	565	470	0.2	0.2	0.1
Scottish Gaelic	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	140	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	16,090	7,995	8,095	2.4	2.4	2.4
Frisian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	11,880	5,925	5,950	1.8	1.8	1.7
German	11,495	5,745	5,745	1.7	1.8	1.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	335	150	185	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yiddish	250	120	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,980	1,600	1,380	0.4	0.5	0.4
Afrikaans	1,030	575	455	0.2	0.2	0.1
Dutch	1,925	1,000	930	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,850	825	1,030	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	580	290	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	425	160	270	0.1	0.0	0.1
Swedish	930	415	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	40	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	3,105	1,575	1,530	0.5	0.5	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	47,360	24,100	23,260	7.1	7.4	6.8
Indo-Aryan languages	33,855	17,335	16,525	5.1	5.3	4.8
Assamese	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,770	1,000	770	0.3	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	1,885	920	965	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	15,450	8,035	7,415	2.3	2.5	2.2
Kacchi	415	170	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	145	95	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	680	385	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	345	200	145	0.1	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	19,280	9,645	9,640	2.9	3.0	2.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	645	290	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	2,680	1,570	1,110	0.4	0.5	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	255	115	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	13,745	6,925	6,820	2.1	2.1	2.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	840	445	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	230	160	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	12,940	6,490	6,455	1.9	2.0	1.9
Dari	595	265	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	11,390	5,720	5,675	1.7	1.8	1.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,070	550	520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	51,980	25,250	26,725	7.8	7.7	7.8
Catalan	285	140	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	7,975	3,810	4,165	1.2	1.2	1.2
Portuguese	8,950	4,345	4,605	1.3	1.3	1.3
Romanian	1,495	710	785	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	37,570	18,410	19,160	5.6	5.6	5.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	100	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	12,535	5,195	7,335	1.9	1.6	2.1
Korean	11,530	4,735	6,790	1.7	1.4	2.0
Mongolian	230	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,470	785	690	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	630	360	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	240	155	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	100	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	785	325	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	710	285	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	154,550	69,425	85,130	23.1	21.3	24.9
Chinese languages	154,085	69,165	84,915	23.0	21.2	24.8
Hakka	985	500	490	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mandarin	80,575	34,885	45,685	12.0	10.7	13.3
Min Dong	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5,965	2,495	3,470	0.9	0.8	1.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,330	560	775	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	98,000	44,500	53,500	14.6	13.6	15.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	780	350	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	55	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	535	290	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	370	205	165	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,680	660	1,020	0.3	0.2	0.3
Lao	175	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,485	575	905	0.2	0.2	0.3
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	60	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	2,985	1,475	1,510	0.4	0.5	0.4
Azerbaijani	400	195	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	70	15	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	2,610	1,315	1,295	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,875	885	990	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	140	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	400	185	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	1,340	650	690	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	668,945	326,650	342,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	15,680	7,715	7,965	2.3	2.4	2.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	14,935	7,375	7,555	2.2	2.3	2.2
First Nations (North American Indian)	10,275	5,085	5,190	1.5	1.6	1.5
Métis	4,525	2,240	2,285	0.7	0.7	0.7
Inuk (Inuit)	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	390	200	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	355	140	215	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	653,270	318,935	334,330	97.7	97.6	97.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	668,945	326,650	342,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	7,910	3,960	3,950	1.2	1.2	1.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	661,035	322,690	338,350	98.8	98.8	98.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	313,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	142,345	...	...	45.4	...	...
Renter	170,990	...	...	54.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	155	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	313,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	117,075	...	...	37.3	...	...
Not condominium	196,415	...	...	62.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	313,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	14,050	...	...	4.5	...	...
1 bedroom	112,950	...	...	36.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	88,620	...	...	28.3	...	...
3 bedrooms	44,020	...	...	14.0	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	53,855	...	...	17.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	313,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	192,910	...	...	61.5	...	...
5 rooms	38,565	...	...	12.3	...	...
6 rooms	23,375	...	...	7.5	...	...
7 rooms	16,725	...	...	5.3	...	...
8 or more rooms	41,915	...	...	13.4	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.5	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	313,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	303,690	...	...	96.9	...	...
More than one person per room	9,805	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	313,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	288,675	...	...	92.1	...	...
Not suitable	24,815	...	...	7.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	313,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	62,600	...	...	20.0	...	...
1961 to 1980	69,860	...	...	22.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	36,325	...	...	11.6	...	...
1991 to 2000	48,330	...	...	15.4	...	...
2001 to 2005	20,260	...	...	6.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	24,355	...	...	7.8	...	...
2011 to 2015	22,240	...	...	7.1	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	29,520	...	...	9.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	313,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	293,975	...	...	93.8	...	...
Major repairs needed	19,520	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	313,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	176,330	...	...	56.2	...	...
Two-maintainer household	118,430	...	...	37.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	18,730	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	313,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	13,415	...	...	4.3	...	...
25 to 34 years	67,260	...	...	21.5	...	...
35 to 44 years	57,980	...	...	18.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	52,750	...	...	16.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	51,690	...	...	16.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	41,095	...	...	13.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	20,155	...	...	6.4	...	...
85 years and over	9,145	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	311,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	205,425	...	...	66.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	105,795	...	...	34.0	...	...
30% to less than 100%	84,740	...	...	27.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	313,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	135,765	...	...	43.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	93,170	...	...	29.7	...	...
Not suitable only	16,740	...	...	5.3	...	...
Major repairs needed only	11,865	...	...	3.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	6,335	...	...	2.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	5,910	...	...	1.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,365	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	380	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	177,730	...	...	56.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	290,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	55,280	...	...	19.1	...	...
