Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Edmonton ZoneMore information: Alberta [Health region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,417,139	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	589,320	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	548,281	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,417,145	705,280	711,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	263,605	134,965	128,635	18.6	19.1	18.1
0 to 4 years	83,540	42,915	40,625	5.9	6.1	5.7
5 to 9 years	90,950	46,390	44,560	6.4	6.6	6.3
10 to 14 years	89,110	45,665	43,450	6.3	6.5	6.1
15 to 64 years	949,035	476,060	472,970	67.0	67.5	66.4
15 to 19 years	80,155	41,385	38,765	5.7	5.9	5.4
20 to 24 years	88,080	45,345	42,730	6.2	6.4	6.0
25 to 29 years	99,050	49,755	49,295	7.0	7.1	6.9
30 to 34 years	113,840	56,625	57,215	8.0	8.0	8.0
35 to 39 years	116,130	57,975	58,150	8.2	8.2	8.2
40 to 44 years	102,780	51,640	51,140	7.3	7.3	7.2
45 to 49 years	90,585	45,340	45,250	6.4	6.4	6.4
50 to 54 years	85,105	42,600	42,500	6.0	6.0	6.0
55 to 59 years	88,245	43,490	44,755	6.2	6.2	6.3
60 to 64 years	85,070	41,900	43,175	6.0	5.9	6.1
65 years and over	204,510	94,255	110,255	14.4	13.4	15.5
65 to 69 years	69,870	33,895	35,975	4.9	4.8	5.1
70 to 74 years	52,940	25,165	27,780	3.7	3.6	3.9
75 to 79 years	34,050	15,705	18,350	2.4	2.2	2.6
80 to 84 years	23,240	10,380	12,865	1.6	1.5	1.8
85 years and over	24,400	9,115	15,285	1.7	1.3	2.1
85 to 89 years	15,100	6,060	9,045	1.1	0.9	1.3
90 to 94 years	7,040	2,500	4,545	0.5	0.4	0.6
95 to 99 years	1,975	495	1,480	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	285	70	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.6	19.1	18.1	18.6	19.1	18.1
15 to 64 years	67.0	67.5	66.4	67.0	67.5	66.4
65 years and over	14.4	13.4	15.5	14.4	13.4	15.5
85 years and over	1.7	1.3	2.1	1.7	1.3	2.1
Average age of the population	38.8	38.0	39.5	38.8	38.0	39.5
Median age of the population	37.6	37.2	38.4	37.6	37.2	38.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	548,280	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	309,665	...	...	56.5	...	...
Semi-detached house	38,475	...	...	7.0	...	...
Row house	46,310	...	...	8.4	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	10,920	...	...	2.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	105,230	...	...	19.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	30,925	...	...	5.6	...	...
Other single-attached house	140	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	6,625	...	...	1.2	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	548,280	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	146,665	...	...	26.8	...	...
2 persons	179,235	...	...	32.7	...	...
3 persons	85,355	...	...	15.6	...	...
4 persons	82,580	...	...	15.1	...	...
5 or more persons	54,445	...	...	9.9	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,396,790	695,800	700,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,153,545	570,315	583,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	660,760	330,690	330,070	57.3	58.0	56.6
Married	553,595	277,010	276,590	48.0	48.6	47.4
Living common-law	107,165	53,685	53,480	9.3	9.4	9.2
Living common law - Never married	80,525	40,535	39,995	7.0	7.1	6.9
Living common law - Separated	4,115	2,145	1,975	0.4	0.4	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	20,660	10,255	10,410	1.8	1.8	1.8
Living common law - Widowed	1,865	760	1,105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	492,780	239,625	253,160	42.7	42.0	43.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	340,450	187,525	152,925	29.5	32.9	26.2
Not married and not living common law - Separated	28,585	12,140	16,445	2.5	2.1	2.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	72,550	28,840	43,705	6.3	5.1	7.5
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	51,200	11,115	40,085	4.4	1.9	6.9
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	384,530	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	183,240	...	...	47.7	...	...
3 persons	82,055	...	...	21.3	...	...
4 persons	80,985	...	...	21.1	...	...
5 or more persons	38,245	...	...	9.9	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	384,535	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	321,810	...	...	83.7	...	...
Married couples	268,255	...	...	69.8	...	...
With children⁶	156,655	...	...	40.7	...	...
Without children	111,600	...	...	29.0	...	...
Common-law couples	53,560	...	...	13.9	...	...
With children⁶	18,870	...	...	4.9	...	...
Without children	34,690	...	...	9.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	62,725	...	...	16.3	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	48,405	...	...	12.6	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	14,320	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,396,795	695,800	700,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	1,143,200	567,175	576,020	81.8	81.5	82.2
Married spouses or common-law partners	643,615	321,670	321,945	46.1	46.2	45.9
Parents in one-parent families	62,725	14,320	48,405	4.5	2.1	6.9
Children⁶	436,855	231,190	205,665	31.3	33.2	29.3
In a two-parent family	336,750	177,230	159,525	24.1	25.5	22.8
In a one-parent family	100,105	53,965	46,145	7.2	7.8	6.6
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	253,595	128,620	124,975	18.2	18.5	17.8
Living alone	146,665	70,870	75,795	10.5	10.2	10.8
Living with other relatives⁷	41,000	18,680	22,325	2.9	2.7	3.2
Living with non-relatives only	65,925	39,070	26,860	4.7	5.6	3.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	548,280	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	330,025	...	...	60.2	...	...
Couple-family households	283,065	...	...	51.6	...	...
With children⁶	154,270	...	...	28.1	...	...
Without children	128,795	...	...	23.5	...	...
One-parent-family households	46,955	...	...	8.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	16,745	...	...	3.1	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	3,510	...	...	0.6	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	21,405	...	...	3.9	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	29,935	...	...	5.5	...	...
One-person households	146,665	...	...	26.8	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,133,675	561,115	572,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,078,535	534,035	544,500	95.1	95.2	95.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	54,000	39,600	45,600	54,000	39,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,079,005	534,280	544,720	95.2	95.2	95.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	47,200	36,400	40,800	47,200	36,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	969,215	490,115	479,100	85.5	87.3	83.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	51,200	32,800	41,600	51,200	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	812,050	420,900	391,150	71.6	75.0	68.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	53,200	35,600	44,000	53,200	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	953,465	464,215	489,245	84.1	82.7	85.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,400	6,320	9,800	8,400	6,320	9,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	134,940	68,425	66,515	11.9	12.2	11.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,760	5,760	5,880	5,760	5,760	5,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	338,840	164,550	174,295	29.9	29.3	30.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,500	8,000	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,133,625	561,020	572,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,078,370	533,950	544,420	95.1	95.2	95.1
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,350	70,100	48,880	59,350	70,100	48,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,078,835	534,200	544,640	95.2	95.2	95.1
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,400	56,850	42,120	49,400	56,850	42,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	969,175	490,220	478,960	85.5	87.4	83.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,700	67,400	43,680	55,700	67,400	43,680
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	812,040	421,445	390,595	71.6	75.1	68.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,300	65,600	44,200	55,300	65,600	44,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	953,390	464,160	489,225	84.1	82.7	85.4
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,540	9,390	11,640	10,540	9,390	11,640
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	134,260	68,105	66,155	11.8	12.1	11.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,070	6,720	7,440	7,070	6,720	7,440
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	336,655	163,480	173,170	29.7	29.1	30.2
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,160	9,000	9,310	9,160	9,000	9,310
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,133,625	561,020	572,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	377,595	213,265	164,335	33.3	38.0	28.7
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	71,500	79,000	63,200	71,500	79,000	63,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,700	92,600	69,900	82,700	92,600	69,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	332,615	156,710	175,895	29.3	27.9	30.7
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,200	27,000	18,600	22,200	27,000	18,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,960	41,720	27,040	33,960	41,720	27,040
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.2	88.4	78.6	84.2	88.4	78.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.2	73.8	64.8	70.2	73.8	64.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.7	11.6	21.4	15.7	11.6	21.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.2	1.9	1.5	1.2	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.4	4.3	6.9	5.4	4.3	6.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.8	3.9	6.1	4.8	3.9	6.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,133,675	561,110	572,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	55,140	27,075	28,065	4.9	4.8	4.9
With total income	1,078,535	534,035	544,495	95.1	95.2	95.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	85,905	35,610	50,295	8.0	6.7	9.2
$10,000 to $19,999	99,145	40,155	58,990	9.2	7.5	10.8
$20,000 to $29,999	160,695	69,615	91,075	14.9	13.0	16.7
$30,000 to $39,999	128,320	53,645	74,675	11.9	10.0	13.7
$40,000 to $49,999	111,850	49,540	62,305	10.4	9.3	11.4
$50,000 to $59,999	96,010	45,160	50,850	8.9	8.5	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	82,495	41,385	41,110	7.6	7.7	7.5
$70,000 to $79,999	66,730	37,235	29,500	6.2	7.0	5.4
$80,000 to $89,999	52,335	30,540	21,790	4.9	5.7	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	44,595	26,420	18,175	4.1	4.9	3.3
$100,000 and over	150,460	104,730	45,730	14.0	19.6	8.4
$100,000 to $149,999	100,620	66,175	34,445	9.3	12.4	6.3
$150,000 and over	49,840	38,555	11,285	4.6	7.2	2.1
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,133,675	561,110	572,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	54,670	26,835	27,835	4.8	4.8	4.9
With after-tax income	1,079,000	534,280	544,725	95.2	95.2	95.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	89,390	36,840	52,550	8.3	6.9	9.6
$10,000 to $19,999	103,540	42,115	61,425	9.6	7.9	11.3
$20,000 to $29,999	181,835	78,695	103,135	16.9	14.7	18.9
$30,000 to $39,999	151,365	65,560	85,805	14.0	12.3	15.8
$40,000 to $49,999	132,325	61,375	70,950	12.3	11.5	13.0
$50,000 to $59,999	111,035	55,620	55,415	10.3	10.4	10.2
$60,000 to $69,999	85,110	47,375	37,735	7.9	8.9	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	63,525	37,305	26,225	5.9	7.0	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	48,440	28,960	19,485	4.5	5.4	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	32,035	20,760	11,275	3.0	3.9	2.1
$100,000 and over	80,400	59,680	20,720	7.5	11.2	3.8
$100,000 to $124,999	40,060	28,525	11,535	3.7	5.3	2.1
$125,000 and over	40,345	31,155	9,190	3.7	5.8	1.7
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,133,675	561,110	572,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	321,620	140,210	181,410	28.4	25.0	31.7
With employment income	812,055	420,905	391,155	71.6	75.0	68.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	95,925	44,480	51,445	11.8	10.6	13.2
$5,000 to $9,999	60,770	25,885	34,885	7.5	6.1	8.9
$10,000 to $19,999	88,620	38,185	50,435	10.9	9.1	12.9
$20,000 to $29,999	69,255	30,745	38,510	8.5	7.3	9.8
$30,000 to $39,999	66,410	30,225	36,190	8.2	7.2	9.3
$40,000 to $49,999	64,950	31,265	33,685	8.0	7.4	8.6
$50,000 to $59,999	64,150	31,055	33,090	7.9	7.4	8.5
$60,000 to $69,999	58,110	29,725	28,385	7.2	7.1	7.3
$70,000 to $79,999	48,640	28,130	20,510	6.0	6.7	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	39,950	23,965	15,985	4.9	5.7	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	36,915	21,860	15,055	4.5	5.2	3.8
$100,000 and over	118,350	85,375	32,980	14.6	20.3	8.4
$100,000 to $124,999	55,950	36,375	19,575	6.9	8.6	5.0
$125,000 and over	62,400	48,995	13,405	7.7	11.6	3.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,133,675	561,115	572,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,057,560	522,650	534,910	93.3	93.1	93.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,200	55,200	37,600	45,200	55,200	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,057,965	522,725	535,240	93.3	93.2	93.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	48,000	34,400	40,400	48,000	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	961,620	486,080	475,540	84.8	86.6	83.1
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	54,800	35,600	44,400	54,800	35,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	818,915	424,175	394,735	72.2	75.6	68.9
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,400	56,400	38,000	46,400	56,400	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	905,435	441,985	463,455	79.9	78.8	80.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,620	1,010	3,960	1,620	1,010	3,960
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	88,060	44,450	43,605	7.8	7.9	7.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,200	5,640	7,100	6,200	5,640	7,100
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,133,625	561,020	572,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,057,700	522,920	534,780	93.3	93.2	93.4
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,950	71,000	47,240	58,950	71,000	47,240
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,058,070	523,005	535,065	93.3	93.2	93.4
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,680	57,050	40,480	48,680	57,050	40,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	961,960	486,370	475,590	84.9	86.7	83.1
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,500	71,200	45,520	58,500	71,200	45,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	819,040	424,665	394,375	72.2	75.7	68.9
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,200	69,400	46,080	58,200	69,400	46,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	905,220	442,400	462,820	79.9	78.9	80.8
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,740	5,625	7,810	6,740	5,625	7,810
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	87,260	44,085	43,180	7.7	7.9	7.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,870	6,850	8,910	7,870	6,850	8,910
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,133,625	561,020	572,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	375,475	212,100	163,375	33.1	37.8	28.5
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	78,500	60,400	69,500	78,500	60,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	81,300	92,200	67,200	81,300	92,200	67,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	315,870	149,545	166,320	27.9	26.7	29.0
