Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	AbbotsfordMore information: British Columbia [Population centre]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	132,300	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	122,163^r	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.3	...	...	8.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	49,176	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	47,091	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,858.3	...	...	1,858.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	71.20	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	132,305	65,080	67,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	22,675	11,685	10,995	17.1	18.0	16.4
0 to 4 years	6,850	3,525	3,325	5.2	5.4	4.9
5 to 9 years	7,710	3,965	3,750	5.8	6.1	5.6
10 to 14 years	8,115	4,190	3,925	6.1	6.4	5.8
15 to 64 years	84,795	42,360	42,430	64.1	65.1	63.1
15 to 19 years	7,900	4,065	3,835	6.0	6.2	5.7
20 to 24 years	8,880	4,605	4,275	6.7	7.1	6.4
25 to 29 years	8,970	4,595	4,375	6.8	7.1	6.5
30 to 34 years	9,320	4,730	4,590	7.0	7.3	6.8
35 to 39 years	9,490	4,675	4,815	7.2	7.2	7.2
40 to 44 years	8,635	4,255	4,375	6.5	6.5	6.5
45 to 49 years	8,050	3,890	4,165	6.1	6.0	6.2
50 to 54 years	7,830	3,895	3,935	5.9	6.0	5.9
55 to 59 years	7,805	3,845	3,960	5.9	5.9	5.9
60 to 64 years	7,905	3,800	4,105	6.0	5.8	6.1
65 years and over	24,835	11,035	13,800	18.8	17.0	20.5
65 to 69 years	7,270	3,345	3,925	5.5	5.1	5.8
70 to 74 years	6,430	2,880	3,550	4.9	4.4	5.3
75 to 79 years	4,435	2,105	2,330	3.4	3.2	3.5
80 to 84 years	3,245	1,400	1,845	2.5	2.2	2.7
85 years and over	3,455	1,305	2,150	2.6	2.0	3.2
85 to 89 years	1,970	830	1,140	1.5	1.3	1.7
90 to 94 years	1,135	390	745	0.9	0.6	1.1
95 to 99 years	310	75	235	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.1	18.0	16.4	17.1	18.0	16.4
15 to 64 years	64.1	65.1	63.1	64.1	65.1	63.1
65 years and over	18.8	17.0	20.5	18.8	17.0	20.5
85 years and over	2.6	2.0	3.2	2.6	2.0	3.2
Average age of the population	40.8	39.6	42.0	40.8	39.6	42.0
Median age of the population	39.6	38.0	40.8	39.6	38.0	40.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	47,090	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	15,215	...	...	32.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,375	...	...	2.9	...	...
Row house	4,620	...	...	9.8	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	10,185	...	...	21.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	14,345	...	...	30.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,075	...	...	2.3	...	...
Other single-attached house	40	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	230	...	...	0.5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	47,090	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	12,280	...	...	26.1	...	...
2 persons	14,565	...	...	30.9	...	...
3 persons	6,390	...	...	13.6	...	...
4 persons	6,630	...	...	14.1	...	...
5 or more persons	7,225	...	...	15.3	...	...
Number of persons in private households	129,890	63,845	66,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	109,630	53,400	56,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	63,860	31,885	31,970	58.3	59.7	56.9
Married	57,160	28,545	28,615	52.1	53.5	50.9
Living common-law	6,695	3,340	3,355	6.1	6.3	6.0
Living common law - Never married	4,650	2,320	2,325	4.2	4.3	4.1
Living common law - Separated	395	215	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	1,475	735	735	1.3	1.4	1.3
Living common law - Widowed	180	75	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	45,770	21,510	24,260	41.7	40.3	43.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	29,720	16,455	13,270	27.1	30.8	23.6
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,980	1,240	1,740	2.7	2.3	3.1
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,490	2,470	4,025	5.9	4.6	7.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,580	1,350	5,235	6.0	2.5	9.3
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	36,025	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	17,395	...	...	48.3	...	...
3 persons	7,275	...	...	20.2	...	...
4 persons	7,750	...	...	21.5	...	...
5 or more persons	3,600	...	...	10.0	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	36,025	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	30,655	...	...	85.1	...	...
Married couples	27,305	...	...	75.8	...	...
With children⁶	15,280	...	...	42.4	...	...
Without children	12,030	...	...	33.4	...	...
Common-law couples	3,350	...	...	9.3	...	...
With children⁶	1,180	...	...	3.3	...	...
Without children	2,170	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,370	...	...	14.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,255	...	...	11.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,115	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	129,890	63,845	66,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	107,015	53,235	53,775	82.4	83.4	81.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	61,310	30,620	30,690	47.2	48.0	46.5
Parents in one-parent families	5,370	1,115	4,255	4.1	1.7	6.4
Children⁶	40,335	21,500	18,830	31.1	33.7	28.5
In a two-parent family	32,000	16,930	15,070	24.6	26.5	22.8
In a one-parent family	8,335	4,570	3,765	6.4	7.2	5.7
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	22,880	10,605	12,270	17.6	16.6	18.6
Living alone	12,280	5,380	6,900	9.5	8.4	10.4
Living with other relatives⁷	4,750	1,950	2,795	3.7	3.1	4.2
Living with non-relatives only	5,850	3,275	2,570	4.5	5.1	3.9
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	47,090	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	25,985	...	...	55.2	...	...
Couple-family households	22,380	...	...	47.5	...	...
With children⁶	11,620	...	...	24.7	...	...
Without children	10,760	...	...	22.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,605	...	...	7.7	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,765	...	...	8.0	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	685	...	...	1.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,185	...	...	4.6	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,195	...	...	4.7	...	...
