Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Fraser South Health Service Delivery AreaMore information: British Columbia [Health region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	863,308	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	310,166	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	295,336	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	863,305	426,125	437,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	141,365	72,975	68,390	16.4	17.1	15.6
0 to 4 years	42,230	21,565	20,655	4.9	5.1	4.7
5 to 9 years	47,765	24,770	23,000	5.5	5.8	5.3
10 to 14 years	51,370	26,640	24,730	6.0	6.3	5.7
15 to 64 years	574,665	285,640	289,030	66.6	67.0	66.1
15 to 19 years	52,310	27,000	25,305	6.1	6.3	5.8
20 to 24 years	62,245	32,700	29,545	7.2	7.7	6.8
25 to 29 years	57,580	29,565	28,015	6.7	6.9	6.4
30 to 34 years	58,475	28,970	29,510	6.8	6.8	6.8
35 to 39 years	60,825	29,580	31,245	7.0	6.9	7.1
40 to 44 years	58,225	28,135	30,095	6.7	6.6	6.9
45 to 49 years	56,575	27,115	29,460	6.6	6.4	6.7
50 to 54 years	57,330	27,985	29,345	6.6	6.6	6.7
55 to 59 years	57,800	28,660	29,135	6.7	6.7	6.7
60 to 64 years	53,300	25,925	27,375	6.2	6.1	6.3
65 years and over	147,275	67,510	79,765	17.1	15.8	18.2
65 to 69 years	45,905	21,795	24,110	5.3	5.1	5.5
70 to 74 years	39,185	18,305	20,875	4.5	4.3	4.8
75 to 79 years	26,995	12,570	14,425	3.1	2.9	3.3
80 to 84 years	17,720	7,990	9,730	2.1	1.9	2.2
85 years and over	17,475	6,855	10,625	2.0	1.6	2.4
85 to 89 years	10,540	4,430	6,110	1.2	1.0	1.4
90 to 94 years	5,200	1,950	3,250	0.6	0.5	0.7
95 to 99 years	1,465	420	1,050	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	270	55	220	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.4	17.1	15.6	16.4	17.1	15.6
15 to 64 years	66.6	67.0	66.1	66.6	67.0	66.1
65 years and over	17.1	15.8	18.2	17.1	15.8	18.2
85 years and over	2.0	1.6	2.4	2.0	1.6	2.4
Average age of the population	40.6	39.7	41.5	40.6	39.7	41.5
Median age of the population	40.0	38.8	41.2	40.0	38.8	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	295,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	110,145	...	...	37.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	6,330	...	...	2.1	...	...
Row house	44,530	...	...	15.1	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	59,190	...	...	20.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	58,585	...	...	19.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	12,720	...	...	4.3	...	...
Other single-attached house	290	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	3,555	...	...	1.2	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	295,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	63,905	...	...	21.6	...	...
2 persons	86,590	...	...	29.3	...	...
3 persons	48,890	...	...	16.6	...	...
4 persons	51,150	...	...	17.3	...	...
5 or more persons	44,805	...	...	15.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	852,470	421,405	431,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	721,940	353,150	368,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	426,275	212,700	213,575	59.0	60.2	57.9
Married	384,150	191,635	192,510	53.2	54.3	52.2
Living common-law	42,125	21,065	21,060	5.8	6.0	5.7
Living common law - Never married	28,825	14,500	14,330	4.0	4.1	3.9
Living common law - Separated	2,165	1,145	1,020	0.3	0.3	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	10,065	4,975	5,085	1.4	1.4	1.4
Living common law - Widowed	1,070	440	630	0.1	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	295,670	140,450	155,220	41.0	39.8	42.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	203,225	111,385	91,840	28.1	31.5	24.9
Not married and not living common law - Separated	16,790	6,970	9,815	2.3	2.0	2.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	38,770	14,500	24,270	5.4	4.1	6.6
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	36,885	7,595	29,290	5.1	2.2	7.9
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	238,795	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	106,640	...	...	44.7	...	...
3 persons	53,780	...	...	22.5	...	...
4 persons	56,685	...	...	23.7	...	...
5 or more persons	21,700	...	...	9.1	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	238,800	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	204,085	...	...	85.5	...	...
Married couples	183,025	...	...	76.6	...	...
With children⁶	110,805	...	...	46.4	...	...
Without children	72,220	...	...	30.2	...	...
Common-law couples	21,055	...	...	8.8	...	...
With children⁶	7,785	...	...	3.3	...	...
Without children	13,275	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total one-parent families	34,710	...	...	14.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	27,195	...	...	11.4	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	7,520	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	852,475	421,405	431,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	716,380	357,090	359,290	84.0	84.7	83.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	408,170	204,000	204,170	47.9	48.4	47.4
Parents in one-parent families	34,715	7,520	27,190	4.1	1.8	6.3
Children⁶	273,505	145,575	127,925	32.1	34.5	29.7
In a two-parent family	220,800	117,000	103,805	25.9	27.8	24.1
In a one-parent family	52,700	28,575	24,125	6.2	6.8	5.6
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	136,090	64,310	71,780	16.0	15.3	16.7
Living alone	63,905	28,700	35,205	7.5	6.8	8.2
Living with other relatives⁷	32,805	12,890	19,915	3.8	3.1	4.6
Living with non-relatives only	39,380	22,725	16,660	4.6	5.4	3.9
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	295,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	174,940	...	...	59.2	...	...
Couple-family households	151,295	...	...	51.2	...	...
With children⁶	88,070	...	...	29.8	...	...
Without children	63,225	...	...	21.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	23,650	...	...	8.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	23,430	...	...	7.9	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	5,015	...	...	1.7	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	14,175	...	...	4.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	13,865	...	...	4.7	...	...
One-person households	63,905	...	...	21.6	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	711,245	348,490	362,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	684,345	335,380	348,965	96.2	96.2	96.2
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	46,400	34,800	39,600	46,400	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	684,815	335,635	349,185	96.3	96.3	96.3
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	41,600	32,400	36,400	41,600	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	606,675	304,170	302,500	85.3	87.3	83.4
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	44,000	27,600	35,200	44,000	27,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	501,155	258,705	242,450	70.5	74.2	66.8
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	46,000	30,400	37,600	46,000	30,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	572,605	263,650	308,955	80.5	75.7	85.2
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	7,500	10,200	9,000	7,500	10,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	61,840	25,155	36,690	8.7	7.2	10.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,200	5,640	5,480	5,200	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	204,465	97,420	107,045	28.7	28.0	29.5
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	711,210	348,320	362,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	683,860	335,085	348,775	96.2	96.2	96.1
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,250	60,000	42,880	51,250	60,000	42,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	684,325	335,325	349,000	96.2	96.3	96.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,560	49,720	37,640	43,560	49,720	37,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	606,065	304,085	301,980	85.2	87.3	83.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,760	57,650	37,800	47,760	57,650	37,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	501,160	258,615	242,550	70.5	74.2	66.8
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,720	56,450	38,360	47,720	56,450	38,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	571,690	263,335	308,355	80.4	75.6	85.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,700	9,780	11,490	10,700	9,780	11,490
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	61,825	25,080	36,745	8.7	7.2	10.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,510	5,560	7,160	6,510	5,560	7,160
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	202,860	96,765	106,095	28.5	27.8	29.2
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,010	8,820	9,180	9,010	8,820	9,180
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	711,210	348,320	362,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	229,015	133,770	95,245	32.2	38.4	26.2
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	68,500	55,200	62,000	68,500	55,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,700	80,300	62,050	72,700	80,300	62,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	201,090	90,940	110,150	28.3	26.1	30.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,000	21,600	17,200	19,000	21,600	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,560	33,400	24,560	28,560	33,400	24,560
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.6	87.2	76.4	82.6	87.2	76.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.2	72.6	62.2	68.2	72.6	62.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.4	12.8	23.7	17.4	12.8	23.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.7	1.8	1.2	0.7	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.5	5.1	8.2	6.5	5.1	8.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.2	4.3	6.5	5.2	4.3	6.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	711,245	348,490	362,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	26,900	13,115	13,795	3.8	3.8	3.8
With total income	684,340	335,380	348,960	96.2	96.2	96.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	69,235	29,730	39,500	10.1	8.9	11.3
$10,000 to $19,999	83,230	34,790	48,445	12.2	10.4	13.9
$20,000 to $29,999	105,740	44,435	61,310	15.5	13.2	17.6
$30,000 to $39,999	86,365	37,155	49,215	12.6	11.1	14.1
$40,000 to $49,999	75,715	33,915	41,800	11.1	10.1	12.0
$50,000 to $59,999	62,225	29,855	32,370	9.1	8.9	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	48,125	25,930	22,195	7.0	7.7	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	36,865	21,710	15,150	5.4	6.5	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	27,915	17,195	10,725	4.1	5.1	3.1
$90,000 to $99,999	21,880	13,415	8,465	3.2	4.0	2.4
$100,000 and over	67,040	47,255	19,785	9.8	14.1	5.7
$100,000 to $149,999	45,745	30,970	14,775	6.7	9.2	4.2
$150,000 and over	21,295	16,285	5,010	3.1	4.9	1.4
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	711,245	348,490	362,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	26,430	12,860	13,575	3.7	3.7	3.7
