Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Abbotsford - MissionMore information: British Columbia [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	195,726	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	180,518	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	8.4	...	...	8.4	...	...
Total private dwellings²	70,648	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	67,613	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	322.6	...	...	322.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	606.72	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	195,720	97,480	98,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	34,560	17,860	16,695	17.7	18.3	17.0
0 to 4 years	10,425	5,360	5,065	5.3	5.5	5.2
5 to 9 years	11,910	6,140	5,775	6.1	6.3	5.9
10 to 14 years	12,225	6,365	5,860	6.2	6.5	6.0
15 to 64 years	126,410	63,750	62,655	64.6	65.4	63.8
15 to 19 years	11,785	6,170	5,615	6.0	6.3	5.7
20 to 24 years	12,395	6,470	5,930	6.3	6.6	6.0
25 to 29 years	12,680	6,440	6,245	6.5	6.6	6.4
30 to 34 years	13,690	6,980	6,715	7.0	7.2	6.8
35 to 39 years	14,175	7,070	7,105	7.2	7.3	7.2
40 to 44 years	12,885	6,425	6,465	6.6	6.6	6.6
45 to 49 years	12,085	6,015	6,070	6.2	6.2	6.2
50 to 54 years	11,960	5,980	5,980	6.1	6.1	6.1
55 to 59 years	12,500	6,255	6,245	6.4	6.4	6.4
60 to 64 years	12,245	5,950	6,295	6.3	6.1	6.4
65 years and over	34,760	15,870	18,895	17.8	16.3	19.2
65 to 69 years	10,750	5,080	5,670	5.5	5.2	5.8
70 to 74 years	9,160	4,245	4,915	4.7	4.4	5.0
75 to 79 years	6,180	2,950	3,230	3.2	3.0	3.3
80 to 84 years	4,305	1,910	2,400	2.2	2.0	2.4
85 years and over	4,360	1,680	2,680	2.2	1.7	2.7
85 to 89 years	2,565	1,095	1,470	1.3	1.1	1.5
90 to 94 years	1,380	485	895	0.7	0.5	0.9
95 to 99 years	360	95	270	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.7	18.3	17.0	17.7	18.3	17.0
15 to 64 years	64.6	65.4	63.8	64.6	65.4	63.8
65 years and over	17.8	16.3	19.2	17.8	16.3	19.2
85 years and over	2.2	1.7	2.7	2.2	1.7	2.7
Average age of the population	40.5	39.5	41.5	40.5	39.5	41.5
Median age of the population	39.6	38.4	40.4	39.6	38.4	40.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	67,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	29,170	...	...	43.1	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,710	...	...	2.5	...	...
Row house	5,590	...	...	8.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	14,035	...	...	20.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	15,550	...	...	23.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,160	...	...	1.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	60	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	335	...	...	0.5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	67,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	16,115	...	...	23.8	...	...
2 persons	20,855	...	...	30.8	...	...
3 persons	9,640	...	...	14.3	...	...
4 persons	9,980	...	...	14.8	...	...
5 or more persons	11,020	...	...	16.3	...	...
Number of persons in private households	192,115	95,420	96,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	161,165	79,615	81,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	94,960	47,515	47,445	58.9	59.7	58.2
Married	83,395	41,745	41,650	51.7	52.4	51.1
Living common-law	11,565	5,770	5,795	7.2	7.2	7.1
Living common law - Never married	8,075	4,055	4,020	5.0	5.1	4.9
Living common law - Separated	690	365	330	0.4	0.5	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	2,525	1,240	1,280	1.6	1.6	1.6
Living common law - Widowed	275	105	170	0.2	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	66,210	32,105	34,105	41.1	40.3	41.8
Not married and not living common law - Never married	43,520	24,510	19,015	27.0	30.8	23.3
Not married and not living common law - Separated	4,265	1,845	2,420	2.6	2.3	3.0
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	9,490	3,815	5,675	5.9	4.8	7.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	8,935	1,940	6,995	5.5	2.4	8.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	53,755	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	25,735	...	...	47.9	...	...
3 persons	10,910	...	...	20.3	...	...
4 persons	11,495	...	...	21.4	...	...
5 or more persons	5,610	...	...	10.4	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	53,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	45,645	...	...	84.9	...	...
Married couples	39,860	...	...	74.2	...	...
With children⁶	22,435	...	...	41.7	...	...
Without children	17,430	...	...	32.4	...	...
Common-law couples	5,780	...	...	10.8	...	...
With children⁶	2,290	...	...	4.3	...	...
Without children	3,490	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total one-parent families	8,105	...	...	15.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	6,265	...	...	11.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,840	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	192,110	95,420	96,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	160,430	80,210	80,220	83.5	84.1	83.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	91,285	45,590	45,695	47.5	47.8	47.3
Parents in one-parent families	8,110	1,845	6,270	4.2	1.9	6.5
Children⁶	61,035	32,780	28,260	31.8	34.4	29.2
In a two-parent family	48,390	25,775	22,615	25.2	27.0	23.4
In a one-parent family	12,645	7,000	5,645	6.6	7.3	5.8
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	31,685	15,210	16,470	16.5	15.9	17.0
Living alone	16,115	7,410	8,705	8.4	7.8	9.0
Living with other relatives⁷	7,085	2,975	4,110	3.7	3.1	4.3
Living with non-relatives only	8,485	4,830	3,655	4.4	5.1	3.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	67,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	38,275	...	...	56.6	...	...
Couple-family households	33,010	...	...	48.8	...	...
With children⁶	17,490	...	...	25.9	...	...
Without children	15,520	...	...	23.0	...	...
One-parent-family households	5,260	...	...	7.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	5,640	...	...	8.3	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,170	...	...	1.7	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	3,440	...	...	5.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,985	...	...	4.4	...	...