One-person households	12,280	...	...	26.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	107,215	52,160	55,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	103,635	50,400	53,235	96.7	96.6	96.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	44,800	32,800	37,600	44,800	32,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	103,750	50,465	53,290	96.8	96.8	96.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,400	30,600	34,800	40,400	30,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	90,350	45,225	45,125	84.3	86.7	82.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,400	42,800	24,400	32,400	42,800	24,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	75,160	38,765	36,395	70.1	74.3	66.1
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	44,800	27,200	35,200	44,800	27,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	88,410	40,640	47,775	82.5	77.9	86.8
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,900	7,400	11,800	9,900	7,400	11,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,275	4,440	6,840	10.5	8.5	12.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,040	5,600	5,480	5,040	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	28,740	13,160	15,580	26.8	25.2	28.3
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,000	8,000	8,000	7,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	107,170	52,175	55,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	103,515	50,270	53,245	96.6	96.3	96.8
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,040	55,050	39,480	47,040	55,050	39,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	103,650	50,350	53,300	96.7	96.5	96.9
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,960	46,840	35,400	40,960	46,840	35,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	90,385	45,200	45,180	84.3	86.6	82.1
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,920	52,350	33,520	42,920	52,350	33,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	75,255	38,750	36,505	70.2	74.3	66.4
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,640	52,250	34,480	43,640	52,250	34,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	88,410	40,615	47,790	82.5	77.8	86.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,210	9,890	12,330	11,210	9,890	12,330
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,335	4,485	6,850	10.6	8.6	12.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,480	5,745	6,960	6,480	5,745	6,960
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	28,720	13,310	15,405	26.8	25.5	28.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,300	8,050	8,510	8,300	8,050	8,510
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	107,175	52,175	55,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	33,440	19,685	13,755	31.2	37.7	25.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,000	65,500	50,800	58,000	65,500	50,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	65,900	72,700	56,050	65,900	72,700	56,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	30,990	13,760	17,230	28.9	26.4	31.3
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,200	22,600	15,900	18,200	22,600	15,900
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,720	32,720	21,940	26,720	32,720	21,940
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.6	85.4	72.0	79.6	85.4	72.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.4	73.2	59.9	67.4	73.2	59.9
Government transfers (%)²⁰	20.4	14.5	28.0	20.4	14.5	28.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	0.9	2.3	1.5	0.9	2.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.3	4.9	8.3	6.3	4.9	8.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.9	3.9	6.2	4.9	3.9	6.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	107,215	52,165	55,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,580	1,765	1,820	3.3	3.4	3.3
With total income	103,630	50,395	53,235	96.7	96.6	96.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,225	3,950	5,275	8.9	7.8	9.9
$10,000 to $19,999	14,005	5,580	8,420	13.5	11.1	15.8
$20,000 to $29,999	17,840	7,260	10,580	17.2	14.4	19.9
$30,000 to $39,999	14,200	5,900	8,300	13.7	11.7	15.6
$40,000 to $49,999	11,545	5,140	6,410	11.1	10.2	12.0
$50,000 to $59,999	9,600	4,990	4,610	9.3	9.9	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	7,295	4,170	3,125	7.0	8.3	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	5,440	3,435	2,010	5.2	6.8	3.8
$80,000 to $89,999	3,925	2,510	1,415	3.8	5.0	2.7
$90,000 to $99,999	2,955	1,955	1,000	2.9	3.9	1.9
$100,000 and over	7,610	5,515	2,090	7.3	10.9	3.9
$100,000 to $149,999	5,495	3,855	1,640	5.3	7.6	3.1
$150,000 and over	2,115	1,665	450	2.0	3.3	0.8
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	107,215	52,165	55,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,460	1,700	1,765	3.2	3.3	3.2
With after-tax income	103,755	50,465	53,290	96.8	96.7	96.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,565	4,090	5,475	9.2	8.1	10.3
$10,000 to $19,999	14,455	5,770	8,685	13.9	11.4	16.3
$20,000 to $29,999	19,920	8,150	11,775	19.2	16.1	22.1
$30,000 to $39,999	16,175	6,930	9,240	15.6	13.7	17.3
$40,000 to $49,999	13,310	6,510	6,795	12.8	12.9	12.8
$50,000 to $59,999	10,045	5,575	4,470	9.7	11.0	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	6,805	4,205	2,600	6.6	8.3	4.9
$70,000 to $79,999	4,680	3,000	1,680	4.5	5.9	3.2
$80,000 to $89,999	3,035	2,020	1,015	2.9	4.0	1.9
$90,000 to $99,999	1,910	1,325	585	1.8	2.6	1.1
$100,000 and over	3,860	2,895	965	3.7	5.7	1.8
$100,000 to $124,999	2,150	1,555	595	2.1	3.1	1.1
$125,000 and over	1,710	1,345	370	1.6	2.7	0.7
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	107,215	52,165	55,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	32,055	13,400	18,655	29.9	25.7	33.9
With employment income	75,160	38,760	36,395	70.1	74.3	66.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,210	4,005	5,205	12.3	10.3	14.3
$5,000 to $9,999	6,410	2,505	3,905	8.5	6.5	10.7
$10,000 to $19,999	10,070	4,175	5,900	13.4	10.8	16.2
$20,000 to $29,999	7,885	3,415	4,470	10.5	8.8	12.3
$30,000 to $39,999	7,615	3,470	4,140	10.1	9.0	11.4
$40,000 to $49,999	7,140	3,670	3,470	9.5	9.5	9.5
$50,000 to $59,999	6,625	3,675	2,950	8.8	9.5	8.1
$60,000 to $69,999	5,130	3,185	1,945	6.8	8.2	5.3
$70,000 to $79,999	3,975	2,665	1,310	5.3	6.9	3.6
$80,000 to $89,999	3,070	2,065	1,005	4.1	5.3	2.8
$90,000 to $99,999	2,315	1,590	725	3.1	4.1	2.0
$100,000 and over	5,725	4,355	1,375	7.6	11.2	3.8
$100,000 to $124,999	3,055	2,180	870	4.1	5.6	2.4
$125,000 and over	2,675	2,170	505	3.6	5.6	1.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	107,215	52,160	55,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	100,630	48,805	51,825	93.9	93.6	94.1
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	43,200	28,600	34,400	43,200	28,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	100,820	48,840	51,975	94.0	93.6	94.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,400	38,400	26,800	31,400	38,400	26,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	89,170	44,440	44,735	83.2	85.2	81.3
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	43,200	25,200	32,800	43,200	25,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,510	39,155	37,355	71.4	75.1	67.9
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	43,600	26,400	34,000	43,600	26,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,870	30,250	41,620	67.0	58.0	75.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,650	3,640	7,850	6,650	3,640	7,850
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	9,275	3,415	5,865	8.7	6.5	10.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,280	4,680	5,600	5,280	4,680	5,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	107,170	52,175	55,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	100,530	48,700	51,835	93.8	93.3	94.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,480	53,700	35,840	44,480	53,700	35,840
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	100,735	48,745	51,995	94.0	93.4	94.5
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,280	45,280	31,720	38,280	45,280	31,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	89,070	44,320	44,750	83.1	84.9	81.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,160	53,600	32,840	43,160	53,600	32,840
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,380	39,010	37,365	71.3	74.8	67.9
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,320	51,400	32,880	42,320	51,400	32,880
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,740	30,180	41,560	66.9	57.8	75.6
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,750	7,980	9,300	8,750	7,980	9,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	9,285	3,445	5,840	8.7	6.6	10.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,800	5,805	7,380	6,800	5,805	7,380
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	107,175	52,175	55,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	33,090	19,455	13,635	30.9	37.3	24.8
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,000	61,600	46,000	54,000	61,600	46,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	61,700	69,300	50,840	61,700	69,300	50,840
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	28,860	12,875	15,985	26.9	24.7	29.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,400	29,000	19,400	22,400	29,000	19,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,040	38,200	25,260	31,040	38,200	25,260
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.0	90.8	79.2	86.0	90.8	79.2
Employment income (%)	72.2	76.6	66.2	72.2	76.6	66.2
Government transfers (%)	14.0	9.2	20.8	14.0	9.2	20.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	0.8	2.3	1.4	0.8	2.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	47,090	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	12,280	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,800	...	...	40,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,600	...	...	37,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	34,815	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	47,120	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	103,400	...	...	103,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	90,100	...	...	90,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	12,325	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,920	...	...	49,920	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,320	...	...	43,320	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	34,795	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,300	...	...	122,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,600	...	...	106,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	47,090	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	400	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	190	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	300	...	...	0.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	830	...	...	1.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,905	...	...	4.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,480	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,520	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,710	...	...	3.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,800	...	...	3.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,675	...	...	3.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,370	...	...	7.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,235	...	...	6.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,115	...	...	6.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,940	...	...	6.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,780	...	...	5.9	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,835	...	...	42.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,825	...	...	12.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,480	...	...	9.5	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,320	...	...	11.3	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,210	...	...	8.9	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	47,090	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	450	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	205	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	310	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	850	...	...	1.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,985	...	...	4.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,655	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,680	...	...	3.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,020	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,130	...	...	4.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,950	...	...	4.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,795	...	...	8.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,710	...	...	7.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,565	...	...	7.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,250	...	...	6.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,920	...	...	6.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	16,605	...	...	35.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,085	...	...	12.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,160	...	...	8.8	...	...
