Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	KelownaMore information: British Columbia [Population centre]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	181,380	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	160,095^r	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	13.3	...	...	13.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	83,287	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	77,446	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,073.7	...	...	1,073.7	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	168.92	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	181,375	88,105	93,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	25,285	12,900	12,385	13.9	14.6	13.3
0 to 4 years	7,375	3,795	3,580	4.1	4.3	3.8
5 to 9 years	8,745	4,465	4,285	4.8	5.1	4.6
10 to 14 years	9,160	4,640	4,525	5.1	5.3	4.9
15 to 64 years	116,050	57,120	58,930	64.0	64.8	63.2
15 to 19 years	9,150	4,705	4,445	5.0	5.3	4.8
20 to 24 years	11,920	6,130	5,785	6.6	7.0	6.2
25 to 29 years	12,600	6,375	6,220	6.9	7.2	6.7
30 to 34 years	12,510	6,265	6,240	6.9	7.1	6.7
35 to 39 years	12,335	6,120	6,215	6.8	6.9	6.7
40 to 44 years	10,950	5,350	5,605	6.0	6.1	6.0
45 to 49 years	10,550	5,225	5,325	5.8	5.9	5.7
50 to 54 years	10,910	5,245	5,660	6.0	6.0	6.1
55 to 59 years	12,355	5,760	6,590	6.8	6.5	7.1
60 to 64 years	12,785	5,935	6,850	7.0	6.7	7.3
65 years and over	40,035	18,085	21,955	22.1	20.5	23.5
65 to 69 years	11,450	5,315	6,140	6.3	6.0	6.6
70 to 74 years	10,150	4,750	5,400	5.6	5.4	5.8
75 to 79 years	7,240	3,355	3,885	4.0	3.8	4.2
80 to 84 years	5,340	2,390	2,955	2.9	2.7	3.2
85 years and over	5,855	2,275	3,580	3.2	2.6	3.8
85 to 89 years	3,545	1,485	2,060	2.0	1.7	2.2
90 to 94 years	1,780	665	1,115	1.0	0.8	1.2
95 to 99 years	450	115	335	0.2	0.1	0.4
100 years and over	85	15	70	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.9	14.6	13.3	13.9	14.6	13.3
15 to 64 years	64.0	64.8	63.2	64.0	64.8	63.2
65 years and over	22.1	20.5	23.5	22.1	20.5	23.5
85 years and over	3.2	2.6	3.8	3.2	2.6	3.8
Average age of the population	43.7	42.5	44.8	43.7	42.5	44.8
Median age of the population	43.2	41.2	44.8	43.2	41.2	44.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	77,445	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	34,605	...	...	44.7	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,860	...	...	5.0	...	...
Row house	5,515	...	...	7.1	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,680	...	...	9.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	20,085	...	...	25.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,580	...	...	3.3	...	...
Other single-attached house	125	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	3,000	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	77,445	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	23,010	...	...	29.7	...	...
2 persons	30,080	...	...	38.8	...	...
3 persons	10,310	...	...	13.3	...	...
4 persons	8,975	...	...	11.6	...	...
5 or more persons	5,070	...	...	6.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	178,030	86,650	91,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	156,085	75,205	80,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	89,225	44,625	44,595	57.2	59.3	55.1
Married	71,430	35,700	35,735	45.8	47.5	44.2
Living common-law	17,790	8,930	8,865	11.4	11.9	11.0
Living common law - Never married	12,740	6,415	6,320	8.2	8.5	7.8
Living common law - Separated	725	365	355	0.5	0.5	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	3,865	1,945	1,920	2.5	2.6	2.4
Living common law - Widowed	470	200	265	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	66,865	30,575	36,285	42.8	40.7	44.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	41,755	22,695	19,060	26.8	30.2	23.6
Not married and not living common law - Separated	4,210	1,685	2,525	2.7	2.2	3.1
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	11,700	4,275	7,430	7.5	5.7	9.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	9,190	1,920	7,270	5.9	2.6	9.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	50,920	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	30,330	...	...	59.6	...	...
3 persons	9,235	...	...	18.1	...	...
4 persons	8,360	...	...	16.4	...	...
5 or more persons	2,995	...	...	5.9	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	50,920	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	43,635	...	...	85.7	...	...
Married couples	34,745	...	...	68.2	...	...
With children⁶	15,450	...	...	30.3	...	...
Without children	19,295	...	...	37.9	...	...
Common-law couples	8,895	...	...	17.5	...	...
With children⁶	2,530	...	...	5.0	...	...
Without children	6,365	...	...	12.5	...	...
Total one-parent families	7,285	...	...	14.3	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,585	...	...	11.0	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,695	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	178,030	86,650	91,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	137,720	68,175	69,550	77.4	78.7	76.1
Married spouses or common-law partners	87,270	43,660	43,615	49.0	50.4	47.7
Parents in one-parent families	7,285	1,700	5,590	4.1	2.0	6.1
Children⁶	43,165	22,815	20,345	24.2	26.3	22.3
In a two-parent family	32,475	17,075	15,395	18.2	19.7	16.8
In a one-parent family	10,685	5,740	4,950	6.0	6.6	5.4
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	40,310	18,480	21,835	22.6	21.3	23.9
Living alone	23,010	9,360	13,645	12.9	10.8	14.9
Living with other relatives⁷	4,055	1,810	2,250	2.3	2.1	2.5
Living with non-relatives only	13,245	7,305	5,940	7.4	8.4	6.5
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	77,445	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	43,970	...	...	56.8	...	...
Couple-family households	38,360	...	...	49.5	...	...
With children⁶	15,600	...	...	20.1	...	...
Without children	22,760	...	...	29.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	5,610	...	...	7.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,715	...	...	2.2	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	635	...	...	0.8	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	3,070	...	...	4.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,045	...	...	6.5	...	...
