Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Thompson--OkanaganMore information: British Columbia [Economic region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	604,651	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	546,287	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	10.7	...	...	10.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	287,481	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	258,617	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	6.4	...	...	6.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	94,039.38	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	604,650	296,615	308,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	82,850	42,370	40,480	13.7	14.3	13.1
0 to 4 years	24,240	12,395	11,845	4.0	4.2	3.8
5 to 9 years	28,580	14,540	14,040	4.7	4.9	4.6
10 to 14 years	30,025	15,430	14,590	5.0	5.2	4.7
15 to 64 years	369,310	182,460	186,845	61.1	61.5	60.7
15 to 19 years	28,715	14,815	13,895	4.7	5.0	4.5
20 to 24 years	30,690	16,015	14,675	5.1	5.4	4.8
25 to 29 years	33,780	17,270	16,510	5.6	5.8	5.4
30 to 34 years	36,650	18,300	18,350	6.1	6.2	6.0
35 to 39 years	37,775	18,790	18,985	6.2	6.3	6.2
40 to 44 years	34,530	17,105	17,425	5.7	5.8	5.7
45 to 49 years	33,775	16,805	16,975	5.6	5.7	5.5
50 to 54 years	36,610	17,715	18,900	6.1	6.0	6.1
55 to 59 years	45,530	21,360	24,170	7.5	7.2	7.8
60 to 64 years	51,245	24,280	26,965	8.5	8.2	8.8
65 years and over	152,490	71,785	80,710	25.2	24.2	26.2
65 to 69 years	46,640	22,285	24,355	7.7	7.5	7.9
70 to 74 years	40,390	19,690	20,695	6.7	6.6	6.7
75 to 79 years	27,580	13,310	14,270	4.6	4.5	4.6
80 to 84 years	19,030	8,920	10,110	3.1	3.0	3.3
85 years and over	18,855	7,580	11,270	3.1	2.6	3.7
85 to 89 years	11,555	5,065	6,490	1.9	1.7	2.1
90 to 94 years	5,685	2,065	3,615	0.9	0.7	1.2
95 to 99 years	1,390	400	990	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	225	50	175	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.7	14.3	13.1	13.7	14.3	13.1
15 to 64 years	61.1	61.5	60.7	61.1	61.5	60.7
65 years and over	25.2	24.2	26.2	25.2	24.2	26.2
85 years and over	3.1	2.6	3.7	3.1	2.6	3.7
Average age of the population	45.8	44.8	46.6	45.8	44.8	46.6
Median age of the population	47.6	46.0	49.2	47.6	46.0	49.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	258,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	147,175	...	...	56.9	...	...
Semi-detached house	12,235	...	...	4.7	...	...
Row house	17,340	...	...	6.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	18,160	...	...	7.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	43,385	...	...	16.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	5,075	...	...	2.0	...	...
Other single-attached house	720	...	...	0.3	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	14,515	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	258,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	75,170	...	...	29.1	...	...
2 persons	105,155	...	...	40.7	...	...
3 persons	33,435	...	...	12.9	...	...
4 persons	28,335	...	...	11.0	...	...
5 or more persons	16,530	...	...	6.4	...	...
Number of persons in private households	590,730	290,240	300,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	521,800	254,250	267,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	309,795	154,850	154,950	59.4	60.9	57.9
Married	248,250	124,080	124,175	47.6	48.8	46.4
Living common-law	61,550	30,775	30,775	11.8	12.1	11.5
Living common law - Never married	41,410	20,865	20,550	7.9	8.2	7.7
Living common law - Separated	2,885	1,455	1,425	0.6	0.6	0.5
Living common law - Divorced	15,215	7,615	7,595	2.9	3.0	2.8
Living common law - Widowed	2,040	835	1,205	0.4	0.3	0.5
Not married and not living common-law	212,005	99,400	112,605	40.6	39.1	42.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	124,610	69,320	55,290	23.9	27.3	20.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	14,865	6,525	8,345	2.8	2.6	3.1
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	39,295	16,025	23,270	7.5	6.3	8.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	33,240	7,535	25,705	6.4	3.0	9.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	175,420	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	108,975	...	...	62.1	...	...
3 persons	30,330	...	...	17.3	...	...
4 persons	26,065	...	...	14.9	...	...
5 or more persons	10,050	...	...	5.7	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	175,420	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	151,115	...	...	86.1	...	...
Married couples	120,355	...	...	68.6	...	...
With children⁶	48,165	...	...	27.5	...	...
Without children	72,190	...	...	41.2	...	...
Common-law couples	30,760	...	...	17.5	...	...
With children⁶	9,640	...	...	5.5	...	...
Without children	21,120	...	...	12.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	24,305	...	...	13.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	18,340	...	...	10.5	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	5,965	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	590,730	290,240	300,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	466,875	231,660	235,215	79.0	79.8	78.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	302,235	151,015	151,220	51.2	52.0	50.3
Parents in one-parent families	24,305	5,965	18,335	4.1	2.1	6.1
Children⁶	140,340	74,680	65,660	23.8	25.7	21.9
In a two-parent family	104,525	55,050	49,475	17.7	19.0	16.5
In a one-parent family	35,815	19,635	16,180	6.1	6.8	5.4
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	123,860	58,585	65,270	21.0	20.2	21.7
Living alone	75,170	33,005	42,165	12.7	11.4	14.0
Living with other relatives⁷	13,520	5,975	7,545	2.3	2.1	2.5
Living with non-relatives only	35,165	19,600	15,565	6.0	6.8	5.2
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	258,620	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	151,615	...	...	58.6	...	...
Couple-family households	133,535	...	...	51.6	...	...
With children⁶	50,275	...	...	19.4	...	...
Without children	83,260	...	...	32.2	...	...
One-parent-family households	18,085	...	...	7.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	6,070	...	...	2.3	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	2,130	...	...	0.8	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	10,205	...	...	3.9	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	13,425	...	...	5.2	...	...