One-person households	16,110	...	...	23.8	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	157,565	77,560	80,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	152,300	74,920	77,375	96.7	96.6	96.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	46,400	33,200	38,400	46,400	33,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	152,470	75,005	77,460	96.8	96.7	96.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	41,600	31,000	35,200	41,600	31,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	133,225	67,440	65,785	84.6	87.0	82.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600	44,400	25,200	33,600	44,400	25,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	111,215	57,860	53,355	70.6	74.6	66.7
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	46,400	27,400	36,000	46,400	27,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	128,175	59,325	68,850	81.3	76.5	86.1
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,800	7,450	11,500	9,800	7,450	11,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	15,860	6,355	9,505	10.1	8.2	11.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,000	5,640	5,480	5,000	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	41,035	18,920	22,115	26.0	24.4	27.6
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,500	8,000	8,000	7,500	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	157,565	77,735	79,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	152,285	74,990	77,295	96.6	96.5	96.8
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,400	56,950	40,120	48,400	56,950	40,120
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	152,465	75,090	77,375	96.8	96.6	96.9
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,840	48,080	35,800	41,840	48,080	35,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	133,250	67,510	65,740	84.6	86.8	82.3
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,600	54,550	34,360	44,600	54,550	34,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	111,215	57,950	53,265	70.6	74.5	66.7
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	53,850	34,960	44,800	53,850	34,960
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	128,205	59,490	68,715	81.4	76.5	86.1
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,150	9,870	12,250	11,150	9,870	12,250
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	16,020	6,365	9,650	10.2	8.2	12.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,470	5,705	6,980	6,470	5,705	6,980
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	40,865	19,055	21,810	25.9	24.5	27.3
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,470	8,200	8,700	8,470	8,200	8,700
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	157,565	77,735	79,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	50,950	30,445	20,505	32.3	39.2	25.7
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	59,200	66,500	51,200	59,200	66,500	51,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	66,800	74,000	56,200	66,800	74,000	56,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	44,650	19,825	24,820	28.3	25.5	31.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,400	23,200	15,900	18,400	23,200	15,900
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,320	33,600	22,280	27,320	33,600	22,280
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	80.6	86.2	72.8	80.6	86.2	72.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.6	73.2	60.1	67.6	73.2	60.1
Government transfers (%)²⁰	19.4	13.8	27.2	19.4	13.8	27.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	0.9	2.2	1.4	0.9	2.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.1	4.6	8.1	6.1	4.6	8.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.7	3.7	6.1	4.7	3.7	6.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	157,565	77,560	80,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	5,265	2,640	2,630	3.3	3.4	3.3
With total income	152,295	74,920	77,380	96.7	96.6	96.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	13,830	5,880	7,950	9.1	7.8	10.3
$10,000 to $19,999	20,100	8,125	11,980	13.2	10.8	15.5
$20,000 to $29,999	25,155	10,295	14,865	16.5	13.7	19.2
$30,000 to $39,999	20,240	8,345	11,900	13.3	11.1	15.4
$40,000 to $49,999	16,665	7,385	9,280	10.9	9.9	12.0
$50,000 to $59,999	13,960	7,150	6,810	9.2	9.5	8.8
$60,000 to $69,999	10,920	6,305	4,610	7.2	8.4	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	8,315	5,265	3,050	5.5	7.0	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	6,145	4,000	2,145	4.0	5.3	2.8
$90,000 to $99,999	4,585	3,070	1,515	3.0	4.1	2.0
$100,000 and over	12,375	9,100	3,275	8.1	12.1	4.2
$100,000 to $149,999	8,875	6,340	2,530	5.8	8.5	3.3
$150,000 and over	3,500	2,755	740	2.3	3.7	1.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	157,565	77,560	80,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	5,100	2,555	2,545	3.2	3.3	3.2
With after-tax income	152,465	75,005	77,460	96.8	96.7	96.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	14,375	6,105	8,270	9.4	8.1	10.7
$10,000 to $19,999	20,725	8,395	12,325	13.6	11.2	15.9
$20,000 to $29,999	28,135	11,545	16,590	18.5	15.4	21.4
$30,000 to $39,999	23,095	9,815	13,275	15.1	13.1	17.1
$40,000 to $49,999	19,265	9,335	9,930	12.6	12.4	12.8
$50,000 to $59,999	14,975	8,385	6,590	9.8	11.2	8.5
$60,000 to $69,999	10,450	6,525	3,920	6.9	8.7	5.1
$70,000 to $79,999	7,280	4,705	2,575	4.8	6.3	3.3
$80,000 to $89,999	4,795	3,245	1,550	3.1	4.3	2.0
$90,000 to $99,999	3,080	2,200	885	2.0	2.9	1.1
$100,000 and over	6,295	4,745	1,555	4.1	6.3	2.0
$100,000 to $124,999	3,480	2,540	940	2.3	3.4	1.2
$125,000 and over	2,820	2,200	615	1.8	2.9	0.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	157,565	77,560	80,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	46,350	19,700	26,650	29.4	25.4	33.3
With employment income	111,215	57,860	53,355	70.6	74.6	66.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	14,095	6,180	7,920	12.7	10.7	14.8
$5,000 to $9,999	9,185	3,655	5,525	8.3	6.3	10.4
$10,000 to $19,999	14,260	5,900	8,355	12.8	10.2	15.7
$20,000 to $29,999	11,370	4,885	6,485	10.2	8.4	12.2
$30,000 to $39,999	10,940	4,960	5,975	9.8	8.6	11.2
$40,000 to $49,999	10,285	5,170	5,115	9.2	8.9	9.6
$50,000 to $59,999	9,580	5,270	4,310	8.6	9.1	8.1
$60,000 to $69,999	7,745	4,805	2,940	7.0	8.3	5.5
$70,000 to $79,999	6,020	4,045	1,975	5.4	7.0	3.7
$80,000 to $89,999	4,820	3,310	1,515	4.3	5.7	2.8
$90,000 to $99,999	3,630	2,535	1,100	3.3	4.4	2.1
$100,000 and over	9,280	7,145	2,135	8.3	12.3	4.0
$100,000 to $124,999	4,890	3,575	1,320	4.4	6.2	2.5
$125,000 and over	4,385	3,570	820	3.9	6.2	1.5
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	157,565	77,560	80,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	147,860	72,545	75,315	93.8	93.5	94.1
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	44,800	29,200	35,600	44,800	29,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	148,155	72,600	75,550	94.0	93.6	94.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	40,000	27,200	32,400	40,000	27,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	131,540	66,285	65,255	83.5	85.5	81.6
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	44,800	26,000	34,000	44,800	26,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	113,160	58,395	54,765	71.8	75.3	68.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	45,600	27,000	34,800	45,600	27,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	103,350	43,595	59,755	65.6	56.2	74.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,750	4,080	7,750	6,750	4,080	7,750
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	12,995	4,895	8,095	8.2	6.3	10.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,320	4,720	5,680	5,320	4,720	5,680
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	157,565	77,735	79,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	147,675	72,480	75,200	93.7	93.2	94.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,960	55,700	36,600	45,960	55,700	36,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	148,020	72,550	75,470	93.9	93.3	94.5
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,280	46,600	32,240	39,280	46,600	32,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	131,310	66,175	65,135	83.3	85.1	81.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,800	55,650	33,800	44,800	55,650	33,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	112,900	58,335	54,570	71.7	75.0	68.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,680	53,300	33,400	43,680	53,300	33,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	102,825	43,345	59,480	65.3	55.8	74.5
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,770	8,140	9,240	8,770	8,140	9,240
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	12,980	4,910	8,065	8.2	6.3	10.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,830	5,735	7,490	6,830	5,735	7,490
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	157,565	77,735	79,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	50,480	30,125	20,355	32.0	38.8	25.5
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	55,200	63,600	46,400	55,200	63,600	46,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	62,900	70,800	51,160	62,900	70,800	51,160
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	41,705	18,525	23,185	26.5	23.8	29.0
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,600	29,200	19,200	22,600	29,200	19,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,800	39,760	25,460	31,800	39,760	25,460
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.8	91.2	80.0	86.8	91.2	80.0
Employment income (%)	72.6	77.0	66.2	72.6	77.0	66.2
Government transfers (%)	13.3	8.7	20.0	13.3	8.7	20.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.7	2.2	1.3	0.7	2.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	67,615	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	16,110	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...	41,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,600	...	...	37,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	51,500	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	67,615	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	94,400	...	...	94,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	16,110	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,840	...	...	50,840	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,800	...	...	43,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	51,500	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	127,200	...	...	127,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,200	...	...	110,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	67,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	570	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	265	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	450	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,160	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,495	...	...	3.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,920	...	...	2.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,975	...	...	2.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,295	...	...	3.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,425	...	...	3.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,245	...	...	3.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,525	...	...	6.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,405	...	...	6.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,300	...	...	6.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,150	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,920	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	30,505	...	...	45.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,460	...	...	12.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,750	...	...	10.0	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	8,240	...	...	12.2	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,060	...	...	10.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	67,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	655	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	280	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	470	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,200	...	...	1.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,600	...	...	3.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,170	...	...	3.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,230	...	...	3.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,645	...	...	3.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,845	...	...	4.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,620	...	...	3.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,165	...	...	7.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,115	...	...	7.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,000	...	...	7.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,615	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,240	...	...	6.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	25,770	...	...	38.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	9,050	...	...	13.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,355	...	...	9.4	...	...