One-person households	23,010	...	...	29.7	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	152,770	73,765	79,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	149,220	72,015	77,210	97.7	97.6	97.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	47,600	36,800	41,200	47,600	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	149,380	72,120	77,265	97.8	97.8	97.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,400	34,000	37,600	42,400	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	136,930	66,770	70,165	89.6	90.5	88.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	42,400	28,000	34,400	42,400	28,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	105,945	53,430	52,510	69.3	72.4	66.5
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	42,800	29,600	35,600	42,800	29,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	124,750	56,920	67,830	81.7	77.2	85.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,500	9,500	11,300	10,500	9,500	11,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	14,420	6,840	7,580	9.4	9.3	9.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	40,880	18,945	21,935	26.8	25.7	27.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	152,815	73,860	78,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	149,190	72,040	77,150	97.6	97.5	97.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,950	62,250	46,200	53,950	62,250	46,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	149,370	72,170	77,205	97.7	97.7	97.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,640	51,550	40,120	45,640	51,550	40,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	136,925	66,855	70,070	89.6	90.5	88.7
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,560	58,100	39,440	48,560	58,100	39,440
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	105,970	53,450	52,515	69.3	72.4	66.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,800	54,900	38,600	46,800	54,900	38,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	124,750	56,995	67,755	81.6	77.2	85.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,240	10,560	11,820	11,240	10,560	11,820
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	14,250	6,895	7,355	9.3	9.3	9.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,470	6,170	6,760	6,470	6,170	6,760
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	40,540	18,845	21,695	26.5	25.5	27.5
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,650	8,450	8,820	8,650	8,450	8,820
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	152,815	73,855	78,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	47,055	26,280	20,770	30.8	35.6	26.3
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,200	66,500	55,600	61,200	66,500	55,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,100	79,600	62,550	72,100	79,600	62,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	45,535	20,765	24,765	29.8	28.1	31.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,800	20,800	17,600	18,800	20,800	17,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,640	33,560	24,500	28,640	33,560	24,500
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.6	86.6	77.6	82.6	86.6	77.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	61.6	65.4	56.9	61.6	65.4	56.9
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.4	13.4	22.5	17.4	13.4	22.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	1.0	1.4	1.2	1.0	1.4
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.4	4.3	6.8	5.4	4.3	6.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.4	3.6	5.4	4.4	3.6	5.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	152,775	73,765	79,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,545	1,750	1,795	2.3	2.4	2.3
With total income	149,225	72,010	77,210	97.7	97.6	97.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	11,110	4,875	6,235	7.4	6.8	8.1
$10,000 to $19,999	17,000	6,890	10,105	11.4	9.6	13.1
$20,000 to $29,999	23,715	9,770	13,940	15.9	13.6	18.1
$30,000 to $39,999	20,310	8,560	11,750	13.6	11.9	15.2
$40,000 to $49,999	17,505	7,805	9,700	11.7	10.8	12.6
$50,000 to $59,999	14,250	6,815	7,435	9.5	9.5	9.6
$60,000 to $69,999	10,775	5,700	5,075	7.2	7.9	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	8,275	4,680	3,595	5.5	6.5	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	6,290	3,640	2,645	4.2	5.1	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	4,710	2,855	1,860	3.2	4.0	2.4
$100,000 and over	15,285	10,420	4,865	10.2	14.5	6.3
$100,000 to $149,999	9,800	6,380	3,420	6.6	8.9	4.4
$150,000 and over	5,485	4,040	1,440	3.7	5.6	1.9
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	152,775	73,765	79,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,390	1,650	1,740	2.2	2.2	2.2
With after-tax income	149,385	72,115	77,265	97.8	97.8	97.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	11,850	5,155	6,695	7.9	7.1	8.7
$10,000 to $19,999	17,720	7,185	10,530	11.9	10.0	13.6
$20,000 to $29,999	26,790	11,120	15,675	17.9	15.4	20.3
$30,000 to $39,999	23,325	10,120	13,210	15.6	14.0	17.1
$40,000 to $49,999	19,855	9,160	10,695	13.3	12.7	13.8
$50,000 to $59,999	14,755	7,675	7,075	9.9	10.6	9.2
$60,000 to $69,999	10,590	5,955	4,635	7.1	8.3	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	7,350	4,315	3,035	4.9	6.0	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	5,105	3,090	2,015	3.4	4.3	2.6
$90,000 to $99,999	3,230	2,070	1,155	2.2	2.9	1.5
$100,000 and over	8,810	6,280	2,530	5.9	8.7	3.3
$100,000 to $124,999	4,180	2,855	1,320	2.8	4.0	1.7
$125,000 and over	4,635	3,420	1,210	3.1	4.7	1.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	152,775	73,765	79,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	46,830	20,335	26,495	30.7	27.6	33.5
With employment income	105,940	53,430	52,515	69.3	72.4	66.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	14,780	6,860	7,920	14.0	12.8	15.1
$5,000 to $9,999	8,620	3,690	4,935	8.1	6.9	9.4
$10,000 to $19,999	13,230	5,675	7,555	12.5	10.6	14.4
$20,000 to $29,999	10,735	4,740	5,995	10.1	8.9	11.4
$30,000 to $39,999	9,910	4,480	5,430	9.4	8.4	10.3
$40,000 to $49,999	9,605	4,510	5,090	9.1	8.4	9.7
$50,000 to $59,999	8,520	4,260	4,255	8.0	8.0	8.1
$60,000 to $69,999	6,880	3,795	3,080	6.5	7.1	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	5,540	3,290	2,245	5.2	6.2	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	4,360	2,575	1,790	4.1	4.8	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	3,465	2,155	1,305	3.3	4.0	2.5
$100,000 and over	10,300	7,390	2,915	9.7	13.8	5.6
$100,000 to $124,999	4,835	3,180	1,660	4.6	6.0	3.2
$125,000 and over	5,465	4,210	1,255	5.2	7.9	2.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	152,770	73,765	79,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	145,765	70,140	75,625	95.4	95.1	95.7
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	46,000	33,600	38,800	46,000	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	145,975	70,180	75,790	95.6	95.1	95.9
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	40,800	30,600	35,200	40,800	30,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	135,670	65,990	69,685	88.8	89.5	88.2
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	43,600	29,200	35,200	43,600	29,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	109,575	54,790	54,790	71.7	74.3	69.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	42,000	29,200	34,800	42,000	29,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	101,370	43,470	57,905	66.4	58.9	73.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,300	6,600	7,500	7,300	6,600	7,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	10,490	4,950	5,540	6.9	6.7	7.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,440	5,240	5,600	5,440	5,240	5,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	152,815	73,860	78,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	145,945	70,325	75,615	95.5	95.2	95.8
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,000	61,300	43,400	52,000	61,300	43,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	146,195	70,380	75,815	95.7	95.3	96.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,360	50,120	37,080	43,360	50,120	37,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	135,935	66,190	69,735	89.0	89.6	88.3
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,280	59,500	39,600	49,280	59,500	39,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	109,510	54,700	54,805	71.7	74.1	69.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,720	54,700	36,760	45,720	54,700	36,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	100,945	43,105	57,840	66.1	58.4	73.3
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,840	8,660	8,980	8,840	8,660	8,980
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	10,810	5,135	5,680	7.1	7.0	7.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,080	6,440	7,670	7,080	6,440	7,670
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	152,815	73,855	78,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	46,700	26,040	20,660	30.6	35.3	26.2
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,800	62,800	50,800	56,800	62,800	50,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,500	75,900	56,950	67,500	75,900	56,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	43,435	19,685	23,750	28.4	26.7	30.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	27,000	21,400	23,600	27,000	21,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,920	41,080	28,000	33,920	41,080	28,000
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	88.2	91.4	84.2	88.2	91.4	84.2
Employment income (%)	66.0	69.4	61.4	66.0	69.4	61.4
Government transfers (%)	11.8	8.7	15.8	11.8	8.7	15.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.8	1.3	1.0	0.8	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	77,450	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...	74,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	23,010	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...	41,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,000	...	...	38,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	54,435	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	77,480	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	103,900	...	...	103,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	23,045	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,300	...	...	52,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,720	...	...	44,720	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	54,435	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	125,700	...	...	125,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,300	...	...	106,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	77,450	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	865	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	415	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	685	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,445	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,055	...	...	3.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,590	...	...	3.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,520	...	...	3.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,045	...	...	3.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,045	...	...	3.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,945	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,870	...	...	7.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,530	...	...	7.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,395	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,905	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,460	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	30,665	...	...	39.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,865	...	...	11.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,715	...	...	8.7	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	7,895	...	...	10.2	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,190	...	...	9.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	77,450	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,000	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	435	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	710	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,525	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,205	...	...	4.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,005	...	...	3.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,915	...	...	3.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,465	...	...	4.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,500	...	...	4.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,405	...	...	4.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	6,700	...	...	8.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	6,505	...	...	8.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	6,050	...	...	7.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	5,380	...	...	6.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,555	...	...	5.9	...	...
$100,000 and over	25,085	...	...	32.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	9,180	...	...	11.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,075	...	...	7.8	...	...