One-person households	75,170	...	...	29.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	508,025	247,950	260,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	496,445	242,305	254,145	97.7	97.7	97.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	46,800	35,200	40,000	46,800	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	496,750	242,485	254,265	97.8	97.8	97.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	42,000	32,400	36,800	42,000	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	446,870	221,215	225,660	88.0	89.2	86.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,400	41,200	26,000	32,400	41,200	26,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	335,170	171,215	163,950	66.0	69.1	63.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	42,400	28,200	34,400	42,400	28,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	419,065	194,730	224,330	82.5	78.5	86.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,000	11,600	12,200	12,000	11,600	12,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	50,265	24,965	25,300	9.9	10.1	9.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,520	5,480	5,480	5,520	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	122,820	57,995	64,820	24.2	23.4	24.9
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	508,000	247,960	260,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	496,525	242,380	254,150	97.7	97.7	97.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,600	60,300	43,320	51,600	60,300	43,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	496,850	242,585	254,265	97.8	97.8	97.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,040	50,360	38,000	44,040	50,360	38,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	446,655	221,060	225,595	87.9	89.2	86.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,120	55,850	36,600	46,120	55,850	36,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	335,155	170,925	164,230	66.0	68.9	63.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,680	54,350	36,640	45,680	54,350	36,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	418,880	194,735	224,140	82.5	78.5	86.2
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,980	11,660	12,270	11,980	11,660	12,270
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	50,340	25,095	25,245	9.9	10.1	9.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,560	6,385	6,730	6,560	6,385	6,730
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	122,345	57,785	64,555	24.1	23.3	24.8
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,660	8,440	8,860	8,660	8,440	8,860
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	508,000	247,960	260,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	142,670	80,235	62,435	28.1	32.4	24.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,200	68,000	53,600	61,200	68,000	53,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,600	78,900	60,000	70,600	78,900	60,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	145,365	67,470	77,900	28.6	27.2	30.0
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,400	22,600	17,200	19,400	22,600	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,240	36,880	24,500	30,240	36,880	24,500
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	80.4	84.4	75.0	80.4	84.4	75.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	59.8	63.6	54.7	59.8	63.6	54.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	19.6	15.5	25.0	19.6	15.5	25.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.1	1.5	1.3	1.1	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.3	4.1	6.7	5.3	4.1	6.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.1	3.3	5.2	4.1	3.3	5.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	508,030	247,955	260,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	11,580	5,645	5,935	2.3	2.3	2.3
With total income	496,450	242,305	254,140	97.7	97.7	97.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	38,810	16,240	22,570	7.8	6.7	8.9
$10,000 to $19,999	60,475	23,725	36,750	12.2	9.8	14.5
$20,000 to $29,999	81,480	34,135	47,345	16.4	14.1	18.6
$30,000 to $39,999	67,890	29,105	38,785	13.7	12.0	15.3
$40,000 to $49,999	57,705	26,160	31,550	11.6	10.8	12.4
$50,000 to $59,999	46,135	22,625	23,505	9.3	9.3	9.2
$60,000 to $69,999	34,740	19,130	15,605	7.0	7.9	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	26,150	15,450	10,700	5.3	6.4	4.2
$80,000 to $89,999	19,940	12,195	7,740	4.0	5.0	3.0
$90,000 to $99,999	15,195	9,425	5,765	3.1	3.9	2.3
$100,000 and over	47,940	34,115	13,825	9.7	14.1	5.4
$100,000 to $149,999	32,150	22,170	9,980	6.5	9.1	3.9
$150,000 and over	15,785	11,945	3,840	3.2	4.9	1.5
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	508,030	247,955	260,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	11,275	5,465	5,815	2.2	2.2	2.2
With after-tax income	496,750	242,485	254,265	97.8	97.8	97.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	41,120	17,005	24,110	8.3	7.0	9.5
$10,000 to $19,999	62,675	24,620	38,055	12.6	10.2	15.0
$20,000 to $29,999	91,300	38,370	52,925	18.4	15.8	20.8
$30,000 to $39,999	78,000	34,270	43,725	15.7	14.1	17.2
$40,000 to $49,999	64,510	30,575	33,930	13.0	12.6	13.3
$50,000 to $59,999	47,780	25,670	22,115	9.6	10.6	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	33,605	19,895	13,705	6.8	8.2	5.4
$70,000 to $79,999	23,815	14,615	9,205	4.8	6.0	3.6
$80,000 to $89,999	16,700	10,615	6,085	3.4	4.4	2.4
$90,000 to $99,999	10,685	7,305	3,380	2.2	3.0	1.3
$100,000 and over	26,555	19,540	7,020	5.3	8.1	2.8
$100,000 to $124,999	13,585	9,805	3,780	2.7	4.0	1.5
$125,000 and over	12,970	9,735	3,235	2.6	4.0	1.3
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	508,030	247,955	260,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	172,855	76,730	96,120	34.0	30.9	37.0
With employment income	335,170	171,220	163,955	66.0	69.1	63.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	51,430	24,135	27,300	15.3	14.1	16.7
$5,000 to $9,999	27,190	11,685	15,505	8.1	6.8	9.5
$10,000 to $19,999	41,355	17,760	23,595	12.3	10.4	14.4
$20,000 to $29,999	33,635	14,765	18,865	10.0	8.6	11.5
$30,000 to $39,999	31,455	13,950	17,510	9.4	8.1	10.7
$40,000 to $49,999	28,985	13,515	15,475	8.6	7.9	9.4
$50,000 to $59,999	25,790	12,860	12,930	7.7	7.5	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	20,760	11,980	8,780	6.2	7.0	5.4
$70,000 to $79,999	16,635	10,100	6,535	5.0	5.9	4.0
$80,000 to $89,999	13,805	8,575	5,230	4.1	5.0	3.2
$90,000 to $99,999	11,045	7,050	3,995	3.3	4.1	2.4
$100,000 and over	33,085	24,850	8,240	9.9	14.5	5.0
$100,000 to $124,999	15,960	11,215	4,745	4.8	6.6	2.9
$125,000 and over	17,125	13,635	3,490	5.1	8.0	2.1
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	508,025	247,950	260,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	486,045	236,760	249,285	95.7	95.5	95.9
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	46,000	32,000	38,000	46,000	32,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	487,040	236,935	250,105	95.9	95.6	96.2
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	40,800	29,200	34,400	40,800	29,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	444,590	219,605	224,985	87.5	88.6	86.5
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	42,800	27,200	34,000	42,800	27,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	351,220	178,020	173,200	69.1	71.8	66.6
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	42,000	27,800	33,600	42,000	27,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	346,825	152,830	193,995	68.3	61.6	74.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,100	9,500	8,800	9,100	9,500	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	40,100	20,050	20,050	7.9	8.1	7.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,440	5,520	5,480	5,440	5,520
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	508,000	247,960	260,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	486,170	236,900	249,270	95.7	95.5	95.9
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,120	59,850	40,840	50,120	59,850	40,840
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	487,135	237,040	250,095	95.9	95.6	96.2
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,080	49,360	35,200	42,080	49,360	35,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	444,600	219,620	224,980	87.5	88.6	86.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,160	57,650	36,920	47,160	57,650	36,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	350,835	177,645	173,185	69.1	71.6	66.6
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,720	54,150	35,120	44,720	54,150	35,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	346,525	152,450	194,080	68.2	61.5	74.6
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,800	10,010	9,640	9,800	10,010	9,640
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	40,645	20,365	20,280	8.0	8.2	7.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,940	6,460	7,430	6,940	6,460	7,430
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	508,000	247,960	260,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	141,405	79,435	61,970	27.8	32.0	23.8
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,600	65,500	49,600	57,600	65,500	49,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,000	76,100	55,300	67,000	76,100	55,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	138,415	64,140	74,275	27.2	25.9	28.6
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,600	29,400	21,400	24,600	29,400	21,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,640	44,200	28,280	35,640	44,200	28,280
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.0	89.2	81.6	86.0	89.2	81.6
Employment income (%)	64.4	67.8	59.7	64.4	67.8	59.7
Government transfers (%)	14.0	10.8	18.4	14.0	10.8	18.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.5	1.2	0.9	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	258,620	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	75,170	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...	39,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,000	...	...	36,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	183,450	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	258,620	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	99,100	...	...	99,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	84,600	...	...	84,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	75,175	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,800	...	...	49,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,040	...	...	43,040	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	183,440	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,300	...	...	119,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	101,600	...	...	101,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	258,620	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,540	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,245	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,205	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,475	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	11,625	...	...	4.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	9,040	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	9,065	...	...	3.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	10,840	...	...	4.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	10,580	...	...	4.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	10,360	...	...	4.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	20,120	...	...	7.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	18,885	...	...	7.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	17,655	...	...	6.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	16,365	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	14,830	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	97,795	...	...	37.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	29,845	...	...	11.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	21,820	...	...	8.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	25,025	...	...	9.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	21,105	...	...	8.2	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	258,620	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,970	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,275	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,290	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,685	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	12,195	...	...	4.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	10,300	...	...	4.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	10,475	...	...	4.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	12,105	...	...	4.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	12,130	...	...	4.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	11,645	...	...	4.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	22,960	...	...	8.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	21,740	...	...	8.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	20,175	...	...	7.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	18,105	...	...	7.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	15,700	...	...	6.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	78,870	...	...	30.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	30,250	...	...	11.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	19,400	...	...	7.5	...	...
$150,000 and over	29,215	...	...	11.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	173,310	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	86,635	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...	78,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	58,380	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...	134,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	22,475	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...	68,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...	63,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	110,335	52,610	57,730	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	38,800	35,200	36,800	38,800	35,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	35,600	32,800	34,000	35,600	32,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	173,305	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,600	...	...	118,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,700	...	...	100,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	86,700	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,500	...	...	105,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,800	...	...	89,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	58,545	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	153,000	...	...	153,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,200	...	...	128,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	22,200	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	109,925	52,135	57,785	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,160	49,040	43,560	46,160	49,040	43,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,200	42,080	38,520	40,200	42,080	38,520
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	590,730	290,240	300,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	99,930	51,145	48,785	16.9	17.6	16.2
0 to 5 years	29,845	15,240	14,605	5.1	5.3	4.9
18 to 64 years	347,575	170,715	176,860	58.8	58.8	58.9
65 years and over	143,225	68,380	74,845	24.2	23.6	24.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	61,175	28,200	32,970	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	10,415	5,370	5,045	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	3,110	1,630	1,485	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	31,375	15,105	16,280	...	...	...