$150,000 and over	6,355	...	...	13.5	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	33,415	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,235	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...	77,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	16,310	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...	132,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.5	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,525	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...	64,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	18,125	8,650	9,475	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	41,200	34,400	37,200	41,200	34,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	37,600	32,400	34,800	37,600	32,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	33,400	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	121,400	...	...	121,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,700	...	...	105,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,200	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,500	...	...	100,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,900	...	...	86,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	16,340	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	147,000	...	...	147,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	127,500	...	...	127,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,530	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,900	...	...	71,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	17,915	8,530	9,385	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,520	49,240	42,160	45,520	49,240	42,160
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,880	42,040	37,920	39,880	42,040	37,920
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	129,890	63,840	66,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	27,445	14,160	13,290	21.1	22.2	20.1
0 to 5 years	8,380	4,285	4,095	6.5	6.7	6.2
18 to 64 years	79,105	39,120	39,990	60.9	61.3	60.5
65 years and over	23,335	10,565	12,770	18.0	16.5	19.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,350	5,020	6,325	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,490	1,270	1,225	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	765	395	365	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,610	2,570	3,035	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,245	1,180	2,065	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.7	7.9	9.6	8.7	7.9	9.6
0 to 17 years (%)	9.1	9.0	9.2	9.1	9.0	9.2
0 to 5 years (%)	9.1	9.3	8.9	9.1	9.3	8.9
18 to 64 years (%)	7.1	6.6	7.6	7.1	6.6	7.6
65 years and over (%)	13.9	11.2	16.2	13.9	11.2	16.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	129,890	63,845	66,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	27,445	14,160	13,290	21.1	22.2	20.1
0 to 5 years	8,380	4,285	4,095	6.5	6.7	6.2
18 to 64 years	79,110	39,120	39,990	60.9	61.3	60.5
65 years and over	23,335	10,565	12,770	18.0	16.5	19.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	4,620	2,330	2,290	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	885	485	400	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	215	130	85	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,285	1,655	1,625	...	...	...
65 years and over	450	185	270	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.6	3.7	3.5	3.6	3.7	3.5
0 to 17 years (%)	3.2	3.4	3.0	3.2	3.4	3.0
0 to 5 years (%)	2.6	3.0	2.1	2.6	3.0	2.1
18 to 64 years (%)	4.2	4.2	4.1	4.2	4.2	4.1
65 years and over (%)	1.9	1.7	2.1	1.9	1.7	2.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	129,890	63,840	66,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	63,975	30,625	33,345	49.3	48.0	50.5
In bottom decile	10,695	4,940	5,760	8.2	7.7	8.7
In second decile	11,825	5,385	6,445	9.1	8.4	9.8
In third decile	12,875	6,170	6,710	9.9	9.7	10.2
In fourth decile	14,020	6,875	7,145	10.8	10.8	10.8
In fifth decile	14,555	7,265	7,280	11.2	11.4	11.0
In top half of the distribution	65,920	33,220	32,705	50.8	52.0	49.5
In sixth decile	14,905	7,425	7,485	11.5	11.6	11.3
In seventh decile	14,710	7,400	7,310	11.3	11.6	11.1
In eighth decile	13,915	6,985	6,930	10.7	10.9	10.5
In ninth decile	12,675	6,460	6,220	9.8	10.1	9.4
In top decile	9,715	4,955	4,760	7.5	7.8	7.2
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	129,890	...	...	129,890	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.288	...	...	0.288	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.398	...	...	0.398	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.259	...	...	0.259	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	130,470	64,080	66,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	116,305	57,780	58,520	89.1	90.2	88.1
French only	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	5,515	2,420	3,095	4.2	3.8	4.7
Neither English nor French	8,615	3,860	4,750	6.6	6.0	7.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	130,470	64,080	66,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	120,775	59,680	61,095	92.6	93.1	92.0
French	805	400	410	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and French	395	195	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Neither English nor French	8,485	3,800	4,685	6.5	5.9	7.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	130,470	64,080	66,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	125,065	61,435	63,625	95.9	95.9	95.8
Official languages	79,440	39,180	40,260	60.9	61.1	60.6
English	78,580	38,750	39,830	60.2	60.5	60.0
French	865	430	430	0.7	0.7	0.6
Non-official languages	45,625	22,255	23,365	35.0	34.7	35.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	45,610	22,250	23,360	35.0	34.7	35.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	815	430	390	0.6	0.7	0.6
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	795	420	380	0.6	0.7	0.6
Amharic	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	695	365	330	0.5	0.6	0.5
Aramaic languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	810	375	435	0.6	0.6	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	795	370	425	0.6	0.6	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,280	550	730	1.0	0.9	1.1
Bikol	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,015	420	595	0.8	0.7	0.9
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	255	125	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	38,840	19,080	19,760	29.8	29.8	29.8
Albanian	60	35	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Armenian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,130	530	605	0.9	0.8	0.9
Baltic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,120	525	600	0.9	0.8	0.9
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	75	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	310	145	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	370	160	210	0.3	0.2	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	165	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,975	1,755	2,225	3.0	2.7	3.4
Frisian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,605	1,145	1,460	2.0	1.8	2.2
German	2,585	1,130	1,450	2.0	1.8	2.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,180	525	655	0.9	0.8	1.0
Afrikaans	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	785	350	435	0.6	0.5	0.7
Low German, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	240	115	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	160	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	31,840	15,875	15,965	24.4	24.8	24.0
Indo-Aryan languages	31,425	15,670	15,755	24.1	24.5	23.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	800	400	400	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kacchi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	30,015	14,960	15,055	23.0	23.3	22.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	355	185	165	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	415	210	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	300	145	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	205	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,725	830	900	1.3	1.3	1.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	155	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	225	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	1,205	585	615	0.9	0.9	0.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	175	65	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	1,135	540	595	0.9	0.8	0.9
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	175	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,500	710	785	1.1	1.1	1.2
Chinese languages	1,445	685	760	1.1	1.1	1.1
Hakka	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	875	395	480	0.7	0.6	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	495	250	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	215	95	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	60	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	255	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	160	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,400	2,640	2,765	4.1	4.1	4.2
English and French	335	145	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	4,655	2,315	2,345	3.6	3.6	3.5
French and non-official language(s)	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	30	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	295	125	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	130,470	64,080	66,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	82,490	40,530	41,960	63.2	63.2	63.2
French	155	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	20,290	9,960	10,330	15.6	15.5	15.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	20,290	9,960	10,330	15.6	15.5	15.6
English and French	655	285	370	0.5	0.4	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	25,540	12,580	12,955	19.6	19.6	19.5
French and non-official language(s)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	495	225	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	815	395	415	0.6	0.6	0.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	130,470	64,080	66,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	124,195	61,060	63,135	95.2	95.3	95.1
Official languages	91,740	44,940	46,800	70.3	70.1	70.5
English	91,535	44,830	46,705	70.2	70.0	70.3
French	205	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Non-official languages	32,450	16,120	16,330	24.9	25.2	24.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	32,445	16,120	16,335	24.9	25.2	24.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	510	245	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	500	245	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Amharic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	435	215	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	570	265	305	0.4	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	560	260	305	0.4	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	570	285	280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bikol	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	460	235	230	0.4	0.4	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	28,350	14,130	14,225	21.7	22.1	21.4
Albanian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	460	215	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Baltic languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	455	210	240	0.3	0.3	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	115	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	225	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	455	195	255	0.3	0.3	0.4