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,800	38,400	26,200	30,800	38,400	26,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	42,520	52,400	33,680	42,520	52,400	33,680
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.2	93.2	85.6	90.2	93.2	85.6
Employment income (%)	76.4	79.4	72.0	76.4	79.4	72.0
Government transfers (%)	9.8	6.7	14.3	9.8	6.7	14.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.5	1.1	0.8	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	548,285	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	146,665	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,200	...	...	49,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,200	...	...	43,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	401,615	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	548,310	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	116,800	...	...	116,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	97,200	...	...	97,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	146,640	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	60,000	...	...	60,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,200	...	...	50,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	401,670	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	137,400	...	...	137,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,400	...	...	114,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	548,285	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	5,525	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,755	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,150	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,800	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	16,000	...	...	2.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	17,365	...	...	3.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	13,590	...	...	2.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	15,610	...	...	2.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	17,150	...	...	3.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	16,705	...	...	3.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	35,055	...	...	6.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	35,940	...	...	6.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	35,275	...	...	6.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	33,600	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	31,715	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	262,045	...	...	47.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	70,270	...	...	12.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	54,005	...	...	9.8	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	70,120	...	...	12.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	67,655	...	...	12.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	548,285	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	6,105	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,840	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,280	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	6,170	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	17,150	...	...	3.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	19,395	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	16,005	...	...	2.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	18,555	...	...	3.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	20,305	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	20,650	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	42,690	...	...	7.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	43,295	...	...	7.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	41,620	...	...	7.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	39,695	...	...	7.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	36,315	...	...	6.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	213,220	...	...	38.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	73,460	...	...	13.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	51,755	...	...	9.4	...	...
$150,000 and over	88,005	...	...	16.1	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	380,545	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	132,680	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	176,015	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	142,000	...	...	142,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...	121,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	57,770	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	73,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...	67,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	212,595	109,940	102,650	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,400	46,800	42,000	44,400	46,800	42,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	41,200	38,000	39,600	41,200	38,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	380,430	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	137,600	...	...	137,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	114,300	...	...	114,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	132,745	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...	130,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,400	...	...	106,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	176,145	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	162,000	...	...	162,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,800	...	...	133,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	57,760	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	85,300	...	...	85,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,300	...	...	75,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	212,545	109,805	102,740	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	54,800	58,200	51,160	54,800	58,200	51,160
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,280	48,400	44,000	46,280	48,400	44,000
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,396,795	695,795	700,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	311,105	159,620	151,485	22.3	22.9	21.6
0 to 5 years	101,535	51,920	49,615	7.3	7.5	7.1
18 to 64 years	894,010	446,250	447,760	64.0	64.1	63.9
65 years and over	191,675	89,930	101,745	13.7	12.9	14.5
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	123,220	58,575	64,650	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	34,835	17,690	17,145	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	12,385	6,260	6,120	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	70,180	33,790	36,390	...	...	...
65 years and over	18,205	7,090	11,115	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.8	8.4	9.2	8.8	8.4	9.2
0 to 17 years (%)	11.2	11.1	11.3	11.2	11.1	11.3
0 to 5 years (%)	12.2	12.1	12.3	12.2	12.1	12.3
18 to 64 years (%)	7.9	7.6	8.1	7.9	7.6	8.1
65 years and over (%)	9.5	7.9	10.9	9.5	7.9	10.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,392,900	693,810	699,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	309,720	158,905	150,815	22.2	22.9	21.6
0 to 5 years	101,150	51,695	49,450	7.3	7.5	7.1
18 to 64 years	891,775	445,105	446,670	64.0	64.2	63.9
65 years and over	191,410	89,805	101,605	13.7	12.9	14.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	70,975	36,110	34,865	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	16,590	8,350	8,240	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	5,745	2,850	2,895	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	49,580	25,625	23,955	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,805	2,135	2,675	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.1	5.2	5.0	5.1	5.2	5.0
0 to 17 years (%)	5.4	5.3	5.5	5.4	5.3	5.5
0 to 5 years (%)	5.7	5.5	5.9	5.7	5.5	5.9
18 to 64 years (%)	5.6	5.8	5.4	5.6	5.8	5.4
65 years and over (%)	2.5	2.4	2.6	2.5	2.4	2.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,396,795	695,795	700,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	620,480	301,505	318,975	44.4	43.3	45.5
In bottom decile	112,165	55,700	56,460	8.0	8.0	8.1
In second decile	124,265	57,980	66,285	8.9	8.3	9.5
In third decile	122,560	59,400	63,165	8.8	8.5	9.0
In fourth decile	127,380	62,385	64,995	9.1	9.0	9.3
In fifth decile	134,100	66,035	68,070	9.6	9.5	9.7
In top half of the distribution	776,315	394,295	382,020	55.6	56.7	54.5
In sixth decile	138,490	69,215	69,270	9.9	9.9	9.9
In seventh decile	146,280	73,655	72,625	10.5	10.6	10.4
In eighth decile	154,195	77,915	76,280	11.0	11.2	10.9
In ninth decile	165,155	84,270	80,885	11.8	12.1	11.5
In top decile	172,205	89,245	82,955	12.3	12.8	11.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,396,795	...	...	1,396,795	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.331	...	...	0.331	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.432	...	...	0.432	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.293	...	...	0.293	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,403,630	698,880	704,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	1,283,085	644,650	638,435	91.4	92.2	90.6
French only	1,520	625	895	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	95,225	44,065	51,155	6.8	6.3	7.3
Neither English nor French	23,805	9,535	14,265	1.7	1.4	2.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,403,630	698,880	704,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,348,900	673,730	675,175	96.1	96.4	95.8
French	25,160	12,775	12,385	1.8	1.8	1.8
English and French	6,550	3,245	3,305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Neither English nor French	23,020	9,130	13,890	1.6	1.3	2.0
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,403,630	698,880	704,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,341,095	668,910	672,190	95.5	95.7	95.4
Official languages	1,006,930	508,345	498,580	71.7	72.7	70.7
English	982,195	495,790	486,405	70.0	70.9	69.0
French	24,735	12,555	12,180	1.8	1.8	1.7
Non-official languages	334,175	160,560	173,610	23.8	23.0	24.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	2,365	965	1,400	0.2	0.1	0.2
Algonquian languages	1,920	800	1,115	0.1	0.1	0.2
Blackfoot	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	1,810	745	1,060	0.1	0.1	0.2
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	1,810	745	1,060	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	470	175	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	215	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	1,070	455	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	190	60	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	185	60	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	125	45	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	150	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	125	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	331,805	159,595	172,210	23.6	22.8	24.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	38,830	19,715	19,110	2.8	2.8	2.7
Berber languages	155	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	75	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	9,675	4,715	4,960	0.7	0.7	0.7
Bilen	465	260	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	1,545	785	765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	7,615	3,650	3,965	0.5	0.5	0.6
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	28,905	14,860	14,045	2.1	2.1	2.0
Amharic	2,925	1,365	1,560	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	21,010	10,950	10,060	1.5	1.6	1.4
Aramaic languages	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	365	200	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	4,240	2,180	2,065	0.3	0.3	0.3
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	9,750	4,370	5,375	0.7	0.6	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	705	320	385	0.1	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	8,985	4,020	4,965	0.6	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	49,205	21,630	27,570	3.5	3.1	3.9
Bikol	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	775	335	440	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	2,095	935	1,160	0.1	0.1	0.2
Fijian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	890	375	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	2,475	1,075	1,400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	445	190	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	485	230	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	210	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	40,850	17,990	22,860	2.9	2.6	3.2
Waray-Waray	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	380	165	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	955	480	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	245	125	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	205	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	170	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	215	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	8,625	4,390	4,235	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kannada	205	105	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	4,855	2,435	2,420	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	2,345	1,225	1,120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	1,190	615	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	157,915	77,670	80,240	11.3	11.1	11.4
Albanian	805	435	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	29,545	13,550	15,995	2.1	1.9	2.3
Baltic languages	290	130	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	135	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	160	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	29,250	13,420	15,830	2.1	1.9	2.2
Belarusian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	410	195	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	745	355	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	185	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	8,145	3,770	4,370	0.6	0.5	0.6
Russian	5,570	2,465	3,105	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,510	2,230	2,275	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	735	360	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,875	950	920	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	1,800	870	935	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	480	225	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	245	110	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	8,880	3,935	4,950	0.6	0.6	0.7
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	16,440	7,780	8,655	1.2	1.1	1.2
Frisian	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	11,175	5,210	5,965	0.8	0.7	0.8
German	10,945	5,080	5,860	0.8	0.7	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	195	110	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	4,255	2,090	2,170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	595	305	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	3,330	1,620	1,705	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	235	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	935	440	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	560	275	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	215	90	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	925	495	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	79,060	40,245	38,815	5.6	5.8	5.5
Indo-Aryan languages	72,280	36,800	35,480	5.1	5.3	5.0
