Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Richmond Health Service Delivery AreaMore information: British Columbia [Health region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	209,937	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	85,035	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	81,080	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	209,935	100,290	109,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	27,935	14,275	13,665	13.3	14.2	12.5
0 to 4 years	8,615	4,440	4,175	4.1	4.4	3.8
5 to 9 years	9,770	4,965	4,800	4.7	5.0	4.4
10 to 14 years	9,550	4,865	4,685	4.5	4.9	4.3
15 to 64 years	140,090	66,665	73,425	66.7	66.5	67.0
15 to 19 years	10,370	5,370	5,000	4.9	5.4	4.6
20 to 24 years	13,025	6,715	6,310	6.2	6.7	5.8
25 to 29 years	15,285	7,640	7,640	7.3	7.6	7.0
30 to 34 years	15,290	7,605	7,685	7.3	7.6	7.0
35 to 39 years	14,110	6,855	7,255	6.7	6.8	6.6
40 to 44 years	12,660	5,970	6,685	6.0	6.0	6.1
45 to 49 years	13,065	5,730	7,340	6.2	5.7	6.7
50 to 54 years	14,950	6,545	8,405	7.1	6.5	7.7
55 to 59 years	16,080	7,300	8,780	7.7	7.3	8.0
60 to 64 years	15,260	6,940	8,320	7.3	6.9	7.6
65 years and over	41,910	19,345	22,565	20.0	19.3	20.6
65 to 69 years	13,695	6,425	7,270	6.5	6.4	6.6
70 to 74 years	11,510	5,460	6,045	5.5	5.4	5.5
75 to 79 years	6,800	3,220	3,585	3.2	3.2	3.3
80 to 84 years	4,860	2,210	2,655	2.3	2.2	2.4
85 years and over	5,050	2,035	3,015	2.4	2.0	2.7
85 to 89 years	3,090	1,395	1,695	1.5	1.4	1.5
90 to 94 years	1,540	520	1,020	0.7	0.5	0.9
95 to 99 years	340	100	240	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	75	15	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.3	14.2	12.5	13.3	14.2	12.5
15 to 64 years	66.7	66.5	67.0	66.7	66.5	67.0
65 years and over	20.0	19.3	20.6	20.0	19.3	20.6
85 years and over	2.4	2.0	2.7	2.4	2.0	2.7
Average age of the population	43.3	42.2	44.3	43.3	42.2	44.3
Median age of the population	43.6	41.6	45.6	43.6	41.6	45.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	81,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	24,435	...	...	30.1	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,585	...	...	2.0	...	...
Row house	15,945	...	...	19.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	4,990	...	...	6.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	18,585	...	...	22.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	15,470	...	...	19.1	...	...
Other single-attached house	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	45	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	81,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	20,345	...	...	25.1	...	...
2 persons	26,205	...	...	32.3	...	...
3 persons	15,145	...	...	18.7	...	...
4 persons	11,900	...	...	14.7	...	...
5 or more persons	7,485	...	...	9.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	208,395	99,735	108,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	182,005	86,015	95,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	106,985	52,795	54,190	58.8	61.4	56.5
Married	98,055	48,340	49,715	53.9	56.2	51.8
Living common-law	8,930	4,455	4,475	4.9	5.2	4.7
Living common law - Never married	6,610	3,285	3,320	3.6	3.8	3.5
Living common law - Separated	375	205	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	1,790	890	905	1.0	1.0	0.9
Living common law - Widowed	160	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	75,015	33,215	41,795	41.2	38.6	43.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	51,525	26,695	24,830	28.3	31.0	25.9
Not married and not living common law - Separated	4,045	1,485	2,560	2.2	1.7	2.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	10,945	3,450	7,495	6.0	4.0	7.8
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	8,500	1,585	6,915	4.7	1.8	7.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	60,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	29,450	...	...	48.4	...	...
3 persons	15,935	...	...	26.2	...	...
4 persons	12,070	...	...	19.8	...	...
5 or more persons	3,355	...	...	5.5	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	60,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	50,650	...	...	83.3	...	...
Married couples	46,190	...	...	76.0	...	...
With children⁶	26,850	...	...	44.2	...	...
Without children	19,335	...	...	31.8	...	...
Common-law couples	4,465	...	...	7.3	...	...
With children⁶	1,200	...	...	2.0	...	...
Without children	3,265	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	10,165	...	...	16.7	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	8,375	...	...	13.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,790	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	208,395	99,735	108,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	172,615	84,480	88,135	82.8	84.7	81.1
Married spouses or common-law partners	101,305	50,610	50,695	48.6	50.7	46.7
Parents in one-parent families	10,165	1,790	8,375	4.9	1.8	7.7
Children⁶	61,145	32,080	29,065	29.3	32.2	26.7
In a two-parent family	46,920	24,625	22,295	22.5	24.7	20.5
In a one-parent family	14,225	7,460	6,770	6.8	7.5	6.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	35,785	15,260	20,520	17.2	15.3	18.9
Living alone	20,345	8,520	11,825	9.8	8.5	10.9
Living with other relatives⁷	7,180	2,420	4,755	3.4	2.4	4.4
Living with non-relatives only	8,265	4,320	3,940	4.0	4.3	3.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	81,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	48,475	...	...	59.8	...	...
Couple-family households	40,815	...	...	50.3	...	...
With children⁶	22,720	...	...	28.0	...	...
Without children	18,095	...	...	22.3	...	...
One-parent-family households	7,665	...	...	9.5	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	4,490	...	...	5.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,035	...	...	1.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	3,075	...	...	3.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,665	...	...	4.5	...	...
One-person households	20,340	...	...	25.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	180,475	85,470	95,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	174,460	82,515	91,950	96.7	96.5	96.8
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	37,600	31,800	34,000	37,600	31,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	174,500	82,535	91,960	96.7	96.6	96.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,800	34,400	30,000	31,800	34,400	30,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	153,940	73,445	80,490	85.3	85.9	84.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	27,600	33,600	22,800	27,600	33,600	22,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	117,660	58,385	59,265	65.2	68.3	62.4
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	38,000	28,200	32,800	38,000	28,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	149,510	67,550	81,960	82.8	79.0	86.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,700	7,850	9,300	8,700	7,850	9,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	14,925	6,350	8,570	8.3	7.4	9.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	54,060	25,725	28,340	30.0	30.1	29.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,600	10,000	10,000	10,600
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	180,475	85,420	95,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	174,620	82,450	92,170	96.8	96.5	97.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,640	53,150	40,800	46,640	53,150	40,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	174,640	82,460	92,180	96.8	96.5	97.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,840	44,280	35,840	39,840	44,280	35,840
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	153,795	73,170	80,620	85.2	85.7	84.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,840	50,880	35,600	42,840	50,880	35,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	117,655	58,475	59,175	65.2	68.5	62.3
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,240	52,550	38,000	45,240	52,550	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	149,800	67,435	82,360	83.0	78.9	86.6
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,370	9,790	10,850	10,370	9,790	10,850
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	14,715	6,250	8,465	8.2	7.3	8.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,530	5,965	6,950	6,530	5,965	6,950
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	54,685	25,955	28,730	30.3	30.4	30.2
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,230	10,100	10,350	10,230	10,100	10,350
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	180,475	85,420	95,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	50,420	27,840	22,580	27.9	32.6	23.8
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,600	66,000	57,200	61,600	66,000	57,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,400	81,900	65,200	74,400	81,900	65,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	50,000	22,590	27,405	27.7	26.4	28.8
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,600	17,400	14,700	15,600	17,400	14,700
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,940	28,200	22,240	24,940	28,200	22,240
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.0	85.0	76.2	81.0	85.0	76.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.4	70.2	59.8	65.4	70.2	59.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	19.1	15.1	23.8	19.1	15.1	23.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.6	1.2	0.9	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	8.4	7.1	9.8	8.4	7.1	9.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.9	6.0	7.9	6.9	6.0	7.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	180,475	85,470	95,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	6,010	2,955	3,055	3.3	3.5	3.2
With total income	174,465	82,520	91,945	96.7	96.5	96.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	24,470	10,780	13,690	14.0	13.1	14.9
$10,000 to $19,999	23,615	10,580	13,030	13.5	12.8	14.2
$20,000 to $29,999	29,210	12,625	16,585	16.7	15.3	18.0
$30,000 to $39,999	22,205	9,520	12,685	12.7	11.5	13.8
$40,000 to $49,999	17,665	7,940	9,735	10.1	9.6	10.6
$50,000 to $59,999	13,645	6,400	7,245	7.8	7.8	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	10,285	5,160	5,130	5.9	6.2	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	7,745	4,150	3,595	4.4	5.0	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	6,260	3,405	2,855	3.6	4.1	3.1
$90,000 to $99,999	4,630	2,620	2,010	2.7	3.2	2.2
$100,000 and over	14,725	9,335	5,390	8.4	11.3	5.9
$100,000 to $149,999	9,965	6,025	3,940	5.7	7.3	4.3
$150,000 and over	4,760	3,310	1,445	2.7	4.0	1.6
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	180,475	85,470	95,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	5,980	2,930	3,040	3.3	3.4	3.2
With after-tax income	174,495	82,535	91,960	96.7	96.6	96.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	25,085	11,030	14,055	14.4	13.4	15.3