65 years and over	19,380	7,730	11,645	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.4	9.7	11.0	10.4	9.7	11.0
0 to 17 years (%)	10.4	10.5	10.4	10.4	10.5	10.4
0 to 5 years (%)	10.4	10.7	10.2	10.4	10.7	10.2
18 to 64 years (%)	9.0	8.9	9.2	9.0	8.9	9.2
65 years and over (%)	13.5	11.3	15.6	13.5	11.3	15.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	561,875	276,240	285,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	96,150	49,215	46,935	17.1	17.8	16.4
0 to 5 years	28,755	14,660	14,095	5.1	5.3	4.9
18 to 64 years	332,220	163,295	168,925	59.1	59.1	59.1
65 years and over	133,505	63,725	69,780	23.8	23.1	24.4
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	20,225	10,500	9,720	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,185	1,620	1,560	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	785	395	385	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	15,065	7,995	7,075	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,975	890	1,090	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.6	3.8	3.4	3.6	3.8	3.4
0 to 17 years (%)	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.3
0 to 5 years (%)	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.7	2.7
18 to 64 years (%)	4.5	4.9	4.2	4.5	4.9	4.2
65 years and over (%)	1.5	1.4	1.6	1.5	1.4	1.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	590,730	290,240	300,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	296,470	141,475	154,990	50.2	48.7	51.6
In bottom decile	58,635	28,070	30,560	9.9	9.7	10.2
In second decile	60,560	27,730	32,835	10.3	9.6	10.9
In third decile	59,385	28,220	31,170	10.1	9.7	10.4
In fourth decile	58,420	28,220	30,200	9.9	9.7	10.1
In fifth decile	59,465	29,240	30,230	10.1	10.1	10.1
In top half of the distribution	294,260	148,765	145,495	49.8	51.3	48.4
In sixth decile	59,760	29,690	30,075	10.1	10.2	10.0
In seventh decile	59,625	29,765	29,865	10.1	10.3	9.9
In eighth decile	59,800	30,295	29,500	10.1	10.4	9.8
In ninth decile	59,120	30,140	28,980	10.0	10.4	9.6
In top decile	55,950	28,875	27,075	9.5	9.9	9.0
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	590,730	...	...	590,730	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.326	...	...	0.326	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.444	...	...	0.444	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.289	...	...	0.289	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	597,120	293,450	303,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	557,030	275,390	281,640	93.3	93.8	92.7
French only	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	36,800	16,510	20,290	6.2	5.6	6.7
Neither English nor French	3,130	1,465	1,660	0.5	0.5	0.5
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	597,120	293,450	303,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	585,570	287,865	297,705	98.1	98.1	98.0
French	7,705	3,785	3,920	1.3	1.3	1.3
English and French	855	405	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Neither English nor French	2,995	1,390	1,600	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	597,120	293,450	303,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	587,110	288,715	298,395	98.3	98.4	98.3
Official languages	528,150	260,935	267,215	88.4	88.9	88.0
English	519,690	256,795	262,895	87.0	87.5	86.6
French	8,460	4,140	4,320	1.4	1.4	1.4
Non-official languages	58,960	27,780	31,180	9.9	9.5	10.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	690	325	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	90	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	90	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	445	210	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	160	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	180	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	58,270	27,460	30,810	9.8	9.4	10.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,155	650	505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,130	625	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Amharic	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	955	545	415	0.2	0.2	0.1
Aramaic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	85	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	910	390	525	0.2	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	860	370	490	0.1	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,775	1,375	2,400	0.6	0.5	0.8
Bikol	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	75	20	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	165	55	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	200	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	120	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,020	1,090	1,925	0.5	0.4	0.6
Waray-Waray	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	520	315	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	290	175	115	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tamil	120	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	43,195	20,975	22,215	7.2	7.1	7.3
Albanian	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	7,445	3,320	4,130	1.2	1.1	1.4
Baltic languages	100	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	7,350	3,270	4,080	1.2	1.1	1.3
Belarusian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	780	375	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,495	650	840	0.3	0.2	0.3
Russian	2,030	865	1,165	0.3	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,005	500	505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	560	280	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	335	165	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	300	120	175	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	180	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,445	625	815	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15,415	7,285	8,125	2.6	2.5	2.7
Frisian	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10,880	5,110	5,770	1.8	1.7	1.9
German	10,335	4,845	5,490	1.7	1.7	1.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	535	265	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yiddish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,595	1,755	1,845	0.6	0.6	0.6
Afrikaans	625	315	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	2,645	1,275	1,370	0.4	0.4	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	240	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	900	395	500	0.2	0.1	0.2
Danish	475	215	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	225	95	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	330	190	150	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	12,020	6,250	5,760	2.0	2.1	1.9
Indo-Aryan languages	11,150	5,785	5,365	1.9	2.0	1.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	340	220	120	0.1	0.1	0.0
Gujarati	280	145	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	955	560	400	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	145	95	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	8,930	4,480	4,450	1.5	1.5	1.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	95	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	315	175	140	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	865	470	395	0.1	0.2	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	775	420	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	635	340	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	100	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,780	3,825	3,955	1.3	1.3	1.3
Catalan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,310	1,170	1,140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Portuguese	1,690	800	890	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	520	260	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	3,225	1,575	1,650	0.5	0.5	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	980	295	680	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korean	1,390	645	745	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	260	115	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	100	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,765	1,675	2,085	0.6	0.6	0.7
Chinese languages	3,715	1,660	2,060	0.6	0.6	0.7
Hakka	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,125	920	1,210	0.4	0.3	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,370	640	735	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	290	65	225	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	255	50	200	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	175	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,650	745	905	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	415	175	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	1,185	550	635	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,010	4,730	5,280	1.7	1.6	1.7
English and French	2,100	995	1,100	0.4	0.3	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	6,910	3,285	3,625	1.2	1.1	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	145	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	710	305	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	597,120	293,450	303,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	540,475	266,615	273,860	90.5	90.9	90.2
French	1,305	650	650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	11,695	5,805	5,890	2.0	2.0	1.9
Indigenous³⁹	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	11,640	5,775	5,865	1.9	2.0	1.9
English and French	5,035	2,280	2,750	0.8	0.8	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	36,565	17,110	19,455	6.1	5.8	6.4
French and non-official language(s)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,185	545	640	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	800	410	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	597,120	293,450	303,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	589,835	290,020	299,815	98.8	98.8	98.7
Official languages	566,560	278,525	288,040	94.9	94.9	94.9
English	564,630	277,570	287,055	94.6	94.6	94.5
French	1,935	950	980	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official languages	23,275	11,495	11,780	3.9	3.9	3.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	23,185	11,450	11,735	3.9	3.9	3.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	650	335	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	635	325	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	575	300	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	520	235	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	510	230	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,715	780	935	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,460	665	800	0.2	0.2	0.3
Waray-Waray	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	290	160	135	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kannada	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	170	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	15,750	7,895	7,855	2.6	2.7	2.6
Albanian	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,895	875	1,020	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baltic languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,865	860	1,010	0.3	0.3	0.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	200	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	435	185	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	700	325	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	250	120	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	135	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,655	1,270	1,385	0.4	0.4	0.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,960	935	1,025	0.3	0.3	0.3
German	1,815	865	945	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	140	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	640	305	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	325	160	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	280	130	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	8,375	4,305	4,070	1.4	1.5	1.3
Indo-Aryan languages	7,970	4,085	3,890	1.3	1.4	1.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	185	110	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	520	315	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	95	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,780	3,395	3,385	1.1	1.2	1.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	405	220	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	365	195	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	290	160	135	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,660	1,365	1,290	0.4	0.5	0.4
Catalan	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	425	175	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	580	280	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	1,480	825	655	0.2	0.3	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	380	160	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,020	495	525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	190	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	140	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,135	1,045	1,090	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese languages	2,115	1,035	1,080	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hakka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,350	655	700	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	685	345	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	70	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	310	140	170	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	245	115	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,285	3,425	3,860	1.2	1.2	1.3