Assamese	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,735	1,405	1,335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	6,735	3,470	3,265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hindi	9,025	4,525	4,490	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kacchi	520	230	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	785	400	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	2,355	1,220	1,140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oriya languages	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	39,135	20,005	19,130	2.8	2.9	2.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	330	160	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,315	680	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	8,815	4,435	4,380	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	280	145	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	6,755	3,430	3,320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	740	405	340	0.1	0.1	0.0
Parsi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	710	345	370	0.1	0.0	0.1
Persian languages	5,245	2,655	2,590	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	1,650	805	845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	3,010	1,545	1,465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	580	300	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	30,885	15,040	15,845	2.2	2.2	2.2
Catalan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,155	2,045	2,105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	4,625	2,225	2,400	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	2,300	1,100	1,195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	19,770	9,645	10,130	1.4	1.4	1.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,040	325	715	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	6,455	3,000	3,450	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	8,020	3,945	4,075	0.6	0.6	0.6
Akan (Twi)	780	390	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	225	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	465	240	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	855	410	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	230	105	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	460	215	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	565	265	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	80	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,315	625	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	165	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	1,045	565	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,070	510	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	740	385	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	275	145	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	205	105	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	210	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	405	210	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	350	185	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	44,925	21,055	23,870	3.2	3.0	3.4
Chinese languages	44,200	20,690	23,505	3.1	3.0	3.3
Hakka	560	250	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	20,135	9,500	10,640	1.4	1.4	1.5
Min Dong	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,080	490	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	21,590	10,040	11,550	1.5	1.4	1.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	605	300	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	670	340	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	125	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	405	210	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	335	160	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,035	380	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	350	175	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	640	190	450	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	2,195	1,200	995	0.2	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	180	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,770	990	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,495	710	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	190	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,270	615	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	62,530	29,970	32,560	4.5	4.3	4.6
English and French	6,715	3,250	3,465	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	48,725	23,360	25,365	3.5	3.3	3.6
French and non-official language(s)	1,510	730	780	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	970	475	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	4,615	2,150	2,465	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,403,630	698,880	704,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,016,485	512,045	504,445	72.4	73.3	71.6
French	6,440	3,115	3,320	0.5	0.4	0.5
Non-official language	96,165	46,135	50,035	6.9	6.6	7.1
Indigenous³⁹	210	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	95,955	46,040	49,915	6.8	6.6	7.1
English and French	15,635	7,415	8,225	1.1	1.1	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	251,065	121,780	129,285	17.9	17.4	18.3
French and non-official language(s)	835	380	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	7,495	3,565	3,935	0.5	0.5	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	9,500	4,445	5,055	0.7	0.6	0.7
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,403,630	698,880	704,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,339,335	667,750	671,585	95.4	95.5	95.3
Official languages	1,138,595	570,010	568,585	81.1	81.6	80.7
English	1,129,050	565,370	563,680	80.4	80.9	80.0
French	9,545	4,640	4,905	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official languages	200,740	97,745	102,995	14.3	14.0	14.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	505	225	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	435	195	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	410	190	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	410	190	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	275	125	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	200,235	97,520	102,720	14.3	14.0	14.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	24,580	12,215	12,360	1.8	1.7	1.8
Berber languages	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	6,445	3,115	3,330	0.5	0.4	0.5
Bilen	345	180	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	1,150	575	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	4,930	2,350	2,580	0.4	0.3	0.4
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	18,000	9,030	8,970	1.3	1.3	1.3
Amharic	1,775	820	950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	12,675	6,400	6,275	0.9	0.9	0.9
Aramaic languages	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	155	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	3,155	1,610	1,545	0.2	0.2	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	6,380	2,920	3,460	0.5	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	385	175	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	5,935	2,710	3,220	0.4	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	30,575	14,330	16,240	2.2	2.1	2.3
Bikol	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	425	200	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,200	560	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	485	220	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	1,465	680	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	310	140	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	26,005	12,225	13,780	1.9	1.7	2.0
Waray-Waray	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	180	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	575	275	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	6,180	3,125	3,050	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	3,545	1,780	1,770	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	1,720	885	835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	795	405	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	89,240	44,405	44,840	6.4	6.4	6.4
Albanian	345	175	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	11,770	5,645	6,120	0.8	0.8	0.9
Baltic languages	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	11,655	5,595	6,065	0.8	0.8	0.9
Belarusian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	195	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	3,325	1,570	1,760	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	3,400	1,635	1,765	0.2	0.2	0.3
Rusyn	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	2,040	970	1,070	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bosnian	300	145	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	720	360	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	995	460	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	2,215	1,075	1,135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,325	1,110	1,215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,725	835	895	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	1,695	815	880	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	520	240	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	300	155	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	210	85	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	330	150	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	58,715	29,720	28,985	4.2	4.3	4.1
Indo-Aryan languages	54,405	27,580	26,820	3.9	3.9	3.8
Assamese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,780	890	890	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	4,820	2,440	2,380	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	5,875	2,960	2,915	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	230	95	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	510	255	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,695	880	810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	32,345	16,510	15,835	2.3	2.4	2.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	205	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	800	395	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	5,870	2,920	2,950	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	4,300	2,135	2,165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	440	225	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	500	235	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	3,330	1,660	1,670	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	965	455	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	1,980	1,005	975	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	385	195	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	15,680	7,550	8,130	1.1	1.1	1.2
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,050	435	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	1,915	910	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	1,125	550	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	11,570	5,650	5,915	0.8	0.8	0.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	435	175	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	4,780	2,285	2,495	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,455	1,595	1,860	0.2	0.2	0.3
Akan (Twi)	340	165	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	90	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	195	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	445	200	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	245	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	185	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	625	275	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	130	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	425	200	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	340	150	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	370	185	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	120	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	595	345	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	500	285	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	90	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	30,660	14,455	16,205	2.2	2.1	2.3
Chinese languages	30,135	14,190	15,940	2.1	2.0	2.3
Hakka	215	90	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	14,730	7,170	7,560	1.0	1.0	1.1
Min Dong	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	485	205	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	14,215	6,495	7,720	1.0	0.9	1.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	375	185	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	490	250	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	315	155	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	260	125	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	445	195	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	160	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	255	115	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,420	755	665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,195	635	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	435	200	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	405	185	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	64,300	31,125	33,170	4.6	4.5	4.7
English and French	3,260	1,560	1,700	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	58,390	28,320	30,075	4.2	4.1	4.3
French and non-official language(s)	435	195	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	860	425	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	1,345	630	720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,403,630	698,880	704,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,171,455	586,620	584,835	83.5	83.9	83.0
English	83,445	41,355	42,090	5.9	5.9	6.0
French	11,635	5,440	6,195	0.8	0.8	0.9
Non-official language	106,440	50,495	55,950	7.6	7.2	7.9
Indigenous³⁹	1,985	845	1,145	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-Indigenous	104,455	49,650	54,805	7.4	7.1	7.8
English and French	1,225	595	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	14,150	7,020	7,130	1.0	1.0	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	3,140	1,460	1,680	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	305	155	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	11,830	5,735	6,100	0.8	0.8	0.9
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,396,740	695,780	700,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	1,372,760	686,110	686,655	98.3	98.6	98.0
English	1,371,100	685,445	685,650	98.2	98.5	97.8
French	96,570	44,565	52,000	6.9	6.4	7.4
Non-official languages	455,005	219,125	235,880	32.6	31.5	33.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	4,865	2,115	2,745	0.3	0.3	0.4
Algonquian languages	4,105	1,825	2,280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Blackfoot	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	3,915	1,730	2,185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	3,900	1,730	2,170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	1,385	535	850	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	375	160	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	2,085	995	1,090	0.1	0.1	0.2
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	135	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	330	115	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	330	115	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	170	55	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	60	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	70	10	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	50	0	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	375	180	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	260	130	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	450,375	217,075	233,295	32.2	31.2	33.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	57,355	29,295	28,060	4.1	4.2	4.0