$10,000 to $19,999	24,390	10,955	13,435	14.0	13.3	14.6
$20,000 to $29,999	32,545	14,095	18,440	18.6	17.1	20.1
$30,000 to $39,999	24,915	10,940	13,970	14.3	13.3	15.2
$40,000 to $49,999	19,485	8,865	10,620	11.2	10.7	11.5
$50,000 to $59,999	14,185	6,970	7,210	8.1	8.5	7.8
$60,000 to $69,999	10,080	5,420	4,665	5.8	6.6	5.1
$70,000 to $79,999	7,175	3,940	3,230	4.1	4.8	3.5
$80,000 to $89,999	5,195	2,985	2,210	3.0	3.6	2.4
$90,000 to $99,999	3,375	1,980	1,400	1.9	2.4	1.5
$100,000 and over	8,080	5,350	2,730	4.6	6.5	3.0
$100,000 to $124,999	4,150	2,595	1,555	2.4	3.1	1.7
$125,000 and over	3,935	2,760	1,180	2.3	3.3	1.3
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	180,475	85,470	95,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	62,815	27,085	35,735	34.8	31.7	37.6
With employment income	117,655	58,390	59,270	65.2	68.3	62.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	17,965	8,110	9,860	15.3	13.9	16.6
$5,000 to $9,999	12,075	5,295	6,780	10.3	9.1	11.4
$10,000 to $19,999	15,150	6,870	8,280	12.9	11.8	14.0
$20,000 to $29,999	10,590	4,895	5,700	9.0	8.4	9.6
$30,000 to $39,999	10,445	4,895	5,545	8.9	8.4	9.4
$40,000 to $49,999	10,265	4,755	5,510	8.7	8.1	9.3
$50,000 to $59,999	9,050	4,505	4,540	7.7	7.7	7.7
$60,000 to $69,999	7,265	3,830	3,430	6.2	6.6	5.8
$70,000 to $79,999	5,555	3,110	2,435	4.7	5.3	4.1
$80,000 to $89,999	4,650	2,680	1,970	4.0	4.6	3.3
$90,000 to $99,999	3,665	2,115	1,545	3.1	3.6	2.6
$100,000 and over	11,000	7,325	3,670	9.3	12.6	6.2
$100,000 to $124,999	5,290	3,290	2,005	4.5	5.6	3.4
$125,000 and over	5,705	4,040	1,665	4.8	6.9	2.8
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	180,475	85,470	95,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	168,640	79,555	89,085	93.4	93.1	93.8
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,400	36,000	28,000	31,400	36,000	28,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	168,960	79,660	89,300	93.6	93.2	94.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,000	32,400	26,400	29,000	32,400	26,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	152,540	72,795	79,745	84.5	85.2	83.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,000	36,400	26,800	31,000	36,400	26,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	120,505	59,375	61,130	66.8	69.5	64.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	39,200	30,200	34,400	39,200	30,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	120,280	51,230	69,055	66.6	59.9	72.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,000	1,160	3,400	2,000	1,160	3,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,080	2,685	4,400	3.9	3.1	4.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,080	6,160	5,640	5,080	6,160
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	180,475	85,420	95,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	168,795	79,410	89,380	93.5	93.0	94.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,040	51,000	37,880	44,040	51,000	37,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	169,070	79,495	89,575	93.7	93.1	94.2
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,280	42,240	32,880	37,280	42,240	32,880
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	152,205	72,430	79,775	84.3	84.8	83.9
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,760	51,750	36,520	43,760	51,750	36,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	120,435	59,240	61,190	66.7	69.4	64.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,920	52,500	37,600	44,920	52,500	37,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	120,475	50,910	69,560	66.8	59.6	73.2
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,430	5,950	6,790	6,430	5,950	6,790
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,975	2,675	4,305	3.9	3.1	4.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,420	6,335	8,090	7,420	6,335	8,090
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	180,475	85,420	95,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	50,000	27,620	22,380	27.7	32.3	23.5
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,200	62,400	52,000	57,200	62,400	52,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	69,100	76,700	59,750	69,100	76,700	59,750
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	47,000	21,125	25,880	26.0	24.7	27.2
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,000	26,000	22,200	24,000	26,000	22,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,760	36,120	28,160	31,760	36,120	28,160
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.6	92.6	86.0	89.6	92.6	86.0
Employment income (%)	72.8	76.8	68.0	72.8	76.8	68.0
Government transfers (%)	10.4	7.5	14.0	10.4	7.5	14.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.0	0.7	0.4	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	81,080	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	20,340	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...	39,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,000	...	...	36,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	60,740	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	81,080	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	100,500	...	...	100,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	85,800	...	...	85,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	20,345	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,360	...	...	50,360	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,120	...	...	42,120	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	60,735	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,200	...	...	117,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,400	...	...	100,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	81,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,445	...	...	3.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	990	...	...	1.2	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,080	...	...	1.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,730	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,525	...	...	4.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,610	...	...	3.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,965	...	...	3.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,510	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,030	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,940	...	...	3.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,590	...	...	6.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,470	...	...	6.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,190	...	...	6.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,800	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,370	...	...	5.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	30,845	...	...	38.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,790	...	...	10.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,540	...	...	8.1	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	7,945	...	...	9.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,575	...	...	9.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	81,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,665	...	...	3.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,000	...	...	1.2	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,100	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,825	...	...	2.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,685	...	...	4.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,920	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,265	...	...	4.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,900	...	...	4.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,365	...	...	4.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,370	...	...	4.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	6,420	...	...	7.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	6,365	...	...	7.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,770	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	5,165	...	...	6.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,585	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	25,670	...	...	31.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,890	...	...	11.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,110	...	...	7.5	...	...
$150,000 and over	10,670	...	...	13.2	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	58,620	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	18,850	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...	70,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	28,100	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...	121,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	9,070	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...	67,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,400	...	...	62,400	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	28,605	12,840	15,765	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	37,600	34,400	35,600	37,600	34,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	34,400	32,000	33,200	34,400	32,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	58,585	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,700	...	...	116,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,800	...	...	99,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	18,800	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,400	...	...	94,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,800	...	...	80,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	28,175	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,200	...	...	144,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,100	...	...	122,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,955	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...	78,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,800	...	...	69,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	28,455	12,720	15,740	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,920	49,400	43,120	45,920	49,400	43,120
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,960	40,520	37,760	38,960	40,520	37,760
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	208,395	99,740	108,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	34,010	17,430	16,580	16.3	17.5	15.3
0 to 5 years	10,525	5,440	5,080	5.1	5.5	4.7
18 to 64 years	133,705	63,370	70,340	64.2	63.5	64.7
65 years and over	40,685	18,940	21,745	19.5	19.0	20.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	33,220	15,200	18,020	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	5,730	2,975	2,750	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,805	940	865	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	19,585	8,840	10,745	...	...	...