English and French	720	345	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	6,365	2,985	3,375	1.1	1.0	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	597,120	293,445	303,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	559,610	275,955	283,655	93.7	94.0	93.4
English	10,095	4,950	5,150	1.7	1.7	1.7
French	3,915	1,745	2,175	0.7	0.6	0.7
Non-official language	19,425	8,885	10,545	3.3	3.0	3.5
Indigenous³⁹	615	285	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	18,810	8,605	10,210	3.2	2.9	3.4
English and French	115	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,220	595	625	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	760	355	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,930	900	1,030	0.3	0.3	0.3
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	590,730	290,215	300,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	587,695	288,805	298,890	99.5	99.5	99.5
English	587,570	288,750	298,825	99.5	99.5	99.4
French	36,835	16,600	20,235	6.2	5.7	6.7
Non-official languages	83,085	38,965	44,120	14.1	13.4	14.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	2,355	1,135	1,220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Algonquian languages	290	155	135	0.0	0.1	0.0
Blackfoot	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	210	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	200	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	115	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	175	60	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	155	55	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	1,730	840	890	0.3	0.3	0.3
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	420	240	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	615	265	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	640	295	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salish languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	80,805	37,865	42,940	13.7	13.0	14.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,850	1,010	845	0.3	0.3	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,825	990	835	0.3	0.3	0.3
Amharic	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,485	820	665	0.3	0.3	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	225	125	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,170	535	625	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,105	515	590	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,105	1,885	3,225	0.9	0.6	1.1
Bikol	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	140	40	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	415	175	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	120	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	275	105	170	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	210	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	85	60	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,645	1,640	3,005	0.8	0.6	1.0
Waray-Waray	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	220	75	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	290	145	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	130	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	830	465	365	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kannada	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	425	235	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	350	205	145	0.1	0.1	0.0
Telugu	145	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	60,750	28,945	31,805	10.3	10.0	10.6
Albanian	140	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	9,380	4,135	5,245	1.6	1.4	1.7
Baltic languages	155	90	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	9,255	4,060	5,195	1.6	1.4	1.7
Belarusian	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	1,000	480	520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	60	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,960	830	1,140	0.3	0.3	0.4
Russian	3,360	1,520	1,840	0.6	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,450	720	730	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	215	115	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	960	470	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	470	245	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	385	150	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	255	105	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,780	750	1,035	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	20,920	9,855	11,065	3.5	3.4	3.7
Frisian	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15,320	7,195	8,125	2.6	2.5	2.7
German	14,995	7,040	7,955	2.5	2.4	2.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	645	305	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yiddish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	4,865	2,410	2,455	0.8	0.8	0.8
Afrikaans	1,355	715	640	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	3,140	1,505	1,635	0.5	0.5	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	335	185	145	0.1	0.1	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,390	555	835	0.2	0.2	0.3
Danish	565	225	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	335	145	190	0.1	0.0	0.1
Swedish	525	225	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	405	220	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	15,400	7,945	7,465	2.6	2.7	2.5
Indo-Aryan languages	14,295	7,330	6,965	2.4	2.5	2.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	420	255	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	320	175	150	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hindi	4,775	2,485	2,295	0.8	0.9	0.8
Kacchi	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	150	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	190	115	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	11,310	5,670	5,635	1.9	2.0	1.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	860	495	370	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,165	645	520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,095	600	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	880	495	390	0.1	0.2	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	125	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	17,180	7,970	9,210	2.9	2.7	3.1
Catalan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,705	1,655	2,050	0.6	0.6	0.7
Portuguese	2,270	1,125	1,150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	680	330	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	11,400	5,205	6,195	1.9	1.8	2.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,180	925	1,255	0.4	0.3	0.4
Korean	1,605	770	830	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	870	460	405	0.1	0.2	0.1
Akan (Twi)	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	235	125	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	145	95	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	180	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	1,120	415	700	0.2	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	960	370	590	0.2	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	190	60	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,645	2,175	2,475	0.8	0.7	0.8
Chinese languages	4,580	2,135	2,445	0.8	0.7	0.8
Hakka	30	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,205	1,500	1,705	0.5	0.5	0.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	190	65	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,865	845	1,015	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	450	155	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	430	150	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	300	130	170	0.1	0.0	0.1
Azerbaijani	50	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	245	110	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,840	885	960	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	505	210	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	1,255	635	620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	590,735	290,220	300,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	50,985	24,530	26,455	8.6	8.5	8.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	49,005	23,600	25,410	8.3	8.1	8.5
First Nations (North American Indian)	28,110	13,595	14,515	4.8	4.7	4.8
Métis	20,675	9,895	10,790	3.5	3.4	3.6
Inuk (Inuit)	215	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	1,215	580	635	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	765	355	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	539,745	265,690	274,055	91.4	91.5	91.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	590,735	290,220	300,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	21,025	10,095	10,925	3.6	3.5	3.6
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	569,710	280,120	289,590	96.4	96.5	96.4
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	258,620	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	190,070	...	...	73.5	...	...
Renter	67,505	...	...	26.1	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	1,045	...	...	0.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	258,620	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	44,270	...	...	17.1	...	...
Not condominium	214,345	...	...	82.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	258,620	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	2,100	...	...	0.8	...	...
1 bedroom	27,965	...	...	10.8	...	...
2 bedrooms	75,390	...	...	29.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	76,390	...	...	29.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	76,770	...	...	29.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	258,620	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	69,200	...	...	26.8	...	...
5 rooms	39,615	...	...	15.3	...	...
6 rooms	36,165	...	...	14.0	...	...
7 rooms	31,020	...	...	12.0	...	...
8 or more rooms	82,615	...	...	31.9	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.4	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	258,620	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	255,905	...	...	99.0	...	...
More than one person per room	2,710	...	...	1.0	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	258,620	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	250,620	...	...	96.9	...	...
Not suitable	7,990	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	258,620	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	24,705	...	...	9.6	...	...
1961 to 1980	78,190	...	...	30.2	...	...
1981 to 1990	33,615	...	...	13.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	45,720	...	...	17.7	...	...
2001 to 2005	16,190	...	...	6.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	22,485	...	...	8.7	...	...
2011 to 2015	14,425	...	...	5.6	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	23,295	...	...	9.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	258,620	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	244,555	...	...	94.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	14,060	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	258,620	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	124,625	...	...	48.2	...	...
Two-maintainer household	120,330	...	...	46.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	13,665	...	...	5.3	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	258,620	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	7,085	...	...	2.7	...	...
25 to 34 years	29,515	...	...	11.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	37,695	...	...	14.6	...	...
45 to 54 years	38,830	...	...	15.0	...	...
55 to 64 years	55,085	...	...	21.3	...	...
65 to 74 years	51,230	...	...	19.8	...	...
75 to 84 years	28,950	...	...	11.2	...	...
85 years and over	10,235	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	241,835	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	189,520	...	...	78.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	52,315	...	...	21.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	46,880	...	...	19.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	258,620	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	69,235	...	...	26.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	47,905	...	...	18.5	...	...
Not suitable only	6,110	...	...	2.4	...	...
Major repairs needed only	10,195	...	...	3.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,160	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	3,135	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	610	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	115	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	189,385	...	...	73.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	236,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	20,570	...	...	8.7	...	...