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	300	130	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
German	300	130	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	140	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dutch	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	26,610	13,285	13,320	20.4	20.7	20.1
Indo-Aryan languages	26,350	13,160	13,190	20.2	20.5	19.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	520	255	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	25,425	12,710	12,715	19.5	19.8	19.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	245	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	255	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	750	385	360	0.6	0.6	0.5
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	600	315	285	0.5	0.5	0.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	65	35	35	0.0	0.1	0.1
Korean	955	450	500	0.7	0.7	0.8
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	970	470	500	0.7	0.7	0.8
Chinese languages	935	455	480	0.7	0.7	0.7
Hakka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	600	295	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	295	140	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,270	3,015	3,260	4.8	4.7	4.9
English and French	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	6,010	2,895	3,120	4.6	4.5	4.7
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	130,470	64,075	66,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	108,195	53,130	55,065	82.9	82.9	82.9
English	10,030	5,125	4,910	7.7	8.0	7.4
French	610	265	350	0.5	0.4	0.5
Non-official language	9,085	4,315	4,765	7.0	6.7	7.2
Indigenous³⁹	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,065	4,310	4,755	6.9	6.7	7.2
English and French	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,340	650	690	1.0	1.0	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	235	100	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	875	435	435	0.7	0.7	0.7
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	129,880	63,910	65,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	121,335	60,080	61,260	93.4	94.0	92.9
English	121,290	60,060	61,230	93.4	94.0	92.8
French	5,510	2,380	3,130	4.2	3.7	4.7
Non-official languages	55,440	27,120	28,320	42.7	42.4	42.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	55,405	27,105	28,295	42.7	42.4	42.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,060	555	510	0.8	0.9	0.8
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,030	535	495	0.8	0.8	0.8
Amharic	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	930	475	450	0.7	0.7	0.7
Aramaic languages	60	40	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,010	500	510	0.8	0.8	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	960	490	470	0.7	0.8	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,820	800	1,020	1.4	1.3	1.5
Bikol	45	40	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	210	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,640	715	935	1.3	1.1	1.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	155	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	60	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	290	160	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kannada	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	185	95	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	46,890	23,115	23,775	36.1	36.2	36.0
Albanian	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,510	740	775	1.2	1.2	1.2
Baltic languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,480	725	755	1.1	1.1	1.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	325	155	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Russian	725	375	355	0.6	0.6	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	200	95	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bosnian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	235	105	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	4,670	2,060	2,605	3.6	3.2	3.9
Frisian	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,125	1,435	1,690	2.4	2.2	2.6
German	3,095	1,420	1,680	2.4	2.2	2.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,530	620	905	1.2	1.0	1.4
Afrikaans	235	95	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Dutch	895	370	530	0.7	0.6	0.8
Low German, n.o.s.	80	30	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	325	125	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	275	130	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Swedish	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	37,915	19,120	18,795	29.2	29.9	28.5
Indo-Aryan languages	37,320	18,820	18,495	28.7	29.4	28.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	85	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	185	85	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Hindi	6,465	3,205	3,255	5.0	5.0	4.9
Kacchi	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	45	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	65	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	35,850	18,100	17,745	27.6	28.3	26.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	860	445	405	0.7	0.7	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	635	320	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	50	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	515	260	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	335	175	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,355	1,510	1,845	2.6	2.4	2.8
Catalan	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	370	205	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	305	160	145	0.2	0.3	0.2
Romanian	385	140	245	0.3	0.2	0.4
Spanish	2,440	1,080	1,360	1.9	1.7	2.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	390	150	240	0.3	0.2	0.4
Korean	1,380	645	735	1.1	1.0	1.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	445	235	210	0.3	0.4	0.3
Akan (Twi)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	160	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	115	75	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	250	90	165	0.2	0.1	0.3
American Sign Language	200	75	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,850	840	1,005	1.4	1.3	1.5
Chinese languages	1,800	815	990	1.4	1.3	1.5
Hakka	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,310	585	725	1.0	0.9	1.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	130	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	710	340	370	0.5	0.5	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	310	115	195	0.2	0.2	0.3
Lao	215	95	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Thai	115	25	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	110	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	255	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	70	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	129,875	63,910	65,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	6,135	2,950	3,185	4.7	4.6	4.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	5,820	2,815	3,010	4.5	4.4	4.6
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,930	1,330	1,600	2.3	2.1	2.4
Métis	2,865	1,460	1,405	2.2	2.3	2.1
Inuk (Inuit)	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	225	90	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	123,740	60,965	62,775	95.3	95.4	95.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	129,875	63,910	65,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,435	655	780	1.1	1.0	1.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	128,440	63,260	65,185	98.9	99.0	98.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	47,120	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	32,105	...	...	68.1	...	...
Renter	15,010	...	...	31.9	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	47,120	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	13,795	...	...	29.3	...	...
Not condominium	33,325	...	...	70.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	47,120	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	400	...	...	0.8	...	...
1 bedroom	6,210	...	...	13.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	15,125	...	...	32.1	...	...
3 bedrooms	9,625	...	...	20.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	15,760	...	...	33.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	47,120	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	16,080	...	...	34.1	...	...
5 rooms	6,800	...	...	14.4	...	...
6 rooms	5,265	...	...	11.2	...	...
7 rooms	4,610	...	...	9.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	14,360	...	...	30.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.1	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	47,120	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	44,790	...	...	95.1	...	...
More than one person per room	2,330	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	47,120	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	43,310	...	...	91.9	...	...
Not suitable	3,810	...	...	8.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	47,120	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	1,770	...	...	3.8	...	...
1961 to 1980	11,390	...	...	24.2	...	...
1981 to 1990	10,810	...	...	22.9	...	...
1991 to 2000	10,685	...	...	22.7	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,905	...	...	6.2	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,330	...	...	7.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,025	...	...	4.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,205	...	...	8.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	47,120	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	45,265	...	...	96.1	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,855	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	47,120	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	21,845	...	...	46.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,990	...	...	44.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,285	...	...	9.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	47,120	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,420	...	...	3.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	6,515	...	...	13.8	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,625	...	...	18.3	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,535	...	...	18.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,695	...	...	18.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,320	...	...	15.5	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,145	...	...	8.8	...	...
85 years and over	1,865	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	46,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	35,825	...	...	76.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,120	...	...	23.7	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,250	...	...	21.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	47,120	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	15,455	...	...	32.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,955	...	...	21.1	...	...
Not suitable only	3,090	...	...	6.6	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,115	...	...	2.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	555	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	570	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	130	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	30	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	31,665	...	...	67.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	46,075	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	4,830	...	...	10.5	...	...