$150,000 and over	10,365	...	...	15.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	49,685	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	16,340	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	24,510	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,000	...	...	136,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.5	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	6,775	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...	65,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	24,595	12,240	12,365	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	41,200	34,400	37,200	41,200	34,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	37,600	32,400	34,800	37,600	32,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	49,700	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	125,700	...	...	125,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	108,700	...	...	108,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	16,350	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,800	...	...	103,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,200	...	...	89,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	24,550	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	151,800	...	...	151,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	131,000	...	...	131,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,745	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,400	...	...	81,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,800	...	...	72,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	24,280	12,095	12,185	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,200	50,320	42,080	46,200	50,320	42,080
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,240	42,680	37,840	40,240	42,680	37,840
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	192,115	95,420	96,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	41,710	21,610	20,100	21.7	22.6	20.8
0 to 5 years	12,815	6,590	6,230	6.7	6.9	6.4
18 to 64 years	117,550	58,595	58,955	61.2	61.4	61.0
65 years and over	32,850	15,215	17,640	17.1	15.9	18.2
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	16,020	7,320	8,695	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,765	1,950	1,815	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,135	595	535	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	8,000	3,765	4,235	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,255	1,610	2,645	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.3	7.7	9.0	8.3	7.7	9.0
0 to 17 years (%)	9.0	9.0	9.0	9.0	9.0	9.0
0 to 5 years (%)	8.8	9.0	8.6	8.8	9.0	8.6
18 to 64 years (%)	6.8	6.4	7.2	6.8	6.4	7.2
65 years and over (%)	12.9	10.6	15.0	12.9	10.6	15.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	191,430	95,060	96,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	41,585	21,530	20,055	21.7	22.6	20.8
0 to 5 years	12,780	6,565	6,210	6.7	6.9	6.4
18 to 64 years	117,145	58,395	58,755	61.2	61.4	61.0
65 years and over	32,700	15,140	17,565	17.1	15.9	18.2
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,535	3,355	3,175	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,365	745	625	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	340	195	145	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,530	2,345	2,185	...	...	...
65 years and over	635	270	365	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.4	3.5	3.3	3.4	3.5	3.3
0 to 17 years (%)	3.3	3.5	3.1	3.3	3.5	3.1
0 to 5 years (%)	2.7	3.0	2.3	2.7	3.0	2.3
18 to 64 years (%)	3.9	4.0	3.7	3.9	4.0	3.7
65 years and over (%)	1.9	1.8	2.1	1.9	1.8	2.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	192,115	95,420	96,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	89,905	43,470	46,430	46.8	45.6	48.0
In bottom decile	15,590	7,390	8,205	8.1	7.7	8.5
In second decile	16,205	7,510	8,700	8.4	7.9	9.0
In third decile	17,920	8,640	9,285	9.3	9.1	9.6
In fourth decile	19,740	9,685	10,055	10.3	10.1	10.4
In fifth decile	20,450	10,255	10,200	10.6	10.7	10.5
In top half of the distribution	102,210	51,945	50,260	53.2	54.4	52.0
In sixth decile	21,805	10,945	10,865	11.3	11.5	11.2
In seventh decile	21,900	11,130	10,770	11.4	11.7	11.1
In eighth decile	21,420	10,875	10,545	11.1	11.4	10.9
In ninth decile	20,550	10,510	10,040	10.7	11.0	10.4
In top decile	16,530	8,490	8,035	8.6	8.9	8.3
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	192,110	...	...	192,110	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.292	...	...	0.292	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.398	...	...	0.398	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.264	...	...	0.264	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	193,315	95,985	97,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	174,415	87,625	86,785	90.2	91.3	89.2
French only	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	8,305	3,615	4,690	4.3	3.8	4.8
Neither English nor French	10,550	4,720	5,835	5.5	4.9	6.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	193,315	95,985	97,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	181,170	90,475	90,695	93.7	94.3	93.2
French	1,225	615	615	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and French	525	245	280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Neither English nor French	10,395	4,650	5,745	5.4	4.8	5.9
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	193,315	95,985	97,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	186,390	92,595	93,790	96.4	96.5	96.4
Official languages	128,130	64,055	64,075	66.3	66.7	65.8
English	126,805	63,395	63,410	65.6	66.0	65.1
French	1,320	660	660	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official languages	58,260	28,540	29,715	30.1	29.7	30.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	58,235	28,530	29,705	30.1	29.7	30.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	965	515	445	0.5	0.5	0.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	935	505	430	0.5	0.5	0.4
Amharic	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	805	435	365	0.4	0.5	0.4
Aramaic languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,270	605	665	0.7	0.6	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,235	595	640	0.6	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,715	745	975	0.9	0.8	1.0
Bikol	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,395	590	800	0.7	0.6	0.8
Waray-Waray	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	365	190	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	240	120	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	49,385	24,360	25,025	25.5	25.4	25.7
Albanian	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,740	800	940	0.9	0.8	1.0
Baltic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,720	790	930	0.9	0.8	1.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	470	230	245	0.2	0.2	0.3
Russian	570	240	325	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	185	95	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	230	105	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	5,365	2,465	2,900	2.8	2.6	3.0
Frisian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,465	1,585	1,885	1.8	1.7	1.9
German	3,410	1,555	1,855	1.8	1.6	1.9
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,620	755	870	0.8	0.8	0.9
Afrikaans	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	1,145	535	615	0.6	0.6	0.6
Low German, n.o.s.	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	270	130	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	235	105	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	95	50	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	39,470	19,700	19,770	20.4	20.5	20.3
Indo-Aryan languages	38,935	19,425	19,510	20.1	20.2	20.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	155	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	960	480	480	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kacchi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	37,205	18,550	18,655	19.2	19.3	19.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	460	240	220	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	535	275	260	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	415	210	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	265	130	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,565	1,255	1,305	1.3	1.3	1.3
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	240	125	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	235	105	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	410	195	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	1,670	835	840	0.9	0.9	0.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	250	95	160	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	1,310	625	685	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	210	100	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,875	885	985	1.0	0.9	1.0
Chinese languages	1,805	850	955	0.9	0.9	1.0
Hakka	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,060	465	600	0.5	0.5	0.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	630	335	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	290	115	170	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	175	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	100	25	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	80	50	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	380	185	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	110	45	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	250	135	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,930	3,385	3,545	3.6	3.5	3.6
English and French	500	230	265	0.3	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	5,915	2,930	2,980	3.1	3.1	3.1
French and non-official language(s)	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	95	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	365	155	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	193,315	95,985	97,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	132,345	65,960	66,380	68.5	68.7	68.2
French	195	105	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	25,280	12,470	12,810	13.1	13.0	13.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	25,280	12,470	12,815	13.1	13.0	13.2
English and French	980	440	545	0.5	0.5	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	32,840	16,225	16,605	17.0	16.9	17.1
French and non-official language(s)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	650	290	355	0.3	0.3	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	980	470	510	0.5	0.5	0.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	193,315	95,985	97,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	185,380	92,120	93,260	95.9	96.0	95.8
Official languages	145,005	72,010	72,995	75.0	75.0	75.0
English	144,720	71,860	72,855	74.9	74.9	74.8
French	290	150	140	0.2	0.2	0.1
Non-official languages	40,375	20,110	20,265	20.9	21.0	20.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	40,370	20,110	20,265	20.9	21.0	20.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	585	290	295	0.3	0.3	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	575	285	290	0.3	0.3	0.3
Amharic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	505	255	255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	925	440	485	0.5	0.5	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	905	435	475	0.5	0.5	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	755	400	360	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bikol	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	630	330	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	235	120	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	175	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	35,055	17,495	17,565	18.1	18.2	18.0
Albanian	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	685	325	365	0.4	0.3	0.4