Berber languages	240	120	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	185	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	400	230	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	375	215	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	13,590	6,660	6,930	1.0	1.0	1.0
Bilen	550	280	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	2,610	1,315	1,300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	10,560	5,120	5,435	0.8	0.7	0.8
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	45,745	23,675	22,070	3.3	3.4	3.1
Amharic	5,970	3,115	2,855	0.4	0.4	0.4
Arabic	34,755	18,175	16,580	2.5	2.6	2.4
Aramaic languages	200	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	60	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	270	145	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,360	760	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	6,435	3,230	3,205	0.5	0.5	0.5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	220	165	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	13,555	6,305	7,250	1.0	0.9	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,055	500	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	12,490	5,810	6,680	0.9	0.8	1.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	67,390	29,645	37,740	4.8	4.3	5.4
Bikol	340	175	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,050	460	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	3,185	1,410	1,775	0.2	0.2	0.3
Fijian	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,510	630	880	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	4,765	1,980	2,780	0.3	0.3	0.4
Indonesian	880	335	540	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	215	65	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	785	380	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	980	455	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	495	195	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	63,935	28,130	35,810	4.6	4.0	5.1
Waray-Waray	315	125	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,765	815	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	2,615	1,280	1,340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	725	380	345	0.1	0.1	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	220	90	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	400	200	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	350	175	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	600	280	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	460	215	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	12,435	6,295	6,140	0.9	0.9	0.9
Kannada	540	280	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	6,485	3,285	3,200	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tamil	4,870	2,600	2,265	0.3	0.4	0.3
Telugu	2,140	1,020	1,120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Tulu	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	219,275	107,995	111,280	15.7	15.5	15.9
Albanian	990	545	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	220	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	37,380	17,475	19,900	2.7	2.5	2.8
Baltic languages	310	120	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	110	35	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	195	85	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	37,225	17,410	19,810	2.7	2.5	2.8
Belarusian	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	585	290	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	1,035	505	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	280	130	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10,720	5,145	5,575	0.8	0.7	0.8
Russian	10,435	4,865	5,570	0.7	0.7	0.8
Rusyn	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	5,840	2,925	2,920	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	1,360	670	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	2,975	1,530	1,455	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	2,730	1,350	1,380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	710	305	405	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	310	145	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	12,655	5,590	7,065	0.9	0.8	1.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	385	165	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	200	85	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	26,020	12,495	13,520	1.9	1.8	1.9
Frisian	95	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	18,930	9,175	9,755	1.4	1.3	1.4
German	18,765	9,085	9,680	1.3	1.3	1.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	245	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	70	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	6,170	2,935	3,230	0.4	0.4	0.5
Afrikaans	1,360	705	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	4,380	2,045	2,335	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	350	175	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,495	750	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	645	320	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	355	205	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	500	240	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,545	800	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	106,855	54,450	52,405	7.7	7.8	7.5
Indo-Aryan languages	99,445	50,625	48,815	7.1	7.3	7.0
Assamese	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	3,860	1,980	1,885	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	10,610	5,375	5,240	0.8	0.8	0.7
Hindi	41,880	21,420	20,460	3.0	3.1	2.9
Kacchi	1,110	505	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	315	180	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	1,470	735	730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	2,505	1,305	1,200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oriya languages	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	53,275	27,310	25,965	3.8	3.9	3.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	595	315	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	2,100	1,030	1,080	0.2	0.1	0.2
Urdu	16,565	8,415	8,155	1.2	1.2	1.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	620	340	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	8,500	4,370	4,125	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baluchi	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	910	515	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,155	605	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	6,665	3,405	3,260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	2,220	1,110	1,110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	3,735	1,925	1,815	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	790	405	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	120	80	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	51,710	24,850	26,860	3.7	3.6	3.8
Catalan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	8,095	3,925	4,170	0.6	0.6	0.6
Portuguese	6,505	3,265	3,240	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	2,960	1,480	1,480	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	36,130	17,190	18,935	2.6	2.5	2.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	195	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	3,325	1,460	1,855	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	8,030	3,665	4,360	0.6	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	18,300	9,170	9,130	1.3	1.3	1.3
Akan (Twi)	1,660	800	860	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	85	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	335	180	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	280	150	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	250	135	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	190	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	550	250	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	165	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	1,285	595	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,515	805	710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	925	480	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	115	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	570	265	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,060	545	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	1,105	480	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Soninke	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	120	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5,025	2,715	2,310	0.4	0.4	0.3
Wojenaka	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	455	235	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	3,235	1,670	1,565	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,930	1,410	1,520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,200	650	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	470	250	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	275	135	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	455	265	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	180	105	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	2,665	1,045	1,615	0.2	0.2	0.2
American Sign Language	2,355	905	1,455	0.2	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	355	155	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	55,835	26,420	29,415	4.0	3.8	4.2
Chinese languages	54,780	25,920	28,860	3.9	3.7	4.1
Hakka	980	420	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	32,400	15,100	17,300	2.3	2.2	2.5
Min Dong	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,685	715	970	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	255	130	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	29,305	13,840	15,460	2.1	2.0	2.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	690	310	380	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	995	485	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	330	160	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	605	300	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	555	275	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	80	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	140	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	100	25	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,535	665	875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	620	290	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	930	375	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	165	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	3,475	1,905	1,570	0.2	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	350	190	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	2,915	1,630	1,285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	155	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	125	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	2,125	1,035	1,090	0.2	0.1	0.2
Estonian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	285	110	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,800	895	905	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	490	255	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,396,735	695,785	700,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	87,510	41,995	45,520	6.3	6.0	6.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	84,805	40,645	44,160	6.1	5.8	6.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	39,270	18,560	20,710	2.8	2.7	3.0
Métis	44,230	21,455	22,775	3.2	3.1	3.2
Inuk (Inuit)	1,310	630	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,750	915	835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	960	430	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	1,309,225	653,790	655,435	93.7	94.0	93.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,396,735	695,785	700,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	33,015	15,395	17,620	2.4	2.2	2.5
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,363,725	680,390	683,335	97.6	97.8	97.5
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	548,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	376,935	...	...	68.7	...	...
Renter	170,635	...	...	31.1	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	740	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	548,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	112,570	...	...	20.5	...	...
Not condominium	435,735	...	...	79.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	548,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	4,230	...	...	0.8	...	...
1 bedroom	61,675	...	...	11.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	117,915	...	...	21.5	...	...
3 bedrooms	194,825	...	...	35.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	169,665	...	...	30.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	548,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	161,510	...	...	29.5	...	...
5 rooms	86,165	...	...	15.7	...	...
6 rooms	76,995	...	...	14.0	...	...
7 rooms	65,640	...	...	12.0	...	...
8 or more rooms	157,995	...	...	28.8	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	548,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	531,245	...	...	96.9	...	...
More than one person per room	17,065	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	548,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	518,200	...	...	94.5	...	...
Not suitable	30,105	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	548,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	57,395	...	...	10.5	...	...
1961 to 1980	151,195	...	...	27.6	...	...
1981 to 1990	60,240	...	...	11.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	62,060	...	...	11.3	...	...
2001 to 2005	47,615	...	...	8.7	...	...
2006 to 2010	53,800	...	...	9.8	...	...
2011 to 2015	60,045	...	...	11.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	55,955	...	...	10.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	548,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	520,040	...	...	94.8	...	...
Major repairs needed	28,270	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	548,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	268,455	...	...	49.0	...	...
Two-maintainer household	248,970	...	...	45.4	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	30,880	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	548,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	18,580	...	...	3.4	...	...
25 to 34 years	93,045	...	...	17.0	...	...
35 to 44 years	116,445	...	...	21.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	99,880	...	...	18.2	...	...
55 to 64 years	101,230	...	...	18.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	72,100	...	...	13.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	34,540	...	...	6.3	...	...
85 years and over	12,485	...	...	2.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	542,935	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	421,035	...	...	77.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	121,905	...	...	22.5	...	...
30% to less than 100%	111,240	...	...	20.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	548,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	165,770	...	...	30.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	109,210	...	...	19.9	...	...
Not suitable only	23,485	...	...	4.3	...	...
Major repairs needed only	18,860	...	...	3.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	4,810	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	7,595	...	...	1.4	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,520	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	295	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	382,540	...	...	69.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	532,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	56,385	...	...	10.6	...	...