$150,000 and over	9,825	...	...	12.7	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	50,485	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	23,855	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	18,080	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,000	...	...	138,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	120,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	6,830	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...	65,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	36,255	16,670	19,585	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,000	39,200	36,800	38,000	39,200	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	36,000	34,000	34,800	36,000	34,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	50,555	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	125,600	...	...	125,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,800	...	...	105,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	23,945	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,600	...	...	112,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,700	...	...	94,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	18,125	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	160,200	...	...	160,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...	133,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,695	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,200	...	...	72,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	36,065	16,620	19,445	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,120	49,120	45,400	47,120	49,120	45,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800	41,920	39,840	40,800	41,920	39,840
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	178,030	86,650	91,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	30,600	15,615	14,980	17.2	18.0	16.4
0 to 5 years	9,065	4,670	4,395	5.1	5.4	4.8
18 to 64 years	109,900	53,870	56,030	61.7	62.2	61.3
65 years and over	37,530	17,160	20,365	21.1	19.8	22.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	17,285	7,785	9,505	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,110	1,580	1,530	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	910	465	450	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	9,525	4,580	4,940	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,650	1,620	3,035	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.7	9.0	10.4	9.7	9.0	10.4
0 to 17 years (%)	10.2	10.1	10.2	10.2	10.1	10.2
0 to 5 years (%)	10.1	10.0	10.2	10.1	10.0	10.2
18 to 64 years (%)	8.7	8.5	8.8	8.7	8.5	8.8
65 years and over (%)	12.4	9.4	14.9	12.4	9.4	14.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	167,390	81,655	85,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	29,350	14,970	14,380	17.5	18.3	16.8
0 to 5 years	8,670	4,445	4,225	5.2	5.4	4.9
18 to 64 years	104,155	51,205	52,950	62.2	62.7	61.8
65 years and over	33,885	15,480	18,405	20.2	19.0	21.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	7,640	3,975	3,665	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,165	590	575	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	285	145	145	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,855	3,110	2,745	...	...	...
65 years and over	620	275	345	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.6	4.9	4.3	4.6	4.9	4.3
0 to 17 years (%)	4.0	3.9	4.0	4.0	3.9	4.0
0 to 5 years (%)	3.3	3.2	3.4	3.3	3.2	3.4
18 to 64 years (%)	5.6	6.1	5.2	5.6	6.1	5.2
65 years and over (%)	1.8	1.8	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	178,030	86,650	91,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	86,070	40,450	45,615	48.3	46.7	49.9
In bottom decile	17,380	8,255	9,125	9.8	9.5	10.0
In second decile	17,360	7,760	9,600	9.8	9.0	10.5
In third decile	16,875	7,930	8,945	9.5	9.2	9.8
In fourth decile	16,765	7,925	8,835	9.4	9.1	9.7
In fifth decile	17,695	8,585	9,115	9.9	9.9	10.0
In top half of the distribution	91,965	46,200	45,765	51.7	53.3	50.1
In sixth decile	17,810	8,805	9,005	10.0	10.2	9.9
In seventh decile	18,010	8,920	9,085	10.1	10.3	9.9
In eighth decile	18,605	9,345	9,260	10.5	10.8	10.1
In ninth decile	18,510	9,325	9,185	10.4	10.8	10.1
In top decile	19,035	9,805	9,230	10.7	11.3	10.1
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	178,030	...	...	178,030	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.331	...	...	0.331	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.436	...	...	0.436	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.292	...	...	0.292	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	179,150	87,165	91,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	165,310	80,885	84,430	92.3	92.8	91.8
French only	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	12,565	5,705	6,860	7.0	6.5	7.5
Neither English nor French	1,230	560	670	0.7	0.6	0.7
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	179,150	87,165	91,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	175,185	85,315	89,875	97.8	97.9	97.7
French	2,445	1,160	1,285	1.4	1.3	1.4
English and French	335	160	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Neither English nor French	1,180	535	650	0.7	0.6	0.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	179,150	87,165	91,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	175,365	85,330	90,035	97.9	97.9	97.9
Official languages	152,510	74,675	77,835	85.1	85.7	84.6
English	149,890	73,465	76,430	83.7	84.3	83.1
French	2,620	1,215	1,405	1.5	1.4	1.5
Non-official languages	22,855	10,655	12,205	12.8	12.2	13.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	22,805	10,630	12,175	12.7	12.2	13.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	710	395	315	0.4	0.5	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	690	375	310	0.4	0.4	0.3
Amharic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	600	330	265	0.3	0.4	0.3
Aramaic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	430	175	250	0.2	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	410	165	240	0.2	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,715	675	1,040	1.0	0.8	1.1
Bikol	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	75	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,355	525	830	0.8	0.6	0.9
Waray-Waray	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	175	100	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	90	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tamil	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	15,740	7,510	8,230	8.8	8.6	8.9
Albanian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,100	1,365	1,730	1.7	1.6	1.9
Baltic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,055	1,350	1,705	1.7	1.5	1.9
Belarusian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	295	140	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	635	270	365	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	805	340	465	0.4	0.4	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	500	245	250	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	240	120	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	180	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	90	35	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	575	235	335	0.3	0.3	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	4,845	2,205	2,645	2.7	2.5	2.9
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,625	1,620	2,000	2.0	1.9	2.2
German	3,495	1,565	1,930	2.0	1.8	2.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yiddish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,005	490	515	0.6	0.6	0.6
Afrikaans	200	100	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	690	335	360	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	220	95	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	4,575	2,355	2,220	2.6	2.7	2.4
Indo-Aryan languages	4,025	2,060	1,970	2.2	2.4	2.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	125	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	360	190	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,140	1,565	1,570	1.8	1.8	1.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	160	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	545	300	245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	500	275	225	0.3	0.3	0.2
Dari	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	415	230	185	0.2	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,045	1,490	1,555	1.7	1.7	1.7
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	720	360	350	0.4	0.4	0.4
Portuguese	585	275	305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	280	145	135	0.2	0.2	0.1
Spanish	1,455	695	760	0.8	0.8	0.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	405	125	280	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korean	635	290	340	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,890	855	1,040	1.1	1.0	1.1
Chinese languages	1,880	850	1,035	1.0	1.0	1.1
Hakka	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,180	530	650	0.7	0.6	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	610	275	335	0.3	0.3	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	115	30	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	100	25	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	115	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	690	315	375	0.4	0.4	0.4
Estonian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	555	255	305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,785	1,840	1,945	2.1	2.1	2.1
English and French	700	350	350	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	2,685	1,315	1,375	1.5	1.5	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	270	115	155	0.2	0.1	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	179,150	87,165	91,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	156,665	76,570	80,095	87.4	87.8	87.1
French	395	185	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	4,725	2,305	2,420	2.6	2.6	2.6
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,715	2,295	2,420	2.6	2.6	2.6
English and French	1,730	785	945	1.0	0.9	1.0
English and non-official language(s)	14,795	6,925	7,870	8.3	7.9	8.6
French and non-official language(s)	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	455	205	245	0.3	0.2	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	375	180	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	179,150	87,165	91,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	176,070	85,710	90,360	98.3	98.3	98.2
Official languages	166,375	80,965	85,410	92.9	92.9	92.9
English	165,800	80,695	85,105	92.5	92.6	92.5
French	575	270	305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official languages	9,700	4,745	4,950	5.4	5.4	5.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	9,690	4,745	4,950	5.4	5.4	5.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	445	230	215	0.2	0.3	0.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	430	220	210	0.2	0.3	0.2
Amharic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	400	205	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	250	105	145	0.1	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	245	105	140	0.1	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	830	375	460	0.5	0.4	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	700	320	380	0.4	0.4	0.4
Waray-Waray	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	5,935	2,950	2,985	3.3	3.4	3.2
Albanian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	835	390	450	0.5	0.4	0.5
Baltic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	825	380	445	0.5	0.4	0.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	185	80	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	285	140	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	140	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	805	385	420	0.4	0.4	0.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	615	295	320	0.3	0.3	0.3