With after-tax income	684,815	335,635	349,180	96.3	96.3	96.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	71,685	30,665	41,025	10.5	9.1	11.7
$10,000 to $19,999	85,975	35,950	50,025	12.6	10.7	14.3
$20,000 to $29,999	118,705	50,295	68,410	17.3	15.0	19.6
$30,000 to $39,999	100,540	44,135	56,405	14.7	13.2	16.2
$40,000 to $49,999	86,410	40,360	46,050	12.6	12.0	13.2
$50,000 to $59,999	66,170	34,775	31,400	9.7	10.4	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	46,995	27,510	19,485	6.9	8.2	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	33,235	20,330	12,905	4.9	6.1	3.7
$80,000 to $89,999	23,660	14,945	8,715	3.5	4.5	2.5
$90,000 to $99,999	15,190	10,035	5,150	2.2	3.0	1.5
$100,000 and over	36,250	26,645	9,610	5.3	7.9	2.8
$100,000 to $124,999	18,945	13,455	5,490	2.8	4.0	1.6
$125,000 and over	17,310	13,190	4,120	2.5	3.9	1.2
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	711,245	348,490	362,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	210,090	89,790	120,300	29.5	25.8	33.2
With employment income	501,160	258,705	242,455	70.5	74.2	66.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	64,140	29,205	34,935	12.8	11.3	14.4
$5,000 to $9,999	41,825	17,775	24,045	8.3	6.9	9.9
$10,000 to $19,999	61,615	26,630	34,985	12.3	10.3	14.4
$20,000 to $29,999	47,140	21,130	26,010	9.4	8.2	10.7
$30,000 to $39,999	47,640	21,485	26,160	9.5	8.3	10.8
$40,000 to $49,999	45,940	22,300	23,645	9.2	8.6	9.8
$50,000 to $59,999	42,460	21,625	20,835	8.5	8.4	8.6
$60,000 to $69,999	34,045	19,835	14,210	6.8	7.7	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	26,985	16,825	10,160	5.4	6.5	4.2
$80,000 to $89,999	21,320	13,600	7,720	4.3	5.3	3.2
$90,000 to $99,999	17,395	10,965	6,430	3.5	4.2	2.7
$100,000 and over	50,650	37,345	13,305	10.1	14.4	5.5
$100,000 to $124,999	24,390	16,860	7,530	4.9	6.5	3.1
$125,000 and over	26,260	20,485	5,775	5.2	7.9	2.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	711,245	348,490	362,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	660,730	322,955	337,780	92.9	92.7	93.1
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,800	31,200	37,200	44,800	31,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	662,100	323,210	338,890	93.1	92.7	93.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	40,000	28,800	33,600	40,000	28,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	597,020	298,565	298,455	83.9	85.7	82.3
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	44,800	29,000	36,000	44,800	29,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	508,685	260,665	248,025	71.5	74.8	68.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	45,200	30,200	36,800	45,200	30,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	452,730	191,105	261,620	63.7	54.8	72.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,440	2,000	5,720	4,440	2,000	5,720
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	41,785	15,635	26,150	5.9	4.5	7.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,320	4,640	5,760	5,320	4,640	5,760
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	711,210	348,320	362,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	660,720	323,210	337,515	92.9	92.8	93.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,800	58,300	39,680	48,800	58,300	39,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	662,085	323,450	338,635	93.1	92.9	93.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,000	47,920	34,320	41,000	47,920	34,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	596,745	298,855	297,890	83.9	85.8	82.1
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,200	58,450	37,880	48,200	58,450	37,880
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	508,950	261,085	247,865	71.6	75.0	68.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,880	55,800	37,480	46,880	55,800	37,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	452,860	190,950	261,915	63.7	54.8	72.2
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,700	7,210	8,060	7,700	7,210	8,060
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	41,795	15,850	25,940	5.9	4.6	7.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,090	5,825	7,860	7,090	5,825	7,860
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	711,210	348,320	362,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	226,850	132,380	94,465	31.9	38.0	26.0
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,400	65,000	50,800	58,400	65,000	50,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,400	76,400	57,100	68,400	76,400	57,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	188,240	85,145	103,090	26.5	24.4	28.4
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,600	28,000	22,000	24,600	28,000	22,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,680	39,680	28,760	33,680	39,680	28,760
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.2	92.6	84.2	89.2	92.6	84.2
Employment income (%)	74.0	77.4	69.4	74.0	77.4	69.4
Government transfers (%)	10.8	7.3	15.8	10.8	7.3	15.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.5	1.5	0.9	0.5	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	295,335	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	63,905	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,200	...	...	45,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,800	...	...	40,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	231,430	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	295,330	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	118,700	...	...	118,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	100,900	...	...	100,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	63,870	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	56,000	...	...	56,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,240	...	...	47,240	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	231,460	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	136,000	...	...	136,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	115,700	...	...	115,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	295,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	3,125	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,305	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,950	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,140	...	...	1.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	8,430	...	...	2.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	7,180	...	...	2.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	7,245	...	...	2.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	8,775	...	...	3.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	8,905	...	...	3.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	8,905	...	...	3.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	18,540	...	...	6.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	18,695	...	...	6.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	18,535	...	...	6.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	17,400	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	16,835	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	145,375	...	...	49.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	37,110	...	...	12.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	30,345	...	...	10.3	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	39,165	...	...	13.3	...	...
$200,000 and over	38,755	...	...	13.1	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	295,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	3,660	...	...	1.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,345	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,035	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,280	...	...	1.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	8,885	...	...	3.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	8,060	...	...	2.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	8,520	...	...	2.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	10,105	...	...	3.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	10,380	...	...	3.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	10,505	...	...	3.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	21,860	...	...	7.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	21,785	...	...	7.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	21,000	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	20,340	...	...	6.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	18,765	...	...	6.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	123,815	...	...	41.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	40,090	...	...	13.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	29,490	...	...	10.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	54,240	...	...	18.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	223,615	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	66,735	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	117,715	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	140,000	...	...	140,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.3	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	29,350	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	103,285	51,425	51,865	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	40,400	36,800	38,400	40,400	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	36,800	34,400	35,600	36,800	34,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	223,255	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	134,800	...	...	134,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	114,400	...	...	114,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	66,495	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	114,500	...	...	114,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	117,825	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	158,200	...	...	158,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...	134,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	28,990	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,500	...	...	87,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,200	...	...	77,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	102,965	50,820	52,145	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,280	51,040	45,600	48,280	51,040	45,600
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,440	43,080	39,840	41,440	43,080	39,840
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	852,475	421,405	431,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	171,780	88,715	83,065	20.2	21.1	19.3
0 to 5 years	51,340	26,285	25,050	6.0	6.2	5.8
18 to 64 years	541,050	267,810	273,235	63.5	63.6	63.4
65 years and over	139,645	64,875	74,765	16.4	15.4	17.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	71,770	33,600	38,165	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	17,265	8,885	8,375	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	4,935	2,470	2,460	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	39,710	18,825	20,885	...	...	...