Not in core need	41,240	...	...	89.5	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	32,040	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.5	...	...	65.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	18.9	...	...	18.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.4	...	...	5.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,490	...	...	1,490	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,652	...	...	1,652	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	800,000	...	...	800,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	802,000	...	...	802,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	15,010	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.1	...	...	9.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.0	...	...	34.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	21.6	...	...	21.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,170	...	...	1,170	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	...	...	1,300	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	129,875	63,915	65,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,450	760	695	1.1	1.2	1.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,435	740	695	1.1	1.2	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	985	490	490	0.8	0.8	0.7
Métis single ancestry	435	235	195	0.3	0.4	0.3
Inuit single ancestry	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	4,995	2,300	2,690	3.8	3.6	4.1
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	4,790	2,190	2,595	3.7	3.4	3.9
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,875	1,275	1,605	2.2	2.0	2.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,885	915	975	1.5	1.4	1.5
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	205	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	205	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	123,430	60,855	62,570	95.0	95.2	94.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	129,875	63,915	65,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	111,445	54,695	56,750	85.8	85.6	86.0
Canadian citizens aged under 18	25,885	13,420	12,465	19.9	21.0	18.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	85,560	41,270	44,285	65.9	64.6	67.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	18,430	9,220	9,210	14.2	14.4	14.0
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	129,875	63,915	65,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	86,775	43,030	43,750	66.8	67.3	66.3
Immigrants⁸¹	37,945	18,045	19,900	29.2	28.2	30.2
Before 1980	6,140	2,885	3,260	4.7	4.5	4.9
1980 to 1990	3,700	1,815	1,885	2.8	2.8	2.9
1991 to 2000	7,305	3,400	3,900	5.6	5.3	5.9
2001 to 2010	10,020	4,740	5,280	7.7	7.4	8.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	10,780	5,205	5,575	8.3	8.1	8.5
2011 to 2015	5,160	2,510	2,650	4.0	3.9	4.0
2016 to 2021	5,620	2,690	2,925	4.3	4.2	4.4
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,155	2,840	2,310	4.0	4.4	3.5
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	37,945	18,045	19,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,520	1,185	1,335	6.6	6.6	6.7
5 to 14 years	4,810	2,575	2,230	12.7	14.3	11.2
15 to 24 years	10,115	4,360	5,755	26.7	24.2	28.9
25 to 44 years	14,110	7,100	7,010	37.2	39.3	35.2
45 years and over	6,390	2,820	3,575	16.8	15.6	18.0
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	37,945	18,045	19,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,185	1,415	1,770	8.4	7.8	8.9
Brazil	170	95	80	0.4	0.5	0.4
Colombia	50	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.2
El Salvador	240	130	110	0.6	0.7	0.6
Guyana	35	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	105	40	65	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mexico	215	55	155	0.6	0.3	0.8
Peru	90	25	65	0.2	0.1	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	35	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	1,225	570	655	3.2	3.2	3.3
Other places of birth in Americas	980	420	555	2.6	2.3	2.8
Europe	5,860	2,785	3,070	15.4	15.4	15.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	50	10	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Croatia	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	85	55	30	0.2	0.3	0.2
Germany	715	350	365	1.9	1.9	1.8
Greece	25	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	105	45	65	0.3	0.2	0.3
Italy	135	70	65	0.4	0.4	0.3
Netherlands	705	305	400	1.9	1.7	2.0
Poland	315	140	180	0.8	0.8	0.9
Portugal	35	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	270	100	175	0.7	0.6	0.9
Russian Federation	235	120	110	0.6	0.7	0.6
Serbia⁸⁶	20	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ukraine	275	115	160	0.7	0.6	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,050	1,005	1,045	5.4	5.6	5.3
Other places of birth in Europe	795	405	390	2.1	2.2	2.0
Africa	1,200	600	600	3.2	3.3	3.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	60	30	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
Egypt	100	55	50	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eritrea	30	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	20	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Morocco	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	100	55	45	0.3	0.3	0.2
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	305	125	180	0.8	0.7	0.9
Other places of birth in Africa	555	280	275	1.5	1.6	1.4
Asia	27,215	12,990	14,225	71.7	72.0	71.5
Afghanistan	90	45	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	295	170	130	0.8	0.9	0.7
Iraq	90	50	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Lebanon	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	295	140	155	0.8	0.8	0.8
Turkey	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	735	315	425	1.9	1.7	2.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	120	50	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	805	365	440	2.1	2.0	2.2
Taiwan	170	75	95	0.4	0.4	0.5
Philippines	1,565	670	895	4.1	3.7	4.5
Viet Nam	710	340	375	1.9	1.9	1.9
Bangladesh	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	20,800	10,040	10,765	54.8	55.6	54.1
Pakistan	470	260	205	1.2	1.4	1.0
Sri Lanka	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Asia	975	420	550	2.6	2.3	2.8
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	480	255	225	1.3	1.4	1.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,615	2,690	2,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	300	165	130	5.3	6.1	4.4
Brazil	25	15	15	0.4	0.6	0.5
Colombia	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	35	20	15	0.6	0.7	0.5
Mexico	40	10	30	0.7	0.4	1.0
United States of America	120	85	35	2.1	3.2	1.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	65	45	20	1.2	1.7	0.7
Europe	320	150	170	5.7	5.6	5.8
France	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	25	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	15	15	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Italy	45	20	25	0.8	0.7	0.9
Russian Federation	55	20	30	1.0	0.7	1.0
Ukraine	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	80	40	45	1.4	1.5	1.5
Other places of birth in Europe	85	35	50	1.5	1.3	1.7
Africa	370	175	195	6.6	6.5	6.7
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	25	10	20	0.4	0.4	0.7
Eritrea	20	20	0	0.4	0.7	0.0
Ethiopia	20	15	0	0.4	0.6	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	55	30	30	1.0	1.1	1.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	55	15	40	1.0	0.6	1.4
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	155	70	80	2.8	2.6	2.7
Asia	4,570	2,175	2,395	81.4	80.9	81.9
Afghanistan	35	15	15	0.6	0.6	0.5
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	95	40	50	1.7	1.5	1.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	3,370	1,620	1,745	60.0	60.2	59.7
Iran⁸⁸	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.3
Iraq	20	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.3
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Jordan	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	125	55	75	2.2	2.0	2.6
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	110	55	55	2.0	2.0	1.9
Philippines	320	155	160	5.7	5.8	5.5
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	265	120	145	4.7	4.5	5.0
Turkey	20	15	0	0.4	0.6	0.0
United Arab Emirates	25	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.3
Viet Nam	50	35	20	0.9	1.3	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	95	25	70	1.7	0.9	2.4
Oceania and other⁹³	60	30	35	1.1	1.1	1.2
Australia	40	20	25	0.7	0.7	0.9
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.3
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	129,875	63,910	65,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	44,380	21,575	22,810	34.2	33.8	34.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	31,980	16,120	15,860	24.6	25.2	24.0
Third generation or more¹⁰²	53,515	26,225	27,290	41.2	41.0	41.4
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	31,800	15,160	16,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	9,505	4,820	4,685	29.9	31.8	28.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	4,045	2,460	1,585	12.7	16.2	9.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	5,465	2,360	3,100	17.2	15.6	18.6
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	19,740	8,985	10,750	62.1	59.3	64.6
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,405	1,270	1,130	7.6	8.4	6.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	155	80	70	0.5	0.5	0.4
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	31,800	15,160	16,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	570	340	225	1.8	2.2	1.4
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,400	1,180	1,225	7.5	7.8	7.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	635	315	325	2.0	2.1	2.0
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,360	720	645	4.3	4.7	3.9
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	150	65	90	0.5	0.4	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	26,680	12,540	14,140	83.9	82.7	85.0
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	129,875	63,910	65,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	52,820	26,470	26,350	40.7	41.4	39.9
South Asian	39,475	20,025	19,455	30.4	31.3	29.5
Chinese	2,130	985	1,145	1.6	1.5	1.7
Black	1,805	985	825	1.4	1.5	1.3
Filipino	2,240	1,065	1,175	1.7	1.7	1.8
Arab	615	320	295	0.5	0.5	0.4
Latin American	1,240	555	685	1.0	0.9	1.0
Southeast Asian	1,775	850	920	1.4	1.3	1.4
West Asian	555	295	260	0.4	0.5	0.4
Korean	1,390	690	705	1.1	1.1	1.1
Japanese	435	205	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	200	90	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	950	405	545	0.7	0.6	0.8
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	77,055	37,440	39,615	59.3	58.6	60.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	129,875	63,915	65,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	12,505	6,305	6,200	9.6	9.9	9.4
English	21,985	10,595	11,395	16.9	16.6	17.3