German	590	290	305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dutch	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	3,045	1,555	1,495	1.7	1.8	1.6
Indo-Aryan languages	2,775	1,405	1,375	1.5	1.6	1.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	180	90	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,305	1,150	1,160	1.3	1.3	1.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	95	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	270	150	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	250	145	110	0.1	0.2	0.1
Dari	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	205	120	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,185	595	590	0.7	0.7	0.6
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	155	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	245	130	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Spanish	685	345	335	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	450	215	240	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,155	580	580	0.6	0.7	0.6
Chinese languages	1,155	580	580	0.6	0.7	0.6
Hakka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	800	400	400	0.4	0.5	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	315	160	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	175	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,080	1,455	1,620	1.7	1.7	1.8
English and French	240	115	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,750	1,300	1,450	1.5	1.5	1.6
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	179,150	87,165	91,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	164,335	80,270	84,060	91.7	92.1	91.4
English	4,210	2,070	2,140	2.3	2.4	2.3
French	1,390	630	755	0.8	0.7	0.8
Non-official language	7,535	3,385	4,145	4.2	3.9	4.5
Indigenous³⁹	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	7,460	3,355	4,100	4.2	3.8	4.5
English and French	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	555	265	285	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	285	125	160	0.2	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	780	380	395	0.4	0.4	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	178,135	86,760	91,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	176,885	86,195	90,690	99.3	99.3	99.3
English	176,860	86,180	90,680	99.3	99.3	99.2
French	12,570	5,835	6,735	7.1	6.7	7.4
Non-official languages	31,600	14,640	16,960	17.7	16.9	18.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	210	100	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	65	45	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Blackfoot	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	45	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	31,405	14,550	16,855	17.6	16.8	18.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	925	510	415	0.5	0.6	0.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	910	495	415	0.5	0.6	0.5
Amharic	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	740	410	335	0.4	0.5	0.4
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	575	275	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	535	260	275	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,295	870	1,420	1.3	1.0	1.6
Bikol	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	175	75	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	155	55	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,110	780	1,335	1.2	0.9	1.5
Waray-Waray	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	130	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	220	110	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	260	145	115	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	22,395	10,480	11,915	12.6	12.1	13.0
Albanian	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,155	1,830	2,320	2.3	2.1	2.5
Baltic languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,115	1,815	2,305	2.3	2.1	2.5
Belarusian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	365	185	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	975	385	600	0.5	0.4	0.7
Russian	1,470	705	765	0.8	0.8	0.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	730	365	360	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	160	90	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	455	220	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	245	135	110	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	805	315	485	0.5	0.4	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	6,835	3,170	3,660	3.8	3.7	4.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	5,100	2,380	2,720	2.9	2.7	3.0
German	5,015	2,350	2,665	2.8	2.7	2.9
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yiddish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,510	770	745	0.8	0.9	0.8
Afrikaans	505	265	240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dutch	925	450	475	0.5	0.5	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	95	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	400	140	260	0.2	0.2	0.3
Danish	130	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	80	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Swedish	195	75	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	145	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	6,135	3,115	3,015	3.4	3.6	3.3
Indo-Aryan languages	5,395	2,720	2,675	3.0	3.1	2.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	180	115	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	155	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	2,050	1,065	990	1.2	1.2	1.1
Kacchi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,145	2,040	2,105	2.3	2.4	2.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	390	205	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	750	405	340	0.4	0.5	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	725	395	330	0.4	0.5	0.4
Dari	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	580	325	250	0.3	0.4	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,065	2,730	3,335	3.4	3.1	3.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,235	565	670	0.7	0.7	0.7
Portuguese	830	400	430	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	350	180	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	4,070	1,740	2,330	2.3	2.0	2.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	45	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	830	375	450	0.5	0.4	0.5
Korean	750	350	395	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	305	160	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	380	140	245	0.2	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	355	130	225	0.2	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,260	1,050	1,210	1.3	1.2	1.3
Chinese languages	2,240	1,035	1,205	1.3	1.2	1.3
Hakka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,710	820	890	1.0	0.9	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	100	35	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	835	345	490	0.5	0.4	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	210	65	145	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	200	65	140	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	190	80	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	750	370	385	0.4	0.4	0.4
Estonian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	145	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	575	300	275	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	178,130	86,760	91,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	11,060	5,245	5,815	6.2	6.0	6.4
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	10,580	5,030	5,550	5.9	5.8	6.1
First Nations (North American Indian)	5,045	2,340	2,700	2.8	2.7	3.0
Métis	5,475	2,665	2,810	3.1	3.1	3.1
Inuk (Inuit)	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	320	150	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	167,080	81,515	85,560	93.8	94.0	93.6
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	178,130	86,760	91,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,435	1,565	1,870	1.9	1.8	2.0
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	174,700	85,190	89,505	98.1	98.2	98.0
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	77,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	52,760	...	...	68.1	...	...
Renter	24,620	...	...	31.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	105	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	77,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	20,555	...	...	26.5	...	...
Not condominium	56,925	...	...	73.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	77,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	835	...	...	1.1	...	...
1 bedroom	9,515	...	...	12.3	...	...
2 bedrooms	25,675	...	...	33.1	...	...
3 bedrooms	18,960	...	...	24.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	22,505	...	...	29.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	77,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	24,880	...	...	32.1	...	...
5 rooms	11,570	...	...	14.9	...	...
6 rooms	9,670	...	...	12.5	...	...
7 rooms	8,525	...	...	11.0	...	...
8 or more rooms	22,840	...	...	29.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	77,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	76,595	...	...	98.9	...	...
More than one person per room	890	...	...	1.1	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	77,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	74,735	...	...	96.5	...	...
Not suitable	2,740	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	77,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	4,090	...	...	5.3	...	...
1961 to 1980	19,340	...	...	25.0	...	...
1981 to 1990	10,425	...	...	13.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	14,175	...	...	18.3	...	...
2001 to 2005	6,410	...	...	8.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	8,520	...	...	11.0	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,285	...	...	6.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	9,235	...	...	11.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	77,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	74,490	...	...	96.1	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,990	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	77,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	36,790	...	...	47.5	...	...
Two-maintainer household	35,990	...	...	46.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,700	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	77,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,375	...	...	4.4	...	...
25 to 34 years	11,055	...	...	14.3	...	...
35 to 44 years	12,485	...	...	16.1	...	...
45 to 54 years	11,975	...	...	15.5	...	...
55 to 64 years	14,705	...	...	19.0	...	...
65 to 74 years	12,810	...	...	16.5	...	...
75 to 84 years	7,730	...	...	10.0	...	...
85 years and over	3,350	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	71,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	52,650	...	...	73.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	19,115	...	...	26.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	16,865	...	...	23.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	77,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	23,265	...	...	30.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	17,705	...	...	22.9	...	...
Not suitable only	2,060	...	...	2.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,945	...	...	2.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	515	...	...	0.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	875	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	150	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	54,215	...	...	70.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	69,515	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,125	...	...	8.8	...	...