Not in core need	234,895	...	...	81.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	142,070	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	50.7	...	...	50.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	26.8	...	...	26.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.3	...	...	11.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,470	...	...	1,470	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,094	...	...	2,094	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,400,000	...	...	1,400,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,730,000	...	...	1,730,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	170,870	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.2	...	...	12.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.0	...	...	40.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	25.6	...	...	25.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,580	...	...	1,580	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,674	...	...	1,674	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	155	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	9.7	...	...	9.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	250	...	...	250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	400	...	...	400	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	668,950	326,655	342,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	6,155	2,955	3,205	0.9	0.9	0.9
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	6,065	2,910	3,155	0.9	0.9	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	5,395	2,595	2,805	0.8	0.8	0.8
Métis single ancestry	620	295	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	11,670	5,795	5,875	1.7	1.8	1.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	11,275	5,625	5,650	1.7	1.7	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	8,260	4,180	4,080	1.2	1.3	1.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,925	1,405	1,525	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	390	175	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	375	170	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	651,125	317,900	333,225	97.3	97.3	97.4
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	668,945	326,650	342,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	550,145	269,270	280,875	82.2	82.4	82.1
Canadian citizens aged under 18	81,000	42,260	38,735	12.1	12.9	11.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	469,145	227,005	242,140	70.1	69.5	70.7
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	118,805	57,385	61,420	17.8	17.6	17.9
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	668,945	326,650	342,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	340,350	174,180	166,165	50.9	53.3	48.5
Immigrants⁸¹	282,545	129,360	153,185	42.2	39.6	44.8
Before 1980	46,055	21,765	24,290	6.9	6.7	7.1
1980 to 1990	39,925	18,230	21,700	6.0	5.6	6.3
1991 to 2000	67,145	29,855	37,285	10.0	9.1	10.9
2001 to 2010	56,850	25,310	31,535	8.5	7.7	9.2
2011 to 2021⁸²	72,570	34,200	38,370	10.8	10.5	11.2
2011 to 2015	29,400	13,430	15,975	4.4	4.1	4.7
2016 to 2021	43,170	20,765	22,395	6.5	6.4	6.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	46,055	23,110	22,950	6.9	7.1	6.7
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	282,545	129,360	153,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	20,230	10,030	10,200	7.2	7.8	6.7
5 to 14 years	42,360	21,730	20,640	15.0	16.8	13.5
15 to 24 years	50,825	23,220	27,605	18.0	17.9	18.0
25 to 44 years	136,675	60,340	76,335	48.4	46.6	49.8
45 years and over	32,450	14,040	18,410	11.5	10.9	12.0
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	282,545	129,360	153,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	25,085	12,450	12,635	8.9	9.6	8.2
Brazil	2,570	1,245	1,320	0.9	1.0	0.9
Colombia	1,070	520	550	0.4	0.4	0.4
El Salvador	1,045	545	500	0.4	0.4	0.3
Guyana	220	85	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	455	245	210	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mexico	3,920	1,935	1,990	1.4	1.5	1.3
Peru	895	445	455	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	510	230	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
United States of America	10,265	5,210	5,055	3.6	4.0	3.3
Other places of birth in Americas	4,055	1,950	2,105	1.4	1.5	1.4
Europe	44,960	22,710	22,250	15.9	17.6	14.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,150	535	615	0.4	0.4	0.4
Croatia	850	400	450	0.3	0.3	0.3
France	2,260	1,235	1,025	0.8	1.0	0.7
Germany	2,890	1,315	1,575	1.0	1.0	1.0
Greece	1,090	565	520	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hungary	745	345	400	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	2,865	1,365	1,495	1.0	1.1	1.0
Netherlands	785	480	305	0.3	0.4	0.2
Poland	2,050	970	1,075	0.7	0.7	0.7
Portugal	1,290	635	660	0.5	0.5	0.4
Romania	1,265	565	705	0.4	0.4	0.5
Russian Federation	2,540	1,045	1,500	0.9	0.8	1.0
Serbia⁸⁶	1,260	590	675	0.4	0.5	0.4
Ukraine	1,840	830	1,015	0.7	0.6	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	13,230	7,195	6,035	4.7	5.6	3.9
Other places of birth in Europe	8,860	4,645	4,215	3.1	3.6	2.8
Africa	7,325	3,930	3,395	2.6	3.0	2.2
Algeria	145	95	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	550	360	195	0.2	0.3	0.1
Eritrea	210	100	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	430	215	220	0.2	0.2	0.1
Morocco	340	175	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	290	145	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	105	70	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	2,315	1,250	1,065	0.8	1.0	0.7
Other places of birth in Africa	2,865	1,490	1,375	1.0	1.2	0.9
Asia	199,570	87,390	112,180	70.6	67.6	73.2
Afghanistan	405	215	190	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	9,175	4,660	4,515	3.2	3.6	2.9
Iraq	620	345	280	0.2	0.3	0.2
Lebanon	495	325	175	0.2	0.3	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	775	360	420	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkey	980	515	460	0.3	0.4	0.3
China⁹⁰	66,745	28,240	38,505	23.6	21.8	25.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	25,865	11,760	14,105	9.2	9.1	9.2
Korea, South⁹²	7,070	2,850	4,215	2.5	2.2	2.8
Taiwan	10,195	4,320	5,875	3.6	3.3	3.8
Philippines	30,025	12,090	17,930	10.6	9.3	11.7
Viet Nam	12,145	5,510	6,630	4.3	4.3	4.3
Bangladesh	830	420	410	0.3	0.3	0.3
India	14,860	7,545	7,315	5.3	5.8	4.8
Pakistan	1,145	655	495	0.4	0.5	0.3
Sri Lanka	1,635	805	830	0.6	0.6	0.5
Other places of birth in Asia	16,595	6,780	9,825	5.9	5.2	6.4
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	5,610	2,880	2,730	2.0	2.2	1.8
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	43,165	20,770	22,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	6,945	3,435	3,515	16.1	16.5	15.7
Brazil	1,850	905	945	4.3	4.4	4.2
Colombia	285	150	135	0.7	0.7	0.6
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	25	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexico	1,225	600	625	2.8	2.9	2.8
United States of America	2,430	1,235	1,200	5.6	5.9	5.4
Venezuela⁹⁵	220	85	140	0.5	0.4	0.6
Other places of birth in Americas	900	440	460	2.1	2.1	2.1
Europe	9,325	5,095	4,230	21.6	24.5	18.9
France	935	515	420	2.2	2.5	1.9
Germany	470	230	245	1.1	1.1	1.1
Ireland⁹⁶	1,705	1,040	660	3.9	5.0	2.9
Italy	330	205	130	0.8	1.0	0.6
Russian Federation	705	275	435	1.6	1.3	1.9
Ukraine	505	205	300	1.2	1.0	1.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,475	1,465	1,005	5.7	7.1	4.5