65 years and over	14,795	5,885	8,905	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.4	8.0	8.9	8.4	8.0	8.9
0 to 17 years (%)	10.1	10.0	10.1	10.1	10.0	10.1
0 to 5 years (%)	9.6	9.4	9.8	9.6	9.4	9.8
18 to 64 years (%)	7.3	7.0	7.6	7.3	7.0	7.6
65 years and over (%)	10.6	9.1	11.9	10.6	9.1	11.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	849,655	420,050	429,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	171,330	88,485	82,845	20.2	21.1	19.3
0 to 5 years	51,180	26,215	24,965	6.0	6.2	5.8
18 to 64 years	539,460	267,035	272,425	63.5	63.6	63.4
65 years and over	138,870	64,535	74,335	16.3	15.4	17.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	45,970	23,340	22,630	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	8,785	4,540	4,240	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,255	1,140	1,110	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	32,200	16,645	15,555	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,985	2,145	2,835	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.4	5.6	5.3	5.4	5.6	5.3
0 to 17 years (%)	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1
0 to 5 years (%)	4.4	4.4	4.5	4.4	4.4	4.5
18 to 64 years (%)	6.0	6.2	5.7	6.0	6.2	5.7
65 years and over (%)	3.6	3.3	3.8	3.6	3.3	3.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	852,475	421,405	431,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	369,335	178,635	190,705	43.3	42.4	44.2
In bottom decile	72,305	35,210	37,095	8.5	8.4	8.6
In second decile	67,340	31,555	35,775	7.9	7.5	8.3
In third decile	70,240	33,980	36,260	8.2	8.1	8.4
In fourth decile	76,135	37,095	39,040	8.9	8.8	9.1
In fifth decile	83,315	40,785	42,530	9.8	9.7	9.9
In top half of the distribution	483,140	242,775	240,365	56.7	57.6	55.8
In sixth decile	88,385	43,805	44,580	10.4	10.4	10.3
In seventh decile	95,100	47,325	47,775	11.2	11.2	11.1
In eighth decile	100,070	50,220	49,850	11.7	11.9	11.6
In ninth decile	104,350	52,700	51,650	12.2	12.5	12.0
In top decile	95,235	48,725	46,510	11.2	11.6	10.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	852,475	...	...	852,475	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.311	...	...	0.311	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.408	...	...	0.408	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.277	...	...	0.277	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	855,705	422,685	433,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	771,375	386,315	385,060	90.1	91.4	88.9
French only	300	145	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	38,110	16,845	21,265	4.5	4.0	4.9
Neither English nor French	45,915	19,385	26,530	5.4	4.6	6.1
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	855,705	422,685	433,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	801,600	399,355	402,245	93.7	94.5	92.9
French	5,375	2,635	2,735	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and French	3,580	1,675	1,900	0.4	0.4	0.4
Neither English nor French	45,150	19,020	26,130	5.3	4.5	6.0
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	855,705	422,685	433,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	805,710	398,210	407,500	94.2	94.2	94.1
Official languages	451,945	227,125	224,815	52.8	53.7	51.9
English	446,790	224,580	222,205	52.2	53.1	51.3
French	5,150	2,545	2,605	0.6	0.6	0.6
Non-official languages	353,770	171,085	182,685	41.3	40.5	42.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	100	30	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	353,675	171,055	182,620	41.3	40.5	42.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	10,995	5,675	5,320	1.3	1.3	1.2
Berber languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,050	535	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	975	495	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	9,905	5,110	4,795	1.2	1.2	1.1
Amharic	420	195	225	0.0	0.0	0.1
Arabic	7,480	3,865	3,620	0.9	0.9	0.8
Aramaic languages	1,165	600	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	385	205	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	675	340	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	120	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	685	365	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	9,180	4,185	4,995	1.1	1.0	1.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	715	325	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	8,460	3,860	4,600	1.0	0.9	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	27,435	11,915	15,520	3.2	2.8	3.6
Bikol	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	455	195	260	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	940	420	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	420	190	235	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	1,715	750	965	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	600	255	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	200	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	22,295	9,645	12,655	2.6	2.3	2.9
Waray-Waray	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	195	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	315	145	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	175	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	4,120	2,100	2,025	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kannada	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,675	845	830	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	1,495	755	740	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	780	415	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	30	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	225,310	111,550	113,765	26.3	26.4	26.3
Albanian	435	220	215	0.1	0.1	0.0
Armenian	205	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	11,065	5,155	5,915	1.3	1.2	1.4
Baltic languages	95	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	10,970	5,120	5,860	1.3	1.2	1.4
Belarusian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	200	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	700	305	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	2,960	1,390	1,570	0.3	0.3	0.4
Russian	3,430	1,555	1,875	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	2,135	1,085	1,050	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bosnian	245	130	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	930	470	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	925	470	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	340	145	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	140	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,035	455	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10,270	4,710	5,560	1.2	1.1	1.3
Frisian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	6,205	2,855	3,350	0.7	0.7	0.8
German	6,040	2,780	3,265	0.7	0.7	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,985	1,370	1,610	0.3	0.3	0.4
Afrikaans	380	180	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	2,465	1,130	1,330	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,040	465	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	555	255	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	195	75	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	255	115	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	945	500	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	185,380	92,570	92,810	21.7	21.9	21.4
Indo-Aryan languages	180,005	89,810	90,195	21.0	21.2	20.8
Assamese	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,315	695	620	0.2	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	2,530	1,315	1,215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	17,285	8,440	8,845	2.0	2.0	2.0
Kacchi	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	115	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	380	185	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	725	360	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	149,330	74,650	74,675	17.5	17.7	17.2
Rohingya	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	875	425	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	6,740	3,330	3,410	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	320	160	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	5,370	2,760	2,605	0.6	0.7	0.6
Baluchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	425	225	205	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	710	390	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	4,170	2,115	2,050	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	2,120	1,025	1,095	0.2	0.2	0.3
Iranian Persian	1,535	830	705	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	515	265	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	16,960	8,280	8,690	2.0	2.0	2.0
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,025	1,075	955	0.2	0.3	0.2
Portuguese	2,915	1,350	1,570	0.3	0.3	0.4
Romanian	1,195	570	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	10,805	5,270	5,535	1.3	1.2	1.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,925	670	1,255	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	14,865	6,905	7,965	1.7	1.6	1.8
Mongolian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,620	810	815	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	245	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	380	190	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	175	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	220	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	225	120	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	205	105	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	53,960	25,250	28,705	6.3	6.0	6.6
Chinese languages	52,675	24,615	28,050	6.2	5.8	6.5
Hakka	300	125	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	37,640	17,480	20,160	4.4	4.1	4.7
Min Dong	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,195	1,050	1,145	0.3	0.2	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	385	185	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	11,860	5,645	6,210	1.4	1.3	1.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	240	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,265	620	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	375	185	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	565	280	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	515	250	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,010	395	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	595	285	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	400	100	300	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	835	445	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	615	335	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,650	770	875	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	340	145	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,210	585	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	49,995	24,480	25,515	5.8	5.8	5.9
English and French	1,860	880	980	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	42,960	21,165	21,795	5.0	5.0	5.0
French and non-official language(s)	435	215	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	600	280	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	4,135	1,935	2,200	0.5	0.5	0.5
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	855,705	422,685	433,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	465,675	232,725	232,950	54.4	55.1	53.8
French	830	405	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	132,945	64,240	68,705	15.5	15.2	15.9
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	132,930	64,240	68,690	15.5	15.2	15.9
English and French	4,260	1,980	2,280	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	237,545	116,495	121,045	27.8	27.6	28.0
French and non-official language(s)	200	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	4,210	1,900	2,310	0.5	0.4	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	10,030	4,840	5,195	1.2	1.1	1.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	855,705	422,685	433,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	796,060	393,390	402,670	93.0	93.1	93.0
Official languages	553,840	274,730	279,110	64.7	65.0	64.5
English	552,460	274,070	278,390	64.6	64.8	64.3
French	1,380	665	720	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official languages	242,225	118,660	123,560	28.3	28.1	28.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	15	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	242,200	118,655	123,550	28.3	28.1	28.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,595	3,780	3,815	0.9	0.9	0.9
Berber languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	685	330	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	650	315	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	6,905	3,445	3,460	0.8	0.8	0.8
Amharic	210	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	5,240	2,620	2,620	0.6	0.6	0.6
Aramaic languages	920	460	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	305	155	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	515	250	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	480	250	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	6,250	2,855	3,400	0.7	0.7	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	435	205	230	0.1	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	5,820	2,645	3,170	0.7	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	14,880	6,965	7,915	1.7	1.6	1.8
Bikol	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	200	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	520	255	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	925	425	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	205	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	115	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	12,470	5,815	6,650	1.5	1.4	1.5
Waray-Waray	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	85	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	195	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,675	1,325	1,350	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,075	540	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	1,005	480	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	500	250	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	153,625	76,690	76,935	18.0	18.1	17.8
Albanian	210	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,710	2,255	2,460	0.6	0.5	0.6
Baltic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,695	2,245	2,450	0.5	0.5	0.6
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,140	555	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	2,085	995	1,085	0.2	0.2	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	805	395	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	235	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	450	230	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	305	130	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	930	435	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	540	245	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	515	230	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	310	155	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	145	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	340	170	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	139,170	69,625	69,545	16.3	16.5	16.1
Indo-Aryan languages	135,885	67,965	67,920	15.9	16.1	15.7
Assamese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	820	415	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	1,555	805	750	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	10,020	4,895	5,120	1.2	1.2	1.2
Kacchi	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	220	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	500	255	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	117,025	58,685	58,335	13.7	13.9	13.5
Rohingya	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	475	230	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	4,910	2,400	2,510	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	155	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,280	1,655	1,630	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	270	135	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	460	250	205	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	2,540	1,255	1,280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	1,355	650	705	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	890	460	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	290	145	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,175	4,065	4,110	1.0	1.0	0.9
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	325	150	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	1,365	630	730	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romanian	510	235	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	5,975	3,045	2,935	0.7	0.7	0.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	810	345	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	12,155	5,680	6,470	1.4	1.3	1.5