Not in core need	215,835	...	...	91.3	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	176,690	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	55.5	...	...	55.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	14.7	...	...	14.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.9	...	...	4.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,080	...	...	1,080	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,372	...	...	1,372	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	600,000	...	...	600,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	658,000	...	...	658,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	65,700	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.1	...	...	11.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.3	...	...	40.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	19.3	...	...	19.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250	...	...	1,250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,354	...	...	1,354	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,045	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	12.0	...	...	12.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	440	...	...	440	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	477	...	...	477	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	590,730	290,220	300,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	17,945	8,690	9,250	3.0	3.0	3.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	17,560	8,520	9,040	3.0	2.9	3.0
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	13,880	6,715	7,160	2.3	2.3	2.4
Métis single ancestry	3,600	1,755	1,840	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuit single ancestry	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	385	170	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	355	165	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	36,535	17,565	18,975	6.2	6.1	6.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	35,275	16,920	18,355	6.0	5.8	6.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	22,140	10,645	11,495	3.7	3.7	3.8
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	12,995	6,190	6,810	2.2	2.1	2.3
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	140	85	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	1,260	645	615	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,190	615	580	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	536,250	263,965	272,290	90.8	91.0	90.6
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	590,730	290,220	300,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	561,740	276,085	285,655	95.1	95.1	95.1
Canadian citizens aged under 18	97,385	49,815	47,570	16.5	17.2	15.8
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	464,355	226,270	238,080	78.6	78.0	79.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	28,995	14,135	14,855	4.9	4.9	4.9
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	590,730	290,220	300,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	508,730	250,885	257,835	86.1	86.4	85.8
Immigrants⁸¹	72,715	34,370	38,340	12.3	11.8	12.8
Before 1980	28,460	13,685	14,780	4.8	4.7	4.9
1980 to 1990	8,310	3,845	4,475	1.4	1.3	1.5
1991 to 2000	8,885	4,010	4,875	1.5	1.4	1.6
2001 to 2010	11,860	5,560	6,295	2.0	1.9	2.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	15,195	7,270	7,920	2.6	2.5	2.6
2011 to 2015	6,560	3,130	3,430	1.1	1.1	1.1
2016 to 2021	8,640	4,140	4,495	1.5	1.4	1.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	9,290	4,960	4,330	1.6	1.7	1.4
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	72,710	34,370	38,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	8,600	4,510	4,090	11.8	13.1	10.7
5 to 14 years	13,310	6,775	6,535	18.3	19.7	17.0
15 to 24 years	15,935	7,330	8,605	21.9	21.3	22.4
25 to 44 years	29,045	13,130	15,915	39.9	38.2	41.5
45 years and over	5,830	2,630	3,200	8.0	7.7	8.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	72,710	34,370	38,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	10,355	4,435	5,925	14.2	12.9	15.5
Brazil	350	150	195	0.5	0.4	0.5
Colombia	285	100	190	0.4	0.3	0.5
El Salvador	305	165	145	0.4	0.5	0.4
Guyana	55	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Haiti	40	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Jamaica	595	310	280	0.8	0.9	0.7
Mexico	775	330	445	1.1	1.0	1.2
Peru	125	45	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	100	55	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
United States of America	6,480	2,710	3,765	8.9	7.9	9.8
Other places of birth in Americas	1,250	520	730	1.7	1.5	1.9
Europe	37,065	18,285	18,780	51.0	53.2	49.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	275	155	115	0.4	0.5	0.3
Croatia	585	305	285	0.8	0.9	0.7
France	575	290	280	0.8	0.8	0.7
Germany	6,225	3,085	3,140	8.6	9.0	8.2
Greece	125	80	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hungary	720	365	355	1.0	1.1	0.9
Italy	1,585	775	815	2.2	2.3	2.1
Netherlands	2,620	1,330	1,285	3.6	3.9	3.4
Poland	1,740	755	980	2.4	2.2	2.6
Portugal	915	445	470	1.3	1.3	1.2
Romania	515	250	265	0.7	0.7	0.7
Russian Federation	775	335	440	1.1	1.0	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	260	110	150	0.4	0.3	0.4
Ukraine	650	305	350	0.9	0.9	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	13,860	7,000	6,855	19.1	20.4	17.9
Other places of birth in Europe	5,645	2,695	2,950	7.8	7.8	7.7
Africa	3,090	1,630	1,465	4.2	4.7	3.8
Algeria	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	235	145	95	0.3	0.4	0.2
Somalia	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	1,725	895	830	2.4	2.6	2.2
Other places of birth in Africa	925	490	435	1.3	1.4	1.1
Asia	20,120	8,925	11,200	27.7	26.0	29.2
Afghanistan	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	605	330	275	0.8	1.0	0.7
Iraq	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	170	115	55	0.2	0.3	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	450	240	205	0.6	0.7	0.5
Turkey	90	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,940	815	1,125	2.7	2.4	2.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	515	210	305	0.7	0.6	0.8
Korea, South⁹²	960	460	500	1.3	1.3	1.3
Taiwan	240	100	140	0.3	0.3	0.4
Philippines	4,355	1,550	2,805	6.0	4.5	7.3
Viet Nam	730	330	400	1.0	1.0	1.0
Bangladesh	165	90	75	0.2	0.3	0.2
India	6,750	3,265	3,485	9.3	9.5	9.1
Pakistan	570	275	290	0.8	0.8	0.8
Sri Lanka	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Asia	2,365	970	1,395	3.3	2.8	3.6
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	2,080	1,100	980	2.9	3.2	2.6
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	8,635	4,140	4,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,395	640	755	16.2	15.5	16.8
Brazil	115	55	60	1.3	1.3	1.3
Colombia	65	20	40	0.8	0.5	0.9
Haiti	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	230	115	120	2.7	2.8	2.7
Mexico	160	80	75	1.9	1.9	1.7
United States of America	630	300	335	7.3	7.2	7.5
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	10	30	0.5	0.2	0.7
Other places of birth in Americas	145	50	95	1.7	1.2	2.1
Europe	1,640	815	825	19.0	19.7	18.4
France	75	45	35	0.9	1.1	0.8
Germany	180	80	100	2.1	1.9	2.2
Ireland⁹⁶	90	50	35	1.0	1.2	0.8
Italy	25	10	10	0.3	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	100	25	75	1.2	0.6	1.7
Ukraine	125	60	65	1.4	1.4	1.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	645	360	280	7.5	8.7	6.2
Other places of birth in Europe	405	180	225	4.7	4.3	5.0
Africa	500	255	240	5.8	6.2	5.3
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	15	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	65	50	20	0.8	1.2	0.4
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	255	120	135	3.0	2.9	3.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	120	55	65	1.4	1.3	1.4
Asia	4,655	2,160	2,495	53.9	52.2	55.5
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	40	20	20	0.5	0.5	0.4
China⁹⁰	385	165	225	4.5	4.0	5.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	45	20	30	0.5	0.5	0.7
India	1,265	625	635	14.6	15.1	14.1
Iran⁸⁸	40	15	20	0.5	0.4	0.4
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	35	35	0	0.4	0.8	0.0
Japan	95	25	70	1.1	0.6	1.6
Jordan	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	265	115	150	3.1	2.8	3.3
Lebanon	35	15	20	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nepal	35	25	10	0.4	0.6	0.2
Pakistan	125	60	60	1.4	1.4	1.3
Philippines	1,505	665	840	17.4	16.1	18.7
Saudi Arabia	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Sri Lanka	20	15	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	385	205	180	4.5	5.0	4.0
Turkey	30	15	15	0.3	0.4	0.3
United Arab Emirates	35	30	0	0.4	0.7	0.0
Viet Nam	85	30	50	1.0	0.7	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	205	65	145	2.4	1.6	3.2
Oceania and other⁹³	450	270	180	5.2	6.5	4.0
Australia	355	205	145	4.1	5.0	3.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	95	65	35	1.1	1.6	0.8
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	590,730	290,215	300,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	88,365	42,325	46,045	15.0	14.6	15.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	107,010	52,580	54,430	18.1	18.1	18.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	395,355	195,310	200,035	66.9	67.3	66.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	44,250	20,690	23,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	23,565	11,875	11,690	53.3	57.4	49.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	10,115	6,205	3,910	22.9	30.0	16.6
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	13,455	5,675	7,780	30.4	27.4	33.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	16,765	6,865	9,900	37.9	33.2	42.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,635	1,820	1,815	8.2	8.8	7.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	290	125	160	0.7	0.6	0.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	44,250	20,690	23,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	655	400	255	1.5	1.9	1.1
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	9,025	4,240	4,785	20.4	20.5	20.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,625	795	835	3.7	3.8	3.5
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,625	1,220	1,405	5.9	5.9	6.0
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	410	145	270	0.9	0.7	1.1
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	29,905	13,890	16,020	67.6	67.1	68.0
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	590,735	290,215	300,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	51,685	24,485	27,200	8.7	8.4	9.1
South Asian	17,780	9,080	8,705	3.0	3.1	2.9
Chinese	6,470	2,980	3,485	1.1	1.0	1.2
Black	4,865	2,390	2,470	0.8	0.8	0.8
Filipino	6,285	2,415	3,865	1.1	0.8	1.3
Arab	1,255	695	565	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin American	3,460	1,585	1,875	0.6	0.5	0.6
Southeast Asian	2,475	1,140	1,340	0.4	0.4	0.4
West Asian	1,155	600	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	1,765	890	880	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japanese	3,935	1,685	2,245	0.7	0.6	0.7
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	735	365	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	1,520	675	845	0.3	0.2	0.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	539,040	265,735	273,310	91.2	91.6	90.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	590,730	290,220	300,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	76,785	38,855	37,930	13.0	13.4	12.6
English	168,525	81,195	87,330	28.5	28.0	29.1
Irish	101,645	47,625	54,020	17.2	16.4	18.0
Scottish	125,760	60,650	65,110	21.3	20.9	21.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	56,345	26,910	29,435	9.5	9.3	9.8
German	107,835	52,680	55,145	18.3	18.2	18.4
Chinese	7,275	3,320	3,960	1.2	1.1	1.3
Italian	22,855	11,350	11,505	3.9	3.9	3.8
Indian (India)	10,835	5,490	5,345	1.8	1.9	1.8
Ukrainian	42,955	20,690	22,270	7.3	7.1	7.4
Dutch	31,025	15,390	15,640	5.3	5.3	5.2
Polish	22,815	10,790	12,025	3.9	3.7	4.0
Québécois	960	455	505	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	26,475	12,845	13,635	4.5	4.4	4.5
Filipino	6,250	2,480	3,770	1.1	0.9	1.3
French Canadian	6,435	3,080	3,355	1.1	1.1	1.1
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	11,425	5,915	5,510	1.9	2.0	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	18,020	8,645	9,380	3.1	3.0	3.1
Métis	18,195	8,750	9,445	3.1	3.0	3.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	14,565	7,110	7,455	2.5	2.4	2.5
Russian	20,280	9,795	10,480	3.4	3.4	3.5
Norwegian	24,425	11,555	12,875	4.1	4.0	4.3
Welsh	16,065	7,650	8,410	2.7	2.6	2.8