Not in core need	63,390	...	...	91.2	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	48,300	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.2	...	...	59.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	18.0	...	...	18.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.6	...	...	4.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,400	...	...	1,400	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,616	...	...	1,616	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	700,000	...	...	700,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	783,000	...	...	783,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	23,690	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.7	...	...	9.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	44.3	...	...	44.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	17.7	...	...	17.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,450	...	...	1,450	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,554	...	...	1,554	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	105	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	14.3	...	...	14.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	628	...	...	628	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	680	...	...	680	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	178,135	86,760	91,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	3,165	1,405	1,760	1.8	1.6	1.9
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	3,080	1,380	1,700	1.7	1.6	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	2,060	940	1,120	1.2	1.1	1.2
Métis single ancestry	995	425	565	0.6	0.5	0.6
Inuit single ancestry	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	85	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	8,445	4,125	4,325	4.7	4.8	4.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	8,195	3,985	4,210	4.6	4.6	4.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,675	2,205	2,470	2.6	2.5	2.7
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,495	1,770	1,725	2.0	2.0	1.9
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	250	135	115	0.1	0.2	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	245	135	110	0.1	0.2	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	166,520	81,230	85,295	93.5	93.6	93.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	178,135	86,760	91,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	166,220	80,930	85,290	93.3	93.3	93.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	29,305	14,975	14,325	16.5	17.3	15.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	136,915	65,950	70,960	76.9	76.0	77.7
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	11,910	5,830	6,085	6.7	6.7	6.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	178,135	86,760	91,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	147,755	72,355	75,400	82.9	83.4	82.5
Immigrants⁸¹	26,295	12,310	13,985	14.8	14.2	15.3
Before 1980	8,240	3,800	4,440	4.6	4.4	4.9
1980 to 1990	2,850	1,305	1,545	1.6	1.5	1.7
1991 to 2000	3,540	1,620	1,920	2.0	1.9	2.1
2001 to 2010	4,910	2,320	2,590	2.8	2.7	2.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	6,760	3,270	3,495	3.8	3.8	3.8
2011 to 2015	2,900	1,375	1,525	1.6	1.6	1.7
2016 to 2021	3,860	1,890	1,970	2.2	2.2	2.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	4,085	2,100	1,990	2.3	2.4	2.2
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	26,295	12,310	13,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,975	1,525	1,450	11.3	12.4	10.4
5 to 14 years	4,475	2,260	2,215	17.0	18.4	15.8
15 to 24 years	5,505	2,545	2,965	20.9	20.7	21.2
25 to 44 years	11,170	4,985	6,180	42.5	40.5	44.2
45 years and over	2,170	1,000	1,170	8.3	8.1	8.4
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	26,295	12,310	13,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,560	1,495	2,060	13.5	12.1	14.7
Brazil	185	90	100	0.7	0.7	0.7
Colombia	150	60	95	0.6	0.5	0.7
El Salvador	95	55	40	0.4	0.4	0.3
Guyana	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Haiti	20	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Jamaica	415	225	190	1.6	1.8	1.4
Mexico	355	135	225	1.4	1.1	1.6
Peru	75	20	60	0.3	0.2	0.4
Trinidad and Tobago	50	30	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
United States of America	1,745	690	1,055	6.6	5.6	7.5
Other places of birth in Americas	445	180	265	1.7	1.5	1.9
Europe	12,255	5,930	6,320	46.6	48.2	45.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	170	90	80	0.6	0.7	0.6
Croatia	290	140	150	1.1	1.1	1.1
France	180	70	115	0.7	0.6	0.8
Germany	2,140	1,045	1,095	8.1	8.5	7.8
Greece	40	20	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hungary	335	175	160	1.3	1.4	1.1
Italy	525	260	265	2.0	2.1	1.9
Netherlands	700	355	340	2.7	2.9	2.4
Poland	810	300	515	3.1	2.4	3.7
Portugal	210	80	125	0.8	0.6	0.9
Romania	280	125	150	1.1	1.0	1.1
Russian Federation	370	160	210	1.4	1.3	1.5
Serbia⁸⁶	110	45	65	0.4	0.4	0.5
Ukraine	335	180	160	1.3	1.5	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,050	2,120	1,935	15.4	17.2	13.8
Other places of birth in Europe	1,720	770	945	6.5	6.3	6.8
Africa	1,145	600	545	4.4	4.9	3.9
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	65	45	15	0.2	0.4	0.1
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	620	305	320	2.4	2.5	2.3
Other places of birth in Africa	380	210	175	1.4	1.7	1.3
Asia	8,720	3,940	4,780	33.2	32.0	34.2
Afghanistan	60	30	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	405	220	185	1.5	1.8	1.3
Iraq	25	25	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Lebanon	95	50	40	0.4	0.4	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	290	145	145	1.1	1.2	1.0
Turkey	60	30	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	1,050	465	585	4.0	3.8	4.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	190	65	125	0.7	0.5	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	475	230	245	1.8	1.9	1.8
Taiwan	105	55	55	0.4	0.4	0.4
Philippines	1,880	690	1,190	7.1	5.6	8.5
Viet Nam	365	170	195	1.4	1.4	1.4
Bangladesh	90	55	40	0.3	0.4	0.3
India	2,360	1,180	1,180	9.0	9.6	8.4
Pakistan	230	115	115	0.9	0.9	0.8
Sri Lanka	50	20	25	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	1,005	410	590	3.8	3.3	4.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	615	345	275	2.3	2.8	2.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	3,865	1,890	1,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	750	350	395	19.4	18.5	20.1
Brazil	80	45	35	2.1	2.4	1.8
Colombia	50	20	25	1.3	1.1	1.3
Haiti	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	185	95	95	4.8	5.0	4.8
Mexico	90	45	50	2.3	2.4	2.5
United States of America	255	115	145	6.6	6.1	7.4
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	0	20	0.5	0.0	1.0
Other places of birth in Americas	55	20	30	1.4	1.1	1.5
Europe	695	375	320	18.0	19.8	16.2
France	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Germany	40	25	15	1.0	1.3	0.8
Ireland⁹⁶	50	30	20	1.3	1.6	1.0
Italy	20	10	10	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian Federation	75	25	50	1.9	1.3	2.5
Ukraine	90	60	30	2.3	3.2	1.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	255	155	105	6.6	8.2	5.3
Other places of birth in Europe	155	70	85	4.0	3.7	4.3
Africa	135	70	65	3.5	3.7	3.3
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	60	35	30	1.6	1.9	1.5
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	35	20	20	0.9	1.1	1.0
Asia	2,140	1,000	1,140	55.4	52.9	57.9
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	25	10	10	0.6	0.5	0.5
China⁹⁰	255	115	140	6.6	6.1	7.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.5
India	535	270	265	13.8	14.3	13.5
Iran⁸⁸	35	15	20	0.9	0.8	1.0
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	20	15	0	0.5	0.8	0.0
Japan	35	0	30	0.9	0.0	1.5
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	120	50	65	3.1	2.6	3.3
Lebanon	20	0	20	0.5	0.0	1.0
Nepal	20	10	0	0.5	0.5	0.0
Pakistan	65	30	35	1.7	1.6	1.8
Philippines	575	275	300	14.9	14.6	15.2
Saudi Arabia	10	10	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	240	115	120	6.2	6.1	6.1
Turkey	25	10	15	0.6	0.5	0.8
United Arab Emirates	15	0	0	0.4	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	50	20	25	1.3	1.1	1.3
Other places of birth in Asia	75	20	55	1.9	1.1	2.8
Oceania and other⁹³	140	90	50	3.6	4.8	2.5
Australia	110	65	45	2.8	3.4	2.3
Other places of birth⁹⁸	30	25	10	0.8	1.3	0.5
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	178,135	86,760	91,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	32,660	15,450	17,205	18.3	17.8	18.8
Second generation¹⁰¹	33,795	16,520	17,280	19.0	19.0	18.9
Third generation or more¹⁰²	111,675	54,790	56,890	62.7	63.2	62.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	18,060	8,510	9,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	10,040	5,045	4,995	55.6	59.3	52.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	4,155	2,495	1,660	23.0	29.3	17.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	5,885	2,555	3,330	32.6	30.0	34.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	5,990	2,500	3,495	33.2	29.4	36.6
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,940	925	1,010	10.7	10.9	10.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	85	35	45	0.5	0.4	0.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	18,060	8,510	9,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	300	185	115	1.7	2.2	1.2
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,575	1,605	1,970	19.8	18.9	20.6
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	735	375	360	4.1	4.4	3.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,210	585	625	6.7	6.9	6.5
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	110	35	70	0.6	0.4	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	12,135	5,725	6,405	67.2	67.3	67.1
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	178,130	86,760	91,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	21,990	10,470	11,520	12.3	12.1	12.6
South Asian	6,560	3,285	3,275	3.7	3.8	3.6
Chinese	2,975	1,415	1,560	1.7	1.6	1.7
Black	2,220	1,150	1,070	1.2	1.3	1.2
Filipino	2,800	1,140	1,660	1.6	1.3	1.8
Arab	640	345	290	0.4	0.4	0.3
Latin American	1,540	680	865	0.9	0.8	0.9
Southeast Asian	1,080	475	610	0.6	0.5	0.7
West Asian	760	405	355	0.4	0.5	0.4
Korean	840	415	430	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	1,435	585	845	0.8	0.7	0.9
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	415	225	190	0.2	0.3	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	720	350	375	0.4	0.4	0.4
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	156,140	76,290	79,855	87.7	87.9	87.4
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	178,135	86,760	91,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	22,225	11,130	11,095	12.5	12.8	12.1
English	46,435	22,480	23,950	26.1	25.9	26.2
Irish	28,870	13,330	15,530	16.2	15.4	17.0
Scottish	34,770	16,750	18,020	19.5	19.3	19.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	16,100	7,705	8,400	9.0	8.9	9.2
German	33,995	16,680	17,315	19.1	19.2	18.9