Other places of birth in Europe	2,195	1,155	1,040	5.1	5.6	4.6
Africa	1,240	710	530	2.9	3.4	2.4
Algeria	40	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Burundi	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cameroon	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	110	90	20	0.3	0.4	0.1
Eritrea	35	35	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Ethiopia	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	95	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	155	80	75	0.4	0.4	0.3
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	355	190	160	0.8	0.9	0.7
Sudan⁹⁷	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	25	10	10	0.1	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	265	140	125	0.6	0.7	0.6
Asia	24,280	10,695	13,585	56.2	51.5	60.6
Afghanistan	110	60	45	0.3	0.3	0.2
Bangladesh	160	85	75	0.4	0.4	0.3
China⁹⁰	6,635	2,600	4,035	15.4	12.5	18.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	615	210	400	1.4	1.0	1.8
India	3,745	2,135	1,610	8.7	10.3	7.2
Iran⁸⁸	1,320	635	690	3.1	3.1	3.1
Iraq	125	90	35	0.3	0.4	0.2
Israel	275	155	125	0.6	0.7	0.6
Japan	830	225	605	1.9	1.1	2.7
Jordan	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	1,365	480	885	3.2	2.3	4.0
Lebanon	80	50	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Nepal	65	40	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Pakistan	265	180	90	0.6	0.9	0.4
Philippines	4,450	1,925	2,530	10.3	9.3	11.3
Saudi Arabia	145	100	50	0.3	0.5	0.2
Sri Lanka	250	110	145	0.6	0.5	0.6
Syria⁸⁹	605	265	335	1.4	1.3	1.5
Turkey	370	215	155	0.9	1.0	0.7
United Arab Emirates	110	35	80	0.3	0.2	0.4
Viet Nam	1,015	365	645	2.4	1.8	2.9
Other places of birth in Asia	1,690	700	990	3.9	3.4	4.4
Oceania and other⁹³	1,380	835	540	3.2	4.0	2.4
Australia	1,055	655	400	2.4	3.2	1.8
Other places of birth⁹⁸	330	185	150	0.8	0.9	0.7
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	668,945	326,655	342,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	339,820	158,130	181,690	50.8	48.4	53.1
Second generation¹⁰¹	164,300	84,135	80,165	24.6	25.8	23.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	164,820	84,390	80,435	24.6	25.8	23.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	236,490	107,595	128,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	146,615	69,000	77,620	62.0	64.1	60.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	65,015	34,615	30,395	27.5	32.2	23.6
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	81,605	34,380	47,220	34.5	32.0	36.6
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	68,010	27,085	40,930	28.8	25.2	31.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	17,705	9,700	8,005	7.5	9.0	6.2
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	4,155	1,820	2,340	1.8	1.7	1.8
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	236,490	107,595	128,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	6,005	3,445	2,555	2.5	3.2	2.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	34,090	14,240	19,845	14.4	13.2	15.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	9,260	4,360	4,905	3.9	4.1	3.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	17,795	7,980	9,815	7.5	7.4	7.6
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	760	290	465	0.3	0.3	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	168,580	77,270	91,305	71.3	71.8	70.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	668,950	326,650	342,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	366,365	171,655	194,710	54.8	52.6	56.9
South Asian	45,900	23,825	22,075	6.9	7.3	6.4
Chinese	175,115	80,675	94,440	26.2	24.7	27.6
Black	8,730	4,715	4,015	1.3	1.4	1.2
Filipino	38,775	16,615	22,165	5.8	5.1	6.5
Arab	4,175	2,415	1,760	0.6	0.7	0.5
Latin American	18,505	9,365	9,135	2.8	2.9	2.7
Southeast Asian	20,930	9,625	11,310	3.1	2.9	3.3
West Asian	12,690	6,365	6,325	1.9	1.9	1.8
Korean	11,950	5,075	6,875	1.8	1.6	2.0
Japanese	11,310	4,415	6,895	1.7	1.4	2.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,370	1,565	1,805	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple visible minorities	14,915	6,990	7,920	2.2	2.1	2.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	302,580	155,000	147,585	45.2	47.5	43.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	668,945	326,650	342,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	34,450	18,275	16,175	5.1	5.6	4.7
English	86,055	43,785	42,265	12.9	13.4	12.3
Irish	67,035	33,230	33,805	10.0	10.2	9.9
Scottish	70,600	35,000	35,600	10.6	10.7	10.4
French, n.o.s.¹²²	31,205	15,695	15,510	4.7	4.8	4.5
German	46,290	22,865	23,425	6.9	7.0	6.8
Chinese	165,210	76,070	89,135	24.7	23.3	26.0
Italian	21,555	10,670	10,880	3.2	3.3	3.2
Indian (India)	28,425	14,770	13,650	4.2	4.5	4.0
Ukrainian	20,360	9,890	10,470	3.0	3.0	3.1
Dutch	13,595	7,085	6,510	2.0	2.2	1.9
Polish	16,255	7,695	8,560	2.4	2.4	2.5
Québécois	970	495	475	0.1	0.2	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	22,020	11,330	10,690	3.3	3.5	3.1
Filipino	39,105	16,695	22,405	5.8	5.1	6.5
French Canadian	4,110	2,035	2,080	0.6	0.6	0.6
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	11,345	6,000	5,340	1.7	1.8	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	6,135	3,070	3,065	0.9	0.9	0.9
Métis	4,015	1,915	2,105	0.6	0.6	0.6
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	12,220	6,315	5,905	1.8	1.9	1.7
Russian	14,555	6,775	7,785	2.2	2.1	2.3
Norwegian	10,305	5,090	5,225	1.5	1.6	1.5
Welsh	9,435	4,375	5,060	1.4	1.3	1.5
Portuguese	6,690	3,275	3,420	1.0	1.0	1.0
American	7,820	3,915	3,910	1.2	1.2	1.1
Spanish	11,860	5,635	6,225	1.8	1.7	1.8
Swedish	8,420	4,000	4,420	1.3	1.2	1.3
Hungarian	5,755	2,835	2,915	0.9	0.9	0.9
Acadian	855	435	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	1,975	1,140	835	0.3	0.3	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,720	1,405	1,315	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jewish	11,890	6,055	5,830	1.8	1.9	1.7
Punjabi	6,140	3,245	2,895	0.9	1.0	0.8
Vietnamese	17,525	8,115	9,415	2.6	2.5	2.8
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,980	1,145	830	0.3	0.4	0.2
Greek	5,570	2,930	2,640	0.8	0.9	0.8
Jamaican	1,375	715	665	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	11,895	5,570	6,325	1.8	1.7	1.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,745	860	885	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	12,390	5,330	7,065	1.9	1.6	2.1
Romanian	3,440	1,705	1,740	0.5	0.5	0.5
Lebanese	1,815	970	845	0.3	0.3	0.2
Iranian	9,920	4,990	4,930	1.5	1.5	1.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,750	830	910	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	4,990	2,545	2,445	0.7	0.8	0.7
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,805	860	945	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sikh	3,235	1,645	1,595	0.5	0.5	0.5
Austrian	4,825	2,290	2,535	0.7	0.7	0.7
Belgian	2,210	1,065	1,140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	195	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	2,750	1,515	1,235	0.4	0.5	0.4
Mexican	8,010	4,135	3,870	1.2	1.3	1.1
Mennonite	1,900	945	955	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	2,830	1,380	1,445	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	2,845	1,415	1,430	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lankan	1,930	975	955	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatian	3,650	1,850	1,800	0.5	0.6	0.5