Not in core need	475,890	...	...	89.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	374,760	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	64.8	...	...	64.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	16.3	...	...	16.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.1	...	...	5.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,680	...	...	1,680	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,720	...	...	1,720	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	400,000	...	...	400,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	434,400	...	...	434,400	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	170,360	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.7	...	...	8.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.0	...	...	36.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	23.1	...	...	23.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,280	...	...	1,280	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,328	...	...	1,328	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	740	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	282	...	...	282	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	288	...	...	288	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,396,735	695,780	700,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	34,820	16,825	17,995	2.5	2.4	2.6
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	33,395	16,160	17,240	2.4	2.3	2.5
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	23,920	11,405	12,515	1.7	1.6	1.8
Métis single ancestry	9,015	4,510	4,505	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuit single ancestry	465	240	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	1,425	670	755	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	1,275	600	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	65,400	31,485	33,915	4.7	4.5	4.8
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	62,795	30,215	32,580	4.5	4.3	4.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	34,615	16,620	17,995	2.5	2.4	2.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	27,290	13,120	14,175	2.0	1.9	2.0
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	885	470	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	2,605	1,265	1,335	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,405	1,160	1,245	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	115	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,296,515	647,470	649,045	92.8	93.1	92.6
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,396,735	695,785	700,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,249,480	624,730	624,750	89.5	89.8	89.1
Canadian citizens aged under 18	290,815	149,290	141,525	20.8	21.5	20.2
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	958,665	475,435	483,225	68.6	68.3	68.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	147,255	71,050	76,205	10.5	10.2	10.9
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,396,735	695,785	700,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,007,085	506,350	500,735	72.1	72.8	71.4
Immigrants⁸¹	364,085	175,975	188,110	26.1	25.3	26.8
Before 1980	47,685	23,590	24,095	3.4	3.4	3.4
1980 to 1990	36,635	17,975	18,660	2.6	2.6	2.7
1991 to 2000	45,890	21,360	24,525	3.3	3.1	3.5
2001 to 2010	84,335	40,785	43,550	6.0	5.9	6.2
2011 to 2021⁸²	149,540	72,260	77,280	10.7	10.4	11.0
2011 to 2015	74,830	36,775	38,050	5.4	5.3	5.4
2016 to 2021	74,715	35,480	39,230	5.3	5.1	5.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	25,565	13,455	12,110	1.8	1.9	1.7
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	364,085	175,975	188,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	31,280	16,235	15,045	8.6	9.2	8.0
5 to 14 years	62,105	32,025	30,080	17.1	18.2	16.0
15 to 24 years	68,700	31,740	36,960	18.9	18.0	19.6
25 to 44 years	168,105	80,175	87,930	46.2	45.6	46.7
45 years and over	33,895	15,805	18,095	9.3	9.0	9.6
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	364,085	175,975	188,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	34,425	16,235	18,195	9.5	9.2	9.7
Brazil	1,195	465	730	0.3	0.3	0.4
Colombia	2,995	1,440	1,555	0.8	0.8	0.8
El Salvador	2,670	1,240	1,425	0.7	0.7	0.8
Guyana	1,285	635	650	0.4	0.4	0.3
Haiti	635	335	300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaica	3,915	1,805	2,110	1.1	1.0	1.1
Mexico	3,320	1,675	1,645	0.9	1.0	0.9
Peru	560	230	330	0.2	0.1	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	1,630	745	895	0.4	0.4	0.5
United States of America	8,610	3,945	4,660	2.4	2.2	2.5
Other places of birth in Americas	7,620	3,715	3,905	2.1	2.1	2.1
Europe	62,725	30,985	31,740	17.2	17.6	16.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,645	840	805	0.5	0.5	0.4
Croatia	1,560	815	750	0.4	0.5	0.4
France	930	425	495	0.3	0.2	0.3
Germany	6,080	2,940	3,140	1.7	1.7	1.7
Greece	625	355	270	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hungary	845	420	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italy	3,175	1,600	1,570	0.9	0.9	0.8
Netherlands	3,370	1,725	1,635	0.9	1.0	0.9
Poland	7,505	3,520	3,985	2.1	2.0	2.1
Portugal	2,325	1,165	1,160	0.6	0.7	0.6
Romania	2,150	1,065	1,095	0.6	0.6	0.6
Russian Federation	2,285	960	1,325	0.6	0.5	0.7
Serbia⁸⁶	930	465	465	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ukraine	4,075	1,800	2,270	1.1	1.0	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	16,625	8,625	7,995	4.6	4.9	4.3
Other places of birth in Europe	8,605	4,260	4,340	2.4	2.4	2.3
Africa	50,220	25,400	24,820	13.8	14.4	13.2
Algeria	450	255	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,960	1,010	955	0.5	0.6	0.5
Egypt	2,805	1,550	1,255	0.8	0.9	0.7
Eritrea	4,090	2,235	1,860	1.1	1.3	1.0
Ethiopia	5,660	2,695	2,965	1.6	1.5	1.6
Morocco	945	465	480	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigeria	6,045	3,200	2,840	1.7	1.8	1.5
Somalia	5,830	2,880	2,950	1.6	1.6	1.6
South Africa, Republic of	2,605	1,250	1,350	0.7	0.7	0.7
Other places of birth in Africa	19,830	9,855	9,970	5.4	5.6	5.3
Asia	212,250	101,170	111,080	58.3	57.5	59.1
Afghanistan	1,930	920	1,010	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iran⁸⁸	2,760	1,420	1,340	0.8	0.8	0.7
Iraq	1,920	1,025	895	0.5	0.6	0.5
Lebanon	4,800	2,570	2,230	1.3	1.5	1.2
Syria⁸⁹	4,480	2,420	2,055	1.2	1.4	1.1
Turkey	1,610	965	645	0.4	0.5	0.3
China⁹⁰	21,725	9,810	11,915	6.0	5.6	6.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	7,250	3,580	3,665	2.0	2.0	1.9
Korea, South⁹²	5,885	2,715	3,165	1.6	1.5	1.7
Taiwan	1,005	405	600	0.3	0.2	0.3
Philippines	62,570	27,650	34,920	17.2	15.7	18.6
Viet Nam	10,510	4,910	5,605	2.9	2.8	3.0
Bangladesh	2,130	1,080	1,050	0.6	0.6	0.6
India	53,700	27,140	26,560	14.7	15.4	14.1
Pakistan	9,275	4,660	4,615	2.5	2.6	2.5
Sri Lanka	2,445	1,235	1,210	0.7	0.7	0.6
Other places of birth in Asia	18,250	8,650	9,605	5.0	4.9	5.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	4,465	2,185	2,280	1.2	1.2	1.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	74,715	35,485	39,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	6,175	2,930	3,250	8.3	8.3	8.3
Brazil	340	130	210	0.5	0.4	0.5
Colombia	500	225	280	0.7	0.6	0.7
Haiti	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	1,055	500	555	1.4	1.4	1.4
Mexico	1,185	650	535	1.6	1.8	1.4
United States of America	1,445	705	740	1.9	2.0	1.9
Venezuela⁹⁵	200	80	120	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	1,355	575	780	1.8	1.6	2.0
Europe	5,365	2,635	2,725	7.2	7.4	6.9
France	130	70	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Germany	235	90	145	0.3	0.3	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	410	230	180	0.5	0.6	0.5
Italy	160	100	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Russian Federation	300	110	195	0.4	0.3	0.5
Ukraine	820	340	485	1.1	1.0	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,110	615	495	1.5	1.7	1.3
Other places of birth in Europe	2,200	1,085	1,110	2.9	3.1	2.8
Africa	14,060	6,765	7,300	18.8	19.1	18.6
Algeria	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burundi	380	205	180	0.5	0.6	0.5
Cameroon	390	145	245	0.5	0.4	0.6
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	615	305	315	0.8	0.9	0.8
Côte d'Ivoire	195	75	120	0.3	0.2	0.3
Egypt	490	235	255	0.7	0.7	0.6
Eritrea	2,045	1,020	1,025	2.7	2.9	2.6
Ethiopia	1,580	705	875	2.1	2.0	2.2
Morocco	185	70	120	0.2	0.2	0.3
Nigeria	2,940	1,535	1,410	3.9	4.3	3.6
Somalia	1,275	660	615	1.7	1.9	1.6
South Africa, Republic of	485	245	240	0.6	0.7	0.6
Sudan⁹⁷	485	220	265	0.6	0.6	0.7
Tunisia	130	65	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	2,785	1,255	1,530	3.7	3.5	3.9
Asia	48,695	22,920	25,780	65.2	64.6	65.7
Afghanistan	430	225	200	0.6	0.6	0.5
Bangladesh	465	210	255	0.6	0.6	0.6
China⁹⁰	3,610	1,565	2,045	4.8	4.4	5.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	360	180	180	0.5	0.5	0.5
India	14,740	7,485	7,250	19.7	21.1	18.5
Iran⁸⁸	515	235	280	0.7	0.7	0.7
Iraq	325	165	155	0.4	0.5	0.4
Israel	280	165	110	0.4	0.5	0.3
Japan	110	15	100	0.1	0.0	0.3
Jordan	245	125	115	0.3	0.4	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	1,235	500	735	1.7	1.4	1.9
Lebanon	420	195	225	0.6	0.5	0.6
Nepal	530	255	275	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pakistan	1,325	615	710	1.8	1.7	1.8
Philippines	17,170	7,620	9,545	23.0	21.5	24.3
Saudi Arabia	375	170	205	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sri Lanka	435	210	225	0.6	0.6	0.6
Syria⁸⁹	3,375	1,835	1,545	4.5	5.2	3.9
Turkey	430	220	210	0.6	0.6	0.5
United Arab Emirates	270	140	125	0.4	0.4	0.3
Viet Nam	675	230	440	0.9	0.6	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	1,370	545	825	1.8	1.5	2.1
Oceania and other⁹³	415	230	180	0.6	0.6	0.5
Australia	200	135	65	0.3	0.4	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	210	95	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,396,735	695,785	700,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	401,305	195,460	205,845	28.7	28.1	29.4
Second generation¹⁰¹	278,060	139,005	139,055	19.9	20.0	19.8
Third generation or more¹⁰²	717,370	361,310	356,055	51.4	51.9	50.8
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	316,400	152,385	164,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	171,715	86,505	85,210	54.3	56.8	52.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	71,375	42,985	28,395	22.6	28.2	17.3
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	100,335	43,515	56,825	31.7	28.6	34.6
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	90,315	36,945	53,370	28.5	24.2	32.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	51,345	27,435	23,910	16.2	18.0	14.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	3,030	1,500	1,530	1.0	1.0	0.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	316,400	152,385	164,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	11,880	6,775	5,105	3.8	4.4	3.1
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	46,395	21,285	25,110	14.7	14.0	15.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	9,390	4,750	4,645	3.0	3.1	2.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	19,090	10,705	8,385	6.0	7.0	5.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,270	520	750	0.4	0.3	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	228,375	108,345	120,030	72.2	71.1	73.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,396,740	695,780	700,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	461,545	227,390	234,155	33.0	32.7	33.4
South Asian	123,320	62,950	60,370	8.8	9.0	8.6
Chinese	62,670	30,320	32,350	4.5	4.4	4.6
Black	80,590	40,635	39,950	5.8	5.8	5.7
Filipino	80,775	36,985	43,785	5.8	5.3	6.2
Arab	31,965	16,695	15,275	2.3	2.4	2.2
Latin American	21,955	10,630	11,330	1.6	1.5	1.6
Southeast Asian	20,620	9,680	10,940	1.5	1.4	1.6
West Asian	7,990	4,090	3,900	0.6	0.6	0.6
Korean	8,595	4,035	4,560	0.6	0.6	0.7
Japanese	2,880	1,290	1,590	0.2	0.2	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	4,890	2,385	2,505	0.4	0.3	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	15,295	7,695	7,600	1.1	1.1	1.1
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	935,190	468,390	466,800	67.0	67.3	66.6
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,396,735	695,785	700,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	142,740	74,275	68,470	10.2	10.7	9.8
English	227,135	112,000	115,130	16.3	16.1	16.4
Irish	179,280	86,370	92,910	12.8	12.4	13.3
Scottish	192,940	95,030	97,910	13.8	13.7	14.0
French, n.o.s.¹²²	122,710	60,440	62,270	8.8	8.7	8.9
German	200,450	98,930	101,520	14.4	14.2	14.5
Chinese	68,480	32,860	35,620	4.9	4.7	5.1
Italian	32,190	16,355	15,835	2.3	2.4	2.3
Indian (India)	67,000	33,865	33,135	4.8	4.9	4.7
Ukrainian	151,315	73,785	77,535	10.8	10.6	11.1
Dutch	52,325	26,140	26,185	3.7	3.8	3.7
Polish	68,695	32,545	36,155	4.9	4.7	5.2
Québécois	1,810	990	820	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	38,125	19,330	18,785	2.7	2.8	2.7
Filipino	77,080	35,495	41,585	5.5	5.1	5.9
French Canadian	11,680	5,565	6,115	0.8	0.8	0.9
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	20,740	10,580	10,165	1.5	1.5	1.5
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	22,155	10,675	11,480	1.6	1.5	1.6
Métis	40,135	19,465	20,670	2.9	2.8	2.9
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	20,470	10,635	9,835	1.5	1.5	1.4
Russian	27,070	12,775	14,295	1.9	1.8	2.0
Norwegian	45,540	21,925	23,615	3.3	3.2	3.4
Welsh	24,445	11,990	12,455	1.8	1.7	1.8
Portuguese	10,320	5,255	5,065	0.7	0.8	0.7
American	17,890	8,860	9,030	1.3	1.3	1.3
Spanish	13,510	6,170	7,340	1.0	0.9	1.0
Swedish	28,540	13,110	15,430	2.0	1.9	2.2
Hungarian	13,865	6,930	6,930	1.0	1.0	1.0
Acadian	3,110	1,630	1,485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	12,750	6,440	6,310	0.9	0.9	0.9
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	14,705	7,305	7,405	1.1	1.0	1.1
Jewish	5,170	2,575	2,600	0.4	0.4	0.4
Punjabi	16,390	8,535	7,850	1.2	1.2	1.1
Vietnamese	15,075	7,310	7,760	1.1	1.1	1.1
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	10,505	5,475	5,040	0.8	0.8	0.7
Greek	4,840	2,575	2,260	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jamaican	6,515	3,285	3,235	0.5	0.5	0.5
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	10,775	5,195	5,580	0.8	0.7	0.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	19,535	9,220	10,315	1.4	1.3	1.5
Korean	8,365	3,965	4,400	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	10,765	5,130	5,635	0.8	0.7	0.8
Lebanese	13,170	6,645	6,525	0.9	1.0	0.9
Iranian	3,625	1,835	1,790	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	4,170	2,070	2,095	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	14,765	7,180	7,590	1.1	1.0	1.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	8,865	4,255	4,605	0.6	0.6	0.7
Sikh	11,885	6,220	5,665	0.9	0.9	0.8
Austrian	13,275	6,665	6,610	1.0	1.0	0.9
Belgian	7,745	3,795	3,955	0.6	0.5	0.6
Haitian	900	480	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	9,615	4,920	4,695	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mexican	6,260	3,115	3,140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mennonite	3,715	1,710	2,010	0.3	0.2	0.3