65 years and over	7,910	3,380	4,525	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.9	15.2	16.6	15.9	15.2	16.6
0 to 17 years (%)	16.8	17.1	16.6	16.8	17.1	16.6
0 to 5 years (%)	17.2	17.3	17.0	17.2	17.3	17.0
18 to 64 years (%)	14.6	14.0	15.3	14.6	14.0	15.3
65 years and over (%)	19.4	17.9	20.8	19.4	17.9	20.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	208,400	99,740	108,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	34,010	17,435	16,575	16.3	17.5	15.3
0 to 5 years	10,520	5,440	5,080	5.0	5.5	4.7
18 to 64 years	133,700	63,370	70,335	64.2	63.5	64.7
65 years and over	40,685	18,935	21,745	19.5	19.0	20.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	21,725	10,285	11,440	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,535	1,900	1,635	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,065	570	495	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	14,650	6,840	7,810	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,545	1,550	1,995	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	10.4	10.3	10.5	10.4	10.3	10.5
0 to 17 years (%)	10.4	10.9	9.9	10.4	10.9	9.9
0 to 5 years (%)	10.1	10.4	9.7	10.1	10.4	9.7
18 to 64 years (%)	11.0	10.8	11.1	11.0	10.8	11.1
65 years and over (%)	8.7	8.2	9.2	8.7	8.2	9.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	208,395	99,740	108,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	109,400	51,155	58,245	52.5	51.3	53.6
In bottom decile	30,600	14,235	16,365	14.7	14.3	15.1
In second decile	21,905	10,065	11,840	10.5	10.1	10.9
In third decile	19,615	9,205	10,410	9.4	9.2	9.6
In fourth decile	18,615	8,825	9,785	8.9	8.8	9.0
In fifth decile	18,670	8,825	9,845	9.0	8.8	9.1
In top half of the distribution	98,995	48,580	50,410	47.5	48.7	46.4
In sixth decile	18,680	8,920	9,760	9.0	8.9	9.0
In seventh decile	19,475	9,515	9,955	9.3	9.5	9.2
In eighth decile	19,845	9,720	10,130	9.5	9.7	9.3
In ninth decile	20,525	10,140	10,385	9.8	10.2	9.6
In top decile	20,465	10,280	10,180	9.8	10.3	9.4
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	208,395	...	...	208,395	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.357	...	...	0.357	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.467	...	...	0.467	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.321	...	...	0.321	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.6	...	...	4.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	209,040	99,950	109,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	177,820	86,655	91,170	85.1	86.7	83.6
French only	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	9,265	4,275	4,990	4.4	4.3	4.6
Neither English nor French	21,870	8,980	12,890	10.5	9.0	11.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	209,040	99,950	109,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	185,180	90,010	95,170	88.6	90.1	87.2
French	1,075	555	515	0.5	0.6	0.5
English and French	1,205	540	665	0.6	0.5	0.6
Neither English nor French	21,590	8,845	12,740	10.3	8.8	11.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	209,040	99,950	109,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	195,280	93,450	101,825	93.4	93.5	93.3
Official languages	66,410	34,525	31,890	31.8	34.5	29.2
English	65,445	34,015	31,425	31.3	34.0	28.8
French	970	505	460	0.5	0.5	0.4
Non-official languages	128,870	58,930	69,940	61.6	59.0	64.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	128,860	58,925	69,935	61.6	59.0	64.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,170	1,125	1,035	1.0	1.1	0.9
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,985	1,040	945	0.9	1.0	0.9
Amharic	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,555	825	730	0.7	0.8	0.7
Aramaic languages	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	235	115	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,115	470	640	0.5	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,080	455	620	0.5	0.5	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	9,365	4,080	5,290	4.5	4.1	4.8
Bikol	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	285	125	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	425	190	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	335	150	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	20	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	7,740	3,345	4,395	3.7	3.3	4.0
Waray-Waray	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	635	325	310	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	225	110	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	270	140	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	110	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	17,685	8,565	9,115	8.5	8.6	8.4
Albanian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,180	1,480	1,705	1.5	1.5	1.6
Baltic languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,145	1,455	1,690	1.5	1.5	1.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	290	135	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	1,915	880	1,035	0.9	0.9	0.9
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	430	215	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	190	95	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	205	100	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	265	105	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,450	730	725	0.7	0.7	0.7
Frisian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,000	495	505	0.5	0.5	0.5
German	950	465	480	0.5	0.5	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	315	155	155	0.2	0.2	0.1
Afrikaans	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	260	130	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	220	115	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	9,440	4,585	4,855	4.5	4.6	4.5
Indo-Aryan languages	8,185	3,970	4,220	3.9	4.0	3.9
Assamese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	255	135	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	450	210	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	1,120	530	590	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kacchi	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,995	2,410	2,585	2.4	2.4	2.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	970	495	475	0.5	0.5	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,245	615	630	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,130	555	575	0.5	0.6	0.5
Dari	210	90	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	815	405	410	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	100	55	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,240	1,595	1,645	1.5	1.6	1.5
Catalan	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	245	130	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	710	360	360	0.3	0.4	0.3
Romanian	215	120	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	2,055	985	1,070	1.0	1.0	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,175	770	1,395	1.0	0.8	1.3
Korean	1,485	640	850	0.7	0.6	0.8
Mongolian	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	93,075	42,385	50,695	44.5	42.4	46.5
Chinese languages	92,930	42,310	50,615	44.5	42.3	46.4
Hakka	320	145	180	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mandarin	44,065	19,800	24,265	21.1	19.8	22.2
Min Dong	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,365	1,060	1,300	1.1	1.1	1.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	830	350	480	0.4	0.4	0.4
Yue (Cantonese)	44,985	20,780	24,205	21.5	20.8	22.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	305	150	155	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	215	70	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	180	55	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	475	270	210	0.2	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	400	225	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	175	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	125	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	13,765	6,500	7,265	6.6	6.5	6.7
English and French	400	210	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	11,505	5,460	6,045	5.5	5.5	5.5
French and non-official language(s)	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	1,615	710	900	0.8	0.7	0.8
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	209,040	99,950	109,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	70,900	36,205	34,695	33.9	36.2	31.8
French	215	110	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	54,180	24,340	29,840	25.9	24.4	27.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	54,180	24,340	29,840	25.9	24.4	27.4
English and French	910	455	450	0.4	0.5	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	75,010	35,465	39,545	35.9	35.5	36.2
French and non-official language(s)	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,365	620	750	0.7	0.6	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	6,390	2,725	3,660	3.1	2.7	3.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	209,040	99,950	109,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	192,295	92,105	100,195	92.0	92.2	91.8
Official languages	96,620	48,415	48,200	46.2	48.4	44.2
English	96,275	48,235	48,035	46.1	48.3	44.0
French	345	180	160	0.2	0.2	0.1
Non-official languages	95,680	43,685	51,990	45.8	43.7	47.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	95,675	43,685	51,990	45.8	43.7	47.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,255	625	630	0.6	0.6	0.6
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,160	580	580	0.6	0.6	0.5
Amharic	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	910	460	445	0.4	0.5	0.4
Aramaic languages	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	525	235	295	0.3	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	515	230	290	0.2	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,280	2,445	2,835	2.5	2.4	2.6
Bikol	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	215	105	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,580	2,100	2,480	2.2	2.1	2.3
Waray-Waray	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	390	200	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	185	100	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,745	4,650	5,100	4.7	4.7	4.7
Albanian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,810	840	970	0.9	0.8	0.9
Baltic languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,790	830	965	0.9	0.8	0.9
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Russian	1,325	610	715	0.6	0.6	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	195	95	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	205	95	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	160	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	5,845	2,795	3,050	2.8	2.8	2.8
Indo-Aryan languages	5,065	2,420	2,645	2.4	2.4	2.4
Assamese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	165	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	210	90	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	575	285	295	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,255	1,530	1,720	1.6	1.5	1.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	680	340	340	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	780	375	405	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	715	345	370	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	510	245	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,725	840	880	0.8	0.8	0.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	445	220	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	1,155	560	595	0.6	0.6	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,105	460	650	0.5	0.5	0.6
Korean	1,000	455	545	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mongolian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	75,780	34,325	41,455	36.3	34.3	38.0
Chinese languages	75,695	34,285	41,410	36.2	34.3	38.0
Hakka	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	37,005	16,780	20,220	17.7	16.8	18.5