Japanese	13,665	5,525	8,135	2.0	1.7	2.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,540	1,205	1,335	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	435	210	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	2,870	1,380	1,490	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	960	520	440	0.1	0.2	0.1
Egyptian	1,145	660	485	0.2	0.2	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,910	1,455	1,455	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamil	1,050	575	475	0.2	0.2	0.1
Icelandic	2,545	1,230	1,315	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombian	1,835	960	875	0.3	0.3	0.3
Moroccan	545	290	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	2,880	1,405	1,470	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syrian	855	435	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	460	240	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	675	345	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	720	445	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	2,950	1,490	1,460	0.4	0.5	0.4
Ojibway	445	230	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	360	185	170	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	8,750	4,145	4,605	1.3	1.3	1.3
Ontarian	360	170	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	3,695	1,870	1,825	0.6	0.6	0.5
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	780	370	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	2,455	1,255	1,190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	140	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	1,000	540	460	0.1	0.2	0.1
Algerian	255	145	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	3,910	1,890	2,025	0.6	0.6	0.6
Nigerian	450	215	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	760	375	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	1,765	825	935	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,130	930	1,200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Somali	300	175	125	0.0	0.1	0.0
Taiwanese	9,700	4,305	5,400	1.5	1.3	1.6
Iraqi	490	225	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	1,055	520	535	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	330	155	180	0.0	0.0	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,555	1,165	1,390	0.4	0.4	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	1,130	585	545	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	415	150	270	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquin	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	360	155	205	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	1,480	660	820	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	1,915	1,035	885	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australian	2,855	1,490	1,365	0.4	0.5	0.4
Palestinian	480	250	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	1,385	700	685	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	205	115	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	225	90	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	405	200	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,165	515	650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	1,030	510	520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	155	110	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	620	285	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	175	115	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	325	180	145	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	365	195	170	0.1	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	280	140	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	780	380	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,115	525	590	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Brunswicker	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	415	190	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	225	135	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	230	140	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	1,310	640	675	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mohawk	210	125	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	470	220	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	735	360	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	195	120	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	315	175	145	0.0	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	230	130	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	800	450	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	725	340	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	145	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,130	595	530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	335	175	165	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bosnian	825	365	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	545	250	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	820	415	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	460	275	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	330	195	145	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	1,775	850	920	0.3	0.3	0.3
Laotian	255	90	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	1,140	510	630	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern Irish	675	315	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,070	550	520	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Columbian	1,370	710	660	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ecuadorian	370	200	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	85	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	565	275	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	745	330	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	770	370	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	1,870	810	1,055	0.3	0.2	0.3
Jatt	330	150	180	0.0	0.0	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	215	120	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,465	575	890	0.2	0.2	0.3
Dominican	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	330	170	160	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	440	195	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	145	85	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	40	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	215	100	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	1,245	650	595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sudanese	160	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	1,370	600	770	0.2	0.2	0.2
Plains Cree	135	85	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	180	115	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	190	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	1,055	485	570	0.2	0.1	0.2