Mongolian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	670	330	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	185	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	360	205	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	320	180	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	41,560	19,695	21,865	4.9	4.7	5.0
Chinese languages	40,615	19,215	21,400	4.7	4.5	4.9
Hakka	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	30,775	14,535	16,240	3.6	3.4	3.8
Min Dong	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,340	635	700	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	305	150	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	7,915	3,765	4,150	0.9	0.9	1.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	925	475	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	295	145	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	150	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	410	210	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	380	190	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	480	215	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	320	160	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	145	50	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	495	245	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	395	200	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	360	180	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	290	145	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	59,640	29,295	30,340	7.0	6.9	7.0
English and French	755	370	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	56,810	27,975	28,840	6.6	6.6	6.7
French and non-official language(s)	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	365	170	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,555	715	845	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	855,705	422,685	433,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	647,775	321,265	326,510	75.7	76.0	75.4
English	85,010	42,330	42,685	9.9	10.0	9.9
French	4,150	1,900	2,245	0.5	0.4	0.5
Non-official language	90,575	43,280	47,290	10.6	10.2	10.9
Indigenous³⁹	80	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	90,500	43,260	47,240	10.6	10.2	10.9
English and French	620	275	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	15,510	7,845	7,670	1.8	1.9	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	1,925	860	1,060	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	9,975	4,855	5,120	1.2	1.1	1.2
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	852,450	421,340	431,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	806,330	401,955	404,375	94.6	95.4	93.8
English	806,070	401,835	404,230	94.6	95.4	93.8
French	38,390	16,885	21,505	4.5	4.0	5.0
Non-official languages	447,560	217,475	230,085	52.5	51.6	53.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	270	85	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	110	20	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	95	15	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	95	15	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	447,315	217,390	229,915	52.5	51.6	53.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	15,105	8,075	7,025	1.8	1.9	1.6
Berber languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	90	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,430	750	680	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	90	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,340	705	635	0.2	0.2	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	13,830	7,455	6,375	1.6	1.8	1.5
Amharic	905	470	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	11,220	6,050	5,175	1.3	1.4	1.2
Aramaic languages	1,805	945	860	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	660	375	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	925	465	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	265	130	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	515	320	195	0.1	0.1	0.0
Maltese	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	965	530	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	12,200	5,620	6,585	1.4	1.3	1.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,050	520	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	11,250	5,155	6,095	1.3	1.2	1.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	38,640	16,880	21,760	4.5	4.0	5.0
Bikol	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	475	230	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	1,590	725	865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	485	245	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hiligaynon	750	320	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	3,105	1,300	1,810	0.4	0.3	0.4
Indonesian	935	425	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	725	340	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	435	200	235	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pangasinan	210	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35,615	15,490	20,130	4.2	3.7	4.7
Waray-Waray	190	80	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	965	465	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	1,010	510	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	455	230	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	190	110	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	160	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	6,195	3,120	3,070	0.7	0.7	0.7
Kannada	530	255	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	2,305	1,190	1,115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	2,860	1,470	1,385	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	1,205	635	575	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	292,610	145,555	147,055	34.3	34.5	34.1
Albanian	660	290	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	270	135	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	13,680	6,490	7,190	1.6	1.5	1.7
Baltic languages	105	30	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	65	10	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	13,620	6,475	7,150	1.6	1.5	1.7
Belarusian	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	285	160	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	995	455	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	3,575	1,715	1,865	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	5,245	2,545	2,700	0.6	0.6	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	2,745	1,385	1,360	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	380	220	160	0.0	0.1	0.0
Croatian	1,520	755	765	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	1,275	630	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	505	220	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	195	70	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,745	715	1,025	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	135	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15,430	7,240	8,190	1.8	1.7	1.9
Frisian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	9,740	4,685	5,055	1.1	1.1	1.2
German	9,575	4,615	4,960	1.1	1.1	1.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	230	115	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	4,525	2,075	2,445	0.5	0.5	0.6
Afrikaans	1,210	625	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	3,190	1,415	1,770	0.4	0.3	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	145	40	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,645	740	900	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	715	315	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	350	150	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	600	305	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,550	825	725	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	236,650	118,810	117,840	27.8	28.2	27.3
Indo-Aryan languages	230,885	115,860	115,025	27.1	27.5	26.7
Assamese	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,765	915	850	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	4,005	2,100	1,905	0.5	0.5	0.4
Hindi	72,580	35,585	36,995	8.5	8.4	8.6
Kacchi	365	160	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	290	155	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	830	455	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	825	410	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	193,255	97,250	96,005	22.7	23.1	22.3
Rohingya	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	225	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,525	725	800	0.2	0.2	0.2
Urdu	13,455	6,945	6,505	1.6	1.6	1.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	785	395	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	6,980	3,585	3,390	0.8	0.9	0.8
Baluchi	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	600	350	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,360	730	635	0.2	0.2	0.1
Persian languages	5,435	2,755	2,675	0.6	0.7	0.6
Dari	2,955	1,430	1,525	0.3	0.3	0.4
Iranian Persian	2,020	1,105	910	0.2	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	555	265	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	28,535	13,970	14,560	3.3	3.3	3.4
Catalan	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,980	2,075	1,905	0.5	0.5	0.4
Portuguese	4,075	1,965	2,110	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	1,615	785	835	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	20,165	9,875	10,290	2.4	2.3	2.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	3,885	1,755	2,130	0.5	0.4	0.5
Korean	16,790	7,760	9,030	2.0	1.8	2.1
Mongolian	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,875	1,940	1,930	0.5	0.5	0.4
Akan (Twi)	640	310	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	170	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	80	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	190	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	225	100	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	95	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	185	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,445	760	690	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	610	305	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	655	315	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	165	55	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	120	25	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	1,160	505	655	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	1,055	445	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	130	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	62,900	29,615	33,280	7.4	7.0	7.7
Chinese languages	61,425	28,885	32,540	7.2	6.9	7.5
Hakka	685	300	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	49,955	23,395	26,560	5.9	5.6	6.2
Min Dong	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,225	2,010	2,215	0.5	0.5	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	545	250	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	17,190	7,990	9,200	2.0	1.9	2.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	245	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,510	750	760	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burmese	745	375	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	205	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	625	305	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	595	280	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	100	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,440	665	770	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	785	385	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	765	335	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,345	745	605	0.2	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	75	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,100	640	465	0.1	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,975	910	1,060	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	395	165	230	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	1,510	720	785	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	155	55	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	852,450	421,340	431,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	23,150	11,165	11,980	2.7	2.6	2.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	22,060	10,650	11,415	2.6	2.5	2.6
First Nations (North American Indian)	11,560	5,545	6,010	1.4	1.3	1.4
Métis	10,280	5,005	5,275	1.2	1.2	1.2
Inuk (Inuit)	220	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	740	340	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	345	180	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	829,305	410,175	419,130	97.3	97.4	97.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	852,450	421,340	431,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	7,090	3,290	3,800	0.8	0.8	0.9
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	845,365	418,055	427,310	99.2	99.2	99.1
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	295,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	212,240	...	...	71.9	...	...
Renter	82,990	...	...	28.1	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	100	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	295,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	64,310	...	...	21.8	...	...
Not condominium	231,020	...	...	78.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	295,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	2,035	...	...	0.7	...	...
1 bedroom	36,145	...	...	12.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	75,745	...	...	25.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	80,660	...	...	27.3	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	100,745	...	...	34.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	295,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	98,700	...	...	33.4	...	...
5 rooms	43,520	...	...	14.7	...	...
6 rooms	36,520	...	...	12.4	...	...
7 rooms	31,360	...	...	10.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	85,220	...	...	28.9	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.1	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	295,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	278,280	...	...	94.2	...	...
More than one person per room	17,045	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	295,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	267,125	...	...	90.4	...	...
Not suitable	28,205	...	...	9.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	295,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	13,890	...	...	4.7	...	...
1961 to 1980	63,100	...	...	21.4	...	...
1981 to 1990	49,940	...	...	16.9	...	...
1991 to 2000	53,985	...	...	18.3	...	...
2001 to 2005	23,510	...	...	8.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	30,125	...	...	10.2	...	...
2011 to 2015	27,380	...	...	9.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	33,400	...	...	11.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	295,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	283,155	...	...	95.9	...	...
Major repairs needed	12,170	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	295,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	126,315	...	...	42.8	...	...
Two-maintainer household	137,855	...	...	46.7	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	31,160	...	...	10.6	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	295,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	7,450	...	...	2.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	35,415	...	...	12.0	...	...
35 to 44 years	55,200	...	...	18.7	...	...
45 to 54 years	60,350	...	...	20.4	...	...
55 to 64 years	60,655	...	...	20.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	44,715	...	...	15.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	23,595	...	...	8.0	...	...
85 years and over	7,945	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	292,350	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	218,900	...	...	74.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	73,450	...	...	25.1	...	...
30% to less than 100%	65,250	...	...	22.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	295,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	104,260	...	...	35.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	65,230	...	...	22.1	...	...
Not suitable only	22,215	...	...	7.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	7,510	...	...	2.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,640	...	...	1.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	3,315	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,080	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	270	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	191,070	...	...	64.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	284,145	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	41,695	...	...	14.7	...	...