Min Dong	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,355	620	735	0.6	0.6	0.7
Wu (Shanghainese)	510	220	285	0.2	0.2	0.3
Yue (Cantonese)	36,515	16,515	20,000	17.5	16.5	18.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	200	95	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	285	150	135	0.1	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	265	135	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	16,745	7,850	8,895	8.0	7.9	8.2
English and French	185	100	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	15,640	7,340	8,300	7.5	7.3	7.6
French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	820	370	450	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	209,040	99,950	109,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	138,775	67,005	71,770	66.4	67.0	65.8
English	30,275	14,370	15,910	14.5	14.4	14.6
French	975	465	510	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official language	29,210	13,595	15,620	14.0	13.6	14.3
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	29,205	13,590	15,605	14.0	13.6	14.3
English and French	205	100	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	5,480	2,550	2,930	2.6	2.6	2.7
French and non-official language(s)	705	310	395	0.3	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	3,365	1,540	1,825	1.6	1.5	1.7
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	208,395	99,760	108,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	186,675	90,935	95,740	89.6	91.2	88.1
English	186,595	90,895	95,695	89.5	91.1	88.1
French	9,330	4,330	4,995	4.5	4.3	4.6
Non-official languages	154,880	71,500	83,375	74.3	71.7	76.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	154,850	71,490	83,355	74.3	71.7	76.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,600	1,780	1,825	1.7	1.8	1.7
Berber languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	200	105	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	190	105	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,415	1,680	1,740	1.6	1.7	1.6
Amharic	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	2,485	1,260	1,225	1.2	1.3	1.1
Aramaic languages	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	780	350	425	0.4	0.4	0.4
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,765	835	935	0.8	0.8	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,690	800	890	0.8	0.8	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	14,385	6,325	8,065	6.9	6.3	7.4
Bikol	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	555	240	315	0.3	0.2	0.3
Fijian	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	260	100	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	725	330	395	0.3	0.3	0.4
Indonesian	620	305	320	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kankanaey	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	325	165	155	0.2	0.2	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	265	105	165	0.1	0.1	0.2
Pangasinan	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	13,205	5,785	7,420	6.3	5.8	6.8
Waray-Waray	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	200	75	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	155	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,015	505	510	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kannada	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	330	165	160	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamil	555	280	275	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	190	95	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	25,240	12,085	13,150	12.1	12.1	12.1
Albanian	110	35	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Armenian	135	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	3,850	1,775	2,070	1.8	1.8	1.9
Baltic languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,830	1,770	2,060	1.8	1.8	1.9
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	120	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	355	155	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	2,575	1,185	1,390	1.2	1.2	1.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	605	300	305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	345	165	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	305	155	155	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	540	230	310	0.3	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,300	1,035	1,270	1.1	1.0	1.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,615	720	900	0.8	0.7	0.8
German	1,560	705	855	0.7	0.7	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	525	240	285	0.3	0.2	0.3
Afrikaans	180	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	350	155	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	240	110	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	360	155	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	13,460	6,580	6,880	6.5	6.6	6.3
Indo-Aryan languages	11,920	5,825	6,100	5.7	5.8	5.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	390	190	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	945	405	540	0.5	0.4	0.5
Hindi	3,915	1,925	1,990	1.9	1.9	1.8
Kacchi	270	110	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	170	90	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	7,055	3,475	3,580	3.4	3.5	3.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	165	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,900	985	920	0.9	1.0	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,590	780	810	0.8	0.8	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	190	90	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,385	685	700	0.7	0.7	0.6
Dari	285	125	165	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iranian Persian	1,050	535	515	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,660	2,750	2,910	2.7	2.8	2.7
Catalan	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	615	290	320	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	950	450	500	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	315	180	135	0.2	0.2	0.1
Spanish	4,155	2,015	2,135	2.0	2.0	2.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	4,145	1,790	2,355	2.0	1.8	2.2
Korean	2,085	865	1,220	1.0	0.9	1.1
Mongolian	100	55	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	545	275	265	0.3	0.3	0.2
Akan (Twi)	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	325	180	145	0.2	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	155	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	106,840	49,155	57,680	51.3	49.3	53.1
Chinese languages	106,690	49,090	57,600	51.2	49.2	53.0
Hakka	520	235	285	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mandarin	68,965	31,150	37,810	33.1	31.2	34.8
Min Dong	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5,100	2,295	2,805	2.4	2.3	2.6
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,210	520	685	0.6	0.5	0.6
Yue (Cantonese)	56,895	26,000	30,895	27.3	26.1	28.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	310	135	170	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	195	90	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	185	80	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	320	115	205	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	270	95	175	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	665	330	335	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	590	300	290	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	195	100	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	208,395	99,765	108,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,540	705	840	0.7	0.7	0.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,460	680	780	0.7	0.7	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	895	430	460	0.4	0.4	0.4
Métis	560	245	315	0.3	0.2	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	206,855	99,055	107,795	99.3	99.3	99.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	208,395	99,765	108,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	635	290	350	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	207,755	99,475	108,285	99.7	99.7	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	81,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	57,805	...	...	71.3	...	...
Renter	23,280	...	...	28.7	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	81,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	35,150	...	...	43.4	...	...
Not condominium	45,935	...	...	56.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	81,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	750	...	...	0.9	...	...
1 bedroom	13,430	...	...	16.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	23,445	...	...	28.9	...	...
3 bedrooms	21,890	...	...	27.0	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	21,565	...	...	26.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	81,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	38,560	...	...	47.6	...	...
5 rooms	12,860	...	...	15.9	...	...
6 rooms	9,290	...	...	11.5	...	...
7 rooms	6,940	...	...	8.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	13,425	...	...	16.6	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.1	...	...	5.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	81,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	77,420	...	...	95.5	...	...
More than one person per room	3,660	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	81,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	74,845	...	...	92.3	...	...
Not suitable	6,230	...	...	7.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	81,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	2,735	...	...	3.4	...	...
1961 to 1980	18,310	...	...	22.6	...	...
1981 to 1990	13,185	...	...	16.3	...	...
1991 to 2000	15,515	...	...	19.1	...	...
2001 to 2005	5,800	...	...	7.2	...	...
2006 to 2010	7,915	...	...	9.8	...	...
2011 to 2015	8,175	...	...	10.1	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	9,450	...	...	11.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	81,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	77,105	...	...	95.1	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,975	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	81,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	40,230	...	...	49.6	...	...
Two-maintainer household	34,325	...	...	42.3	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	6,525	...	...	8.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	81,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,100	...	...	2.6	...	...
25 to 34 years	10,905	...	...	13.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	12,525	...	...	15.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	14,925	...	...	18.4	...	...
55 to 64 years	17,410	...	...	21.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	14,005	...	...	17.3	...	...
75 to 84 years	6,515	...	...	8.0	...	...
85 years and over	2,685	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	80,740	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	52,585	...	...	65.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	28,155	...	...	34.9	...	...
30% to less than 100%	21,490	...	...	26.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	81,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	35,355	...	...	43.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	25,520	...	...	31.5	...	...
Not suitable only	4,480	...	...	5.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,430	...	...	3.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,380	...	...	1.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,180	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	290	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	75	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	45,720	...	...	56.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	74,075	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	15,045	...	...	20.3	...	...