Baltic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	670	315	350	0.3	0.3	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	175	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	325	160	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	610	270	335	0.3	0.3	0.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	390	175	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	390	175	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	190	80	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	32,525	16,230	16,290	16.8	16.9	16.7
Indo-Aryan languages	32,205	16,080	16,125	16.7	16.8	16.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hindi	595	295	300	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	31,095	15,535	15,560	16.1	16.2	16.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	330	165	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	320	155	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	235	110	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,100	590	510	0.6	0.6	0.5
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	185	95	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	835	460	375	0.4	0.5	0.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	1,085	520	570	0.6	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,200	595	610	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese languages	1,155	570	585	0.6	0.6	0.6
Hakka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	720	345	370	0.4	0.4	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	390	200	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,930	3,865	4,070	4.1	4.0	4.2
English and French	170	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	7,585	3,695	3,890	3.9	3.8	4.0
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	105	45	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	193,320	95,985	97,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	164,535	81,835	82,700	85.1	85.3	85.0
English	12,545	6,405	6,140	6.5	6.7	6.3
French	900	400	505	0.5	0.4	0.5
Non-official language	12,190	5,835	6,355	6.3	6.1	6.5
Indigenous³⁹	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,160	5,825	6,330	6.3	6.1	6.5
English and French	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,620	790	830	0.8	0.8	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	315	125	190	0.2	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,085	525	560	0.6	0.5	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	192,115	95,640	96,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	181,700	91,025	90,675	94.6	95.2	94.0
English	181,635	91,000	90,635	94.5	95.1	93.9
French	8,315	3,540	4,770	4.3	3.7	4.9
Non-official languages	71,595	35,195	36,405	37.3	36.8	37.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	105	40	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	71,530	35,170	36,360	37.2	36.8	37.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,310	705	605	0.7	0.7	0.6
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,275	680	595	0.7	0.7	0.6
Amharic	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,140	610	530	0.6	0.6	0.5
Aramaic languages	65	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,485	735	750	0.8	0.8	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	1,405	710	700	0.7	0.7	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,415	1,085	1,330	1.3	1.1	1.4
Bikol	45	40	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	240	115	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	95	50	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kankanaey	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,145	945	1,195	1.1	1.0	1.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	200	115	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	75	50	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	490	260	220	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kannada	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	355	180	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	95	55	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	60,305	29,905	30,400	31.4	31.3	31.5
Albanian	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,215	1,060	1,155	1.2	1.1	1.2
Baltic languages	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,170	1,040	1,130	1.1	1.1	1.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	175	70	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	520	230	290	0.3	0.2	0.3
Russian	965	480	485	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	270	130	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	95	50	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	330	145	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	6,435	2,980	3,455	3.3	3.1	3.6
Frisian	65	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	4,285	2,030	2,250	2.2	2.1	2.3
German	4,210	1,980	2,230	2.2	2.1	2.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,040	895	1,145	1.1	0.9	1.2
Afrikaans	285	120	165	0.1	0.1	0.2
Dutch	1,325	590	740	0.7	0.6	0.8
Low German, n.o.s.	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	355	150	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	380	170	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	185	85	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Swedish	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	47,365	23,900	23,465	24.7	25.0	24.3
Indo-Aryan languages	46,625	23,510	23,115	24.3	24.6	24.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	85	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	230	110	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	7,770	3,825	3,940	4.0	4.0	4.1
Kacchi	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	45	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	44,745	22,585	22,155	23.3	23.6	23.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,055	540	515	0.5	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	810	430	380	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	660	355	305	0.3	0.4	0.3
Dari	155	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	385	195	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,015	2,360	2,660	2.6	2.5	2.8
Catalan	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	555	310	245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	470	240	220	0.2	0.3	0.2
Romanian	610	260	345	0.3	0.3	0.4
Spanish	3,565	1,625	1,935	1.9	1.7	2.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	590	240	355	0.3	0.3	0.4
Korean	1,555	720	835	0.8	0.8	0.9
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	565	305	260	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	100	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	200	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	120	80	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	350	105	250	0.2	0.1	0.3
American Sign Language	285	85	200	0.1	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,445	1,090	1,360	1.3	1.1	1.4
Chinese languages	2,395	1,055	1,340	1.2	1.1	1.4
Hakka	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,720	725	990	0.9	0.8	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	170	65	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	995	470	525	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	370	130	245	0.2	0.1	0.3
Lao	260	110	150	0.1	0.1	0.2
Thai	145	25	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	195	115	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	165	90	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	415	215	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	290	145	140	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	192,110	95,635	96,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	10,525	5,150	5,375	5.5	5.4	5.6
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	10,090	4,965	5,125	5.3	5.2	5.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	5,340	2,520	2,820	2.8	2.6	2.9
Métis	4,710	2,420	2,290	2.5	2.5	2.4
Inuk (Inuit)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	310	125	190	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	181,585	90,485	91,095	94.5	94.6	94.4
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	192,110	95,635	96,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	2,825	1,340	1,485	1.5	1.4	1.5
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	189,295	94,295	94,990	98.5	98.6	98.5
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	67,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	47,640	...	...	70.5	...	...
Renter	19,910	...	...	29.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	60	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	67,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	14,980	...	...	22.2	...	...
Not condominium	52,635	...	...	77.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	67,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	495	...	...	0.7	...	...
1 bedroom	7,545	...	...	11.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	18,665	...	...	27.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	15,595	...	...	23.1	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	25,310	...	...	37.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	67,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	19,695	...	...	29.1	...	...
5 rooms	9,305	...	...	13.8	...	...
6 rooms	8,025	...	...	11.9	...	...
7 rooms	7,195	...	...	10.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	23,395	...	...	34.6	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	67,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	64,715	...	...	95.7	...	...
More than one person per room	2,895	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	67,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	62,750	...	...	92.8	...	...
Not suitable	4,860	...	...	7.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	67,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	4,250	...	...	6.3	...	...
1961 to 1980	17,260	...	...	25.5	...	...
1981 to 1990	13,600	...	...	20.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	13,795	...	...	20.4	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,510	...	...	6.7	...	...
2006 to 2010	5,000	...	...	7.4	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,310	...	...	4.9	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	5,890	...	...	8.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	67,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	64,500	...	...	95.4	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,115	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	67,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	30,300	...	...	44.8	...	...
Two-maintainer household	30,600	...	...	45.3	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	6,710	...	...	9.9	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	67,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,705	...	...	2.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	8,900	...	...	13.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	12,495	...	...	18.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	12,750	...	...	18.9	...	...
55 to 64 years	13,350	...	...	19.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	10,595	...	...	15.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	5,545	...	...	8.2	...	...
85 years and over	2,270	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	66,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	50,765	...	...	76.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	15,595	...	...	23.5	...	...
30% to less than 100%	14,230	...	...	21.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	67,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	21,650	...	...	32.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	13,935	...	...	20.6	...	...
Not suitable only	3,880	...	...	5.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,960	...	...	2.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	725	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	890	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	215	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	45	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	45,965	...	...	68.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	64,990	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,360	...	...	9.8	...	...