Swiss	5,955	2,885	3,070	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	5,245	2,420	2,825	0.4	0.3	0.4
Sri Lankan	2,525	1,275	1,250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	5,435	2,735	2,700	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japanese	4,245	1,970	2,275	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	3,400	1,710	1,700	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	2,485	1,240	1,245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	7,825	4,085	3,745	0.6	0.6	0.5
Muslim	5,335	2,655	2,680	0.4	0.4	0.4
Egyptian	4,070	2,175	1,895	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	3,535	1,750	1,785	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	1,465	755	710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	5,405	2,720	2,685	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombian	3,195	1,555	1,640	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	1,215	635	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	5,655	2,645	3,005	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syrian	4,215	2,195	2,015	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyanese	1,625	860	760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	2,915	1,465	1,450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	3,055	1,530	1,530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	3,060	1,490	1,570	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	1,470	725	740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	2,495	1,240	1,255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hong Konger	2,530	1,315	1,220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ontarian	720	370	350	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian	1,525	760	765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,270	1,085	1,180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkish	3,425	1,910	1,515	0.2	0.3	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	1,525	815	710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	2,455	1,355	1,100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algerian	500	245	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	1,620	715	905	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	4,385	2,255	2,130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Armenian	630	305	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	2,985	1,440	1,545	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	2,460	1,130	1,330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	11,605	5,680	5,925	0.8	0.8	0.8
Taiwanese	1,120	475	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	1,425	775	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	3,160	1,525	1,635	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	1,005	495	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,565	1,215	1,350	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	2,465	1,350	1,110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,840	825	1,020	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	515	235	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	890	425	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	2,050	975	1,075	0.1	0.1	0.2
South African	2,320	1,095	1,225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	2,100	1,035	1,070	0.2	0.1	0.2
Palestinian	2,225	1,165	1,060	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	3,345	1,690	1,655	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	1,995	1,040	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	640	305	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	5,285	2,545	2,745	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,610	745	865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	820	370	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	2,525	1,310	1,215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,895	945	945	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	425	225	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	1,060	600	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	390	205	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	365	180	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	1,350	685	665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,520	740	780	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	480	280	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	1,990	985	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	4,605	2,305	2,300	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Canadian	1,175	580	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	600	340	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	730	365	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	2,360	1,030	1,325	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bulgarian	765	365	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	7,375	3,725	3,645	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ghanaian	1,990	975	1,020	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	745	360	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	1,470	785	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,480	620	855	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	480	265	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,510	780	730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	895	435	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	1,575	825	750	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	775	395	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	55	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	1,065	510	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	810	415	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	900	390	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	760	385	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	1,380	585	790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	900	445	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	2,095	940	1,155	0.1	0.1	0.2
Northern Irish	870	400	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	740	415	325	0.1	0.1	0.0
British Columbian	495	220	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	400	185	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	565	290	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	585	285	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,030	535	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	2,575	1,270	1,305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jatt	1,240	620	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	575	310	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	750	375	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	1,280	500	780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	410	190	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,920	1,010	910	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	125	80	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	210	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	1,390	760	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	1,125	530	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	1,355	660	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	775	375	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Abenaki	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	600	275	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	515	265	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	980	510	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	1,720	955	765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	555	230	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	1,235	525	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	1,540	735	800	0.1	0.1	0.1
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	335	165	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	1,020	470	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	940	445	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	215	145	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,210	625	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	405	175	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	525	230	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	200	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	880	455	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	2,460	1,290	1,175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nicaraguan	540	285	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	390	180	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	1,095	520	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	65	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	620	315	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	360	195	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	200	80	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	1,115	595	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	315	140	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	800	410	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	515	255	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	385	190	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	360	145	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	565	270	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	130	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	580	275	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	210	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	265	120	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	145	90	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	395	200	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	685	360	325	0.0	0.1	0.0
Goan	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	360	170	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	1,600	710	890	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	425	205	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	490	225	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	175	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	1,060	510	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oromo	1,890	1,020	870	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tanzanian	605	310	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	485	235	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	245	130	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	470	295	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	105	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	290	140	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	315	145	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	795	360	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulani	265	140	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	340	135	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	160	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	185	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	165	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	255	140	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	220	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	290	135	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	320	130	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	360	170	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	560	260	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	465	245	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	810	425	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Paraguayan	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,396,740	695,780	700,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	16,460	7,375	9,080	1.2	1.1	1.3
Christian	655,205	308,055	347,150	46.9	44.3	49.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	131,025	62,485	68,540	9.4	9.0	9.8
Anabaptist	1,540	725	820	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	28,245	12,780	15,465	2.0	1.8	2.2
Baptist	15,520	7,100	8,420	1.1	1.0	1.2
Catholic	297,995	141,970	156,030	21.3	20.4	22.3
Christian Orthodox	27,895	13,400	14,495	2.0	1.9	2.1
Jehovah's Witness	5,585	2,355	3,235	0.4	0.3	0.5
Latter Day Saints	8,255	4,025	4,235	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lutheran	26,760	12,325	14,435	1.9	1.8	2.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,130	955	1,170	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	19,200	8,825	10,380	1.4	1.3	1.5
Presbyterian	5,515	2,610	2,910	0.4	0.4	0.4
Reformed	4,415	2,100	2,310	0.3	0.3	0.3
United Church	41,340	17,850	23,495	3.0	2.6	3.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	39,765	18,550	21,215	2.8	2.7	3.0
Hindu	35,835	18,310	17,525	2.6	2.6	2.5
Jewish	3,820	1,850	1,975	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	86,125	43,750	42,375	6.2	6.3	6.0
Sikh	44,435	22,675	21,760	3.2	3.3	3.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	3,485	1,595	1,890	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other religions and spiritual traditions	12,790	5,740	7,050	0.9	0.8	1.0
No religion and secular perspectives	538,580	286,430	252,150	38.6	41.2	36.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,380,905	687,700	693,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,190,615	593,935	596,685	86.2	86.4	86.1
Movers	190,295	93,770	96,525	13.8	13.6	13.9
Non-migrants	133,470	65,880	67,590	9.7	9.6	9.8
Migrants	56,825	27,890	28,930	4.1	4.1	4.2
Internal migrants	47,455	23,450	24,000	3.4	3.4	3.5
Intraprovincial migrants	34,125	16,885	17,245	2.5	2.5	2.5
Interprovincial migrants	13,330	6,570	6,760	1.0	1.0	1.0
External migrants	9,375	4,440	4,935	0.7	0.6	0.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,313,385	652,610	660,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	753,340	375,015	378,325	57.4	57.5	57.3
Movers	560,040	277,590	282,450	42.6	42.5	42.7
Non-migrants	314,695	156,860	157,835	24.0	24.0	23.9
Migrants	245,345	120,725	124,615	18.7	18.5	18.9
Internal migrants	185,900	92,315	93,590	14.2	14.1	14.2
Intraprovincial migrants	135,435	67,350	68,090	10.3	10.3	10.3
Interprovincial migrants	50,465	24,970	25,495	3.8	3.8	3.9
External migrants	59,440	28,410	31,030	4.5	4.4	4.7
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,133,620	561,020	572,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	187,685	99,490	88,200	16.6	17.7	15.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	945,930	461,530	484,405	83.4	82.3	84.6
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	774,905	385,545	389,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	87,160	48,910	38,245	11.2	12.7	9.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	687,745	336,635	351,110	88.8	87.3	90.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,133,625	561,020	572,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	163,605	83,675	79,935	14.4	14.9	14.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	326,235	162,140	164,100	28.8	28.9	28.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	643,775	315,210	328,570	56.8	56.2	57.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	343,655	181,595	162,065	30.3	32.4	28.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	99,810	80,045	19,770	8.8	14.3	3.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	28,110	17,055	11,055	2.5	3.0	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	71,700	62,985	8,715	6.3	11.2	1.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	202,840	85,480	117,360	17.9	15.2	20.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	41,005	16,070	24,935	3.6	2.9	4.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	300,120	133,615	166,500	26.5	23.8	29.1