Irish	12,630	5,850	6,785	9.7	9.2	10.3
Scottish	16,180	7,825	8,350	12.5	12.2	12.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	7,105	3,370	3,735	5.5	5.3	5.7
German	17,185	8,375	8,805	13.2	13.1	13.3
Chinese	2,425	1,125	1,310	1.9	1.8	2.0
Italian	2,695	1,375	1,320	2.1	2.2	2.0
Indian (India)	21,635	10,815	10,820	16.7	16.9	16.4
Ukrainian	5,630	2,595	3,030	4.3	4.1	4.6
Dutch	8,830	4,185	4,645	6.8	6.5	7.0
Polish	3,130	1,505	1,630	2.4	2.4	2.5
Québécois	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,550	1,670	1,880	2.7	2.6	2.9
Filipino	2,030	975	1,055	1.6	1.5	1.6
French Canadian	800	360	430	0.6	0.6	0.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,090	1,060	1,025	1.6	1.7	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,110	930	1,180	1.6	1.5	1.8
Métis	2,545	1,270	1,275	2.0	2.0	1.9
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,735	1,350	1,385	2.1	2.1	2.1
Russian	4,795	2,325	2,470	3.7	3.6	3.7
Norwegian	3,325	1,585	1,740	2.6	2.5	2.6
Welsh	2,285	1,050	1,240	1.8	1.6	1.9
Portuguese	410	205	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
American	1,855	830	1,020	1.4	1.3	1.5
Spanish	965	430	535	0.7	0.7	0.8
Swedish	2,320	1,180	1,140	1.8	1.8	1.7
Hungarian	1,400	705	700	1.1	1.1	1.1
Acadian	115	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	645	345	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	545	280	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jewish	395	190	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Punjabi	11,100	5,655	5,440	8.5	8.8	8.2
Vietnamese	1,220	600	630	0.9	0.9	1.0
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	310	150	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Greek	475	240	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jamaican	170	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	885	455	430	0.7	0.7	0.7
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	435	265	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
Korean	1,250	595	655	1.0	0.9	1.0
Romanian	870	395	475	0.7	0.6	0.7
Lebanese	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian	265	140	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	600	305	295	0.5	0.5	0.4
Danish	1,015	485	530	0.8	0.8	0.8
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	500	250	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sikh	7,860	4,000	3,865	6.1	6.3	5.9
Austrian	930	405	525	0.7	0.6	0.8
Belgian	355	225	135	0.3	0.4	0.2
Haitian	120	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	885	500	385	0.7	0.8	0.6
Mexican	500	210	290	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mennonite	2,635	1,305	1,330	2.0	2.0	2.0
Swiss	660	330	335	0.5	0.5	0.5
Finnish	690	310	380	0.5	0.5	0.6
Sri Lankan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	280	140	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	550	275	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,740	860	885	1.3	1.3	1.3
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	215	85	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	710	345	370	0.5	0.5	0.6
Muslim	100	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	180	95	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	330	120	205	0.3	0.2	0.3
Tamil	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	730	410	325	0.6	0.6	0.5
Colombian	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	380	195	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syrian	185	85	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Guyanese	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	135	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	120	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	190	120	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Turkish	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	240	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	115	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	245	125	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	215	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraqi	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	230	130	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
African Caribbean	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	155	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	130	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	320	130	185	0.2	0.2	0.3
Australian	365	205	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Palestinian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	165	50	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
Peruvian	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	85	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Berber	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	180	75	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	60	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Israeli	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	110	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Barbadian	70	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
African American	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	60	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuelan	75	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	80	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bengali	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	65	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	180	55	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
Laotian	310	160	150	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ilocano	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Northern Irish	115	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	650	340	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ecuadorian	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	315	165	145	0.2	0.3	0.2
Jatt	1,045	525	515	0.8	0.8	0.8
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	60	40	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Coptic	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	135	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	115	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	60	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mauritian	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	65	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	30	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malay	75	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Goan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	445	230	220	0.3	0.4	0.3
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	129,875	63,910	65,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	810	395	415	0.6	0.6	0.6
Christian	48,490	22,220	26,275	37.3	34.8	39.8
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	19,210	8,985	10,230	14.8	14.1	15.5
Anabaptist	4,045	1,890	2,155	3.1	3.0	3.3
Anglican	2,245	930	1,315	1.7	1.5	2.0
Baptist	1,480	655	825	1.1	1.0	1.3
Catholic	9,110	4,230	4,875	7.0	6.6	7.4
Christian Orthodox	660	325	335	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jehovah's Witness	585	230	355	0.5	0.4	0.5
Latter Day Saints	435	185	245	0.3	0.3	0.4
Lutheran	940	370	565	0.7	0.6	0.9
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	270	105	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,825	930	900	1.4	1.5	1.4
Presbyterian	625	325	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Reformed	1,290	620	670	1.0	1.0	1.0
United Church	2,125	815	1,310	1.6	1.3	2.0
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,650	1,630	2,025	2.8	2.6	3.1
Hindu	3,355	1,700	1,650	2.6	2.7	2.5
Jewish	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	1,900	1,000	905	1.5	1.6	1.4
Sikh	33,165	16,740	16,430	25.5	26.2	24.9
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,000	400	600	0.8	0.6	0.9
No religion and secular perspectives	41,025	21,400	19,620	31.6	33.5	29.7
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	128,530	63,305	65,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	109,030	53,535	55,490	84.8	84.6	85.1
Movers	19,505	9,770	9,730	15.2	15.4	14.9
Non-migrants	11,915	6,025	5,885	9.3	9.5	9.0
Migrants	7,585	3,740	3,840	5.9	5.9	5.9
Internal migrants	6,440	3,155	3,285	5.0	5.0	5.0
Intraprovincial migrants	5,205	2,560	2,645	4.0	4.0	4.1
Interprovincial migrants	1,235	590	645	1.0	0.9	1.0
External migrants	1,145	590	555	0.9	0.9	0.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	122,845	60,400	62,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	65,100	31,960	33,140	53.0	52.9	53.1
Movers	57,745	28,440	29,305	47.0	47.1	46.9
Non-migrants	29,345	14,320	15,025	23.9	23.7	24.1
Migrants	28,400	14,115	14,285	23.1	23.4	22.9
Internal migrants	20,770	10,195	10,575	16.9	16.9	16.9
Intraprovincial migrants	16,705	8,130	8,580	13.6	13.5	13.7
Interprovincial migrants	4,065	2,065	1,995	3.3	3.4	3.2
External migrants	7,630	3,920	3,710	6.2	6.5	5.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	107,175	52,175	55,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	22,695	11,520	11,175	21.2	22.1	20.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	84,475	40,650	43,830	78.8	77.9	79.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	67,205	32,915	34,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,835	5,435	4,400	14.6	16.5	12.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	57,370	27,485	29,885	85.4	83.5	87.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	107,170	52,175	55,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	20,785	10,405	10,375	19.4	19.9	18.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	37,130	18,880	18,250	34.6	36.2	33.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	49,255	22,885	26,370	46.0	43.9	47.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	28,515	13,700	14,815	26.6	26.3	26.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,685	5,685	2,000	7.2	10.9	3.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,315	1,900	1,415	3.1	3.6	2.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,370	3,785	590	4.1	7.3	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,485	5,970	9,515	14.4	11.4	17.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,350	2,050	3,300	5.0	3.9	6.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	20,735	9,180	11,555	19.3	17.6	21.0
Bachelor's degree	13,575	5,890	7,685	12.7	11.3	14.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,690	580	1,110	1.6	1.1	2.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	485	295	190	0.5	0.6	0.3