Not in core need	59,025	...	...	79.7	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	57,755	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	54.9	...	...	54.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	31.0	...	...	31.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	16.4	...	...	16.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,340	...	...	1,340	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,794	...	...	1,794	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	990,000	...	...	990,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,178,000	...	...	1,178,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	23,270	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.7	...	...	12.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	44.5	...	...	44.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	30.4	...	...	30.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,640	...	...	1,640	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,672	...	...	1,672	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	208,400	99,765	108,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	360	170	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	345	160	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	290	145	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,295	605	690	0.6	0.6	0.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,250	580	670	0.6	0.6	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	910	425	485	0.4	0.4	0.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	335	155	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	206,740	98,985	107,750	99.2	99.2	99.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	208,395	99,765	108,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	168,880	81,660	87,215	81.0	81.9	80.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	30,390	15,660	14,730	14.6	15.7	13.6
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	138,490	66,000	72,490	66.5	66.2	66.7
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	39,515	18,105	21,415	19.0	18.1	19.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	208,395	99,765	108,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	73,830	38,280	35,550	35.4	38.4	32.7
Immigrants⁸¹	125,600	57,175	68,430	60.3	57.3	63.0
Before 1980	12,470	6,065	6,405	6.0	6.1	5.9
1980 to 1990	15,400	7,190	8,205	7.4	7.2	7.6
1991 to 2000	39,310	17,980	21,325	18.9	18.0	19.6
2001 to 2010	30,755	13,765	17,000	14.8	13.8	15.6
2011 to 2021⁸²	27,665	12,170	15,495	13.3	12.2	14.3
2011 to 2015	13,960	6,140	7,820	6.7	6.2	7.2
2016 to 2021	13,705	6,030	7,675	6.6	6.0	7.1
Non-permanent residents⁸³	8,965	4,310	4,655	4.3	4.3	4.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	125,600	57,175	68,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	8,945	4,785	4,150	7.1	8.4	6.1
5 to 14 years	18,735	9,750	8,990	14.9	17.1	13.1
15 to 24 years	20,320	9,395	10,930	16.2	16.4	16.0
25 to 44 years	59,475	25,075	34,395	47.4	43.9	50.3
45 years and over	18,125	8,170	9,960	14.4	14.3	14.6
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	125,600	57,175	68,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,190	2,065	2,125	3.3	3.6	3.1
Brazil	345	155	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
El Salvador	175	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyana	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	120	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexico	410	170	245	0.3	0.3	0.4
Peru	265	100	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	1,605	870	730	1.3	1.5	1.1
Other places of birth in Americas	895	450	445	0.7	0.8	0.7
Europe	7,360	3,685	3,675	5.9	6.4	5.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	205	125	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Germany	545	290	250	0.4	0.5	0.4
Greece	150	95	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hungary	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	145	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	215	115	100	0.2	0.2	0.1
Poland	270	110	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portugal	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	285	155	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Russian Federation	770	360	410	0.6	0.6	0.6
Serbia⁸⁶	180	105	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	790	365	425	0.6	0.6	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,205	1,140	1,065	1.8	2.0	1.6
Other places of birth in Europe	1,155	525	630	0.9	0.9	0.9
Africa	2,660	1,285	1,375	2.1	2.2	2.0
Algeria	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Egypt	300	150	155	0.2	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	445	210	235	0.4	0.4	0.3
Other places of birth in Africa	1,350	665	685	1.1	1.2	1.0
Asia	110,470	49,730	60,740	88.0	87.0	88.8
Afghanistan	260	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	860	430	430	0.7	0.8	0.6
Iraq	450	220	230	0.4	0.4	0.3
Lebanon	55	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	220	125	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Turkey	230	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	46,490	20,130	26,360	37.0	35.2	38.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	24,340	11,515	12,825	19.4	20.1	18.7
Korea, South⁹²	1,230	500	730	1.0	0.9	1.1
Taiwan	7,740	3,520	4,225	6.2	6.2	6.2
Philippines	13,565	6,020	7,545	10.8	10.5	11.0
Viet Nam	1,510	670	840	1.2	1.2	1.2
Bangladesh	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	5,380	2,590	2,790	4.3	4.5	4.1
Pakistan	995	500	495	0.8	0.9	0.7
Sri Lanka	380	165	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	6,560	2,990	3,570	5.2	5.2	5.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	920	405	515	0.7	0.7	0.8
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	13,705	6,030	7,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	715	380	340	5.2	6.3	4.4
Brazil	195	95	95	1.4	1.6	1.2
Colombia	25	15	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mexico	85	40	50	0.6	0.7	0.7
United States of America	270	160	115	2.0	2.7	1.5
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	120	70	50	0.9	1.2	0.7
Europe	455	220	230	3.3	3.6	3.0
France	65	30	40	0.5	0.5	0.5
Germany	25	15	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Italy	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Russian Federation	70	40	35	0.5	0.7	0.5
Ukraine	50	10	45	0.4	0.2	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	70	50	20	0.5	0.8	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	145	60	90	1.1	1.0	1.2
Africa	345	180	170	2.5	3.0	2.2
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	30	15	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	70	30	40	0.5	0.5	0.5
Eritrea	20	10	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ethiopia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Morocco	20	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.2
Nigeria	55	30	30	0.4	0.5	0.4
Somalia	30	20	15	0.2	0.3	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	25	15	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	20	15	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	65	40	30	0.5	0.7	0.4
Asia	12,130	5,210	6,920	88.5	86.4	90.1
Afghanistan	20	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.2
Bangladesh	50	30	25	0.4	0.5	0.3
China⁹⁰	7,090	2,860	4,225	51.7	47.4	55.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	820	405	415	6.0	6.7	5.4
India	955	495	455	7.0	8.2	5.9
Iran⁸⁸	115	55	60	0.8	0.9	0.8
Iraq	80	35	45	0.6	0.6	0.6
Israel	15	15	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Japan	90	15	80	0.7	0.2	1.0
Jordan	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	215	60	155	1.6	1.0	2.0
Lebanon	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Nepal	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pakistan	85	45	40	0.6	0.7	0.5
Philippines	1,585	720	865	11.6	11.9	11.3
Saudi Arabia	30	20	10	0.2	0.3	0.1
Sri Lanka	25	15	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	125	70	50	0.9	1.2	0.7
Turkey	50	20	30	0.4	0.3	0.4
United Arab Emirates	40	20	15	0.3	0.3	0.2
Viet Nam	110	45	70	0.8	0.7	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	595	260	335	4.3	4.3	4.4
Oceania and other⁹³	55	35	20	0.4	0.6	0.3
Australia	20	15	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	35	20	15	0.3	0.3	0.2
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	208,400	99,765	108,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	137,440	63,015	74,425	66.0	63.2	68.5
Second generation¹⁰¹	46,190	23,935	22,250	22.2	24.0	20.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	24,770	12,810	11,960	11.9	12.8	11.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	113,125	51,105	62,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	77,720	36,910	40,815	68.7	72.2	65.8
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	28,605	16,445	12,160	25.3	32.2	19.6
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	49,115	20,465	28,650	43.4	40.0	46.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	28,480	10,875	17,605	25.2	21.3	28.4
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,120	2,155	1,960	3.6	4.2	3.2
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	2,805	1,160	1,640	2.5	2.3	2.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	113,125	51,105	62,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,765	960	805	1.6	1.9	1.3
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	7,180	2,630	4,550	6.3	5.1	7.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	4,950	2,525	2,425	4.4	4.9	3.9
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	7,340	3,170	4,165	6.5	6.2	6.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	285	140	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	91,610	41,680	49,935	81.0	81.6	80.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	208,395	99,760	108,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	167,395	78,965	88,425	80.3	79.2	81.4
South Asian	15,365	7,615	7,750	7.4	7.6	7.1
Chinese	113,060	52,840	60,220	54.3	53.0	55.4
Black	1,775	925	855	0.9	0.9	0.8
Filipino	15,130	7,015	8,110	7.3	7.0	7.5
Arab	2,200	1,140	1,065	1.1	1.1	1.0
Latin American	2,155	1,070	1,085	1.0	1.1	1.0
Southeast Asian	3,310	1,575	1,730	1.6	1.6	1.6
West Asian	1,675	830	845	0.8	0.8	0.8
Korean	2,035	905	1,135	1.0	0.9	1.0
Japanese	3,885	1,725	2,160	1.9	1.7	2.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	705	320	385	0.3	0.3	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	6,090	3,015	3,080	2.9	3.0	2.8
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	41,000	20,795	20,210	19.7	20.8	18.6
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	208,395	99,765	108,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	8,280	4,475	3,805	4.0	4.5	3.5
English	12,180	6,220	5,965	5.8	6.2	5.5
Irish	7,720	3,660	4,060	3.7	3.7	3.7
Scottish	9,750	4,855	4,895	4.7	4.9	4.5
French, n.o.s.¹²²	3,210	1,580	1,625	1.5	1.6	1.5
German	6,305	3,135	3,170	3.0	3.1	2.9
Chinese	99,780	46,620	53,160	47.9	46.7	48.9
Italian	2,135	1,125	1,005	1.0	1.1	0.9
Indian (India)	9,335	4,655	4,675	4.5	4.7	4.3
Ukrainian	3,190	1,400	1,795	1.5	1.4	1.7
Dutch	1,805	885	920	0.9	0.9	0.8
Polish	2,030	960	1,075	1.0	1.0	1.0
Québécois	110	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,900	1,555	1,350	1.4	1.6	1.2