Gaspesian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	110	75	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	290	150	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	120	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	80	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	395	200	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	135	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	365	170	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	160	95	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	180	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	135	85	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	205	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	475	240	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	270	135	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	195	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	245	120	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	120	75	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	250	120	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	150	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	620	320	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	200	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	160	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	475	250	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	425	180	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	215	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	190	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	190	115	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	325	175	150	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	130	100	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	150	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	320	155	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	105	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	250	120	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	775	345	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	55	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	85	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	668,945	326,650	342,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	26,885	11,125	15,760	4.0	3.4	4.6
Christian	198,615	90,465	108,150	29.7	27.7	31.6
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	45,575	21,010	24,560	6.8	6.4	7.2
Anabaptist	1,435	650	780	0.2	0.2	0.2
Anglican	12,315	5,520	6,795	1.8	1.7	2.0
Baptist	4,840	2,150	2,690	0.7	0.7	0.8
Catholic	95,950	44,330	51,615	14.3	13.6	15.1
Christian Orthodox	9,155	4,295	4,865	1.4	1.3	1.4
Jehovah's Witness	2,070	905	1,170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latter Day Saints	550	200	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	3,130	1,415	1,720	0.5	0.4	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	510	240	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,560	1,090	1,470	0.4	0.3	0.4
Presbyterian	2,560	1,030	1,530	0.4	0.3	0.4
Reformed	310	185	130	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Church	8,820	3,455	5,365	1.3	1.1	1.6
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	8,830	3,985	4,850	1.3	1.2	1.4
Hindu	12,955	6,825	6,125	1.9	2.1	1.8
Jewish	11,905	5,690	6,215	1.8	1.7	1.8
Muslim	19,205	9,785	9,425	2.9	3.0	2.8
Sikh	16,635	8,195	8,440	2.5	2.5	2.5
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	635	290	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	7,875	3,285	4,585	1.2	1.0	1.3
No religion and secular perspectives	374,235	190,990	183,240	55.9	58.5	53.5
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	663,810	324,010	339,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	544,490	265,880	278,610	82.0	82.1	82.0
Movers	119,315	58,125	61,195	18.0	17.9	18.0
Non-migrants	77,675	37,505	40,165	11.7	11.6	11.8
Migrants	41,650	20,620	21,025	6.3	6.4	6.2
Internal migrants	25,055	12,225	12,830	3.8	3.8	3.8
Intraprovincial migrants	15,180	7,410	7,775	2.3	2.3	2.3
Interprovincial migrants	9,875	4,815	5,060	1.5	1.5	1.5
External migrants	16,590	8,395	8,195	2.5	2.6	2.4
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	644,400	313,870	330,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	351,670	170,215	181,460	54.6	54.2	54.9
Movers	292,730	143,660	149,075	45.4	45.8	45.1
Non-migrants	131,540	64,870	66,670	20.4	20.7	20.2
Migrants	161,185	78,785	82,400	25.0	25.1	24.9
Internal migrants	90,950	43,960	46,990	14.1	14.0	14.2
Intraprovincial migrants	59,785	28,865	30,925	9.3	9.2	9.4
Interprovincial migrants	31,160	15,095	16,070	4.8	4.8	4.9
External migrants	70,235	34,830	35,410	10.9	11.1	10.7
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	595,610	288,565	307,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	66,885	33,025	33,860	11.2	11.4	11.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	528,725	255,535	273,185	88.8	88.6	89.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	413,365	202,145	211,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	25,275	13,715	11,560	6.1	6.8	5.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	388,095	188,430	199,660	93.9	93.2	94.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	595,610	288,560	307,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	61,815	30,170	31,645	10.4	10.5	10.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	138,540	71,310	67,230	23.3	24.7	21.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	395,260	187,085	208,175	66.4	64.8	67.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	125,835	61,165	64,670	21.1	21.2	21.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	24,740	16,365	8,375	4.2	5.7	2.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	13,125	7,350	5,780	2.2	2.5	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	11,610	9,020	2,595	1.9	3.1	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	79,420	35,635	43,790	13.3	12.3	14.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,675	9,170	12,505	3.6	3.2	4.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	269,425	125,920	143,505	45.2	43.6	46.7
Bachelor's degree	168,295	77,535	90,765	28.3	26.9	29.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	16,660	7,410	9,260	2.8	2.6	3.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	8,395	4,520	3,875	1.4	1.6	1.3
Master's degree	63,085	29,155	33,930	10.6	10.1	11.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	12,980	7,300	5,675	2.2	2.5	1.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	413,370	202,145	211,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	22,105	11,930	10,175	5.3	5.9	4.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	76,390	41,775	34,615	18.5	20.7	16.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	314,870	148,435	166,430	76.2	73.4	78.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	94,370	46,885	47,480	22.8	23.2	22.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	17,755	11,905	5,850	4.3	5.9	2.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	9,450	5,370	4,085	2.3	2.7	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,305	6,535	1,770	2.0	3.2	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	60,255	27,890	32,360	14.6	13.8	15.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,360	7,095	9,270	4.0	3.5	4.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	220,500	101,545	118,950	53.3	50.2	56.3
Bachelor's degree	137,000	62,920	74,080	33.1	31.1	35.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	13,400	5,825	7,575	3.2	2.9	3.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	6,330	3,090	3,245	1.5	1.5	1.5
Master's degree	53,880	24,465	29,410	13.0	12.1	13.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	9,885	5,250	4,635	2.4	2.6	2.2
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	595,610	288,560	307,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	200,350	101,475	98,875	33.6	35.2	32.2
Education	19,115	4,525	14,590	3.2	1.6	4.8
13. Education	19,115	4,525	14,590	3.2	1.6	4.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	32,005	14,360	17,645	5.4	5.0	5.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	3,900	2,730	1,170	0.7	0.9	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	28,100	11,625	16,475	4.7	4.0	5.4