Bachelor's degree	207,270	88,635	118,635	18.3	15.8	20.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	15,315	6,640	8,680	1.4	1.2	1.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	8,980	4,630	4,350	0.8	0.8	0.8
Master's degree	57,165	26,965	30,200	5.0	4.8	5.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	11,390	6,745	4,645	1.0	1.2	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	774,905	385,545	389,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	71,345	38,800	32,550	9.2	10.1	8.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	191,470	98,790	92,675	24.7	25.6	23.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	512,090	247,950	264,140	66.1	64.3	67.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	265,200	140,320	124,875	34.2	36.4	32.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	75,440	60,910	14,530	9.7	15.8	3.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	20,145	12,580	7,560	2.6	3.3	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	55,295	48,330	6,965	7.1	12.5	1.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	158,380	67,195	91,190	20.4	17.4	23.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	31,375	12,220	19,155	4.0	3.2	4.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	246,895	107,630	139,260	31.9	27.9	35.8
Bachelor's degree	169,805	71,540	98,265	21.9	18.6	25.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	11,840	5,080	6,755	1.5	1.3	1.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	7,445	3,600	3,845	1.0	0.9	1.0
Master's degree	48,920	22,420	26,495	6.3	5.8	6.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	8,885	4,985	3,900	1.1	1.3	1.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,133,620	561,015	572,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	489,845	245,810	244,035	43.2	43.8	42.6
Education	45,375	10,820	34,555	4.0	1.9	6.0
13. Education	45,375	10,820	34,555	4.0	1.9	6.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	17,185	6,960	10,225	1.5	1.2	1.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,155	1,385	770	0.2	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	15,030	5,575	9,455	1.3	1.0	1.7
Humanities	27,040	10,930	16,115	2.4	1.9	2.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,815	620	2,190	0.2	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	5,635	1,695	3,940	0.5	0.3	0.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	8,930	3,310	5,625	0.8	0.6	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	425	135	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,845	1,060	790	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,860	2,290	1,570	0.3	0.4	0.3
54. History	2,890	1,645	1,245	0.3	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	650	180	470	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	61,385	19,995	41,390	5.4	3.6	7.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,050	270	790	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	7,045	2,945	4,100	0.6	0.5	0.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	10,145	830	9,320	0.9	0.1	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	10,920	3,770	7,150	1.0	0.7	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	890	280	605	0.1	0.0	0.1
42. Psychology	12,195	3,075	9,120	1.1	0.5	1.6
45. Social sciences	19,140	8,820	10,320	1.7	1.6	1.8
Business, management and public administration	131,055	52,240	78,815	11.6	9.3	13.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	240	70	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	7,650	1,610	6,035	0.7	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	123,160	50,560	72,605	10.9	9.0	12.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	28,890	13,900	14,995	2.5	2.5	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	11,410	4,800	6,605	1.0	0.9	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	7,565	3,280	4,285	0.7	0.6	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	275	80	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	7,670	4,955	2,715	0.7	0.9	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,975	780	1,195	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	25,565	15,900	9,670	2.3	2.8	1.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	20,605	13,885	6,720	1.8	2.5	1.2
25. Library science	1,800	305	1,495	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,775	1,480	1,300	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	390	235	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	158,270	141,920	16,350	14.0	25.3	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	4,250	2,605	1,645	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	37,050	30,185	6,865	3.3	5.4	1.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	37,585	32,630	4,955	3.3	5.8	0.9
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	35,220	33,910	1,305	3.1	6.0	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	24,780	23,995	785	2.2	4.3	0.1
48. Precision production	19,360	18,565	795	1.7	3.3	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	12,695	6,515	6,175	1.1	1.2	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	8,175	3,885	4,290	0.7	0.7	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	4,515	2,630	1,885	0.4	0.5	0.3
Health and related fields	104,940	20,660	84,275	9.3	3.7	14.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	6,565	3,165	3,400	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	95,540	16,010	79,530	8.4	2.9	13.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	185	75	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,640	1,410	1,235	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	31,305	15,355	15,950	2.8	2.7	2.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	18,140	5,230	12,915	1.6	0.9	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	150	145	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	285	230	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	6,725	4,255	2,470	0.6	0.8	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,005	5,500	510	0.5	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	774,900	385,545	389,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	262,815	137,595	125,220	33.9	35.7	32.2
Education	32,195	7,220	24,975	4.2	1.9	6.4
13. Education	32,195	7,220	24,975	4.2	1.9	6.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	13,755	5,470	8,285	1.8	1.4	2.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,495	935	560	0.2	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	12,260	4,535	7,720	1.6	1.2	2.0
Humanities	20,995	8,345	12,650	2.7	2.2	3.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,260	490	1,775	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	4,335	1,295	3,040	0.6	0.3	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	7,195	2,620	4,570	0.9	0.7	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	345	120	230	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,440	820	620	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,765	1,655	1,110	0.4	0.4	0.3
54. History	2,205	1,235	970	0.3	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	440	105	325	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	50,695	15,955	34,750	6.5	4.1	8.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	885	225	660	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	6,060	2,430	3,635	0.8	0.6	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	8,115	675	7,435	1.0	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	9,155	2,840	6,310	1.2	0.7	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	760	235	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	9,800	2,360	7,440	1.3	0.6	1.9
45. Social sciences	15,920	7,185	8,735	2.1	1.9	2.2
Business, management and public administration	107,050	42,210	64,835	13.8	10.9	16.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	185	70	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	6,065	1,155	4,910	0.8	0.3	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	100,800	40,985	59,810	13.0	10.6	15.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	22,125	10,500	11,620	2.9	2.7	3.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	8,950	3,745	5,205	1.2	1.0	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	5,645	2,470	3,180	0.7	0.6	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	195	60	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	5,855	3,635	2,215	0.8	0.9	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,475	590	880	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	21,975	13,760	8,215	2.8	3.6	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	18,225	12,240	5,985	2.4	3.2	1.5
25. Library science	1,290	250	1,040	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,145	1,095	1,050	0.3	0.3	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	315	180	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	124,625	110,340	14,285	16.1	28.6	3.7
04. Architecture and related services	3,330	1,945	1,385	0.4	0.5	0.4
14. Engineering	30,635	24,575	6,055	4.0	6.4	1.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	29,810	25,495	4,310	3.8	6.6	1.1
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	27,560	26,360	1,195	3.6	6.8	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	18,345	17,675	670	2.4	4.6	0.2
48. Precision production	14,935	14,285	650	1.9	3.7	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	10,015	4,785	5,235	1.3	1.2	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	6,240	2,640	3,600	0.8	0.7	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,785	2,145	1,635	0.5	0.6	0.4
Health and related fields	83,840	16,940	66,900	10.8	4.4	17.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	5,195	2,490	2,710	0.7	0.6	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	76,350	13,310	63,040	9.9	3.5	16.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	165	60	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,130	1,085	1,045	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	24,755	12,400	12,350	3.2	3.2	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	13,935	4,105	9,835	1.8	1.1	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	130	130	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	200	165	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	5,725	3,625	2,100	0.7	0.9	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,760	4,380	380	0.6	1.1	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	774,900	385,545	389,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	262,815	137,595	125,220	33.9	35.7	32.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	512,085	247,950	264,135	66.1	64.3	67.8
Location of study inside Canada	395,755	194,265	201,485	51.1	50.4	51.7
Same as province or territory of residence	322,440	157,630	164,815	41.6	40.9	42.3
Different than province or territory of residence	73,310	36,635	36,675	9.5	9.5	9.4
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	116,340	53,690	62,650	15.0	13.9	16.1
Americas	15,540	7,580	7,965	2.0	2.0	2.0
United States of America	9,520	4,875	4,650	1.2	1.3	1.2
Mexico	1,475	740	740	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	250	110	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	105	65	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	710	310	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	640	245	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	785	295	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	175	45	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	325	130	195	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	1,555	750	805	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	17,045	8,825	8,220	2.2	2.3	2.1
Belgium	170	125	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	545	295	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	1,200	630	575	0.2	0.2	0.1
Netherlands	355	205	150	0.0	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	230	125	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	165	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	265	115	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	1,400	650	750	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	735	335	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	955	450	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	1,905	830	1,075	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	665	395	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	5,465	3,030	2,435	0.7	0.8	0.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	310	160	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	250	140	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	315	150	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	2,090	1,115	985	0.3	0.3	0.3
Africa	10,160	5,200	4,955	1.3	1.3	1.3
Nigeria	2,240	1,135	1,100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algeria	225	120	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	465	250	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	250	145	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	1,355	675	675	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	835	415	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	4,795	2,470	2,330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Asia	71,655	31,005	40,655	9.2	8.0	10.4
Iran⁸⁸	1,205	565	640	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iraq	445	235	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	195	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	730	350	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	545	270	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	485	290	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	5,465	2,285	3,180	0.7	0.6	0.8
Taiwan	290	95	200	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	385	105	285	0.0	0.0	0.1
Japan	460	135	325	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	2,120	935	1,185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Philippines	27,700	10,835	16,865	3.6	2.8	4.3
Viet Nam	545	175	370	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	945	395	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	665	360	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	23,070	11,085	11,985	3.0	2.9	3.1
Pakistan	3,250	1,480	1,770	0.4	0.4	0.5
Other locations of study in Asia	3,155	1,300	1,855	0.4	0.3	0.5
Oceania	1,930	1,085	845	0.2	0.3	0.2
Australia	1,380	720	660	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	310	210	100	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	240	150	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,133,625	561,020	572,605	...	...	...