Chinese	3,295	1,515	1,780	1.8	1.7	1.9
Italian	7,485	3,655	3,825	4.2	4.2	4.2
Indian (India)	4,185	2,135	2,050	2.3	2.5	2.2
Ukrainian	14,000	6,830	7,175	7.9	7.9	7.9
Dutch	8,430	4,160	4,265	4.7	4.8	4.7
Polish	7,820	3,645	4,175	4.4	4.2	4.6
Québécois	275	140	135	0.2	0.2	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	8,460	4,020	4,440	4.7	4.6	4.9
Filipino	2,615	1,095	1,520	1.5	1.3	1.7
French Canadian	1,890	965	930	1.1	1.1	1.0
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	3,355	1,710	1,640	1.9	2.0	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	3,350	1,470	1,875	1.9	1.7	2.1
Métis	4,815	2,365	2,455	2.7	2.7	2.7
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	4,410	2,145	2,265	2.5	2.5	2.5
Russian	6,635	3,270	3,360	3.7	3.8	3.7
Norwegian	6,445	3,115	3,330	3.6	3.6	3.6
Welsh	4,275	2,055	2,220	2.4	2.4	2.4
Portuguese	1,355	670	690	0.8	0.8	0.8
American	3,075	1,535	1,540	1.7	1.8	1.7
Spanish	1,440	645	795	0.8	0.7	0.9
Swedish	4,815	2,210	2,595	2.7	2.5	2.8
Hungarian	3,095	1,550	1,550	1.7	1.8	1.7
Acadian	230	110	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	350	190	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	665	335	330	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jewish	995	510	485	0.6	0.6	0.5
Punjabi	1,280	610	670	0.7	0.7	0.7
Vietnamese	670	310	360	0.4	0.4	0.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	240	140	95	0.1	0.2	0.1
Greek	835	390	450	0.5	0.4	0.5
Jamaican	680	330	345	0.4	0.4	0.4
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	540	245	295	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	970	540	430	0.5	0.6	0.5
Korean	845	420	425	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	1,560	805	750	0.9	0.9	0.8
Lebanese	505	260	245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian	545	290	255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	335	160	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	2,175	1,005	1,170	1.2	1.2	1.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	915	460	455	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sikh	860	440	420	0.5	0.5	0.5
Austrian	2,750	1,395	1,355	1.5	1.6	1.5
Belgian	1,020	430	590	0.6	0.5	0.6
Haitian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	315	165	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexican	855	420	440	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mennonite	975	485	490	0.5	0.6	0.5
Swiss	1,340	675	665	0.8	0.8	0.7
Finnish	1,360	635	725	0.8	0.7	0.8
Sri Lankan	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	995	440	560	0.6	0.5	0.6
Japanese	1,695	745	950	1.0	0.9	1.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	170	65	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	145	45	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,355	710	640	0.8	0.8	0.7
Muslim	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egyptian	95	65	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	310	130	185	0.2	0.1	0.2
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	1,140	545	600	0.6	0.6	0.7
Colombian	135	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	1,200	550	650	0.7	0.6	0.7
Syrian	440	220	220	0.2	0.3	0.2
Guyanese	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	360	175	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	285	145	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Newfoundlander	180	80	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	155	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	260	165	90	0.1	0.2	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	115	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	170	70	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	370	165	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	145	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	75	45	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slovak	550	285	265	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	460	205	245	0.3	0.2	0.3
Somali	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	180	105	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
African Caribbean	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	170	65	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Algonquin	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	75	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	640	335	305	0.4	0.4	0.3
Australian	820	420	400	0.5	0.5	0.4
Palestinian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	155	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	85	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ethiopian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	110	35	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yoruba	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	90	35	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Maltese	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	390	170	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	285	150	130	0.2	0.2	0.1
New Brunswicker	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	130	80	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	385	160	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bulgarian	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	210	95	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	90	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
African American	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	270	110	160	0.2	0.1	0.2
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	225	90	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	155	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	140	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	180	70	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Northern Irish	185	110	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	205	100	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	705	330	380	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ecuadorian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jatt	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	195	65	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	75	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Byelorussian	80	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	85	45	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Abenaki	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	135	85	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	105	40	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
New Zealander	210	115	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	85	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malaysian	55	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cape Bretoner	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	100	30	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	178,130	86,760	91,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,060	475	585	0.6	0.5	0.6
Christian	71,575	31,835	39,740	40.2	36.7	43.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	18,565	8,690	9,875	10.4	10.0	10.8
Anabaptist	1,080	505	575	0.6	0.6	0.6
Anglican	5,390	2,305	3,085	3.0	2.7	3.4
Baptist	3,470	1,535	1,940	1.9	1.8	2.1
Catholic	22,450	9,930	12,520	12.6	11.4	13.7
Christian Orthodox	1,315	645	665	0.7	0.7	0.7
Jehovah's Witness	1,290	550	740	0.7	0.6	0.8
Latter Day Saints	555	250	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lutheran	3,220	1,335	1,885	1.8	1.5	2.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	225	85	145	0.1	0.1	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,740	785	955	1.0	0.9	1.0
Presbyterian	960	395	565	0.5	0.5	0.6
Reformed	180	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	6,675	2,760	3,915	3.7	3.2	4.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	4,465	1,970	2,495	2.5	2.3	2.7
Hindu	1,190	620	565	0.7	0.7	0.6
Jewish	610	310	300	0.3	0.4	0.3
Muslim	1,665	915	745	0.9	1.1	0.8
Sikh	3,605	1,750	1,855	2.0	2.0	2.0
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	160	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,720	660	1,065	1.0	0.8	1.2
No religion and secular perspectives	96,555	50,110	46,450	54.2	57.8	50.8
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	176,850	86,095	90,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	146,210	70,985	75,225	82.7	82.4	82.9
Movers	30,640	15,110	15,535	17.3	17.6	17.1
Non-migrants	17,765	8,765	9,000	10.0	10.2	9.9
Migrants	12,875	6,340	6,535	7.3	7.4	7.2
Internal migrants	11,535	5,655	5,880	6.5	6.6	6.5
Intraprovincial migrants	6,575	3,145	3,425	3.7	3.7	3.8
Interprovincial migrants	4,960	2,505	2,455	2.8	2.9	2.7
External migrants	1,340	685	650	0.8	0.8	0.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	170,750	82,950	87,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	84,640	41,005	43,630	49.6	49.4	49.7
Movers	86,115	41,945	44,170	50.4	50.6	50.3
Non-migrants	34,875	16,950	17,935	20.4	20.4	20.4
Migrants	51,235	25,000	26,235	30.0	30.1	29.9
Internal migrants	44,275	21,525	22,750	25.9	25.9	25.9
Intraprovincial migrants	27,935	13,350	14,580	16.4	16.1	16.6
Interprovincial migrants	16,340	8,170	8,170	9.6	9.8	9.3
External migrants	6,965	3,475	3,490	4.1	4.2	4.0
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	152,815	73,855	78,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	22,165	11,950	10,215	14.5	16.2	12.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	130,655	61,905	68,745	85.5	83.8	87.1
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	94,250	45,990	48,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,190	4,980	3,210	8.7	10.8	6.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	86,060	41,015	45,050	91.3	89.2	93.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	152,820	73,860	78,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	18,480	9,705	8,770	12.1	13.1	11.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	47,065	22,885	24,185	30.8	31.0	30.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	87,275	41,265	46,010	57.1	55.9	58.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	52,175	25,560	26,615	34.1	34.6	33.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	14,100	10,660	3,445	9.2	14.4	4.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,215	2,815	2,395	3.4	3.8	3.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,890	7,840	1,050	5.8	10.6	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	32,710	12,780	19,925	21.4	17.3	25.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,370	2,115	3,245	3.5	2.9	4.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	35,095	15,705	19,390	23.0	21.3	24.6
Bachelor's degree	23,115	10,020	13,095	15.1	13.6	16.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,435	1,005	1,430	1.6	1.4	1.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,110	695	415	0.7	0.9	0.5
Master's degree	7,130	3,225	3,915	4.7	4.4	5.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,300	765	535	0.9	1.0	0.7