Humanities	27,535	10,235	17,305	4.6	3.5	5.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,770	840	2,930	0.6	0.3	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	8,405	2,550	5,855	1.4	0.9	1.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	7,555	2,875	4,680	1.3	1.0	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	595	215	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,605	855	750	0.3	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,365	790	575	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	3,465	1,915	1,550	0.6	0.7	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	775	195	580	0.1	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	63,490	24,610	38,885	10.7	8.5	12.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,545	400	1,145	0.3	0.1	0.4
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	8,815	3,305	5,515	1.5	1.1	1.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,525	590	3,935	0.8	0.2	1.3
22. Legal professions and studies	10,425	4,645	5,780	1.8	1.6	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,630	630	1,000	0.3	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	11,610	3,110	8,505	1.9	1.1	2.8
45. Social sciences	24,935	11,930	13,005	4.2	4.1	4.2
Business, management and public administration	84,415	38,275	46,135	14.2	13.3	15.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,855	970	2,885	0.6	0.3	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	80,475	37,265	43,215	13.5	12.9	14.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	23,190	11,640	11,550	3.9	4.0	3.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	10,745	4,455	6,290	1.8	1.5	2.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,820	2,290	2,530	0.8	0.8	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	490	185	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	6,760	4,565	2,190	1.1	1.6	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	385	140	245	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	23,235	15,875	7,365	3.9	5.5	2.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	17,900	13,210	4,690	3.0	4.6	1.5
25. Library science	1,445	220	1,225	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	3,005	1,900	1,105	0.5	0.7	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	890	545	345	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	54,535	44,105	10,430	9.2	15.3	3.4
04. Architecture and related services	6,255	3,550	2,705	1.1	1.2	0.9
14. Engineering	26,215	20,310	5,910	4.4	7.0	1.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	8,425	7,200	1,225	1.4	2.5	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	6,545	6,265	280	1.1	2.2	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,905	4,755	150	0.8	1.6	0.0
48. Precision production	2,170	2,020	150	0.4	0.7	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	6,240	2,970	3,270	1.0	1.0	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,265	1,465	1,800	0.5	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,970	1,505	1,470	0.5	0.5	0.5
Health and related fields	48,200	14,030	34,170	8.1	4.9	11.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,265	2,300	1,955	0.7	0.8	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	40,660	9,935	30,725	6.8	3.4	10.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	185	55	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	3,100	1,735	1,365	0.5	0.6	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	13,135	6,395	6,735	2.2	2.2	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	9,990	3,955	6,035	1.7	1.4	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	40	40	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,090	720	370	0.2	0.2	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,965	1,660	310	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	160	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	413,365	202,145	211,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	98,500	53,705	44,790	23.8	26.6	21.2
Education	12,970	3,165	9,805	3.1	1.6	4.6
13. Education	12,970	3,165	9,805	3.1	1.6	4.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	26,950	12,395	14,555	6.5	6.1	6.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	3,390	2,455	935	0.8	1.2	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	23,560	9,940	13,620	5.7	4.9	6.4
Humanities	21,060	7,770	13,290	5.1	3.8	6.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,925	615	2,310	0.7	0.3	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	6,405	1,925	4,475	1.5	1.0	2.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	5,845	2,175	3,665	1.4	1.1	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	405	155	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,255	645	615	0.3	0.3	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,005	605	400	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	2,690	1,525	1,170	0.7	0.8	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	525	130	395	0.1	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	51,615	19,620	31,995	12.5	9.7	15.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,295	330	965	0.3	0.2	0.5
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	7,865	2,940	4,925	1.9	1.5	2.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,435	430	3,005	0.8	0.2	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	8,515	3,515	5,000	2.1	1.7	2.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,290	520	770	0.3	0.3	0.4
42. Psychology	9,100	2,360	6,740	2.2	1.2	3.2
45. Social sciences	20,105	9,515	10,590	4.9	4.7	5.0
Business, management and public administration	69,590	31,110	38,480	16.8	15.4	18.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,900	705	2,195	0.7	0.3	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	66,615	30,370	36,245	16.1	15.0	17.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	17,960	8,870	9,095	4.3	4.4	4.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	8,555	3,520	5,035	2.1	1.7	2.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,650	1,705	1,945	0.9	0.8	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	400	160	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	5,100	3,380	1,720	1.2	1.7	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	250	105	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	19,520	13,580	5,940	4.7	6.7	2.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	15,690	11,670	4,020	3.8	5.8	1.9
25. Library science	935	160	770	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,160	1,320	845	0.5	0.7	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	735	435	305	0.2	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	42,690	33,635	9,055	10.3	16.6	4.3
04. Architecture and related services	5,135	2,760	2,380	1.2	1.4	1.1
14. Engineering	21,255	16,070	5,185	5.1	7.9	2.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	6,390	5,370	1,020	1.5	2.7	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	5,065	4,860	205	1.2	2.4	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,415	3,295	125	0.8	1.6	0.1
48. Precision production	1,410	1,280	130	0.3	0.6	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,980	2,275	2,705	1.2	1.1	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,630	1,135	1,495	0.6	0.6	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,355	1,135	1,210	0.6	0.6	0.6