Not in core need	58,630	...	...	90.2	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	46,680	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.9	...	...	65.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	19.4	...	...	19.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.2	...	...	5.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,620	...	...	1,620	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,738	...	...	1,738	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	850,000	...	...	850,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	884,000	...	...	884,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	19,835	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.4	...	...	9.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.2	...	...	33.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.8	...	...	20.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,180	...	...	1,180	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,320	...	...	1,320	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	60	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	640	...	...	640	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	620	...	...	620	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	192,115	95,635	96,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	2,680	1,395	1,285	1.4	1.5	1.3
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	2,620	1,350	1,265	1.4	1.4	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,920	965	955	1.0	1.0	1.0
Métis single ancestry	685	380	310	0.4	0.4	0.3
Inuit single ancestry	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	8,435	3,975	4,465	4.4	4.2	4.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	8,115	3,800	4,315	4.2	4.0	4.5
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,985	2,270	2,720	2.6	2.4	2.8
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,090	1,510	1,580	1.6	1.6	1.6
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	320	175	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	320	175	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	181,000	90,275	90,725	94.2	94.4	94.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	192,115	95,635	96,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	169,705	84,405	85,300	88.3	88.3	88.4
Canadian citizens aged under 18	39,805	20,675	19,130	20.7	21.6	19.8
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	129,900	63,735	66,170	67.6	66.6	68.6
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	22,405	11,230	11,175	11.7	11.7	11.6
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	192,115	95,635	96,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	136,190	68,345	67,850	70.9	71.5	70.3
Immigrants⁸¹	50,085	24,040	26,045	26.1	25.1	27.0
Before 1980	8,765	4,280	4,485	4.6	4.5	4.6
1980 to 1990	5,455	2,665	2,790	2.8	2.8	2.9
1991 to 2000	9,805	4,535	5,270	5.1	4.7	5.5
2001 to 2010	12,830	6,165	6,660	6.7	6.4	6.9
2011 to 2021⁸²	13,230	6,390	6,840	6.9	6.7	7.1
2011 to 2015	6,385	3,110	3,280	3.3	3.3	3.4
2016 to 2021	6,845	3,285	3,560	3.6	3.4	3.7
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,840	3,255	2,585	3.0	3.4	2.7
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	50,085	24,035	26,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,555	1,765	1,795	7.1	7.3	6.9
5 to 14 years	6,770	3,600	3,170	13.5	15.0	12.2
15 to 24 years	13,270	5,880	7,390	26.5	24.5	28.4
25 to 44 years	18,475	9,260	9,215	36.9	38.5	35.4
45 years and over	8,005	3,535	4,475	16.0	14.7	17.2
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	50,085	24,035	26,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,310	1,935	2,370	8.6	8.1	9.1
Brazil	215	125	95	0.4	0.5	0.4
Colombia	90	30	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
El Salvador	335	185	155	0.7	0.8	0.6
Guyana	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	70	40	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Jamaica	130	55	70	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mexico	320	110	205	0.6	0.5	0.8
Peru	110	35	75	0.2	0.1	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	90	30	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
United States of America	1,725	810	915	3.4	3.4	3.5
Other places of birth in Americas	1,200	500	695	2.4	2.1	2.7
Europe	9,010	4,470	4,545	18.0	18.6	17.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	60	15	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Croatia	65	40	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
France	115	75	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Germany	1,085	530	550	2.2	2.2	2.1
Greece	65	50	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hungary	185	90	95	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italy	190	95	90	0.4	0.4	0.3
Netherlands	1,070	540	530	2.1	2.2	2.0
Poland	470	200	270	0.9	0.8	1.0
Portugal	95	50	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	420	195	230	0.8	0.8	0.9
Russian Federation	300	150	155	0.6	0.6	0.6
Serbia⁸⁶	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	350	160	195	0.7	0.7	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,300	1,645	1,650	6.6	6.8	6.3
Other places of birth in Europe	1,180	595	585	2.4	2.5	2.2
Africa	1,575	825	750	3.1	3.4	2.9
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	110	75	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Egypt	125	70	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	30	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ethiopia	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nigeria	125	75	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	405	185	220	0.8	0.8	0.8
Other places of birth in Africa	715	360	355	1.4	1.5	1.4
Asia	34,490	16,450	18,045	68.9	68.4	69.3
Afghanistan	140	70	70	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	370	215	155	0.7	0.9	0.6
Iraq	125	65	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
Lebanon	65	45	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	295	140	155	0.6	0.6	0.6
Turkey	65	45	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	990	425	565	2.0	1.8	2.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	150	70	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	930	415	520	1.9	1.7	2.0
Taiwan	225	90	140	0.4	0.4	0.5
Philippines	2,065	895	1,165	4.1	3.7	4.5
Viet Nam	1,045	475	565	2.1	2.0	2.2
Bangladesh	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
India	25,990	12,510	13,480	51.9	52.0	51.8
Pakistan	600	340	265	1.2	1.4	1.0
Sri Lanka	40	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	1,365	610	755	2.7	2.5	2.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	695	365	335	1.4	1.5	1.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,845	3,285	3,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	405	205	195	5.9	6.2	5.5
Brazil	25	15	15	0.4	0.5	0.4
Colombia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	45	25	20	0.7	0.8	0.6
Mexico	55	10	45	0.8	0.3	1.3
United States of America	175	110	65	2.6	3.3	1.8
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	80	50	35	1.2	1.5	1.0
Europe	440	200	240	6.4	6.1	6.7
France	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	30	20	10	0.4	0.6	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	15	15	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Italy	55	25	30	0.8	0.8	0.8
Russian Federation	60	20	35	0.9	0.6	1.0
Ukraine	30	10	20	0.4	0.3	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	95	50	45	1.4	1.5	1.3
Other places of birth in Europe	150	55	90	2.2	1.7	2.5
Africa	500	260	245	7.3	7.9	6.9
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	65	45	15	0.9	1.4	0.4
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	40	15	20	0.6	0.5	0.6
Eritrea	20	20	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Ethiopia	35	20	15	0.5	0.6	0.4
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	55	30	30	0.8	0.9	0.8
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	70	20	50	1.0	0.6	1.4
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	200	95	105	2.9	2.9	2.9
Asia	5,410	2,570	2,845	79.0	78.2	79.8
Afghanistan	40	15	20	0.6	0.5	0.6
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	115	50	70	1.7	1.5	2.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	3,950	1,905	2,040	57.7	58.0	57.2
Iran⁸⁸	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Iraq	25	10	15	0.4	0.3	0.4
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.3
Jordan	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	135	55	80	2.0	1.7	2.2
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	140	70	75	2.0	2.1	2.1
Philippines	410	205	200	6.0	6.2	5.6
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	265	120	145	3.9	3.7	4.1
Turkey	35	25	15	0.5	0.8	0.4
United Arab Emirates	25	10	10	0.4	0.3	0.3
Viet Nam	75	35	45	1.1	1.1	1.3
Other places of birth in Asia	130	50	85	1.9	1.5	2.4
Oceania and other⁹³	85	50	40	1.2	1.5	1.1
Australia	55	35	25	0.8	1.1	0.7
Other places of birth⁹⁸	35	15	20	0.5	0.5	0.6
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	192,110	95,635	96,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	57,685	28,190	29,495	30.0	29.5	30.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	46,070	23,350	22,720	24.0	24.4	23.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	88,355	44,095	44,260	46.0	46.1	45.9
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	41,320	19,760	21,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	12,615	6,405	6,215	30.5	32.4	28.8
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	5,265	3,185	2,080	12.7	16.1	9.6
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	7,355	3,220	4,130	17.8	16.3	19.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	25,295	11,520	13,775	61.2	58.3	63.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,215	1,735	1,480	7.8	8.8	6.9
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	195	100	95	0.5	0.5	0.4
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	41,320	19,760	21,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	815	500	310	2.0	2.5	1.4
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,300	1,630	1,670	8.0	8.2	7.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	725	365	360	1.8	1.8	1.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,660	815	845	4.0	4.1	3.9
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	220	75	150	0.5	0.4	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	34,595	16,370	18,225	83.7	82.8	84.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	192,110	95,635	96,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	67,980	34,115	33,865	35.4	35.7	35.1
South Asian	49,840	25,325	24,510	25.9	26.5	25.4
Chinese	2,895	1,315	1,580	1.5	1.4	1.6
Black	2,380	1,275	1,105	1.2	1.3	1.1
Filipino	3,000	1,420	1,575	1.6	1.5	1.6
Arab	770	420	350	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latin American	1,855	910	940	1.0	1.0	1.0
Southeast Asian	2,630	1,255	1,375	1.4	1.3	1.4
West Asian	740	410	325	0.4	0.4	0.3
Korean	1,565	770	800	0.8	0.8	0.8
Japanese	675	325	355	0.4	0.3	0.4
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	315	120	190	0.2	0.1	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	1,325	575	750	0.7	0.6	0.8