Not in core need	242,455	...	...	85.3	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	210,375	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.5	...	...	65.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	22.2	...	...	22.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	9.7	...	...	9.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,740	...	...	1,740	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,946	...	...	1,946	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,000,000	...	...	1,000,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,105,000	...	...	1,105,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	82,755	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.9	...	...	8.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	32.7	...	...	32.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	27.7	...	...	27.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	...	...	1,300	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,472	...	...	1,472	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	95	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	11.8	...	...	11.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	444	...	...	444	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	610	...	...	610	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	852,450	421,340	431,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	6,365	2,990	3,375	0.7	0.7	0.8
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	6,065	2,875	3,190	0.7	0.7	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	4,135	1,895	2,240	0.5	0.4	0.5
Métis single ancestry	1,880	965	920	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	300	115	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	290	115	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	19,190	9,350	9,840	2.3	2.2	2.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	18,395	8,975	9,425	2.2	2.1	2.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	11,800	5,775	6,030	1.4	1.4	1.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	6,460	3,130	3,330	0.8	0.7	0.8
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	795	380	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	780	370	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	826,895	408,995	417,900	97.0	97.1	96.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	852,450	421,340	431,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	710,465	352,055	358,410	83.3	83.6	83.1
Canadian citizens aged under 18	156,280	80,445	75,835	18.3	19.1	17.6
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	554,180	271,610	282,570	65.0	64.5	65.5
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	141,990	69,290	72,705	16.7	16.4	16.9
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	852,450	421,340	431,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	481,310	242,240	239,070	56.5	57.5	55.5
Immigrants⁸¹	329,520	157,250	172,270	38.7	37.3	40.0
Before 1980	45,355	21,975	23,380	5.3	5.2	5.4
1980 to 1990	34,430	16,430	18,000	4.0	3.9	4.2
1991 to 2000	67,695	32,305	35,385	7.9	7.7	8.2
2001 to 2010	86,300	40,685	45,615	10.1	9.7	10.6
2011 to 2021⁸²	95,740	45,855	49,885	11.2	10.9	11.6
2011 to 2015	45,695	21,695	24,000	5.4	5.1	5.6
2016 to 2021	50,045	24,160	25,880	5.9	5.7	6.0
Non-permanent residents⁸³	41,615	21,850	19,770	4.9	5.2	4.6
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	329,520	157,250	172,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	24,310	12,355	11,950	7.4	7.9	6.9
5 to 14 years	49,760	25,710	24,050	15.1	16.3	14.0
15 to 24 years	73,750	32,950	40,805	22.4	21.0	23.7
25 to 44 years	138,140	66,280	71,855	41.9	42.1	41.7
45 years and over	43,560	19,955	23,610	13.2	12.7	13.7
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	329,520	157,250	172,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	19,645	9,300	10,345	6.0	5.9	6.0
Brazil	1,035	490	545	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	1,340	605	730	0.4	0.4	0.4
El Salvador	1,855	970	890	0.6	0.6	0.5
Guyana	345	155	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	1,050	530	515	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexico	1,890	825	1,065	0.6	0.5	0.6
Peru	645	310	330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	575	255	315	0.2	0.2	0.2
United States of America	6,640	3,010	3,625	2.0	1.9	2.1
Other places of birth in Americas	4,195	2,105	2,090	1.3	1.3	1.2
Europe	41,245	20,165	21,080	12.5	12.8	12.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	550	305	250	0.2	0.2	0.1
Croatia	670	335	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	535	280	255	0.2	0.2	0.1
Germany	3,680	1,815	1,870	1.1	1.2	1.1
Greece	615	380	235	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hungary	790	360	435	0.2	0.2	0.3
Italy	1,565	880	690	0.5	0.6	0.4
Netherlands	2,280	1,115	1,165	0.7	0.7	0.7
Poland	2,655	1,260	1,395	0.8	0.8	0.8
Portugal	1,195	555	645	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romania	1,365	635	735	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian Federation	1,475	675	805	0.4	0.4	0.5
Serbia⁸⁶	535	260	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	1,425	665	760	0.4	0.4	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	16,150	7,895	8,255	4.9	5.0	4.8
Other places of birth in Europe	5,740	2,760	2,980	1.7	1.8	1.7
Africa	11,925	6,090	5,845	3.6	3.9	3.4
Algeria	85	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	370	195	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	895	465	430	0.3	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	675	365	305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ethiopia	725	385	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	160	60	100	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nigeria	1,080	575	510	0.3	0.4	0.3
Somalia	730	355	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	1,990	990	1,000	0.6	0.6	0.6
Other places of birth in Africa	5,215	2,635	2,580	1.6	1.7	1.5
Asia	245,060	116,305	128,750	74.4	74.0	74.7
Afghanistan	2,250	1,065	1,185	0.7	0.7	0.7
Iran⁸⁸	1,735	965	765	0.5	0.6	0.4
Iraq	3,480	1,915	1,565	1.1	1.2	0.9
Lebanon	740	375	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	2,250	1,250	1,000	0.7	0.8	0.6
Turkey	400	230	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	31,845	14,455	17,390	9.7	9.2	10.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	4,660	2,305	2,355	1.4	1.5	1.4
Korea, South⁹²	11,610	5,335	6,275	3.5	3.4	3.6
Taiwan	7,640	3,535	4,110	2.3	2.2	2.4
Philippines	35,335	15,515	19,820	10.7	9.9	11.5
Viet Nam	7,765	3,460	4,305	2.4	2.2	2.5
Bangladesh	960	500	465	0.3	0.3	0.3
India	113,165	55,250	57,915	34.3	35.1	33.6
Pakistan	6,795	3,450	3,345	2.1	2.2	1.9
Sri Lanka	1,750	845	910	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other places of birth in Asia	12,655	5,855	6,800	3.8	3.7	3.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	11,645	5,395	6,255	3.5	3.4	3.6
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	50,045	24,165	25,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,270	1,530	1,745	6.5	6.3	6.7
Brazil	550	255	300	1.1	1.1	1.2
Colombia	290	160	135	0.6	0.7	0.5
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	275	125	155	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mexico	340	170	175	0.7	0.7	0.7
United States of America	1,075	510	565	2.1	2.1	2.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Americas	675	295	380	1.3	1.2	1.5
Europe	2,185	1,155	1,030	4.4	4.8	4.0
France	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	85	45	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	280	140	140	0.6	0.6	0.5
Russian Federation	205	90	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ukraine	230	120	105	0.5	0.5	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	595	360	240	1.2	1.5	0.9
Other places of birth in Europe	665	335	335	1.3	1.4	1.3
Africa	2,640	1,340	1,295	5.3	5.5	5.0
Algeria	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	140	75	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
Côte d'Ivoire	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	125	50	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
Eritrea	370	205	165	0.7	0.8	0.6
Ethiopia	160	90	75	0.3	0.4	0.3
Morocco	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	540	270	270	1.1	1.1	1.0
Somalia	170	90	75	0.3	0.4	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	290	135	150	0.6	0.6	0.6
Sudan⁹⁷	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	665	335	325	1.3	1.4	1.3
Asia	41,555	19,940	21,615	83.0	82.5	83.5
Afghanistan	460	220	240	0.9	0.9	0.9
Bangladesh	220	125	100	0.4	0.5	0.4
China⁹⁰	5,990	2,605	3,390	12.0	10.8	13.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	300	150	150	0.6	0.6	0.6
India	21,125	10,590	10,535	42.2	43.8	40.7
Iran⁸⁸	160	75	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iraq	815	455	360	1.6	1.9	1.4
Israel	80	60	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Japan	175	40	140	0.3	0.2	0.5
Jordan	170	80	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	1,705	760	940	3.4	3.1	3.6
Lebanon	155	65	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepal	120	50	70	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pakistan	1,055	545	515	2.1	2.3	2.0
Philippines	4,885	2,115	2,775	9.8	8.8	10.7
Saudi Arabia	130	80	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
Sri Lanka	180	80	105	0.4	0.3	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	1,765	1,025	740	3.5	4.2	2.9
Turkey	150	105	50	0.3	0.4	0.2
United Arab Emirates	285	140	145	0.6	0.6	0.6
Viet Nam	565	170	400	1.1	0.7	1.5
Other places of birth in Asia	1,050	420	635	2.1	1.7	2.5
Oceania and other⁹³	395	200	200	0.8	0.8	0.8
Australia	185	100	85	0.4	0.4	0.3
Other places of birth⁹⁸	210	100	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	852,450	421,340	431,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	379,465	183,070	196,390	44.5	43.4	45.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	215,860	109,455	106,405	25.3	26.0	24.7
Third generation or more¹⁰²	257,130	128,815	128,320	30.2	30.6	29.8
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	284,165	135,280	148,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	137,600	68,080	69,515	48.4	50.3	46.7
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	54,980	32,395	22,585	19.3	23.9	15.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	82,615	35,685	46,930	29.1	26.4	31.5
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	115,650	50,600	65,045	40.7	37.4	43.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	28,915	15,605	13,315	10.2	11.5	8.9
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	2,010	985	1,020	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	284,165	135,280	148,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	7,690	4,655	3,035	2.7	3.4	2.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	25,365	10,810	14,555	8.9	8.0	9.8
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	6,670	3,490	3,175	2.3	2.6	2.1
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	13,855	7,280	6,575	4.9	5.4	4.4
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,305	595	715	0.5	0.4	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	229,280	108,445	120,835	80.7	80.2	81.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	852,455	421,340	431,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	473,350	233,720	239,630	55.5	55.5	55.6
South Asian	253,035	128,040	125,000	29.7	30.4	29.0
Chinese	67,560	32,265	35,295	7.9	7.7	8.2
Black	16,315	8,345	7,965	1.9	2.0	1.8
Filipino	47,700	21,930	25,765	5.6	5.2	6.0
Arab	9,085	4,755	4,335	1.1	1.1	1.0
Latin American	12,370	6,085	6,290	1.5	1.4	1.5
Southeast Asian	19,250	9,125	10,125	2.3	2.2	2.3
West Asian	6,600	3,390	3,205	0.8	0.8	0.7
Korean	17,570	8,195	9,375	2.1	1.9	2.2
Japanese	5,065	2,270	2,795	0.6	0.5	0.6
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	5,895	2,985	2,910	0.7	0.7	0.7
Multiple visible minorities	12,910	6,340	6,570	1.5	1.5	1.5
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	379,100	187,620	191,480	44.5	44.5	44.4
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	852,450	421,335	431,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	65,060	33,105	31,955	7.6	7.9	7.4
English	123,500	60,725	62,775	14.5	14.4	14.6
Irish	72,350	34,165	38,180	8.5	8.1	8.9
Scottish	91,200	44,335	46,865	10.7	10.5	10.9
French, n.o.s.¹²²	33,755	16,290	17,465	4.0	3.9	4.1
German	65,675	32,165	33,515	7.7	7.6	7.8
Chinese	65,850	31,305	34,540	7.7	7.4	8.0
Italian	19,665	9,810	9,855	2.3	2.3	2.3
Indian (India)	140,395	70,365	70,035	16.5	16.7	16.2
Ukrainian	27,250	13,465	13,780	3.2	3.2	3.2
Dutch	26,570	13,140	13,430	3.1	3.1	3.1
Polish	17,840	8,535	9,305	2.1	2.0	2.2
Québécois	520	260	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	23,900	11,430	12,470	2.8	2.7	2.9
Filipino	46,320	21,445	24,875	5.4	5.1	5.8
French Canadian	4,515	2,270	2,245	0.5	0.5	0.5
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	9,795	5,040	4,755	1.1	1.2	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	8,480	4,250	4,230	1.0	1.0	1.0
Métis	9,415	4,585	4,830	1.1	1.1	1.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	12,830	6,465	6,370	1.5	1.5	1.5
Russian	14,090	6,645	7,450	1.7	1.6	1.7
Norwegian	16,495	7,975	8,520	1.9	1.9	2.0
Welsh	12,235	5,870	6,370	1.4	1.4	1.5
Portuguese	6,100	3,010	3,090	0.7	0.7	0.7
American	8,030	3,885	4,145	0.9	0.9	1.0
Spanish	9,165	4,240	4,925	1.1	1.0	1.1
Swedish	12,020	5,510	6,510	1.4	1.3	1.5
Hungarian	6,975	3,325	3,650	0.8	0.8	0.8
Acadian	570	285	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	9,650	4,825	4,825	1.1	1.1	1.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	3,870	1,875	2,005	0.5	0.4	0.5
Jewish	2,685	1,295	1,395	0.3	0.3	0.3
Punjabi	57,425	29,280	28,145	6.7	6.9	6.5
Vietnamese	13,150	6,210	6,940	1.5	1.5	1.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,850	2,060	1,800	0.5	0.5	0.4