Filipino	15,905	7,475	8,430	7.6	7.5	7.8
French Canadian	585	315	270	0.3	0.3	0.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,215	635	580	0.6	0.6	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	645	315	335	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis	440	205	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,485	765	720	0.7	0.8	0.7
Russian	3,055	1,450	1,605	1.5	1.5	1.5
Norwegian	1,355	690	665	0.7	0.7	0.6
Welsh	1,175	530	645	0.6	0.5	0.6
Portuguese	925	410	515	0.4	0.4	0.5
American	935	475	460	0.4	0.5	0.4
Spanish	2,490	1,185	1,300	1.2	1.2	1.2
Swedish	1,135	515	620	0.5	0.5	0.6
Hungarian	770	405	365	0.4	0.4	0.3
Acadian	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistani	1,235	625	615	0.6	0.6	0.6
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	570	280	290	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jewish	2,195	1,070	1,130	1.1	1.1	1.0
Punjabi	1,895	905	990	0.9	0.9	0.9
Vietnamese	2,300	1,140	1,160	1.1	1.1	1.1
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	950	480	465	0.5	0.5	0.4
Greek	750	375	370	0.4	0.4	0.3
Jamaican	225	120	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	6,230	2,795	3,430	3.0	2.8	3.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	140	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	2,230	1,020	1,215	1.1	1.0	1.1
Romanian	595	340	255	0.3	0.3	0.2
Lebanese	190	125	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian	920	465	455	0.4	0.5	0.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	665	325	335	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	715	370	340	0.3	0.4	0.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	165	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	1,440	705	740	0.7	0.7	0.7
Austrian	725	365	355	0.3	0.4	0.3
Belgian	285	130	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	505	225	280	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mexican	725	375	350	0.3	0.4	0.3
Mennonite	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	330	155	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	355	145	210	0.2	0.1	0.2
Sri Lankan	330	150	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	545	240	300	0.3	0.2	0.3
Japanese	4,815	2,180	2,640	2.3	2.2	2.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,020	565	465	0.5	0.6	0.4
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	430	180	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	620	315	305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Egyptian	505	290	215	0.2	0.3	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	400	220	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	270	135	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	435	230	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombian	245	115	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	320	160	155	0.2	0.2	0.1
Syrian	210	115	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	385	180	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbian	355	195	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	70	50	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	9,760	4,745	5,020	4.7	4.8	4.6
Ontarian	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	430	205	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	130	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	595	330	265	0.3	0.3	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	250	125	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Brazilian	365	185	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	100	55	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Armenian	240	120	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	140	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	310	150	155	0.1	0.2	0.1
Somali	260	155	110	0.1	0.2	0.1
Taiwanese	6,710	3,155	3,555	3.2	3.2	3.3
Iraqi	385	190	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Salvadorean	205	110	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	960	430	525	0.5	0.4	0.5
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	345	170	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	80	20	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
South African	325	155	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	215	120	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	135	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	280	145	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	180	100	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	185	100	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	295	135	165	0.1	0.1	0.2
Yoruba	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	190	75	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	85	50	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Albanian	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Maltese	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	120	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	115	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	140	85	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	45	40	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	350	170	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mohawk	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	105	35	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Albertan	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
African American	85	50	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	155	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	60	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	505	230	275	0.2	0.2	0.3
Laotian	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	275	135	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	335	165	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ecuadorian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	70	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	515	235	275	0.2	0.2	0.3
Jatt	140	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	295	90	200	0.1	0.1	0.2
Dominican	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	105	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sudanese	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	580	280	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	440	190	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	185	75	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	25	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	85	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	60	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	185	80	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	190	75	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	180	80	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	50	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	100	50	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	240	120	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	208,395	99,760	108,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	11,590	4,615	6,975	5.6	4.6	6.4
Christian	64,400	29,120	35,285	30.9	29.2	32.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	19,995	8,935	11,060	9.6	9.0	10.2
Anabaptist	490	235	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Anglican	2,625	1,175	1,455	1.3	1.2	1.3
Baptist	2,415	1,050	1,370	1.2	1.1	1.3
Catholic	27,870	12,835	15,030	13.4	12.9	13.8
Christian Orthodox	1,725	830	895	0.8	0.8	0.8
Jehovah's Witness	485	190	295	0.2	0.2	0.3
Latter Day Saints	110	35	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	905	345	555	0.4	0.3	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	245	120	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	890	400	490	0.4	0.4	0.5
Presbyterian	590	295	295	0.3	0.3	0.3
Reformed	370	170	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Church	2,500	1,055	1,450	1.2	1.1	1.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,180	1,455	1,725	1.5	1.5	1.6
Hindu	2,605	1,280	1,325	1.3	1.3	1.2
Jewish	2,515	1,180	1,330	1.2	1.2	1.2
Muslim	7,625	3,770	3,855	3.7	3.8	3.5
Sikh	6,985	3,445	3,540	3.4	3.5	3.3
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,495	665	830	0.7	0.7	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	111,135	55,655	55,485	53.3	55.8	51.1
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	206,965	99,030	107,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	179,850	85,835	94,015	86.9	86.7	87.1
Movers	27,125	13,195	13,920	13.1	13.3	12.9
Non-migrants	14,960	7,255	7,705	7.2	7.3	7.1
Migrants	12,165	5,940	6,215	5.9	6.0	5.8
Internal migrants	7,270	3,590	3,675	3.5	3.6	3.4
Intraprovincial migrants	5,505	2,680	2,825	2.7	2.7	2.6
Interprovincial migrants	1,765	910	850	0.9	0.9	0.8
External migrants	4,895	2,350	2,545	2.4	2.4	2.4
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	199,940	95,490	104,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	121,925	57,645	64,285	61.0	60.4	61.5
Movers	78,010	37,845	40,165	39.0	39.6	38.5
Non-migrants	36,005	17,185	18,820	18.0	18.0	18.0
Migrants	42,005	20,660	21,345	21.0	21.6	20.4
Internal migrants	25,675	12,795	12,875	12.8	13.4	12.3
Intraprovincial migrants	20,135	9,960	10,170	10.1	10.4	9.7
Interprovincial migrants	5,540	2,840	2,705	2.8	3.0	2.6
External migrants	16,335	7,860	8,470	8.2	8.2	8.1
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	180,475	85,420	95,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	22,675	10,455	12,220	12.6	12.2	12.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	157,800	74,965	82,835	87.4	87.8	87.1
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	116,285	54,450	61,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	7,720	3,710	4,010	6.6	6.8	6.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	108,560	50,740	57,820	93.4	93.2	93.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	180,475	85,420	95,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	21,470	9,705	11,770	11.9	11.4	12.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	51,785	25,010	26,780	28.7	29.3	28.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	107,215	50,710	56,505	59.4	59.4	59.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	40,755	19,220	21,535	22.6	22.5	22.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,125	4,820	2,295	3.9	5.6	2.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,645	2,115	1,540	2.0	2.5	1.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,470	2,715	765	1.9	3.2	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	24,940	10,540	14,400	13.8	12.3	15.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	8,700	3,860	4,830	4.8	4.5	5.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	66,460	31,485	34,970	36.8	36.9	36.8
Bachelor's degree	46,740	21,510	25,235	25.9	25.2	26.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,970	1,755	2,210	2.2	2.1	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,285	710	575	0.7	0.8	0.6
Master's degree	12,830	6,435	6,395	7.1	7.5	6.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,630	1,080	555	0.9	1.3	0.6