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	124,135	61,520	62,615	64.6	64.3	64.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	192,115	95,640	96,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	20,505	10,450	10,045	10.7	10.9	10.4
English	36,125	17,625	18,500	18.8	18.4	19.2
Irish	21,085	9,875	11,210	11.0	10.3	11.6
Scottish	26,565	12,955	13,610	13.8	13.5	14.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	11,600	5,505	6,095	6.0	5.8	6.3
German	25,805	12,770	13,035	13.4	13.4	13.5
Chinese	3,415	1,575	1,840	1.8	1.6	1.9
Italian	4,805	2,495	2,315	2.5	2.6	2.4
Indian (India)	27,440	13,725	13,715	14.3	14.4	14.2
Ukrainian	8,670	4,035	4,640	4.5	4.2	4.8
Dutch	13,505	6,655	6,850	7.0	7.0	7.1
Polish	5,045	2,415	2,630	2.6	2.5	2.7
Québécois	160	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	5,860	2,850	3,010	3.1	3.0	3.1
Filipino	2,760	1,295	1,465	1.4	1.4	1.5
French Canadian	1,400	660	740	0.7	0.7	0.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	3,305	1,675	1,625	1.7	1.8	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	3,765	1,745	2,020	2.0	1.8	2.1
Métis	4,155	2,100	2,060	2.2	2.2	2.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	4,530	2,265	2,265	2.4	2.4	2.3
Russian	6,895	3,295	3,600	3.6	3.4	3.7
Norwegian	5,615	2,735	2,880	2.9	2.9	3.0
Welsh	3,580	1,625	1,955	1.9	1.7	2.0
Portuguese	765	375	385	0.4	0.4	0.4
American	2,640	1,225	1,415	1.4	1.3	1.5
Spanish	1,425	625	805	0.7	0.7	0.8
Swedish	3,815	1,930	1,880	2.0	2.0	1.9
Hungarian	2,230	1,155	1,070	1.2	1.2	1.1
Acadian	190	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	860	455	405	0.4	0.5	0.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	670	345	320	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jewish	635	315	315	0.3	0.3	0.3
Punjabi	13,715	7,020	6,695	7.1	7.3	6.9
Vietnamese	1,780	875	900	0.9	0.9	0.9
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	340	165	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Greek	710	365	345	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jamaican	255	145	115	0.1	0.2	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,125	585	540	0.6	0.6	0.6
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	790	460	335	0.4	0.5	0.3
Korean	1,435	675	760	0.7	0.7	0.8
Romanian	1,350	655	695	0.7	0.7	0.7
Lebanese	180	80	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian	380	205	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	780	400	380	0.4	0.4	0.4
Danish	1,750	845	905	0.9	0.9	0.9
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	985	485	500	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sikh	10,175	5,200	4,970	5.3	5.4	5.2
Austrian	1,405	610	795	0.7	0.6	0.8
Belgian	550	300	250	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	180	100	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	1,105	610	495	0.6	0.6	0.5
Mexican	755	355	400	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mennonite	3,575	1,755	1,815	1.9	1.8	1.9
Swiss	1,155	590	570	0.6	0.6	0.6
Finnish	1,285	665	620	0.7	0.7	0.6
Sri Lankan	130	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	455	235	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	870	425	445	0.5	0.4	0.5
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,150	1,085	1,070	1.1	1.1	1.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	300	140	160	0.2	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,145	550	590	0.6	0.6	0.6
Muslim	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	235	110	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	510	225	280	0.3	0.2	0.3
Tamil	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	1,070	600	465	0.6	0.6	0.5
Colombian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	45	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	665	315	350	0.3	0.3	0.4
Syrian	185	85	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	215	95	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	120	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	165	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	185	75	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	165	70	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	165	55	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	220	140	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	145	50	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	160	90	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	350	175	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	130	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	305	160	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	345	175	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	255	115	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	110	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Salvadorean	350	200	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	230	105	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	180	95	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	250	105	155	0.1	0.1	0.2
South African	410	185	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	530	275	255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Palestinian	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	155	100	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	210	80	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	170	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	140	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	185	90	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	85	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	90	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	215	95	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	165	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	115	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
African American	200	80	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	155	90	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	120	45	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bengali	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	80	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	385	160	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Laotian	415	205	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ilocano	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Northern Irish	135	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	150	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	1,060	555	505	0.6	0.6	0.5
Ecuadorian	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	170	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	55	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	450	205	245	0.2	0.2	0.3
Jatt	1,495	760	740	0.8	0.8	0.8
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	95	55	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Coptic	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	200	60	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	65	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	215	120	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	80	60	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	100	45	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Plains Cree	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	160	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	70	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	40	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	160	55	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	480	245	235	0.2	0.3	0.2
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	192,110	95,635	96,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,275	590	680	0.7	0.6	0.7
Christian	69,990	32,470	37,525	36.4	34.0	38.9
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	27,595	13,145	14,450	14.4	13.7	15.0
Anabaptist	5,320	2,520	2,805	2.8	2.6	2.9
Anglican	3,440	1,395	2,045	1.8	1.5	2.1
Baptist	1,985	920	1,065	1.0	1.0	1.1
Catholic	13,620	6,415	7,205	7.1	6.7	7.5
Christian Orthodox	1,030	490	540	0.5	0.5	0.6
Jehovah's Witness	1,100	475	625	0.6	0.5	0.6
Latter Day Saints	605	260	345	0.3	0.3	0.4
Lutheran	1,470	625	840	0.8	0.7	0.9
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	315	115	200	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,520	1,255	1,265	1.3	1.3	1.3
Presbyterian	1,085	510	575	0.6	0.5	0.6
Reformed	1,715	845	865	0.9	0.9	0.9
United Church	3,215	1,300	1,910	1.7	1.4	2.0
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	4,985	2,205	2,780	2.6	2.3	2.9
Hindu	4,000	2,030	1,960	2.1	2.1	2.0
Jewish	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	2,410	1,295	1,115	1.3	1.4	1.2
Sikh	41,665	21,020	20,645	21.7	22.0	21.4
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	145	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,330	560	770	0.7	0.6	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	71,155	37,525	33,630	37.0	39.2	34.9
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	190,180	94,735	95,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	163,385	81,250	82,140	85.9	85.8	86.1
Movers	26,795	13,480	13,310	14.1	14.2	13.9
Non-migrants	15,540	7,865	7,670	8.2	8.3	8.0
Migrants	11,255	5,620	5,640	5.9	5.9	5.9
Internal migrants	9,780	4,830	4,950	5.1	5.1	5.2
Intraprovincial migrants	8,235	4,080	4,155	4.3	4.3	4.4
Interprovincial migrants	1,545	750	795	0.8	0.8	0.8
External migrants	1,475	785	685	0.8	0.8	0.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	181,615	90,330	91,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	99,670	49,485	50,185	54.9	54.8	55.0
Movers	81,945	40,845	41,100	45.1	45.2	45.0
Non-migrants	38,800	19,155	19,645	21.4	21.2	21.5
Migrants	43,145	21,690	21,450	23.8	24.0	23.5
Internal migrants	34,145	17,005	17,140	18.8	18.8	18.8
Intraprovincial migrants	28,820	14,280	14,540	15.9	15.8	15.9
Interprovincial migrants	5,320	2,725	2,595	2.9	3.0	2.8
External migrants	9,000	4,685	4,315	5.0	5.2	4.7
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	157,565	77,735	79,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	33,355	17,535	15,820	21.2	22.6	19.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	124,210	60,200	64,005	78.8	77.4	80.2
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100,645	49,695	50,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14,820	8,470	6,350	14.7	17.0	12.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	85,830	41,230	44,600	85.3	83.0	87.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	157,565	77,735	79,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	30,110	15,555	14,550	19.1	20.0	18.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	55,065	28,050	27,015	34.9	36.1	33.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	72,395	34,130	38,265	45.9	43.9	47.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	44,250	21,760	22,490	28.1	28.0	28.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	12,790	9,735	3,055	8.1	12.5	3.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,315	3,165	2,150	3.4	4.1	2.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	7,475	6,570	905	4.7	8.5	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	24,025	9,130	14,895	15.2	11.7	18.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	7,445	2,900	4,540	4.7	3.7	5.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,140	12,370	15,775	17.9	15.9	19.8