Health and related fields	37,230	10,960	26,270	9.0	5.4	12.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,420	1,920	1,495	0.8	0.9	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	31,420	7,845	23,575	7.6	3.9	11.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	140	25	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,250	1,165	1,085	0.5	0.6	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	10,170	5,000	5,165	2.5	2.5	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,715	3,135	4,580	1.9	1.6	2.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	900	570	330	0.2	0.3	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,520	1,280	235	0.4	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	140	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	413,365	202,145	211,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	98,500	53,705	44,790	23.8	26.6	21.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	314,870	148,440	166,430	76.2	73.4	78.8
Location of study inside Canada	209,770	101,180	108,600	50.7	50.1	51.4
Same as province or territory of residence	158,945	75,650	83,295	38.5	37.4	39.4
Different than province or territory of residence	50,825	25,525	25,305	12.3	12.6	12.0
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	105,090	47,260	57,835	25.4	23.4	27.4
Americas	24,280	11,955	12,325	5.9	5.9	5.8
United States of America	14,970	7,530	7,440	3.6	3.7	3.5
Mexico	3,550	1,720	1,835	0.9	0.9	0.9
Cuba	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	3,235	1,530	1,705	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombia	705	330	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	210	80	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	230	95	135	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	1,280	640	645	0.3	0.3	0.3
Europe	26,575	13,690	12,890	6.4	6.8	6.1
Belgium	255	150	105	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	2,370	1,290	1,080	0.6	0.6	0.5
Germany	1,225	610	610	0.3	0.3	0.3
Netherlands	480	270	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	440	200	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	195	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	600	290	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	420	195	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	1,295	575	720	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	845	350	495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	3,780	2,165	1,610	0.9	1.1	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10,360	5,360	5,005	2.5	2.7	2.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	245	100	140	0.1	0.0	0.1
Italy	650	345	305	0.2	0.2	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	530	275	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	2,840	1,405	1,435	0.7	0.7	0.7
Africa	1,635	940	695	0.4	0.5	0.3
Nigeria	80	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	275	160	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	890	505	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	265	170	90	0.1	0.1	0.0
Asia	48,170	18,405	29,770	11.7	9.1	14.1
Iran⁸⁸	3,025	1,255	1,765	0.7	0.6	0.8
Iraq	115	85	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	535	285	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	130	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	690	415	275	0.2	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	12,960	4,940	8,020	3.1	2.4	3.8
Taiwan	2,030	635	1,395	0.5	0.3	0.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,920	775	1,145	0.5	0.4	0.5
Japan	2,995	765	2,230	0.7	0.4	1.1
Korea, South⁹²	3,235	975	2,260	0.8	0.5	1.1
Philippines	11,595	3,945	7,655	2.8	2.0	3.6
Viet Nam	775	210	560	0.2	0.1	0.3
Bangladesh	330	165	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	4,990	2,595	2,395	1.2	1.3	1.1
Pakistan	325	180	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	2,175	945	1,230	0.5	0.5	0.6
Oceania	4,425	2,275	2,150	1.1	1.1	1.0
Australia	3,370	1,695	1,670	0.8	0.8	0.8
New Zealand	975	545	435	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other locations of study in Oceania	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	595,610	288,560	307,045	...	...	...
In the labour force	403,785	205,505	198,280	...	...	...
Employed	367,285	187,375	179,910	...	...	...
Unemployed	36,495	18,130	18,370	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	191,825	83,055	108,770	...	...	...
Participation rate	67.8	71.2	64.6	67.8	71.2	64.6
Employment rate	61.7	64.9	58.6	61.7	64.9	58.6
Unemployment rate	9.0	8.8	9.3	9.0	8.8	9.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	595,610	288,560	307,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	198,150	87,185	110,965	33.3	30.2	36.1
Worked	397,460	201,380	196,080	66.7	69.8	63.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	205,120	112,295	92,830	34.4	38.9	30.2
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	192,340	89,085	103,250	32.3	30.9	33.6
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.7	41.6	39.8	40.7	41.6	39.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	403,780	205,505	198,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	8,335	4,145	4,190	2.1	2.0	2.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	395,450	201,360	194,095	97.9	98.0	97.9
Employee	323,975	159,790	164,180	80.2	77.8	82.8
Permanent position	261,890	131,335	130,560	64.9	63.9	65.8
Temporary position	62,085	28,460	33,620	15.4	13.8	17.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	25,540	11,660	13,880	6.3	5.7	7.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	36,540	16,800	19,740	9.0	8.2	10.0
Self-employed¹⁹²	71,475	41,565	29,910	17.7	20.2	15.1
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	403,780	205,505	198,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	8,335	4,145	4,190	2.1	2.0	2.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	395,450	201,360	194,095	97.9	98.0	97.9
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	6,685	4,580	2,105	1.7	2.2	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	77,915	29,285	48,630	19.3	14.3	24.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	45,120	32,835	12,280	11.2	16.0	6.2
3 Health occupations	30,340	8,830	21,510	7.5	4.3	10.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	53,270	19,610	33,665	13.2	9.5	17.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	32,890	16,975	15,915	8.1	8.3	8.0
6 Sales and service occupations	97,120	46,185	50,930	24.1	22.5	25.7
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	40,220	35,560	4,660	10.0	17.3	2.4
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	3,545	2,580	965	0.9	1.3	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	8,345	4,915	3,425	2.1	2.4	1.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	403,780	205,505	198,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	8,335	4,145	4,190	2.1	2.0	2.1
All industries¹⁹¹	395,450	201,360	194,095	97.9	98.0	97.9
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,890	1,090	800	0.5	0.5	0.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,285	880	405	0.3	0.4	0.2
22 Utilities	1,690	1,060	630	0.4	0.5	0.3
23 Construction	20,965	17,790	3,180	5.2	8.7	1.6
31-33 Manufacturing	16,520	10,155	6,360	4.1	4.9	3.2
41 Wholesale trade	11,640	7,360	4,275	2.9	3.6	2.2
44-45 Retail trade	39,125	19,100	20,025	9.7	9.3	10.1
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	14,775	10,885	3,890	3.7	5.3	2.0