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	94,245	45,985	48,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,365	3,940	2,425	6.8	8.6	5.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	25,030	12,940	12,085	26.6	28.1	25.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	62,855	29,110	33,745	66.7	63.3	69.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	35,910	17,665	18,245	38.1	38.4	37.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	9,505	7,280	2,225	10.1	15.8	4.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,440	1,890	1,545	3.7	4.1	3.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	6,070	5,385	680	6.4	11.7	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	22,890	8,965	13,925	24.3	19.5	28.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,515	1,425	2,090	3.7	3.1	4.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	26,945	11,440	15,505	28.6	24.9	32.1
Bachelor's degree	17,820	7,395	10,430	18.9	16.1	21.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,765	685	1,085	1.9	1.5	2.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	835	500	335	0.9	1.1	0.7
Master's degree	5,550	2,330	3,220	5.9	5.1	6.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	970	530	435	1.0	1.2	0.9
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	152,820	73,860	78,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	65,545	32,595	32,950	42.9	44.1	41.7
Education	6,320	1,495	4,825	4.1	2.0	6.1
13. Education	6,320	1,495	4,825	4.1	2.0	6.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,030	1,330	1,700	2.0	1.8	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	525	385	135	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,505	940	1,560	1.6	1.3	2.0
Humanities	3,810	1,465	2,340	2.5	2.0	3.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	310	70	240	0.2	0.1	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	950	335	610	0.6	0.5	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,125	335	790	0.7	0.5	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	265	180	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	585	340	245	0.4	0.5	0.3
54. History	370	170	200	0.2	0.2	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	145	25	120	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,300	2,610	5,690	5.4	3.5	7.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	860	275	585	0.6	0.4	0.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,285	70	1,210	0.8	0.1	1.5
22. Legal professions and studies	1,510	465	1,045	1.0	0.6	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	155	55	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	1,965	530	1,435	1.3	0.7	1.8
45. Social sciences	2,415	1,170	1,240	1.6	1.6	1.6
Business, management and public administration	18,840	7,425	11,415	12.3	10.1	14.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,375	195	1,180	0.9	0.3	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	17,425	7,225	10,200	11.4	9.8	12.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,420	1,795	1,625	2.2	2.4	2.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,490	675	815	1.0	0.9	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	900	430	460	0.6	0.6	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	885	640	235	0.6	0.9	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	85	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,710	1,930	775	1.8	2.6	1.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,130	1,635	495	1.4	2.2	0.6
25. Library science	170	25	150	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	330	200	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	75	70	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	18,055	16,555	1,505	11.8	22.4	1.9
04. Architecture and related services	515	375	135	0.3	0.5	0.2
14. Engineering	2,930	2,435	490	1.9	3.3	0.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,000	3,505	495	2.6	4.7	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	4,905	4,765	145	3.2	6.5	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,860	3,705	155	2.5	5.0	0.2
48. Precision production	1,830	1,760	80	1.2	2.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,975	1,040	945	1.3	1.4	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,280	575	715	0.8	0.8	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	695	470	230	0.5	0.6	0.3
Health and related fields	15,805	3,190	12,610	10.3	4.3	16.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,320	670	655	0.9	0.9	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	14,030	2,240	11,790	9.2	3.0	14.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	405	275	130	0.3	0.4	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,990	2,430	2,560	3.3	3.3	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	3,460	1,105	2,350	2.3	1.5	3.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	515	370	145	0.3	0.5	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	975	910	65	0.6	1.2	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	94,245	45,990	48,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	31,395	16,880	14,515	33.3	36.7	30.1
Education	3,900	775	3,130	4.1	1.7	6.5
13. Education	3,900	775	3,130	4.1	1.7	6.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,250	960	1,295	2.4	2.1	2.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	325	245	80	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,930	715	1,210	2.0	1.6	2.5
Humanities	2,780	1,085	1,700	2.9	2.4	3.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	220	35	185	0.2	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	760	290	465	0.8	0.6	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	810	255	550	0.9	0.6	1.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	40	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	200	135	65	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	360	200	155	0.4	0.4	0.3
54. History	280	125	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	110	25	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,400	1,775	4,630	6.8	3.9	9.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	100	30	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	755	230	525	0.8	0.5	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	915	50	870	1.0	0.1	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	1,185	280	905	1.3	0.6	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	120	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	1,475	325	1,150	1.6	0.7	2.4
45. Social sciences	1,850	820	1,035	2.0	1.8	2.1
Business, management and public administration	13,605	5,290	8,315	14.4	11.5	17.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,070	135	930	1.1	0.3	1.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,500	5,155	7,350	13.3	11.2	15.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,370	1,190	1,175	2.5	2.6	2.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,075	485	590	1.1	1.1	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	575	255	315	0.6	0.6	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	45	0	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	630	435	195	0.7	0.9	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,210	1,665	545	2.3	3.6	1.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,835	1,460	375	1.9	3.2	0.8
25. Library science	95	25	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	220	120	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	60	55	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	12,665	11,485	1,175	13.4	25.0	2.4
04. Architecture and related services	380	265	120	0.4	0.6	0.2
14. Engineering	2,210	1,795	415	2.3	3.9	0.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,785	2,395	390	3.0	5.2	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	3,540	3,425	115	3.8	7.4	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,580	2,490	90	2.7	5.4	0.2
48. Precision production	1,165	1,120	45	1.2	2.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,440	710	730	1.5	1.5	1.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	900	360	540	1.0	0.8	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	540	350	195	0.6	0.8	0.4
Health and related fields	11,670	2,470	9,200	12.4	5.4	19.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,020	505	515	1.1	1.1	1.1
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,330	1,775	8,555	11.0	3.9	17.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	280	185	90	0.3	0.4	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,550	1,720	1,835	3.8	3.7	3.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,495	810	1,690	2.6	1.8	3.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	335	235	110	0.4	0.5	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	705	670	40	0.7	1.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	94,245	45,990	48,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	31,395	16,880	14,515	33.3	36.7	30.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	62,855	29,110	33,750	66.7	63.3	69.9
Location of study inside Canada	53,585	24,910	28,680	56.9	54.2	59.4
Same as province or territory of residence	36,490	16,605	19,890	38.7	36.1	41.2
Different than province or territory of residence	17,095	8,305	8,790	18.1	18.1	18.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	9,265	4,200	5,070	9.8	9.1	10.5
Americas	2,535	1,150	1,390	2.7	2.5	2.9
United States of America	1,885	880	1,005	2.0	1.9	2.1
Mexico	190	70	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	160	65	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Brazil	135	75	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Colombia	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Europe	2,595	1,245	1,345	2.8	2.7	2.8
Belgium	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	320	180	145	0.3	0.4	0.3
Netherlands	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	145	40	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	125	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,030	520	510	1.1	1.1	1.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	45	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	290	110	180	0.3	0.2	0.4
Africa	360	190	165	0.4	0.4	0.3
Nigeria	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	240	130	105	0.3	0.3	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	3,320	1,340	1,980	3.5	2.9	4.1
Iran⁸⁸	175	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	45	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	305	125	180	0.3	0.3	0.4
Taiwan	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	155	25	125	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	245	95	145	0.3	0.2	0.3
Philippines	1,080	385	690	1.1	0.8	1.4
Viet Nam	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sri Lanka	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	810	375	435	0.9	0.8	0.9
Pakistan	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	185	75	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oceania	460	270	190	0.5	0.6	0.4
Australia	395	230	165	0.4	0.5	0.3
New Zealand	60	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	152,820	73,860	78,960	...	...	...