Bachelor's degree	18,525	8,000	10,525	11.8	10.3	13.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,350	830	1,515	1.5	1.1	1.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	700	435	265	0.4	0.6	0.3
Master's degree	5,905	2,700	3,205	3.7	3.5	4.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	655	405	260	0.4	0.5	0.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100,645	49,695	50,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	12,835	7,260	5,580	12.8	14.6	11.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	33,765	17,600	16,165	33.5	35.4	31.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	54,050	24,840	29,210	53.7	50.0	57.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	31,730	15,485	16,250	31.5	31.2	31.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	9,020	6,930	2,090	9.0	13.9	4.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,680	2,210	1,475	3.7	4.4	2.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,335	4,715	620	5.3	9.5	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,450	6,495	10,955	17.3	13.1	21.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,265	2,065	3,200	5.2	4.2	6.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	22,315	9,355	12,960	22.2	18.8	25.4
Bachelor's degree	14,760	6,220	8,535	14.7	12.5	16.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,785	590	1,195	1.8	1.2	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	530	305	220	0.5	0.6	0.4
Master's degree	4,785	1,985	2,800	4.8	4.0	5.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	460	255	205	0.5	0.5	0.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	157,570	77,735	79,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	85,170	43,605	41,565	54.1	56.1	52.1
Education	5,620	1,320	4,295	3.6	1.7	5.4
13. Education	5,620	1,320	4,295	3.6	1.7	5.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,175	960	1,215	1.4	1.2	1.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	260	210	50	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,910	750	1,160	1.2	1.0	1.5
Humanities	6,335	2,650	3,685	4.0	3.4	4.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	460	100	360	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	860	205	650	0.5	0.3	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,850	1,155	1,690	1.8	1.5	2.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	85	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	320	195	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,135	690	445	0.7	0.9	0.6
54. History	560	265	295	0.4	0.3	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	70	10	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,010	2,225	4,785	4.4	2.9	6.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	50	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	435	170	265	0.3	0.2	0.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,505	145	1,355	1.0	0.2	1.7
22. Legal professions and studies	1,065	295	770	0.7	0.4	1.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	150	50	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	1,180	325	850	0.7	0.4	1.1
45. Social sciences	2,625	1,230	1,400	1.7	1.6	1.8
Business, management and public administration	13,295	5,260	8,030	8.4	6.8	10.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,140	265	875	0.7	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,135	4,990	7,145	7.7	6.4	9.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,275	1,015	1,255	1.4	1.3	1.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	915	360	555	0.6	0.5	0.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	770	345	430	0.5	0.4	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	425	280	150	0.3	0.4	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	125	15	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,620	1,545	1,075	1.7	2.0	1.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,135	1,385	755	1.4	1.8	0.9
25. Library science	230	15	210	0.1	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	235	130	105	0.1	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	14,650	13,690	960	9.3	17.6	1.2
04. Architecture and related services	255	200	55	0.2	0.3	0.1
14. Engineering	1,985	1,715	270	1.3	2.2	0.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,460	2,190	270	1.6	2.8	0.3
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	4,400	4,275	130	2.8	5.5	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,475	3,340	135	2.2	4.3	0.2
48. Precision production	2,065	1,970	100	1.3	2.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,725	980	745	1.1	1.3	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,380	730	650	0.9	0.9	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	345	250	100	0.2	0.3	0.1
Health and related fields	11,975	2,225	9,750	7.6	2.9	12.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	830	420	410	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,960	1,670	9,290	7.0	2.1	11.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	165	125	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,710	2,245	2,460	3.0	2.9	3.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,630	620	2,010	1.7	0.8	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	945	620	320	0.6	0.8	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,095	970	120	0.7	1.2	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	100,645	49,695	50,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	46,595	24,855	21,745	46.3	50.0	42.7
Education	3,930	830	3,100	3.9	1.7	6.1
13. Education	3,930	830	3,100	3.9	1.7	6.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,595	680	915	1.6	1.4	1.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	150	120	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,440	560	885	1.4	1.1	1.7
Humanities	4,700	1,855	2,845	4.7	3.7	5.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	390	80	310	0.4	0.2	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	645	150	495	0.6	0.3	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,210	870	1,340	2.2	1.8	2.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	230	160	75	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	630	370	260	0.6	0.7	0.5
54. History	485	210	275	0.5	0.4	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	60	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,450	1,590	3,860	5.4	3.2	7.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	45	0	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	345	130	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,205	105	1,100	1.2	0.2	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	845	230	615	0.8	0.5	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	110	35	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	875	235	640	0.9	0.5	1.3
45. Social sciences	2,020	850	1,160	2.0	1.7	2.3
Business, management and public administration	10,205	3,945	6,260	10.1	7.9	12.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	870	175	695	0.9	0.4	1.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,325	3,775	5,550	9.3	7.6	10.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,675	740	935	1.7	1.5	1.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	705	255	455	0.7	0.5	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	575	280	295	0.6	0.6	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	300	185	115	0.3	0.4	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	75	0	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,130	1,295	835	2.1	2.6	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,810	1,195	625	1.8	2.4	1.2
25. Library science	155	15	140	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	160	90	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,565	9,825	740	10.5	19.8	1.5
04. Architecture and related services	200	155	55	0.2	0.3	0.1
14. Engineering	1,530	1,295	235	1.5	2.6	0.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,740	1,555	185	1.7	3.1	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	3,180	3,105	80	3.2	6.2	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,420	2,300	120	2.4	4.6	0.2
48. Precision production	1,490	1,415	70	1.5	2.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,260	715	545	1.3	1.4	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,020	550	475	1.0	1.1	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	245	165	70	0.2	0.3	0.1
Health and related fields	9,025	1,715	7,305	9.0	3.5	14.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	635	335	300	0.6	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	8,275	1,300	6,975	8.2	2.6	13.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	100	70	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,505	1,635	1,875	3.5	3.3	3.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,970	460	1,510	2.0	0.9	3.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	755	485	270	0.8	1.0	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	760	670	90	0.8	1.3	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	100,645	49,695	50,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	46,595	24,855	21,745	46.3	50.0	42.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	54,050	24,840	29,210	53.7	50.0	57.3
Location of study inside Canada	42,010	19,300	22,710	41.7	38.8	44.6
Same as province or territory of residence	36,080	16,350	19,725	35.8	32.9	38.7
Different than province or territory of residence	5,930	2,945	2,980	5.9	5.9	5.8
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	12,040	5,540	6,495	12.0	11.1	12.7
Americas	1,850	875	980	1.8	1.8	1.9
United States of America	1,405	675	725	1.4	1.4	1.4
Mexico	170	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Colombia	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peru	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	1,705	860	850	1.7	1.7	1.7
Belgium	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	110	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	60	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	35	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	105	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	130	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	90	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	715	420	300	0.7	0.8	0.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	175	65	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Africa	380	195	185	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigeria	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	175	95	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	7,820	3,450	4,370	7.8	6.9	8.6
Iran⁸⁸	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iraq	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	260	105	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
Taiwan	50	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	65	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	430	165	265	0.4	0.3	0.5
Philippines	895	385	505	0.9	0.8	1.0
Viet Nam	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	5,535	2,505	3,035	5.5	5.0	6.0
Pakistan	165	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	185	55	140	0.2	0.1	0.3
Oceania	275	165	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Australia	190	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	157,565	77,735	79,830	...	...	...