Master's degree	4,485	2,095	2,395	4.2	4.0	4.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	505	325	180	0.5	0.6	0.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	67,210	32,920	34,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,730	4,775	3,960	13.0	14.5	11.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	22,220	11,640	10,575	33.1	35.4	30.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	36,255	16,495	19,755	53.9	50.1	57.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,720	9,475	10,245	29.3	28.8	29.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,275	3,945	1,335	7.8	12.0	3.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,250	1,305	945	3.3	4.0	2.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,030	2,635	390	4.5	8.0	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,815	4,125	6,690	16.1	12.5	19.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,625	1,410	2,215	5.4	4.3	6.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	16,535	7,020	9,510	24.6	21.3	27.7
Bachelor's degree	10,885	4,645	6,245	16.2	14.1	18.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,245	395	855	1.9	1.2	2.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	390	230	160	0.6	0.7	0.5
Master's degree	3,655	1,550	2,110	5.4	4.7	6.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	360	210	145	0.5	0.6	0.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	107,170	52,170	55,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	57,915	29,290	28,630	54.0	56.1	52.1
Education	3,875	915	2,955	3.6	1.8	5.4
13. Education	3,875	915	2,955	3.6	1.8	5.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,495	625	870	1.4	1.2	1.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	155	120	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,345	505	835	1.3	1.0	1.5
Humanities	5,025	2,145	2,880	4.7	4.1	5.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	340	65	270	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	645	185	460	0.6	0.4	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,335	960	1,375	2.2	1.8	2.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	260	150	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	950	565	380	0.9	1.1	0.7
54. History	395	195	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	50	0	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,775	1,600	3,175	4.5	3.1	5.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	340	140	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	935	110	820	0.9	0.2	1.5
22. Legal professions and studies	665	210	455	0.6	0.4	0.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	120	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	850	235	610	0.8	0.5	1.1
45. Social sciences	1,815	855	965	1.7	1.6	1.8
Business, management and public administration	9,230	3,800	5,425	8.6	7.3	9.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	835	190	650	0.8	0.4	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,385	3,610	4,770	7.8	6.9	8.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,640	710	930	1.5	1.4	1.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	650	240	405	0.6	0.5	0.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	595	265	330	0.6	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	290	185	105	0.3	0.4	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	10	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,950	1,155	790	1.8	2.2	1.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,570	1,035	540	1.5	2.0	1.0
25. Library science	195	10	180	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	165	100	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,040	8,390	645	8.4	16.1	1.2
04. Architecture and related services	180	150	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
14. Engineering	1,480	1,290	190	1.4	2.5	0.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,580	1,395	180	1.5	2.7	0.3
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,560	2,470	85	2.4	4.7	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,040	1,945	95	1.9	3.7	0.2
48. Precision production	1,200	1,140	65	1.1	2.2	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	915	540	375	0.9	1.0	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	720	400	320	0.7	0.8	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	200	140	55	0.2	0.3	0.1
Health and related fields	8,360	1,585	6,770	7.8	3.0	12.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	610	330	280	0.6	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,620	1,160	6,460	7.1	2.2	11.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	120	90	25	0.1	0.2	0.0
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,935	1,400	1,535	2.7	2.7	2.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,655	410	1,250	1.5	0.8	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	640	415	225	0.6	0.8	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	605	550	60	0.6	1.1	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	67,205	32,915	34,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	30,950	16,415	14,535	46.1	49.9	42.4
Education	2,625	565	2,060	3.9	1.7	6.0
13. Education	2,625	565	2,060	3.9	1.7	6.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,110	445	665	1.7	1.4	1.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	80	60	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,030	380	640	1.5	1.2	1.9
Humanities	3,675	1,475	2,200	5.5	4.5	6.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	295	55	240	0.4	0.2	0.7
23. English language and literature/letters	480	125	355	0.7	0.4	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,815	730	1,090	2.7	2.2	3.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	40	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	170	110	60	0.3	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	495	285	210	0.7	0.9	0.6
54. History	335	155	185	0.5	0.5	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	40	0	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,655	1,160	2,490	5.4	3.5	7.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	40	0	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	265	110	155	0.4	0.3	0.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	735	80	655	1.1	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	515	180	335	0.8	0.5	1.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	90	25	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	615	170	440	0.9	0.5	1.3
45. Social sciences	1,395	590	800	2.1	1.8	2.3
Business, management and public administration	6,950	2,810	4,140	10.3	8.5	12.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	630	105	520	0.9	0.3	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	6,315	2,705	3,610	9.4	8.2	10.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,220	530	690	1.8	1.6	2.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	505	180	320	0.8	0.5	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	440	215	225	0.7	0.7	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	205	125	85	0.3	0.4	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	0	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,535	945	590	2.3	2.9	1.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,285	860	425	1.9	2.6	1.2
25. Library science	125	10	115	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	125	80	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,410	5,925	485	9.5	18.0	1.4
04. Architecture and related services	145	110	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
14. Engineering	1,150	990	160	1.7	3.0	0.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,065	960	105	1.6	2.9	0.3
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,810	1,750	60	2.7	5.3	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,410	1,330	85	2.1	4.0	0.2
48. Precision production	820	780	40	1.2	2.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	675	405	270	1.0	1.2	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	535	305	230	0.8	0.9	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	140	105	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
Health and related fields	6,255	1,230	5,025	9.3	3.7	14.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	480	270	210	0.7	0.8	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,690	895	4,800	8.5	2.7	14.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	70	55	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,135	995	1,135	3.2	3.0	3.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,220	315	905	1.8	1.0	2.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	515	325	185	0.8	1.0	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	385	340	45	0.6	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	67,205	32,915	34,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	30,950	16,415	14,535	46.1	49.9	42.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	36,255	16,500	19,755	53.9	50.1	57.6
Location of study inside Canada	27,075	12,260	14,810	40.3	37.2	43.2
Same as province or territory of residence	22,855	10,200	12,655	34.0	31.0	36.9
Different than province or territory of residence	4,220	2,060	2,165	6.3	6.3	6.3
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	9,180	4,240	4,940	13.7	12.9	14.4
Americas	1,330	625	705	2.0	1.9	2.1
United States of America	1,020	510	510	1.5	1.5	1.5
Mexico	85	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	45	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Colombia	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peru	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	120	55	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	1,115	545	565	1.7	1.7	1.6
Belgium	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	25	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Germany	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	70	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
Romania	100	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Russian Federation	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	65	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	45	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	490	295	200	0.7	0.9	0.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	30	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	90	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Africa	310	160	150	0.5	0.5	0.4
Nigeria	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	135	70	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	6,230	2,785	3,445	9.3	8.5	10.0
Iran⁸⁸	40	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	190	80	110	0.3	0.2	0.3
Taiwan	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	45	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	385	150	235	0.6	0.5	0.7
Philippines	685	305	380	1.0	0.9	1.1
Viet Nam	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	4,485	2,050	2,440	6.7	6.2	7.1
Pakistan	130	70	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	110	30	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Oceania	200	120	80	0.3	0.4	0.2
Australia	140	75	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	30	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	107,170	52,175	55,000	...	...	...
In the labour force	69,260	36,235	33,025	...	...	...