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	116,285	54,450	61,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,095	3,345	3,750	6.1	6.1	6.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	26,795	13,205	13,585	23.0	24.3	22.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	82,395	37,900	44,495	70.9	69.6	72.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	28,920	13,320	15,595	24.9	24.5	25.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,555	3,070	1,490	3.9	5.6	2.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,360	1,380	980	2.0	2.5	1.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,195	1,690	515	1.9	3.1	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,875	7,435	10,445	15.4	13.7	16.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,485	2,820	3,665	5.6	5.2	5.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	53,475	24,575	28,895	46.0	45.1	46.7
Bachelor's degree	37,395	16,755	20,645	32.2	30.8	33.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,045	1,335	1,710	2.6	2.5	2.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	910	450	455	0.8	0.8	0.7
Master's degree	10,850	5,245	5,605	9.3	9.6	9.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,270	790	480	1.1	1.5	0.8
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	180,475	85,420	95,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	73,260	34,710	38,545	40.6	40.6	40.6
Education	5,105	1,070	4,040	2.8	1.3	4.3
13. Education	5,105	1,070	4,040	2.8	1.3	4.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,875	1,940	2,930	2.7	2.3	3.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	500	315	185	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	4,375	1,630	2,745	2.4	1.9	2.9
Humanities	6,865	2,415	4,450	3.8	2.8	4.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,230	300	930	0.7	0.4	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	1,645	420	1,225	0.9	0.5	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,550	900	1,655	1.4	1.1	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	240	150	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	355	225	130	0.2	0.3	0.1
54. History	595	340	260	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	195	50	145	0.1	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	14,515	5,425	9,090	8.0	6.4	9.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	280	75	200	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,465	535	930	0.8	0.6	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,630	195	1,435	0.9	0.2	1.5
22. Legal professions and studies	1,680	645	1,040	0.9	0.8	1.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	215	60	150	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	2,440	665	1,775	1.4	0.8	1.9
45. Social sciences	6,805	3,245	3,560	3.8	3.8	3.7
Business, management and public administration	29,705	12,500	17,205	16.5	14.6	18.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	640	170	470	0.4	0.2	0.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	29,050	12,325	16,720	16.1	14.4	17.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,370	2,770	2,600	3.0	3.2	2.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,020	945	1,075	1.1	1.1	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,465	670	795	0.8	0.8	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	110	35	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,710	1,090	615	0.9	1.3	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,085	4,705	2,385	3.9	5.5	2.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,535	3,940	1,595	3.1	4.6	1.7
25. Library science	200	30	170	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,150	600	545	0.6	0.7	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	205	130	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	16,775	14,050	2,725	9.3	16.4	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	750	480	270	0.4	0.6	0.3
14. Engineering	8,470	6,635	1,830	4.7	7.8	1.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,135	2,680	455	1.7	3.1	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,520	1,465	50	0.8	1.7	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,235	2,160	75	1.2	2.5	0.1
48. Precision production	670	620	50	0.4	0.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,475	755	725	0.8	0.9	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	920	435	485	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	555	320	235	0.3	0.4	0.2
Health and related fields	11,575	3,040	8,540	6.4	3.6	9.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	930	500	430	0.5	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,360	2,350	8,005	5.7	2.8	8.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	265	190	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,840	2,035	1,800	2.1	2.4	1.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,720	1,135	1,585	1.5	1.3	1.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	290	235	55	0.2	0.3	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	785	625	160	0.4	0.7	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	116,285	54,450	61,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	33,885	16,550	17,340	29.1	30.4	28.0
Education	3,415	715	2,700	2.9	1.3	4.4
13. Education	3,415	715	2,700	2.9	1.3	4.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,725	1,415	2,305	3.2	2.6	3.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	350	200	150	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	3,375	1,220	2,160	2.9	2.2	3.5
Humanities	5,135	1,715	3,420	4.4	3.1	5.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	925	175	750	0.8	0.3	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	1,235	310	925	1.1	0.6	1.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,970	665	1,300	1.7	1.2	2.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	185	125	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	260	160	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	395	225	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	140	40	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	11,650	4,155	7,495	10.0	7.6	12.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	235	70	170	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,245	445	800	1.1	0.8	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,225	110	1,110	1.1	0.2	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	1,350	445	900	1.2	0.8	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	180	45	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,955	490	1,465	1.7	0.9	2.4
45. Social sciences	5,460	2,550	2,910	4.7	4.7	4.7
Business, management and public administration	24,010	9,905	14,105	20.6	18.2	22.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	440	150	295	0.4	0.3	0.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	23,555	9,755	13,800	20.3	17.9	22.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,010	1,960	2,050	3.4	3.6	3.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,590	750	845	1.4	1.4	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,140	505	635	1.0	0.9	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	95	25	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,135	670	475	1.0	1.2	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,005	3,995	2,010	5.2	7.3	3.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,870	3,450	1,420	4.2	6.3	2.3
25. Library science	120	25	95	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	860	420	440	0.7	0.8	0.7
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	165	105	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,995	9,735	2,260	10.3	17.9	3.7
04. Architecture and related services	570	345	230	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	6,410	4,860	1,545	5.5	8.9	2.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,135	1,760	375	1.8	3.2	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	950	930	25	0.8	1.7	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,520	1,475	50	1.3	2.7	0.1
48. Precision production	400	365	35	0.3	0.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,140	560	580	1.0	1.0	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	710	335	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	430	225	205	0.4	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	8,520	2,300	6,215	7.3	4.2	10.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	690	370	320	0.6	0.7	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,635	1,830	5,810	6.6	3.4	9.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	175	105	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,780	1,440	1,335	2.4	2.6	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,005	835	1,170	1.7	1.5	1.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	195	150	45	0.2	0.3	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	555	435	120	0.5	0.8	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	116,285	54,450	61,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	33,885	16,550	17,340	29.1	30.4	28.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	82,395	37,900	44,495	70.9	69.6	72.0
Location of study inside Canada	48,115	23,150	24,960	41.4	42.5	40.4
Same as province or territory of residence	40,385	19,215	21,170	34.7	35.3	34.2
Different than province or territory of residence	7,730	3,935	3,795	6.6	7.2	6.1
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	34,280	14,750	19,535	29.5	27.1	31.6
Americas	3,730	1,840	1,890	3.2	3.4	3.1
United States of America	2,895	1,435	1,455	2.5	2.6	2.4
Mexico	200	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	305	155	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Colombia	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Peru	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	3,235	1,665	1,570	2.8	3.1	2.5
Belgium	60	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	200	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Germany	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	365	155	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	310	150	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,470	795	675	1.3	1.5	1.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	230	140	90	0.2	0.3	0.1
Africa	515	235	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigeria	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Algeria	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	155	55	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	26,100	10,665	15,435	22.4	19.6	25.0
Iran⁸⁸	240	85	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Iraq	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	12,000	5,040	6,960	10.3	9.3	11.3
Taiwan	1,610	590	1,020	1.4	1.1	1.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,205	845	1,360	1.9	1.6	2.2
Japan	760	215	545	0.7	0.4	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	525	175	345	0.5	0.3	0.6
Philippines	5,470	2,210	3,250	4.7	4.1	5.3
Viet Nam	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sri Lanka	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,640	755	890	1.4	1.4	1.4
Pakistan	355	160	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other locations of study in Asia	785	340	445	0.7	0.6	0.7
Oceania	700	345	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Australia	560	265	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
New Zealand	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	180,475	85,420	95,055	...	...	...