In the labour force	98,410	50,550	47,860	...	...	...
Employed	90,460	46,285	44,175	...	...	...
Unemployed	7,955	4,265	3,680	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	54,405	23,305	31,100	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.4	68.4	60.6	64.4	68.4	60.6
Employment rate	59.2	62.7	55.9	59.2	62.7	55.9
Unemployment rate	8.1	8.4	7.7	8.1	8.4	7.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	152,820	73,860	78,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	54,820	23,590	31,225	35.9	31.9	39.5
Worked	98,000	50,270	47,730	64.1	68.1	60.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	49,135	27,675	21,460	32.2	37.5	27.2
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	48,860	22,590	26,270	32.0	30.6	33.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.1	41.7	40.4	41.1	41.7	40.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	98,410	50,555	47,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,710	870	835	1.7	1.7	1.7
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	96,705	49,685	47,020	98.3	98.3	98.2
Employee	78,795	38,985	39,805	80.1	77.1	83.2
Permanent position	65,610	32,885	32,725	66.7	65.0	68.4
Temporary position	13,180	6,100	7,080	13.4	12.1	14.8
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,340	1,550	1,785	3.4	3.1	3.7
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	9,845	4,550	5,295	10.0	9.0	11.1
Self-employed¹⁹²	17,910	10,695	7,215	18.2	21.2	15.1
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	98,410	50,555	47,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,710	870	835	1.7	1.7	1.7
All occupations¹⁹¹	96,705	49,685	47,020	98.3	98.3	98.2
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,110	780	330	1.1	1.5	0.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	15,760	4,315	11,445	16.0	8.5	23.9
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,385	5,045	1,340	6.5	10.0	2.8
3 Health occupations	9,170	1,905	7,270	9.3	3.8	15.2
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	10,500	3,495	7,005	10.7	6.9	14.6
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,185	1,340	1,850	3.2	2.7	3.9
6 Sales and service occupations	27,480	12,640	14,845	27.9	25.0	31.0
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	17,675	16,140	1,535	18.0	31.9	3.2
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,570	1,955	610	2.6	3.9	1.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,870	2,075	800	2.9	4.1	1.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	98,410	50,555	47,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,710	870	835	1.7	1.7	1.7
All industries¹⁹¹	96,705	49,685	47,020	98.3	98.3	98.2
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,385	910	475	1.4	1.8	1.0
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,025	945	80	1.0	1.9	0.2
22 Utilities	540	395	145	0.5	0.8	0.3
23 Construction	10,590	9,235	1,355	10.8	18.3	2.8
31-33 Manufacturing	4,620	3,155	1,465	4.7	6.2	3.1
41 Wholesale trade	2,615	1,670	945	2.7	3.3	2.0
44-45 Retail trade	12,800	6,095	6,705	13.0	12.1	14.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,780	2,860	925	3.8	5.7	1.9
51 Information and cultural industries	1,945	1,245	705	2.0	2.5	1.5
52 Finance and insurance	3,250	1,380	1,870	3.3	2.7	3.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,325	1,260	1,065	2.4	2.5	2.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	7,945	4,250	3,690	8.1	8.4	7.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	4,555	2,685	1,875	4.6	5.3	3.9
61 Educational services	7,085	2,365	4,715	7.2	4.7	9.9
62 Health care and social assistance	14,290	2,870	11,420	14.5	5.7	23.9
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,350	1,180	1,165	2.4	2.3	2.4
72 Accommodation and food services	7,655	3,560	4,095	7.8	7.0	8.6
81 Other services (except public administration)	4,375	1,950	2,430	4.4	3.9	5.1
91 Public administration	3,385	1,595	1,795	3.4	3.2	3.8
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	105,800	53,995	51,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	103,120	52,700	50,420	97.5	97.6	97.3
French	120	20	95	0.1	0.0	0.2
Non-official language	375	205	165	0.4	0.4	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	370	205	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
English and French	720	290	430	0.7	0.5	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	1,380	735	645	1.3	1.4	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	105,800	53,995	51,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	105,510	53,845	51,665	99.7	99.7	99.7
Official languages	104,860	53,480	51,385	99.1	99.0	99.2
English	104,615	53,435	51,180	98.9	99.0	98.8
French	250	40	205	0.2	0.1	0.4
Non-official languages	650	370	285	0.6	0.7	0.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	645	365	285	0.6	0.7	0.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	375	230	145	0.4	0.4	0.3
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	210	135	80	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	200	120	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	195	120	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	130	80	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	35	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	125	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	125	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	55	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	285	150	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and French	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	180	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	105,800	53,995	51,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	103,865	53,055	50,815	98.2	98.3	98.1
English	390	170	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
French	525	230	295	0.5	0.4	0.6
Non-official language	845	455	395	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	845	455	390	0.8	0.8	0.8
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	115	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	90,460	46,285	44,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	17,405	8,290	9,115	19.2	17.9	20.6
Worked outside Canada	215	135	80	0.2	0.3	0.2
No fixed workplace address	14,495	10,800	3,695	16.0	23.3	8.4
Usual place of work	58,355	27,065	31,285	64.5	58.5	70.8
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	58,355	27,065	31,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	44,180	19,990	24,190	75.7	73.9	77.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	11,300	5,275	6,030	19.4	19.5	19.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,185	1,315	865	3.7	4.9	2.8
Commute to a different province or territory	685	490	195	1.2	1.8	0.6
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	72,845	37,860	34,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	62,290	32,850	29,440	85.5	86.8	84.2
Car, truck or van - as a driver	58,095	31,080	27,015	79.8	82.1	77.2
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	4,195	1,770	2,420	5.8	4.7	6.9
Public transit	2,680	1,040	1,635	3.7	2.7	4.7
Walked	4,225	1,825	2,400	5.8	4.8	6.9
Bicycle	1,635	915	720	2.2	2.4	2.1
Other method	2,020	1,230	785	2.8	3.2	2.2
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	72,845	37,860	34,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	29,390	14,060	15,325	40.3	37.1	43.8
15 to 29 minutes	30,480	15,785	14,695	41.8	41.7	42.0
30 to 44 minutes	8,380	5,115	3,265	11.5	13.5	9.3
45 to 59 minutes	2,155	1,240	915	3.0	3.3	2.6
60 minutes and over	2,450	1,670	780	3.4	4.4	2.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	72,845	37,860	34,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,880	2,840	1,040	5.3	7.5	3.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	12,740	8,480	4,265	17.5	22.4	12.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	19,300	10,130	9,165	26.5	26.8	26.2
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	16,580	7,125	9,455	22.8	18.8	27.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	10,225	4,140	6,085	14.0	10.9	17.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	10,120	5,155	4,965	13.9	13.6	14.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	31,255	15,935	15,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,000	1,015	985	6.4	6.4	6.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	29,260	14,920	14,335	93.6	93.6	93.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	23,310	11,830	11,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,510	770	740	6.5	6.5	6.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	690	345	345	3.0	2.9	3.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	825	425	400	3.5	3.6	3.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	21,795	11,070	10,730	93.5	93.6	93.5

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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