Portuguese	4,095	2,065	2,030	0.7	0.7	0.7
American	11,430	5,560	5,865	1.9	1.9	2.0
Spanish	4,160	1,820	2,340	0.7	0.6	0.8
Swedish	18,620	8,735	9,885	3.2	3.0	3.3
Hungarian	9,110	4,375	4,735	1.5	1.5	1.6
Acadian	895	420	475	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pakistani	850	450	400	0.1	0.2	0.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,675	740	935	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jewish	2,400	1,270	1,130	0.4	0.4	0.4
Punjabi	3,280	1,610	1,670	0.6	0.6	0.6
Vietnamese	1,380	630	745	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	500	285	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Greek	2,175	1,085	1,085	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jamaican	1,320	650	670	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,260	575	685	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	4,570	2,205	2,365	0.8	0.8	0.8
Korean	1,740	860	880	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	4,505	2,190	2,320	0.8	0.8	0.8
Lebanese	965	515	450	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iranian	870	470	400	0.1	0.2	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,245	630	605	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	8,680	4,170	4,505	1.5	1.4	1.5
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	4,110	1,985	2,125	0.7	0.7	0.7
Sikh	2,615	1,350	1,265	0.4	0.5	0.4
Austrian	8,825	4,295	4,530	1.5	1.5	1.5
Belgian	3,490	1,585	1,905	0.6	0.5	0.6
Haitian	120	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	710	370	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexican	2,255	1,240	1,020	0.4	0.4	0.3
Mennonite	2,870	1,440	1,430	0.5	0.5	0.5
Swiss	5,215	2,515	2,700	0.9	0.9	0.9
Finnish	5,315	2,505	2,815	0.9	0.9	0.9
Sri Lankan	155	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	2,680	1,315	1,365	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	4,660	2,065	2,590	0.8	0.7	0.9
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	505	240	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	650	295	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	5,010	2,375	2,635	0.8	0.8	0.9
Muslim	260	150	105	0.0	0.1	0.0
Egyptian	270	185	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	635	265	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	4,130	2,030	2,100	0.7	0.7	0.7
Colombian	335	145	190	0.1	0.0	0.1
Moroccan	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	3,615	1,725	1,890	0.6	0.6	0.6
Syrian	710	365	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	195	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	130	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	355	180	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	895	420	480	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ojibway	955	490	465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Newfoundlander	595	265	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	270	105	165	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ontarian	565	240	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	410	255	150	0.1	0.1	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	300	120	180	0.1	0.0	0.1
Turkish	290	110	185	0.0	0.0	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	305	165	140	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bangladeshi	260	140	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	640	275	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	445	225	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	225	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,695	825	865	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,420	665	760	0.2	0.2	0.3
Somali	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	420	210	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	345	195	145	0.1	0.1	0.0
African Caribbean	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	425	190	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	150	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	315	150	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	105	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	835	365	475	0.1	0.1	0.2
South African	1,835	975	860	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australian	2,290	1,260	1,030	0.4	0.4	0.3
Palestinian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	450	230	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	245	100	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	100	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	320	170	150	0.1	0.1	0.0
Peruvian	200	75	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	120	85	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	155	60	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	125	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	320	155	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	935	400	540	0.2	0.1	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	825	400	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	225	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	370	185	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,320	530	795	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bulgarian	190	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	825	370	455	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ghanaian	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	185	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	400	210	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	870	420	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	600	275	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	260	120	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	110	25	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	540	280	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	115	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	515	230	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	150	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	515	270	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	570	280	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	3,030	1,430	1,595	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ecuadorian	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	275	120	155	0.0	0.0	0.1
Estonian	500	260	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	275	100	175	0.0	0.0	0.1
Jatt	315	160	150	0.1	0.1	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	385	240	145	0.1	0.1	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	440	160	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	205	105	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	110	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	320	155	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	160	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	425	200	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Abenaki	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	170	105	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	265	120	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	890	455	435	0.2	0.2	0.1
Sudanese	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	385	145	240	0.1	0.0	0.1
Malaysian	165	65	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	590	290	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	115	85	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	70	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	110	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	285	135	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	95	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	495	200	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	230	90	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	130	85	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	210	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	210	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	75	10	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	60	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	590,735	290,220	300,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,475	1,060	1,420	0.4	0.4	0.5
Christian	226,820	102,005	124,815	38.4	35.1	41.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	54,250	25,505	28,750	9.2	8.8	9.6
Anabaptist	2,175	1,020	1,150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Anglican	20,600	8,930	11,670	3.5	3.1	3.9
Baptist	10,210	4,555	5,655	1.7	1.6	1.9
Catholic	66,885	30,570	36,315	11.3	10.5	12.1
Christian Orthodox	2,900	1,405	1,500	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jehovah's Witness	4,960	2,200	2,760	0.8	0.8	0.9
Latter Day Saints	2,330	1,010	1,325	0.4	0.3	0.4
Lutheran	10,545	4,655	5,890	1.8	1.6	2.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	710	285	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	5,980	2,660	3,320	1.0	0.9	1.1
Presbyterian	3,295	1,335	1,955	0.6	0.5	0.7
Reformed	1,140	570	570	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Church	25,340	10,285	15,055	4.3	3.5	5.0
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	15,490	7,025	8,460	2.6	2.4	2.8
Hindu	3,005	1,595	1,410	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jewish	1,135	590	540	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	3,535	1,935	1,595	0.6	0.7	0.5
Sikh	10,045	5,050	4,990	1.7	1.7	1.7
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	1,785	835	950	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other religions and spiritual traditions	5,635	2,100	3,530	1.0	0.7	1.2
No religion and secular perspectives	336,305	175,040	161,265	56.9	60.3	53.7
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	586,405	288,025	298,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	499,935	245,750	254,185	85.3	85.3	85.2
Movers	86,475	42,275	44,200	14.7	14.7	14.8
Non-migrants	45,080	21,915	23,165	7.7	7.6	7.8
Migrants	41,395	20,360	21,035	7.1	7.1	7.0
Internal migrants	38,135	18,790	19,345	6.5	6.5	6.5
Intraprovincial migrants	26,345	12,940	13,405	4.5	4.5	4.5
Interprovincial migrants	11,795	5,850	5,945	2.0	2.0	2.0
External migrants	3,255	1,570	1,685	0.6	0.5	0.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	566,620	277,870	288,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	302,265	148,195	154,065	53.3	53.3	53.4
Movers	264,355	129,670	134,685	46.7	46.7	46.6
Non-migrants	92,380	45,055	47,330	16.3	16.2	16.4
Migrants	171,975	84,620	87,360	30.4	30.5	30.3
Internal migrants	156,200	76,790	79,410	27.6	27.6	27.5
Intraprovincial migrants	113,630	55,375	58,255	20.1	19.9	20.2
Interprovincial migrants	42,570	21,415	21,155	7.5	7.7	7.3
External migrants	15,780	7,830	7,950	2.8	2.8	2.8
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	508,000	247,960	260,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	87,945	48,465	39,480	17.3	19.5	15.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	420,055	199,500	220,560	82.7	80.5	84.8
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	305,980	149,375	156,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	33,680	20,170	13,505	11.0	13.5	8.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	272,300	129,205	143,095	89.0	86.5	91.4
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	508,005	247,960	260,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	73,080	38,885	34,200	14.4	15.7	13.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	162,860	78,890	83,970	32.1	31.8	32.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	272,060	130,190	141,870	53.6	52.5	54.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	176,535	88,180	88,355	34.8	35.6	34.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	54,505	42,210	12,295	10.7	17.0	4.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	20,105	11,690	8,410	4.0	4.7	3.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	34,400	30,515	3,885	6.8	12.3	1.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	104,170	39,330	64,840	20.5	15.9	24.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,860	6,640	11,220	3.5	2.7	4.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	95,530	42,010	53,520	18.8	16.9	20.6
Bachelor's degree	63,040	26,880	36,160	12.4	10.8	13.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	6,970	2,835	4,135	1.4	1.1	1.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,180	1,945	1,235	0.6	0.8	0.5