Greek	3,430	1,740	1,690	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jamaican	2,200	1,140	1,060	0.3	0.3	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	9,790	4,635	5,150	1.1	1.1	1.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	2,165	930	1,240	0.3	0.2	0.3
Korean	17,010	7,950	9,060	2.0	1.9	2.1
Romanian	3,895	1,810	2,085	0.5	0.4	0.5
Lebanese	1,480	760	720	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	1,970	1,065	900	0.2	0.3	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	3,125	1,595	1,530	0.4	0.4	0.4
Danish	6,600	3,295	3,300	0.8	0.8	0.8
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,005	910	1,095	0.2	0.2	0.3
Sikh	43,160	22,090	21,075	5.1	5.2	4.9
Austrian	5,500	2,580	2,920	0.6	0.6	0.7
Belgian	2,120	1,020	1,105	0.2	0.2	0.3
Haitian	250	95	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	9,315	4,740	4,575	1.1	1.1	1.1
Mexican	3,805	1,905	1,900	0.4	0.5	0.4
Mennonite	2,705	1,395	1,305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	2,705	1,245	1,460	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	3,815	1,885	1,930	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lankan	1,915	980	940	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	3,485	1,720	1,765	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japanese	6,740	3,120	3,620	0.8	0.7	0.8
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	9,290	4,625	4,665	1.1	1.1	1.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	430	215	215	0.1	0.1	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	3,460	1,765	1,690	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	3,080	1,515	1,565	0.4	0.4	0.4
Egyptian	1,215	620	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,405	1,215	1,190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	1,020	575	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	3,555	1,710	1,845	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombian	1,455	695	750	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	215	70	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	2,520	1,265	1,255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syrian	1,845	990	860	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	555	300	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	3,595	1,760	1,840	0.4	0.4	0.4
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	940	425	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	1,610	840	775	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	495	280	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	390	195	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	1,865	885	975	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ontarian	285	135	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	1,305	690	610	0.2	0.2	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	845	475	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	925	505	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	200	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	1,030	540	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	120	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	1,360	605	755	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nigerian	1,055	565	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	715	365	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	1,430	690	735	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,575	670	905	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	1,450	775	675	0.2	0.2	0.2
Taiwanese	6,915	3,350	3,565	0.8	0.8	0.8
Iraqi	1,925	1,010	915	0.2	0.2	0.2
Salvadorean	2,040	1,035	1,005	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	470	285	185	0.1	0.1	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,725	1,360	1,365	0.3	0.3	0.3
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	860	445	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	670	290	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	210	115	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	470	215	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	645	255	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	1,750	895	855	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	2,155	1,125	1,035	0.3	0.3	0.2
Palestinian	860	470	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	910	420	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	430	215	210	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nova Scotian	200	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	725	360	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	975	435	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	705	340	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	360	185	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,250	625	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	660	285	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	320	135	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	110	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	820	405	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	940	430	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	75	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	860	430	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	810	435	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	355	180	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	270	130	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	770	340	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	365	180	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	390	205	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	590	310	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	460	250	205	0.1	0.1	0.0
African American	850	455	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	655	285	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	560	275	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	280	160	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	500	275	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	280	140	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	585	300	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	385	210	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	90	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	830	440	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	1,440	720	715	0.2	0.2	0.2
Laotian	1,055	535	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	1,550	680	870	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern Irish	545	280	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	400	205	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	2,525	1,305	1,220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ecuadorian	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	330	155	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	665	295	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	500	290	210	0.1	0.1	0.0
Fijian	9,570	4,635	4,935	1.1	1.1	1.1
Jatt	5,215	2,755	2,455	0.6	0.7	0.6
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	355	195	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	425	240	190	0.0	0.1	0.0
Thai	805	300	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	735	355	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	355	215	145	0.0	0.1	0.0
Igbo	245	100	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	350	170	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	260	155	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	230	120	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	910	470	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	260	110	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	135	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	895	435	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	45	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	110	80	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	360	155	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	705	370	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	140	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	215	130	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	530	270	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	340	175	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	535	240	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	100	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	320	160	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	240	130	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	55	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	165	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	110	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	250	125	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	645	325	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhalese	630	295	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	485	275	215	0.1	0.1	0.0
Honduran	505	270	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	290	135	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	105	70	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	235	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	90	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	335	165	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	675	335	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	140	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	240	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	825	435	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	295	135	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	165	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	195	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	130	45	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	355	165	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	170	95	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	150	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	240	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	355	160	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	785	410	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	130	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	195	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	95	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	220	120	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	852,450	421,340	431,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	14,515	6,445	8,070	1.7	1.5	1.9
Christian	281,690	130,150	151,540	33.0	30.9	35.2
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	82,545	39,080	43,470	9.7	9.3	10.1
Anabaptist	2,945	1,420	1,530	0.3	0.3	0.4
Anglican	16,550	7,165	9,380	1.9	1.7	2.2
Baptist	10,715	5,000	5,715	1.3	1.2	1.3
Catholic	99,290	46,455	52,840	11.6	11.0	12.3
Christian Orthodox	7,385	3,670	3,715	0.9	0.9	0.9
Jehovah's Witness	3,830	1,715	2,110	0.4	0.4	0.5
Latter Day Saints	1,695	785	915	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lutheran	6,540	2,765	3,775	0.8	0.7	0.9
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	830	400	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	9,035	4,050	4,985	1.1	1.0	1.2
Presbyterian	4,920	2,245	2,675	0.6	0.5	0.6
Reformed	2,750	1,350	1,395	0.3	0.3	0.3
United Church	16,025	6,350	9,670	1.9	1.5	2.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	16,625	7,700	8,930	2.0	1.8	2.1
Hindu	36,510	18,700	17,810	4.3	4.4	4.1
Jewish	1,835	870	965	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	37,360	18,890	18,470	4.4	4.5	4.3
Sikh	180,795	90,780	90,020	21.2	21.5	20.9
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	365	160	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	4,745	2,030	2,715	0.6	0.5	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	294,640	153,315	141,320	34.6	36.4	32.8
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	844,495	417,335	427,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	728,175	359,885	368,290	86.2	86.2	86.2
Movers	116,320	57,450	58,870	13.8	13.8	13.8
Non-migrants	68,525	33,945	34,580	8.1	8.1	8.1
Migrants	47,800	23,510	24,290	5.7	5.6	5.7
Internal migrants	36,740	18,175	18,565	4.4	4.4	4.3
Intraprovincial migrants	30,295	14,945	15,350	3.6	3.6	3.6
Interprovincial migrants	6,445	3,235	3,215	0.8	0.8	0.8
External migrants	11,060	5,335	5,725	1.3	1.3	1.3
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	809,970	399,705	410,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	455,105	223,960	231,150	56.2	56.0	56.3
Movers	354,865	175,740	179,120	43.8	44.0	43.7
Non-migrants	149,585	73,890	75,695	18.5	18.5	18.5
Migrants	205,280	101,850	103,430	25.3	25.5	25.2
Internal migrants	136,575	67,475	69,100	16.9	16.9	16.8
Intraprovincial migrants	116,755	57,570	59,185	14.4	14.4	14.4
Interprovincial migrants	19,820	9,905	9,915	2.4	2.5	2.4
External migrants	68,705	34,380	34,325	8.5	8.6	8.4
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	711,210	348,320	362,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	119,200	60,155	59,040	16.8	17.3	16.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	592,010	288,165	303,845	83.2	82.7	83.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	457,525	224,225	233,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	49,635	27,215	22,415	10.8	12.1	9.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	407,890	197,005	210,885	89.2	87.9	90.4
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	711,210	348,325	362,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	109,425	54,065	55,360	15.4	15.5	15.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	227,615	114,820	112,795	32.0	33.0	31.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	374,170	179,435	194,730	52.6	51.5	53.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	191,545	96,195	95,340	26.9	27.6	26.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	46,705	35,070	11,635	6.6	10.1	3.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	20,730	12,540	8,190	2.9	3.6	2.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	25,975	22,530	3,445	3.7	6.5	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	113,070	47,215	65,860	15.9	13.6	18.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	31,765	13,920	17,845	4.5	4.0	4.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	182,625	83,235	99,390	25.7	23.9	27.4