In the labour force	102,725	54,460	48,265	...	...	...
Employed	94,965	50,765	44,195	...	...	...
Unemployed	7,765	3,695	4,070	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	54,840	23,275	31,570	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.2	70.1	60.5	65.2	70.1	60.5
Employment rate	60.3	65.3	55.4	60.3	65.3	55.4
Unemployment rate	7.6	6.8	8.4	7.6	6.8	8.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	157,570	77,735	79,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	57,165	24,755	32,410	36.3	31.8	40.6
Worked	100,400	52,980	47,420	63.7	68.2	59.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	52,810	31,670	21,140	33.5	40.7	26.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	47,590	21,315	26,275	30.2	27.4	32.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.5	42.9	39.8	41.5	42.9	39.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	102,725	54,460	48,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,010	965	1,050	2.0	1.8	2.2
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	100,715	53,495	47,220	98.0	98.2	97.8
Employee	83,345	42,035	41,310	81.1	77.2	85.6
Permanent position	71,545	37,110	34,435	69.6	68.1	71.3
Temporary position	11,805	4,930	6,875	11.5	9.1	14.2
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,565	1,575	1,985	3.5	2.9	4.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	8,240	3,355	4,880	8.0	6.2	10.1
Self-employed¹⁹²	17,365	11,460	5,910	16.9	21.0	12.2
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	102,725	54,460	48,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,010	965	1,050	2.0	1.8	2.2
All occupations¹⁹¹	100,715	53,495	47,220	98.0	98.2	97.8
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	805	595	215	0.8	1.1	0.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,275	3,920	10,350	13.9	7.2	21.4
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,115	3,235	880	4.0	5.9	1.8
3 Health occupations	7,145	1,405	5,735	7.0	2.6	11.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	11,470	3,700	7,765	11.2	6.8	16.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,285	1,055	1,230	2.2	1.9	2.5
6 Sales and service occupations	24,625	9,935	14,695	24.0	18.2	30.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	24,700	22,765	1,930	24.0	41.8	4.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,210	3,010	2,205	5.1	5.5	4.6
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	6,090	3,875	2,215	5.9	7.1	4.6
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	102,725	54,460	48,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,010	965	1,050	2.0	1.8	2.2
All industries¹⁹¹	100,715	53,495	47,220	98.0	98.2	97.8
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	5,580	2,905	2,670	5.4	5.3	5.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	245	195	45	0.2	0.4	0.1
22 Utilities	295	225	70	0.3	0.4	0.1
23 Construction	11,695	10,065	1,620	11.4	18.5	3.4
31-33 Manufacturing	9,410	6,555	2,850	9.2	12.0	5.9
41 Wholesale trade	3,630	2,510	1,125	3.5	4.6	2.3
44-45 Retail trade	11,680	5,130	6,550	11.4	9.4	13.6
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	8,535	7,050	1,485	8.3	12.9	3.1
51 Information and cultural industries	1,415	875	545	1.4	1.6	1.1
52 Finance and insurance	2,790	1,075	1,715	2.7	2.0	3.6
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,590	905	685	1.5	1.7	1.4
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,735	2,280	2,455	4.6	4.2	5.1
55 Management of companies and enterprises	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	4,345	2,450	1,890	4.2	4.5	3.9
61 Educational services	6,635	1,910	4,725	6.5	3.5	9.8
62 Health care and social assistance	11,550	2,055	9,490	11.2	3.8	19.7
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,425	570	855	1.4	1.0	1.8
72 Accommodation and food services	5,930	2,025	3,900	5.8	3.7	8.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	4,855	2,370	2,485	4.7	4.4	5.1
91 Public administration	4,245	2,275	1,975	4.1	4.2	4.1
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	110,030	57,855	52,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	96,980	50,695	46,285	88.1	87.6	88.7
French	80	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	3,830	2,035	1,795	3.5	3.5	3.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,830	2,035	1,795	3.5	3.5	3.4
English and French	505	160	345	0.5	0.3	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	8,555	4,905	3,650	7.8	8.5	7.0
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	110,030	57,855	52,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	107,940	56,670	51,265	98.1	98.0	98.3
Official languages	101,995	53,325	48,675	92.7	92.2	93.3
English	101,840	53,280	48,560	92.6	92.1	93.1
French	150	40	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official languages	5,940	3,350	2,595	5.4	5.8	5.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	5,940	3,350	2,595	5.4	5.8	5.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	180	85	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	175	80	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	5,350	3,080	2,270	4.9	5.3	4.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	5,150	2,930	2,230	4.7	5.1	4.3
Indo-Aryan languages	5,135	2,920	2,210	4.7	5.0	4.2
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,120	2,910	2,210	4.7	5.0	4.2
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	175	145	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	170	145	25	0.2	0.3	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	240	105	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Chinese languages	240	105	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	140	45	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	95	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,090	1,185	905	1.9	2.0	1.7
English and French	55	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,025	1,175	850	1.8	2.0	1.6
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	110,030	57,855	52,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	102,865	53,880	48,985	93.5	93.1	93.9
English	2,095	1,275	820	1.9	2.2	1.6
French	380	140	245	0.3	0.2	0.5
Non-official language	4,255	2,315	1,945	3.9	4.0	3.7
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,250	2,315	1,930	3.9	4.0	3.7
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	350	205	145	0.3	0.4	0.3
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	94,960	50,765	44,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	12,900	5,820	7,080	13.6	11.5	16.0
Worked outside Canada	300	240	65	0.3	0.5	0.1
No fixed workplace address	19,180	14,270	4,910	20.2	28.1	11.1
Usual place of work	62,585	30,440	32,145	65.9	60.0	72.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	62,585	30,435	32,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	36,405	15,230	21,175	58.2	50.0	65.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	7,520	3,580	3,940	12.0	11.8	12.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	18,515	11,535	6,980	29.6	37.9	21.7
Commute to a different province or territory	150	90	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	81,760	44,705	37,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	75,235	41,755	33,475	92.0	93.4	90.3
Car, truck or van - as a driver	68,710	38,650	30,060	84.0	86.5	81.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	6,525	3,105	3,415	8.0	6.9	9.2
Public transit	1,945	755	1,195	2.4	1.7	3.2
Walked	2,780	1,165	1,620	3.4	2.6	4.4
Bicycle	335	275	65	0.4	0.6	0.2
Other method	1,460	765	705	1.8	1.7	1.9
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	81,760	44,705	37,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	27,575	11,980	15,595	33.7	26.8	42.1
15 to 29 minutes	25,015	12,905	12,105	30.6	28.9	32.7
30 to 44 minutes	13,610	8,435	5,170	16.6	18.9	14.0
45 to 59 minutes	6,960	4,675	2,285	8.5	10.5	6.2
60 minutes and over	8,605	6,710	1,895	10.5	15.0	5.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	81,760	44,705	37,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	8,395	6,155	2,240	10.3	13.8	6.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	15,205	10,100	5,100	18.6	22.6	13.8
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	18,650	9,720	8,930	22.8	21.7	24.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	15,040	6,510	8,530	18.4	14.6	23.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	10,675	4,520	6,150	13.1	10.1	16.6
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	13,800	7,705	6,095	16.9	17.2	16.4
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	42,515	22,035	20,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,975	975	1,000	4.6	4.4	4.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	40,540	21,060	19,475	95.4	95.6	95.1
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	31,290	16,280	15,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,565	770	800	5.0	4.7	5.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	815	380	435	2.6	2.3	2.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	750	385	365	2.4	2.4	2.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	29,730	15,510	14,215	95.0	95.3	94.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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