Master's degree	19,335	8,595	10,745	3.8	3.5	4.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,000	1,755	1,250	0.6	0.7	0.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	305,975	149,380	156,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	26,555	15,800	10,755	8.7	10.6	6.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	90,685	46,210	44,480	29.6	30.9	28.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	188,735	87,370	101,365	61.7	58.5	64.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	118,465	58,550	59,910	38.7	39.2	38.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	35,055	27,440	7,615	11.5	18.4	4.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	12,600	7,370	5,230	4.1	4.9	3.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	22,450	20,065	2,380	7.3	13.4	1.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	71,435	26,595	44,840	23.3	17.8	28.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,975	4,520	7,455	3.9	3.0	4.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	70,270	28,815	41,455	23.0	19.3	26.5
Bachelor's degree	47,125	19,025	28,100	15.4	12.7	17.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,885	1,855	3,030	1.6	1.2	1.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,310	1,285	1,025	0.8	0.9	0.7
Master's degree	13,970	5,615	8,355	4.6	3.8	5.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,980	1,040	935	0.6	0.7	0.6
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	508,005	247,965	260,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	235,940	117,770	118,170	46.4	47.5	45.4
Education	21,745	5,710	16,035	4.3	2.3	6.2
13. Education	21,745	5,710	16,035	4.3	2.3	6.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,950	3,355	4,600	1.6	1.4	1.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,200	885	320	0.2	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	6,750	2,470	4,280	1.3	1.0	1.6
Humanities	10,620	4,305	6,315	2.1	1.7	2.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	835	190	645	0.2	0.1	0.2
23. English language and literature/letters	2,530	810	1,720	0.5	0.3	0.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,235	1,090	2,145	0.6	0.4	0.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	175	45	135	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	695	460	230	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,695	975	710	0.3	0.4	0.3
54. History	1,185	665	520	0.2	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	270	70	200	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	23,580	7,245	16,340	4.6	2.9	6.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	335	105	230	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,280	795	1,485	0.4	0.3	0.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,610	270	4,335	0.9	0.1	1.7
22. Legal professions and studies	4,200	1,175	3,025	0.8	0.5	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	435	155	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	4,720	1,285	3,440	0.9	0.5	1.3
45. Social sciences	7,000	3,460	3,545	1.4	1.4	1.4
Business, management and public administration	52,950	18,735	34,215	10.4	7.6	13.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	90	20	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,935	780	4,150	1.0	0.3	1.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	47,925	17,935	29,995	9.4	7.2	11.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	9,595	4,950	4,645	1.9	2.0	1.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,035	1,770	2,270	0.8	0.7	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,455	1,130	1,330	0.5	0.5	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	125	35	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	2,500	1,865	640	0.5	0.8	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	480	155	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,660	4,315	2,345	1.3	1.7	0.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,205	3,665	1,535	1.0	1.5	0.6
25. Library science	510	30	480	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	805	500	310	0.2	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	135	120	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	62,205	57,955	4,250	12.2	23.4	1.6
04. Architecture and related services	1,230	795	435	0.2	0.3	0.2
14. Engineering	7,275	6,205	1,070	1.4	2.5	0.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	12,115	10,725	1,395	2.4	4.3	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	17,920	17,360	560	3.5	7.0	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	15,760	15,285	475	3.1	6.2	0.2
48. Precision production	7,880	7,575	300	1.6	3.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	9,845	5,765	4,090	1.9	2.3	1.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	5,050	2,445	2,600	1.0	1.0	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	4,800	3,315	1,485	0.9	1.3	0.6
Health and related fields	48,670	8,575	40,090	9.6	3.5	15.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,425	1,705	1,720	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	44,040	6,150	37,895	8.7	2.5	14.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	80	15	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,125	700	420	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	18,160	9,280	8,885	3.6	3.7	3.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	11,540	3,510	8,030	2.3	1.4	3.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	45	45	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	100	100	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,220	1,640	585	0.4	0.7	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,250	3,985	270	0.8	1.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	70	10	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	305,975	149,380	156,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	117,240	62,010	55,230	38.3	41.5	35.3
Education	12,750	2,755	9,990	4.2	1.8	6.4
13. Education	12,750	2,755	9,990	4.2	1.8	6.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,855	2,320	3,535	1.9	1.6	2.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	680	485	200	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	5,175	1,835	3,335	1.7	1.2	2.1
Humanities	7,405	2,970	4,430	2.4	2.0	2.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	640	145	500	0.2	0.1	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	1,825	605	1,220	0.6	0.4	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,230	755	1,470	0.7	0.5	0.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	120	30	90	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	510	345	165	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,035	595	440	0.3	0.4	0.3
54. History	840	445	395	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	210	55	150	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	17,720	4,850	12,870	5.8	3.2	8.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	265	75	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,940	630	1,310	0.6	0.4	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,435	220	3,215	1.1	0.1	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	3,265	715	2,545	1.1	0.5	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	325	115	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	3,385	760	2,620	1.1	0.5	1.7
45. Social sciences	5,115	2,335	2,780	1.7	1.6	1.8
Business, management and public administration	37,335	12,875	24,460	12.2	8.6	15.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	70	10	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,625	450	3,170	1.2	0.3	2.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	33,640	12,405	21,235	11.0	8.3	13.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,635	3,170	3,465	2.2	2.1	2.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,955	1,205	1,750	1.0	0.8	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,690	705	980	0.6	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	80	10	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	1,695	1,185	510	0.6	0.8	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	215	65	155	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,195	3,575	1,615	1.7	2.4	1.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,330	3,190	1,140	1.4	2.1	0.7
25. Library science	285	25	260	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	495	290	205	0.2	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	90	70	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	41,465	38,135	3,330	13.6	25.5	2.1
04. Architecture and related services	860	510	355	0.3	0.3	0.2
14. Engineering	5,190	4,295	890	1.7	2.9	0.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	8,115	7,020	1,095	2.7	4.7	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	12,305	11,855	455	4.0	7.9	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	10,080	9,760	320	3.3	6.5	0.2
48. Precision production	4,905	4,690	215	1.6	3.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	7,315	3,950	3,365	2.4	2.6	2.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,665	1,625	2,045	1.2	1.1	1.3
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,650	2,330	1,320	1.2	1.6	0.8
Health and related fields	34,395	6,335	28,065	11.2	4.2	17.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,615	1,285	1,340	0.9	0.9	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	30,905	4,570	26,335	10.1	3.1	16.8
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	70	10	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	800	465	335	0.3	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	12,615	6,420	6,195	4.1	4.3	4.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	8,025	2,515	5,515	2.6	1.7	3.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	35	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,570	1,110	465	0.5	0.7	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,955	2,740	215	1.0	1.8	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	60	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	305,975	149,380	156,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	117,240	62,010	55,230	38.3	41.5	35.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	188,735	87,370	101,365	61.7	58.5	64.7
Location of study inside Canada	166,110	76,785	89,325	54.3	51.4	57.0
Same as province or territory of residence	119,080	53,985	65,095	38.9	36.1	41.6
Different than province or territory of residence	47,025	22,800	24,225	15.4	15.3	15.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	22,630	10,585	12,045	7.4	7.1	7.7
Americas	6,165	2,780	3,385	2.0	1.9	2.2
United States of America	4,955	2,315	2,645	1.6	1.5	1.7
Mexico	400	155	245	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cuba	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	215	80	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	220	95	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peru	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	175	70	105	0.1	0.0	0.1
Europe	6,900	3,505	3,390	2.3	2.3	2.2
Belgium	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	235	110	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	1,010	545	470	0.3	0.4	0.3
Netherlands	290	165	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	260	135	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	200	85	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	225	60	170	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukraine	215	85	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	190	110	75	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,000	1,600	1,395	1.0	1.1	0.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	85	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	780	350	430	0.3	0.2	0.3
Africa	1,070	555	515	0.3	0.4	0.3
Nigeria	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	675	370	305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	155	65	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Asia	7,070	2,935	4,135	2.3	2.0	2.6
Iran⁸⁸	230	125	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	555	225	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Taiwan	100	30	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	90	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	345	65	280	0.1	0.0	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	455	195	260	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	2,175	715	1,465	0.7	0.5	0.9
Viet Nam	65	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	2,280	1,195	1,085	0.7	0.8	0.7
Pakistan	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	375	155	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oceania	1,420	800	615	0.5	0.5	0.4
Australia	1,080	605	480	0.4	0.4	0.3
New Zealand	320	185	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	508,005	247,960	260,040	...	...	...