Bachelor's degree	120,515	54,505	66,010	16.9	15.6	18.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	14,165	5,795	8,370	2.0	1.7	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	4,525	2,280	2,240	0.6	0.7	0.6
Master's degree	39,360	18,120	21,235	5.5	5.2	5.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,070	2,535	1,530	0.6	0.7	0.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	457,530	224,225	233,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	43,925	23,720	20,205	9.6	10.6	8.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	128,445	66,895	61,550	28.1	29.8	26.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	285,160	133,610	151,550	62.3	59.6	65.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	136,380	67,735	68,645	29.8	30.2	29.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	32,370	24,510	7,860	7.1	10.9	3.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	14,420	8,775	5,650	3.2	3.9	2.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	17,950	15,740	2,210	3.9	7.0	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	81,840	33,625	48,215	17.9	15.0	20.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,170	9,595	12,575	4.8	4.3	5.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	148,780	65,875	82,905	32.5	29.4	35.5
Bachelor's degree	97,390	43,195	54,195	21.3	19.3	23.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	11,040	4,330	6,705	2.4	1.9	2.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,655	1,680	1,980	0.8	0.7	0.8
Master's degree	33,710	14,920	18,790	7.4	6.7	8.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,985	1,750	1,230	0.7	0.8	0.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	711,210	348,320	362,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	337,045	168,890	168,155	47.4	48.5	46.3
Education	24,415	5,090	19,325	3.4	1.5	5.3
13. Education	24,415	5,090	19,325	3.4	1.5	5.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	12,460	5,230	7,230	1.8	1.5	2.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,805	1,295	515	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	10,650	3,940	6,710	1.5	1.1	1.8
Humanities	29,355	12,125	17,230	4.1	3.5	4.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,875	695	2,180	0.4	0.2	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	4,910	1,430	3,470	0.7	0.4	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	15,315	6,635	8,675	2.2	1.9	2.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	310	150	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,065	635	425	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,195	1,370	825	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	2,235	1,125	1,105	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	450	70	385	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	41,105	14,075	27,030	5.8	4.0	7.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	450	140	310	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,855	1,380	2,475	0.5	0.4	0.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	6,140	560	5,575	0.9	0.2	1.5
22. Legal professions and studies	6,315	1,910	4,405	0.9	0.5	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	750	355	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	6,815	1,685	5,125	1.0	0.5	1.4
45. Social sciences	16,785	8,040	8,745	2.4	2.3	2.4
Business, management and public administration	82,590	36,390	46,205	11.6	10.4	12.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	105	25	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,115	740	2,375	0.4	0.2	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	79,370	35,630	43,740	11.2	10.2	12.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	15,330	7,450	7,885	2.2	2.1	2.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,375	2,305	3,075	0.8	0.7	0.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	5,570	2,510	3,060	0.8	0.7	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	185	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	3,600	2,375	1,225	0.5	0.7	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	605	185	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	19,100	11,970	7,130	2.7	3.4	2.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	16,145	10,625	5,520	2.3	3.1	1.5
25. Library science	690	55	630	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,015	1,115	900	0.3	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	255	170	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	70,805	64,070	6,740	10.0	18.4	1.9
04. Architecture and related services	1,955	1,265	685	0.3	0.4	0.2
14. Engineering	20,550	16,975	3,580	2.9	4.9	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	12,880	11,420	1,455	1.8	3.3	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	15,800	15,370	435	2.2	4.4	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	12,615	12,340	275	1.8	3.5	0.1
48. Precision production	7,010	6,705	305	1.0	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	6,275	3,360	2,910	0.9	1.0	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	4,775	2,365	2,405	0.7	0.7	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,500	995	505	0.2	0.3	0.1
Health and related fields	55,190	10,925	44,270	7.8	3.1	12.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,705	1,885	1,820	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	50,420	8,450	41,965	7.1	2.4	11.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	85	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	980	565	420	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	17,470	8,710	8,750	2.5	2.5	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	10,325	2,850	7,480	1.5	0.8	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	40	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	85	75	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,935	2,185	750	0.4	0.6	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,080	3,565	510	0.6	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	457,525	224,225	233,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	172,370	90,610	81,750	37.7	40.4	35.0
Education	16,615	3,055	13,565	3.6	1.4	5.8
13. Education	16,615	3,055	13,565	3.6	1.4	5.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	9,600	3,870	5,725	2.1	1.7	2.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,250	855	395	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	8,350	3,020	5,330	1.8	1.3	2.3
Humanities	21,315	8,295	13,020	4.7	3.7	5.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,295	525	1,770	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	3,780	1,025	2,750	0.8	0.5	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	10,645	4,345	6,300	2.3	1.9	2.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	240	110	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	790	460	325	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,570	960	610	0.3	0.4	0.3
54. History	1,680	820	860	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	320	45	275	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	32,660	10,810	21,850	7.1	4.8	9.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	350	100	250	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,165	1,100	2,070	0.7	0.5	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,720	400	4,315	1.0	0.2	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	5,090	1,370	3,720	1.1	0.6	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	555	275	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	5,300	1,245	4,055	1.2	0.6	1.7
45. Social sciences	13,475	6,315	7,160	2.9	2.8	3.1
Business, management and public administration	64,475	27,695	36,775	14.1	12.4	15.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	75	10	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,380	575	1,810	0.5	0.3	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	62,020	27,115	34,905	13.6	12.1	15.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	10,995	5,185	5,805	2.4	2.3	2.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,960	1,600	2,355	0.9	0.7	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	3,875	1,750	2,125	0.8	0.8	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	2,625	1,635	990	0.6	0.7	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	370	120	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	16,160	10,105	6,055	3.5	4.5	2.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	14,040	9,210	4,830	3.1	4.1	2.1
25. Library science	435	40	395	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,470	710	760	0.3	0.3	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	215	140	75	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	52,795	47,065	5,730	11.5	21.0	2.5
04. Architecture and related services	1,520	965	560	0.3	0.4	0.2
14. Engineering	16,680	13,465	3,210	3.6	6.0	1.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	9,200	8,050	1,145	2.0	3.6	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	11,620	11,265	355	2.5	5.0	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,950	8,750	200	2.0	3.9	0.1
48. Precision production	4,830	4,575	255	1.1	2.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,715	2,395	2,325	1.0	1.1	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,580	1,680	1,900	0.8	0.7	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,135	715	420	0.2	0.3	0.2
Health and related fields	42,850	8,655	34,195	9.4	3.9	14.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,870	1,480	1,385	0.6	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	39,195	6,795	32,400	8.6	3.0	13.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	75	15	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	715	370	345	0.2	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	12,910	6,435	6,475	2.8	2.9	2.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,610	2,120	5,490	1.7	0.9	2.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45	40	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,270	1,650	620	0.5	0.7	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,965	2,610	355	0.6	1.2	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	457,525	224,225	233,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	172,370	90,610	81,750	37.7	40.4	35.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	285,160	133,610	151,550	62.3	59.6	65.0
Location of study inside Canada	184,465	86,960	97,510	40.3	38.8	41.8
Same as province or territory of residence	159,400	74,575	84,825	34.8	33.3	36.4
Different than province or territory of residence	25,065	12,385	12,685	5.5	5.5	5.4
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	100,690	46,645	54,040	22.0	20.8	23.2
Americas	10,440	5,285	5,155	2.3	2.4	2.2
United States of America	7,130	3,810	3,320	1.6	1.7	1.4
Mexico	930	375	560	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	170	65	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	730	345	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	330	130	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	820	415	405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	10,030	5,410	4,620	2.2	2.4	2.0
Belgium	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	225	125	100	0.0	0.1	0.0
Germany	470	275	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	240	135	105	0.1	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	165	105	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	135	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	570	285	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	540	260	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	760	385	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	685	295	395	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	235	140	95	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,390	2,500	1,885	1.0	1.1	0.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	180	105	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	135	90	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	1,025	515	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	2,490	1,360	1,135	0.5	0.6	0.5
Nigeria	410	220	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	395	200	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	735	410	330	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	855	470	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asia	75,465	33,345	42,120	16.5	14.9	18.1
Iran⁸⁸	460	195	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	545	315	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	120	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	220	115	100	0.0	0.1	0.0
Turkey	175	100	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	12,245	5,445	6,800	2.7	2.4	2.9
Taiwan	1,910	690	1,225	0.4	0.3	0.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	470	210	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	650	140	510	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	4,635	1,825	2,810	1.0	0.8	1.2
Philippines	14,615	5,845	8,770	3.2	2.6	3.8
Viet Nam	435	135	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	340	130	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	475	255	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	33,830	15,875	17,955	7.4	7.1	7.7
Pakistan	2,085	955	1,130	0.5	0.4	0.5
Other locations of study in Asia	2,120	1,015	1,115	0.5	0.5	0.5
Oceania	2,260	1,245	1,015	0.5	0.6	0.4
Australia	1,330	740	590	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Zealand	375	200	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	560	310	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	711,210	348,325	362,885	...	...	...