In the labour force	108,470	55,070	53,400	...	...	...
Employed	96,785	49,565	47,220	...	...	...
Unemployed	11,685	5,505	6,180	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	72,005	30,350	41,655	...	...	...
Participation rate	60.1	64.5	56.2	60.1	64.5	56.2
Employment rate	53.6	58.0	49.7	53.6	58.0	49.7
Unemployment rate	10.8	10.0	11.6	10.8	10.0	11.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	180,475	85,420	95,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	73,890	31,615	42,280	40.9	37.0	44.5
Worked	106,580	53,810	52,775	59.1	63.0	55.5
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	52,565	29,130	23,435	29.1	34.1	24.7
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	54,020	24,680	29,345	29.9	28.9	30.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.6	40.6	38.5	39.6	40.6	38.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	108,470	55,070	53,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,325	1,585	1,740	3.1	2.9	3.3
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	105,145	53,485	51,660	96.9	97.1	96.7
Employee	86,205	42,010	44,190	79.5	76.3	82.8
Permanent position	70,835	35,160	35,675	65.3	63.8	66.8
Temporary position	15,370	6,855	8,515	14.2	12.4	15.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	6,450	2,755	3,700	5.9	5.0	6.9
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	8,915	4,095	4,815	8.2	7.4	9.0
Self-employed¹⁹²	18,940	11,470	7,475	17.5	20.8	14.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	108,470	55,070	53,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,325	1,585	1,740	3.1	2.9	3.3
All occupations¹⁹¹	105,145	53,485	51,660	96.9	97.1	96.7
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,195	910	285	1.1	1.7	0.5
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	23,010	8,200	14,815	21.2	14.9	27.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	10,200	7,800	2,405	9.4	14.2	4.5
3 Health occupations	6,610	1,820	4,790	6.1	3.3	9.0
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	10,615	3,410	7,205	9.8	6.2	13.5
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,055	1,915	2,145	3.7	3.5	4.0
6 Sales and service occupations	31,785	14,840	16,940	29.3	26.9	31.7
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	13,405	11,845	1,560	12.4	21.5	2.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,045	755	290	1.0	1.4	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,225	1,985	1,235	3.0	3.6	2.3
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	108,470	55,070	53,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,325	1,585	1,740	3.1	2.9	3.3
All industries¹⁹¹	105,145	53,485	51,660	96.9	97.1	96.7
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	775	435	335	0.7	0.8	0.6
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	210	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
22 Utilities	370	240	135	0.3	0.4	0.3
23 Construction	5,290	4,415	870	4.9	8.0	1.6
31-33 Manufacturing	6,060	3,905	2,155	5.6	7.1	4.0
41 Wholesale trade	5,200	3,140	2,055	4.8	5.7	3.8
44-45 Retail trade	13,680	6,530	7,150	12.6	11.9	13.4
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	7,640	5,390	2,255	7.0	9.8	4.2
51 Information and cultural industries	2,885	1,785	1,100	2.7	3.2	2.1
52 Finance and insurance	6,435	2,965	3,470	5.9	5.4	6.5
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,565	1,880	1,685	3.3	3.4	3.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	11,250	6,275	4,980	10.4	11.4	9.3
55 Management of companies and enterprises	320	130	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,965	2,215	1,755	3.7	4.0	3.3
61 Educational services	7,700	2,585	5,120	7.1	4.7	9.6
62 Health care and social assistance	10,790	2,530	8,260	9.9	4.6	15.5
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,020	1,065	960	1.9	1.9	1.8
72 Accommodation and food services	8,895	4,285	4,610	8.2	7.8	8.6
81 Other services (except public administration)	4,170	1,750	2,415	3.8	3.2	4.5
91 Public administration	3,925	1,865	2,060	3.6	3.4	3.9
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	116,050	58,505	57,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	86,375	44,400	41,970	74.4	75.9	72.9
French	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	7,780	3,970	3,810	6.7	6.8	6.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	7,780	3,970	3,810	6.7	6.8	6.6
English and French	620	215	405	0.5	0.4	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	19,815	9,235	10,580	17.1	15.8	18.4
French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	145	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	1,215	585	630	1.0	1.0	1.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	116,050	58,505	57,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	111,145	56,185	54,960	95.8	96.0	95.5
Official languages	96,265	48,960	47,305	83.0	83.7	82.2
English	96,075	48,915	47,160	82.8	83.6	82.0
French	195	50	145	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official languages	14,880	7,225	7,650	12.8	12.3	13.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	14,880	7,225	7,650	12.8	12.3	13.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	55	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	440	210	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	270	150	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	270	150	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	245	140	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	45	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	245	105	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	145	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	13,795	6,735	7,065	11.9	11.5	12.3
Chinese languages	13,795	6,735	7,065	11.9	11.5	12.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	8,150	3,875	4,270	7.0	6.6	7.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	5,595	2,830	2,765	4.8	4.8	4.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,905	2,325	2,580	4.2	4.0	4.5
English and French	120	30	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	4,505	2,145	2,360	3.9	3.7	4.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	275	150	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	116,050	58,505	57,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	97,960	50,220	47,740	84.4	85.8	83.0
English	4,810	2,245	2,565	4.1	3.8	4.5
French	425	190	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Non-official language	8,760	4,160	4,600	7.5	7.1	8.0
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	8,760	4,160	4,600	7.5	7.1	8.0
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,440	580	860	1.2	1.0	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,530	1,060	1,475	2.2	1.8	2.6
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	96,785	49,565	47,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	25,420	12,425	12,995	26.3	25.1	27.5
Worked outside Canada	1,170	750	420	1.2	1.5	0.9
No fixed workplace address	10,385	7,525	2,860	10.7	15.2	6.1
Usual place of work	59,815	28,870	30,945	61.8	58.2	65.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	59,815	28,870	30,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	36,330	16,915	19,410	60.7	58.6	62.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	23,055	11,690	11,365	38.5	40.5	36.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	255	165	95	0.4	0.6	0.3
Commute to a different province or territory	170	100	65	0.3	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	70,200	36,395	33,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	55,480	30,450	25,035	79.0	83.7	74.1
Car, truck or van - as a driver	49,815	28,875	20,945	71.0	79.3	62.0
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	5,665	1,575	4,090	8.1	4.3	12.1
Public transit	9,190	3,535	5,655	13.1	9.7	16.7
Walked	3,515	1,260	2,250	5.0	3.5	6.7
Bicycle	830	605	230	1.2	1.7	0.7
Other method	1,180	545	635	1.7	1.5	1.9
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	70,200	36,395	33,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	17,170	7,905	9,270	24.5	21.7	27.4
15 to 29 minutes	26,780	14,090	12,690	38.1	38.7	37.5
30 to 44 minutes	16,895	9,340	7,555	24.1	25.7	22.3
45 to 59 minutes	5,250	2,930	2,325	7.5	8.1	6.9
60 minutes and over	4,110	2,135	1,975	5.9	5.9	5.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	70,200	36,395	33,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,100	2,070	1,035	4.4	5.7	3.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	7,615	4,610	3,005	10.8	12.7	8.9
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	13,070	6,530	6,540	18.6	17.9	19.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	16,160	7,790	8,375	23.0	21.4	24.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	19,225	9,420	9,805	27.4	25.9	29.0
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	11,025	5,970	5,050	15.7	16.4	14.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	34,705	17,785	16,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,640	830	805	4.7	4.7	4.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	33,065	16,955	16,110	95.3	95.3	95.2
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	25,455	13,020	12,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,365	710	660	5.4	5.5	5.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	875	440	440	3.4	3.4	3.5
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	490	270	225	1.9	2.1	1.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	24,090	12,310	11,775	94.6	94.5	94.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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