In the labour force	302,820	157,195	145,620	...	...	...
Employed	277,680	143,655	134,020	...	...	...
Unemployed	25,135	13,535	11,600	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	205,190	90,770	114,420	...	...	...
Participation rate	59.6	63.4	56.0	59.6	63.4	56.0
Employment rate	54.7	57.9	51.5	54.7	57.9	51.5
Unemployment rate	8.3	8.6	8.0	8.3	8.6	8.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	508,005	247,965	260,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	203,590	90,785	112,805	40.1	36.6	43.4
Worked	304,410	157,180	147,235	59.9	63.4	56.6
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	148,475	84,055	64,420	29.2	33.9	24.8
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	155,935	73,120	82,815	30.7	29.5	31.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.5	41.1	39.9	40.5	41.1	39.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	302,815	157,195	145,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,380	2,820	2,560	1.8	1.8	1.8
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	297,430	154,375	143,060	98.2	98.2	98.2
Employee	242,245	121,750	120,495	80.0	77.5	82.7
Permanent position	199,655	101,860	97,795	65.9	64.8	67.2
Temporary position	42,590	19,890	22,700	14.1	12.7	15.6
Fixed term (1 year or more)	10,015	4,525	5,485	3.3	2.9	3.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	32,580	15,365	17,215	10.8	9.8	11.8
Self-employed¹⁹²	55,190	32,620	22,565	18.2	20.8	15.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	302,815	157,195	145,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,380	2,820	2,560	1.8	1.8	1.8
All occupations¹⁹¹	297,430	154,375	143,060	98.2	98.2	98.2
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,960	2,035	925	1.0	1.3	0.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	44,665	11,010	33,655	14.7	7.0	23.1
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	17,090	13,205	3,885	5.6	8.4	2.7
3 Health occupations	26,440	5,000	21,440	8.7	3.2	14.7
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	31,255	10,005	21,250	10.3	6.4	14.6
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	8,140	3,240	4,900	2.7	2.1	3.4
6 Sales and service occupations	80,300	34,500	45,795	26.5	21.9	31.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	61,900	56,655	5,245	20.4	36.0	3.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	13,885	10,240	3,645	4.6	6.5	2.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	10,800	8,485	2,315	3.6	5.4	1.6
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	302,815	157,195	145,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,380	2,820	2,560	1.8	1.8	1.8
All industries¹⁹¹	297,430	154,375	143,060	98.2	98.2	98.2
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	10,765	7,050	3,710	3.6	4.5	2.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	5,925	5,210	715	2.0	3.3	0.5
22 Utilities	2,015	1,540	470	0.7	1.0	0.3
23 Construction	32,765	28,145	4,625	10.8	17.9	3.2
31-33 Manufacturing	17,785	13,120	4,665	5.9	8.3	3.2
41 Wholesale trade	7,420	5,055	2,365	2.5	3.2	1.6
44-45 Retail trade	38,240	17,930	20,320	12.6	11.4	14.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	12,985	10,020	2,965	4.3	6.4	2.0
51 Information and cultural industries	4,010	2,410	1,605	1.3	1.5	1.1
52 Finance and insurance	7,885	2,785	5,100	2.6	1.8	3.5
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	5,835	2,955	2,875	1.9	1.9	2.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	20,115	10,230	9,890	6.6	6.5	6.8
55 Management of companies and enterprises	460	230	230	0.2	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	12,800	7,375	5,425	4.2	4.7	3.7
61 Educational services	19,415	6,020	13,400	6.4	3.8	9.2
62 Health care and social assistance	41,620	7,390	34,230	13.7	4.7	23.5
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	7,825	4,005	3,815	2.6	2.5	2.6
72 Accommodation and food services	22,790	9,970	12,820	7.5	6.3	8.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	13,320	6,325	6,990	4.4	4.0	4.8
91 Public administration	13,470	6,615	6,850	4.4	4.2	4.7
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	329,620	169,715	159,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	321,985	166,095	155,890	97.7	97.9	97.5
French	385	120	270	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	1,080	605	470	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,055	600	455	0.3	0.4	0.3
English and French	2,155	870	1,290	0.7	0.5	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	3,835	1,935	1,900	1.2	1.1	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	140	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	329,620	169,715	159,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	328,815	169,325	159,495	99.8	99.8	99.7
Official languages	327,050	168,355	158,690	99.2	99.2	99.2
English	326,300	168,130	158,170	99.0	99.1	98.9
French	750	225	525	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official languages	1,765	965	800	0.5	0.6	0.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,715	950	765	0.5	0.6	0.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,140	665	475	0.3	0.4	0.3
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	695	390	310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	685	375	310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	680	375	300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	285	195	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	255	175	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	35	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	285	175	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	285	175	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	155	90	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	125	80	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	800	395	410	0.2	0.2	0.3
English and French	245	110	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	520	260	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	329,620	169,715	159,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	324,205	167,180	157,025	98.4	98.5	98.2
English	1,025	445	580	0.3	0.3	0.4
French	1,555	660	900	0.5	0.4	0.6
Non-official language	2,395	1,210	1,190	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indigenous³⁹	145	35	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous	2,250	1,175	1,080	0.7	0.7	0.7
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	310	175	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	277,675	143,655	134,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	46,755	21,605	25,150	16.8	15.0	18.8
Worked outside Canada	570	415	155	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	45,950	34,640	11,305	16.5	24.1	8.4
Usual place of work	184,405	86,990	97,415	66.4	60.6	72.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	184,405	86,990	97,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	120,285	53,625	66,660	65.2	61.6	68.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	49,340	24,465	24,880	26.8	28.1	25.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	12,445	7,195	5,250	6.7	8.3	5.4
Commute to a different province or territory	2,335	1,710	625	1.3	2.0	0.6
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	230,350	121,635	108,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	200,145	106,915	93,225	86.9	87.9	85.7
Car, truck or van - as a driver	186,320	100,720	85,600	80.9	82.8	78.7
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	13,825	6,195	7,630	6.0	5.1	7.0
Public transit	5,605	2,280	3,325	2.4	1.9	3.1
Walked	14,600	6,275	8,325	6.3	5.2	7.7
Bicycle	3,845	2,345	1,500	1.7	1.9	1.4
Other method	6,155	3,815	2,340	2.7	3.1	2.2
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	230,350	121,635	108,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	101,735	48,495	53,240	44.2	39.9	49.0
15 to 29 minutes	81,780	42,785	38,995	35.5	35.2	35.9
30 to 44 minutes	26,540	16,175	10,360	11.5	13.3	9.5
45 to 59 minutes	9,190	5,745	3,440	4.0	4.7	3.2
60 minutes and over	11,110	8,435	2,675	4.8	6.9	2.5
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	230,350	121,635	108,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	15,525	11,825	3,700	6.7	9.7	3.4
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	41,320	27,510	13,805	17.9	22.6	12.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	61,010	32,025	28,980	26.5	26.3	26.7
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	51,225	20,885	30,335	22.2	17.2	27.9
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	28,800	11,305	17,495	12.5	9.3	16.1
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	32,485	18,080	14,405	14.1	14.9	13.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	102,005	52,205	49,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,855	3,480	3,375	6.7	6.7	6.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	95,150	48,725	46,430	93.3	93.3	93.2
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	75,845	38,810	37,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,210	2,645	2,555	6.9	6.8	6.9
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,685	1,310	1,375	3.5	3.4	3.7
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,525	1,335	1,185	3.3	3.4	3.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	70,640	36,160	34,480	93.1	93.2	93.1

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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