Employed	63,625	33,585	30,035	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,640	2,650	2,990	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	37,910	15,935	21,975	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.6	69.4	60.0	64.6	69.4	60.0
Employment rate	59.4	64.4	54.6	59.4	64.4	54.6
Unemployment rate	8.1	7.3	9.1	8.1	7.3	9.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	107,170	52,170	55,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	39,870	17,155	22,720	37.2	32.9	41.3
Worked	67,295	35,020	32,280	62.8	67.1	58.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	34,490	20,365	14,120	32.2	39.0	25.7
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	32,810	14,650	18,160	30.6	28.1	33.0
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.0	42.5	39.4	41.0	42.5	39.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	69,265	36,240	33,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,500	730	775	2.2	2.0	2.3
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	67,760	35,510	32,255	97.8	98.0	97.7
Employee	57,110	28,390	28,720	82.5	78.3	87.0
Permanent position	48,525	24,900	23,625	70.1	68.7	71.5
Temporary position	8,585	3,490	5,095	12.4	9.6	15.4
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,660	1,175	1,485	3.8	3.2	4.5
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,925	2,320	3,605	8.6	6.4	10.9
Self-employed¹⁹²	10,655	7,120	3,535	15.4	19.6	10.7
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	69,265	36,240	33,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,500	730	775	2.2	2.0	2.3
All occupations¹⁹¹	67,760	35,510	32,255	97.8	98.0	97.7
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	465	335	130	0.7	0.9	0.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	9,635	2,795	6,840	13.9	7.7	20.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	2,755	2,165	590	4.0	6.0	1.8
3 Health occupations	5,140	1,005	4,140	7.4	2.8	12.5
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	8,060	2,710	5,350	11.6	7.5	16.2
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,470	650	820	2.1	1.8	2.5
6 Sales and service occupations	17,235	7,215	10,020	24.9	19.9	30.3
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	15,750	14,585	1,165	22.7	40.2	3.5
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,880	1,425	1,455	4.2	3.9	4.4
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	4,370	2,620	1,745	6.3	7.2	5.3
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	69,265	36,240	33,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,500	730	775	2.2	2.0	2.3
All industries¹⁹¹	67,760	35,510	32,255	97.8	98.0	97.7
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	3,160	1,475	1,680	4.6	4.1	5.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	155	130	30	0.2	0.4	0.1
22 Utilities	160	115	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
23 Construction	6,970	6,010	960	10.1	16.6	2.9
31-33 Manufacturing	6,520	4,430	2,090	9.4	12.2	6.3
41 Wholesale trade	2,450	1,660	795	3.5	4.6	2.4
44-45 Retail trade	8,125	3,625	4,500	11.7	10.0	13.6
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	6,125	5,125	1,000	8.8	14.1	3.0
51 Information and cultural industries	965	590	375	1.4	1.6	1.1
52 Finance and insurance	1,960	780	1,180	2.8	2.2	3.6
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,020	605	415	1.5	1.7	1.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	3,220	1,595	1,630	4.6	4.4	4.9
55 Management of companies and enterprises	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,895	1,600	1,295	4.2	4.4	3.9
61 Educational services	4,590	1,425	3,170	6.6	3.9	9.6
62 Health care and social assistance	8,030	1,430	6,595	11.6	3.9	20.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	910	340	570	1.3	0.9	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	4,395	1,485	2,905	6.3	4.1	8.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,250	1,555	1,695	4.7	4.3	5.1
91 Public administration	2,805	1,510	1,295	4.0	4.2	3.9
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	74,135	38,410	35,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	63,570	32,620	30,955	85.7	84.9	86.6
French	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-official language	3,145	1,685	1,460	4.2	4.4	4.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,145	1,685	1,460	4.2	4.4	4.1
English and French	365	120	245	0.5	0.3	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	6,950	3,950	2,995	9.4	10.3	8.4
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	74,135	38,410	35,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	72,375	37,410	34,955	97.6	97.4	97.8
Official languages	67,510	34,675	32,835	91.1	90.3	91.9
English	67,415	34,655	32,760	90.9	90.2	91.7
French	95	20	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official languages	4,860	2,735	2,125	6.6	7.1	5.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	4,860	2,735	2,125	6.6	7.1	5.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	130	55	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	120	55	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	4,450	2,540	1,910	6.0	6.6	5.3
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	4,375	2,490	1,885	5.9	6.5	5.3
Indo-Aryan languages	4,360	2,485	1,880	5.9	6.5	5.3
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,345	2,470	1,875	5.9	6.4	5.2
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	60	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	125	60	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	135	65	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	135	65	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,765	1,000	765	2.4	2.6	2.1
English and French	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,725	995	730	2.3	2.6	2.0
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	74,135	38,410	35,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	68,435	35,270	33,165	92.3	91.8	92.8
English	1,685	1,010	670	2.3	2.6	1.9
French	295	115	185	0.4	0.3	0.5
Non-official language	3,345	1,800	1,540	4.5	4.7	4.3
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,335	1,800	1,535	4.5	4.7	4.3
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	315	180	130	0.4	0.5	0.4
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	63,625	33,585	30,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	7,710	3,385	4,325	12.1	10.1	14.4
Worked outside Canada	210	175	35	0.3	0.5	0.1
No fixed workplace address	12,585	9,330	3,255	19.8	27.8	10.8
Usual place of work	43,115	20,700	22,420	67.8	61.6	74.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	43,115	20,700	22,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	28,150	11,930	16,220	65.3	57.6	72.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	3,725	1,760	1,965	8.6	8.5	8.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	11,135	6,950	4,185	25.8	33.6	18.7
Commute to a different province or territory	95	55	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	55,700	30,025	25,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	51,040	27,990	23,050	91.6	93.2	89.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	46,350	25,825	20,530	83.2	86.0	80.0
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	4,690	2,175	2,515	8.4	7.2	9.8
Public transit	1,465	540	925	2.6	1.8	3.6
Walked	1,915	745	1,170	3.4	2.5	4.6
Bicycle	265	210	50	0.5	0.7	0.2
Other method	1,015	540	475	1.8	1.8	1.9
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	55,700	30,025	25,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	20,540	8,950	11,585	36.9	29.8	45.1
15 to 29 minutes	17,490	9,070	8,420	31.4	30.2	32.8
30 to 44 minutes	8,865	5,560	3,300	15.9	18.5	12.9
45 to 59 minutes	4,120	2,790	1,330	7.4	9.3	5.2
60 minutes and over	4,690	3,650	1,040	8.4	12.2	4.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	55,700	30,025	25,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	5,475	3,960	1,515	9.8	13.2	5.9
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	10,030	6,540	3,490	18.0	21.8	13.6
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	12,635	6,500	6,140	22.7	21.6	23.9
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	10,390	4,510	5,885	18.7	15.0	22.9
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,715	3,355	4,355	13.9	11.2	17.0
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	9,450	5,165	4,290	17.0	17.2	16.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	27,985	14,445	13,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,315	645	670	4.7	4.5	4.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	26,670	13,795	12,875	95.3	95.5	95.1
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	20,610	10,670	9,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,050	515	540	5.1	4.8	5.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	555	260	295	2.7	2.4	3.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	495	255	240	2.4	2.4	2.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,560	10,155	9,400	94.9	95.2	94.5

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

Language selection

Search and menus

Search

Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Symbol legend

Note(s):

Census Profile, 2021 Census of PopulationProfile table

Add a geography

Add or remove data

Symbol legend

Source

How to cite

Note(s):

Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table