51 Information and cultural industries	22,640	13,695	8,945	5.6	6.7	4.5
52 Finance and insurance	19,100	9,825	9,275	4.7	4.8	4.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	12,135	6,560	5,570	3.0	3.2	2.8
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	59,315	33,570	25,740	14.7	16.3	13.0
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,275	590	680	0.3	0.3	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	14,805	8,325	6,480	3.7	4.1	3.3
61 Educational services	36,815	14,195	22,620	9.1	6.9	11.4
62 Health care and social assistance	46,610	12,465	34,140	11.5	6.1	17.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	11,340	5,720	5,625	2.8	2.8	2.8
72 Accommodation and food services	30,910	14,835	16,075	7.7	7.2	8.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	17,060	5,995	11,070	4.2	2.9	5.6
91 Public administration	15,550	7,240	8,310	3.9	3.5	4.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	429,125	217,360	211,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	378,480	193,740	184,740	88.2	89.1	87.2
French	585	180	405	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	12,280	6,080	6,200	2.9	2.8	2.9
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,260	6,070	6,190	2.9	2.8	2.9
English and French	5,025	2,090	2,935	1.2	1.0	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	30,790	14,280	16,505	7.2	6.6	7.8
French and non-official language(s)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	785	380	410	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	1,160	605	560	0.3	0.3	0.3
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	429,125	217,360	211,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	422,250	214,085	208,165	98.4	98.5	98.3
Official languages	401,820	204,145	197,675	93.6	93.9	93.3
English	400,525	203,715	196,805	93.3	93.7	92.9
French	1,300	430	865	0.3	0.2	0.4
Non-official languages	20,430	9,940	10,490	4.8	4.6	5.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	20,410	9,930	10,480	4.8	4.6	4.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	750	260	490	0.2	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	750	260	485	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	230	150	80	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	160	105	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,275	1,235	1,040	0.5	0.6	0.5
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	175	60	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	170	55	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	125	35	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	930	590	350	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	575	385	190	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	540	355	180	0.1	0.2	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	360	200	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	360	200	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	340	190	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,055	545	510	0.2	0.3	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	205	115	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	800	395	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	895	365	530	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	855	455	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	15,160	7,370	7,790	3.5	3.4	3.7
Chinese languages	15,160	7,370	7,790	3.5	3.4	3.7
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	6,365	3,020	3,345	1.5	1.4	1.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	8,705	4,300	4,400	2.0	2.0	2.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,875	3,270	3,605	1.6	1.5	1.7
English and French	590	235	350	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	6,045	2,880	3,165	1.4	1.3	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	205	135	75	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	429,125	217,360	211,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	396,985	202,685	194,295	92.5	93.2	91.7
English	6,615	3,050	3,565	1.5	1.4	1.7
French	3,835	1,640	2,195	0.9	0.8	1.0
Non-official language	16,610	7,610	9,000	3.9	3.5	4.2
Indigenous³⁹	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	16,550	7,580	8,970	3.9	3.5	4.2
English and French	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,270	590	680	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	655	325	335	0.2	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	3,145	1,455	1,695	0.7	0.7	0.8
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	367,285	187,380	179,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	126,955	63,530	63,425	34.6	33.9	35.3
Worked outside Canada	2,370	1,465	905	0.6	0.8	0.5
No fixed workplace address	40,110	27,890	12,225	10.9	14.9	6.8
Usual place of work	197,850	94,495	103,355	53.9	50.4	57.4
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	197,850	94,495	103,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	132,070	58,155	73,910	66.8	61.5	71.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	63,415	34,990	28,425	32.1	37.0	27.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,650	945	700	0.8	1.0	0.7
Commute to a different province or territory	715	405	310	0.4	0.4	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	237,955	122,380	115,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	133,425	75,050	58,375	56.1	61.3	50.5
Car, truck or van - as a driver	120,615	71,060	49,555	50.7	58.1	42.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	12,810	3,990	8,820	5.4	3.3	7.6
Public transit	54,165	22,925	31,240	22.8	18.7	27.0
Walked	31,530	13,780	17,745	13.3	11.3	15.4
Bicycle	12,640	7,360	5,275	5.3	6.0	4.6
Other method	6,200	3,260	2,940	2.6	2.7	2.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	237,955	122,380	115,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	47,895	22,905	24,985	20.1	18.7	21.6
15 to 29 minutes	95,195	48,970	46,225	40.0	40.0	40.0
30 to 44 minutes	62,470	33,630	28,845	26.3	27.5	25.0
45 to 59 minutes	18,915	9,485	9,425	7.9	7.8	8.2
60 minutes and over	13,485	7,395	6,090	5.7	6.0	5.3
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	237,955	122,380	115,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	9,185	6,240	2,940	3.9	5.1	2.5
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	29,990	18,170	11,810	12.6	14.8	10.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	52,050	26,465	25,580	21.9	21.6	22.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	60,435	28,360	32,075	25.4	23.2	27.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	53,200	25,320	27,885	22.4	20.7	24.1
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	33,110	17,830	15,280	13.9	14.6	13.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	91,005	47,240	43,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	7,050	3,535	3,510	7.7	7.5	8.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	83,950	43,705	40,245	92.2	92.5	92.0
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	64,670	33,790	30,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,220	2,645	2,580	8.1	7.8	8.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,370	1,650	1,720	5.2	4.9	5.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,850	990	860	2.9	2.9	2.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	59,445	31,150	28,295	91.9	92.2	91.6

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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