In the labour force	464,450	244,390	220,055	...	...	...
Employed	427,305	226,625	200,675	...	...	...
Unemployed	37,145	17,760	19,380	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	246,760	103,935	142,830	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.3	70.2	60.6	65.3	70.2	60.6
Employment rate	60.1	65.1	55.3	60.1	65.1	55.3
Unemployment rate	8.0	7.3	8.8	8.0	7.3	8.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	711,210	348,320	362,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	258,825	111,070	147,755	36.4	31.9	40.7
Worked	452,385	237,250	215,135	63.6	68.1	59.3
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	237,100	139,040	98,065	33.3	39.9	27.0
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	215,280	98,210	117,065	30.3	28.2	32.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.1	42.3	39.7	41.1	42.3	39.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	464,445	244,385	220,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	10,160	4,615	5,545	2.2	1.9	2.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	454,290	239,770	214,515	97.8	98.1	97.5
Employee	381,635	192,165	189,470	82.2	78.6	86.1
Permanent position	323,810	166,315	157,490	69.7	68.1	71.6
Temporary position	57,830	25,850	31,980	12.5	10.6	14.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	19,405	9,050	10,355	4.2	3.7	4.7
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	38,425	16,800	21,625	8.3	6.9	9.8
Self-employed¹⁹²	72,655	47,605	25,040	15.6	19.5	11.4
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	464,445	244,385	220,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	10,160	4,615	5,545	2.2	1.9	2.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	454,290	239,770	214,515	97.8	98.1	97.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	4,615	3,585	1,025	1.0	1.5	0.5
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	77,640	24,395	53,245	16.7	10.0	24.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	28,920	22,905	6,015	6.2	9.4	2.7
3 Health occupations	32,340	6,225	26,120	7.0	2.5	11.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	46,735	14,815	31,920	10.1	6.1	14.5
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	12,860	6,040	6,820	2.8	2.5	3.1
6 Sales and service occupations	119,925	51,050	68,870	25.8	20.9	31.3
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	101,130	91,645	9,485	21.8	37.5	4.3
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	9,260	5,975	3,280	2.0	2.4	1.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	20,850	13,125	7,720	4.5	5.4	3.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	464,445	244,385	220,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	10,160	4,615	5,545	2.2	1.9	2.5
All industries¹⁹¹	454,290	239,770	214,515	97.8	98.1	97.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	7,685	3,950	3,730	1.7	1.6	1.7
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	890	710	185	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	2,520	1,645	870	0.5	0.7	0.4
23 Construction	47,715	41,145	6,570	10.3	16.8	3.0
31-33 Manufacturing	34,525	23,360	11,160	7.4	9.6	5.1
41 Wholesale trade	18,740	12,140	6,600	4.0	5.0	3.0
44-45 Retail trade	53,645	24,885	28,755	11.6	10.2	13.1
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	41,315	31,855	9,460	8.9	13.0	4.3
51 Information and cultural industries	9,315	5,905	3,410	2.0	2.4	1.5
52 Finance and insurance	17,335	7,090	10,245	3.7	2.9	4.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	8,870	5,100	3,770	1.9	2.1	1.7
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	32,445	17,875	14,570	7.0	7.3	6.6
55 Management of companies and enterprises	935	390	540	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	22,120	12,790	9,325	4.8	5.2	4.2
61 Educational services	28,975	8,300	20,675	6.2	3.4	9.4
62 Health care and social assistance	50,785	8,700	42,090	10.9	3.6	19.1
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	7,975	4,055	3,925	1.7	1.7	1.8
72 Accommodation and food services	28,240	9,905	18,330	6.1	4.1	8.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	19,700	9,480	10,220	4.2	3.9	4.6
91 Public administration	20,560	10,485	10,075	4.4	4.3	4.6
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	495,195	258,790	236,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	430,005	223,345	206,660	86.8	86.3	87.4
French	290	90	200	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-official language	14,980	8,455	6,520	3.0	3.3	2.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14,980	8,455	6,520	3.0	3.3	2.8
English and French	2,325	835	1,490	0.5	0.3	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	46,725	25,605	21,120	9.4	9.9	8.9
French and non-official language(s)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	270	130	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	565	310	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	495,195	258,790	236,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	484,080	252,710	231,370	97.8	97.7	97.9
Official languages	457,415	237,515	219,895	92.4	91.8	93.0
English	456,850	237,375	219,470	92.3	91.7	92.8
French	565	145	420	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official languages	26,665	15,190	11,475	5.4	5.9	4.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	26,665	15,190	11,475	5.4	5.9	4.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	210	160	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	195	160	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	155	135	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	900	310	590	0.2	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	895	305	585	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	265	145	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	245	130	110	0.0	0.1	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	16,750	10,405	6,345	3.4	4.0	2.7
Albanian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	120	35	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	120	35	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	85	20	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	15,955	9,995	5,965	3.2	3.9	2.5
Indo-Aryan languages	15,880	9,945	5,930	3.2	3.8	2.5
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	410	225	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	15,395	9,700	5,690	3.1	3.7	2.4
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	55	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	80	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	630	360	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	575	330	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	150	50	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	1,840	915	925	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,410	3,145	3,265	1.3	1.2	1.4
Chinese languages	6,365	3,115	3,250	1.3	1.2	1.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	5,205	2,535	2,670	1.1	1.0	1.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,095	555	540	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	11,115	6,085	5,035	2.2	2.4	2.1
English and French	270	90	180	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	10,680	5,930	4,755	2.2	2.3	2.0
French and non-official language(s)	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	140	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	495,195	258,790	236,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	455,000	237,260	217,745	91.9	91.7	92.1
English	10,635	6,035	4,595	2.1	2.3	1.9
French	1,855	745	1,110	0.4	0.3	0.5
Non-official language	22,990	12,345	10,650	4.6	4.8	4.5
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	22,980	12,345	10,640	4.6	4.8	4.5
English and French	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	895	500	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	190	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	3,630	1,825	1,805	0.7	0.7	0.8
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	427,305	226,625	200,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	76,235	35,905	40,330	17.8	15.8	20.1
Worked outside Canada	1,980	1,325	650	0.5	0.6	0.3
No fixed workplace address	79,675	60,170	19,505	18.6	26.6	9.7
Usual place of work	269,415	129,225	140,195	63.0	57.0	69.9
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	269,420	129,225	140,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	113,540	48,840	64,695	42.1	37.8	46.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	147,825	75,885	71,940	54.9	58.7	51.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	7,385	4,095	3,285	2.7	3.2	2.3
Commute to a different province or territory	675	400	270	0.3	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	349,090	189,395	159,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	293,595	167,270	126,325	84.1	88.3	79.1
Car, truck or van - as a driver	266,925	155,930	110,995	76.5	82.3	69.5
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	26,675	11,345	15,330	7.6	6.0	9.6
Public transit	37,165	14,075	23,090	10.6	7.4	14.5
Walked	10,585	3,935	6,650	3.0	2.1	4.2
Bicycle	1,440	1,075	370	0.4	0.6	0.2
Other method	6,305	3,045	3,260	1.8	1.6	2.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	349,090	189,395	159,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	69,330	30,450	38,880	19.9	16.1	24.3
15 to 29 minutes	114,125	59,430	54,695	32.7	31.4	34.2
30 to 44 minutes	94,265	57,530	36,735	27.0	30.4	23.0
45 to 59 minutes	36,730	22,425	14,310	10.5	11.8	9.0
60 minutes and over	34,630	19,560	15,070	9.9	10.3	9.4
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	349,090	189,395	159,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	29,580	20,890	8,690	8.5	11.0	5.4
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	59,820	38,225	21,590	17.1	20.2	13.5
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	78,080	40,845	37,235	22.4	21.6	23.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	66,230	31,690	34,540	19.0	16.7	21.6
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	54,565	24,725	29,835	15.6	13.1	18.7
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	60,820	33,020	27,800	17.4	17.4	17.4
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	175,470	90,630	84,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,055	4,630	4,425	5.2	5.1	5.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	166,410	85,995	80,415	94.8	94.9	94.8
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	130,090	67,425	62,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	7,425	3,810	3,620	5.7	5.7	5.8
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,515	2,240	2,275	3.5	3.3	3.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,915	1,570	1,345	2.2	2.3	2.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	122,660	63,615	59,050	94.3	94.3	94.2

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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