In the labour force	771,350	406,730	364,620	...	...	...
Employed	679,730	358,965	320,760	...	...	...
Unemployed	91,620	47,760	43,860	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	362,275	154,295	207,985	...	...	...
Participation rate	68.0	72.5	63.7	68.0	72.5	63.7
Employment rate	60.0	64.0	56.0	60.0	64.0	56.0
Unemployment rate	11.9	11.7	12.0	11.9	11.7	12.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,133,620	561,015	572,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	387,370	169,575	217,795	34.2	30.2	38.0
Worked	746,255	391,445	354,810	65.8	69.8	62.0
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	390,560	221,785	168,775	34.5	39.5	29.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	355,690	169,660	186,030	31.4	30.2	32.5
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.8	41.5	40.0	40.8	41.5	40.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	771,345	406,725	364,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	25,380	12,550	12,835	3.3	3.1	3.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	745,965	394,180	351,785	96.7	96.9	96.5
Employee	647,430	333,455	313,975	83.9	82.0	86.1
Permanent position	533,890	276,065	257,820	69.2	67.9	70.7
Temporary position	113,545	57,390	56,155	14.7	14.1	15.4
Fixed term (1 year or more)	35,645	16,890	18,760	4.6	4.2	5.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	77,895	40,495	37,400	10.1	10.0	10.3
Self-employed¹⁹²	98,535	60,730	37,810	12.8	14.9	10.4
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	771,345	406,725	364,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	25,380	12,550	12,835	3.3	3.1	3.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	745,965	394,180	351,785	96.7	96.9	96.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	7,205	5,015	2,190	0.9	1.2	0.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	127,785	37,980	89,805	16.6	9.3	24.6
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	59,985	46,310	13,675	7.8	11.4	3.8
3 Health occupations	65,785	13,235	52,545	8.5	3.3	14.4
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	90,100	32,215	57,885	11.7	7.9	15.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	17,300	7,160	10,135	2.2	1.8	2.8
6 Sales and service occupations	183,075	80,525	102,555	23.7	19.8	28.1
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	152,750	138,520	14,225	19.8	34.1	3.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	16,605	13,075	3,530	2.2	3.2	1.0
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	25,380	20,140	5,245	3.3	5.0	1.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	771,345	406,725	364,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	25,380	12,550	12,835	3.3	3.1	3.5
All industries¹⁹¹	745,965	394,180	351,785	96.7	96.9	96.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	6,985	4,135	2,850	0.9	1.0	0.8
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	19,640	16,740	2,900	2.5	4.1	0.8
22 Utilities	7,730	5,385	2,350	1.0	1.3	0.6
23 Construction	77,790	65,690	12,105	10.1	16.2	3.3
31-33 Manufacturing	42,550	32,030	10,520	5.5	7.9	2.9
41 Wholesale trade	27,360	19,410	7,955	3.5	4.8	2.2
44-45 Retail trade	85,980	40,050	45,925	11.1	9.8	12.6
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	42,585	32,870	9,715	5.5	8.1	2.7
51 Information and cultural industries	9,385	5,650	3,740	1.2	1.4	1.0
52 Finance and insurance	24,485	9,450	15,035	3.2	2.3	4.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	14,000	7,530	6,470	1.8	1.9	1.8
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	54,885	31,035	23,850	7.1	7.6	6.5
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,070	515	555	0.1	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	30,980	17,650	13,325	4.0	4.3	3.7
61 Educational services	52,850	16,680	36,165	6.9	4.1	9.9
62 Health care and social assistance	101,340	20,180	81,165	13.1	5.0	22.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	13,215	6,265	6,955	1.7	1.5	1.9
72 Accommodation and food services	44,785	19,395	25,390	5.8	4.8	7.0
81 Other services (except public administration)	35,640	17,125	18,510	4.6	4.2	5.1
91 Public administration	52,700	26,395	26,300	6.8	6.5	7.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	809,060	423,930	385,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	774,265	407,240	367,025	95.7	96.1	95.3
French	1,670	525	1,140	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official language	4,080	2,070	2,010	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,070	2,065	2,005	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and French	7,490	3,015	4,470	0.9	0.7	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	20,745	10,695	10,050	2.6	2.5	2.6
French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	545	265	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	250	120	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	809,060	423,930	385,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	804,200	421,470	382,730	99.4	99.4	99.4
Official languages	796,500	417,505	378,990	98.4	98.5	98.4
English	793,670	416,700	376,965	98.1	98.3	97.9
French	2,835	805	2,030	0.4	0.2	0.5
Non-official languages	7,700	3,960	3,735	1.0	0.9	1.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,670	3,950	3,720	0.9	0.9	1.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	450	235	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	335	185	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	225	125	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	430	155	270	0.1	0.0	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	420	150	265	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	355	145	210	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	340	140	195	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	3,345	1,930	1,420	0.4	0.5	0.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	275	95	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	275	95	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	100	10	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,205	1,370	840	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	2,120	1,330	795	0.3	0.3	0.2
Bengali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	150	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,850	1,200	650	0.2	0.3	0.2
Sindhi	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	760	425	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	705	400	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	385	165	220	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,350	1,135	1,215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	2,330	1,120	1,215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,050	520	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,270	600	675	0.2	0.1	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	90	85	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	90	85	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,865	2,460	2,395	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and French	975	420	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	3,780	1,995	1,780	0.5	0.5	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	809,060	423,930	385,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	784,365	412,035	372,330	96.9	97.2	96.7
English	4,185	1,870	2,315	0.5	0.4	0.6
French	5,405	2,340	3,065	0.7	0.6	0.8
Non-official language	12,560	6,435	6,120	1.6	1.5	1.6
Indigenous³⁹	290	135	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,265	6,300	5,965	1.5	1.5	1.5
English and French	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	375	195	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	425	205	225	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,725	845	880	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	679,730	358,970	320,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	141,090	63,395	77,695	20.8	17.7	24.2
Worked outside Canada	1,640	1,210	435	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	105,780	80,385	25,395	15.6	22.4	7.9
Usual place of work	431,220	213,975	217,240	63.4	59.6	67.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	431,220	213,975	217,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	302,275	138,135	164,140	70.1	64.6	75.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	114,700	65,570	49,135	26.6	30.6	22.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	11,440	8,325	3,115	2.7	3.9	1.4
Commute to a different province or territory	2,800	1,950	855	0.6	0.9	0.4
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	537,000	294,365	242,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	469,360	263,895	205,460	87.4	89.6	84.7
Car, truck or van - as a driver	437,175	252,160	185,015	81.4	85.7	76.3
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	32,185	11,740	20,445	6.0	4.0	8.4
Public transit	32,995	12,955	20,040	6.1	4.4	8.3
Walked	17,620	7,495	10,125	3.3	2.5	4.2
Bicycle	3,890	2,685	1,205	0.7	0.9	0.5
Other method	13,135	7,330	5,800	2.4	2.5	2.4
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	537,000	294,365	242,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	131,010	59,360	71,650	24.4	20.2	29.5
15 to 29 minutes	229,115	125,780	103,335	42.7	42.7	42.6
30 to 44 minutes	119,860	72,885	46,975	22.3	24.8	19.4
45 to 59 minutes	31,580	19,840	11,740	5.9	6.7	4.8
60 minutes and over	25,430	16,495	8,935	4.7	5.6	3.7
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	537,000	294,365	242,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	38,735	29,315	9,420	7.2	10.0	3.9
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	99,940	64,535	35,405	18.6	21.9	14.6
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	146,945	78,705	68,240	27.4	26.7	28.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	96,045	45,050	50,995	17.9	15.3	21.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	68,065	29,585	38,480	12.7	10.1	15.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	87,275	47,175	40,095	16.3	16.0	16.5
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	316,720	162,480	154,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	25,100	12,655	12,440	7.9	7.8	8.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	291,615	149,820	141,795	92.1	92.2	91.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	227,055	116,565	110,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,370	9,255	9,115	8.1	7.9	8.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	9,230	4,510	4,725	4.1	3.9	4.3
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	9,140	4,750	4,390	4.0	4.1	4.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	208,680	107,305	101,370	91.9	92.1	91.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 2, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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