Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Lower Mainland--SouthwestMore information: British Columbia [Economic region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	3,049,496	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	2,832,000	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.7	...	...	7.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	1,273,832	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	1,196,483	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	84.1	...	...	84.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	36,262.05	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	3,049,495	1,497,175	1,552,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	440,745	227,790	212,960	14.5	15.2	13.7
0 to 4 years	135,845	69,665	66,180	4.5	4.7	4.3
5 to 9 years	148,680	77,060	71,620	4.9	5.1	4.6
10 to 14 years	156,225	81,060	75,155	5.1	5.4	4.8
15 to 64 years	2,068,250	1,021,065	1,047,185	67.8	68.2	67.5
15 to 19 years	159,780	82,660	77,125	5.2	5.5	5.0
20 to 24 years	196,480	100,800	95,680	6.4	6.7	6.2
25 to 29 years	226,125	113,975	112,150	7.4	7.6	7.2
30 to 34 years	237,980	118,885	119,095	7.8	7.9	7.7
35 to 39 years	228,715	113,240	115,475	7.5	7.6	7.4
40 to 44 years	204,540	99,360	105,180	6.7	6.6	6.8
45 to 49 years	197,980	94,195	103,785	6.5	6.3	6.7
50 to 54 years	208,550	100,150	108,400	6.8	6.7	7.0
55 to 59 years	212,040	103,465	108,575	7.0	6.9	7.0
60 to 64 years	196,065	94,335	101,730	6.4	6.3	6.6
65 years and over	540,500	248,320	292,180	17.7	16.6	18.8
65 to 69 years	169,230	80,595	88,630	5.5	5.4	5.7
70 to 74 years	142,770	67,145	75,630	4.7	4.5	4.9
75 to 79 years	94,750	44,170	50,590	3.1	3.0	3.3
80 to 84 years	65,530	29,245	36,285	2.1	2.0	2.3
85 years and over	68,225	27,170	41,050	2.2	1.8	2.6
85 to 89 years	41,165	17,710	23,450	1.3	1.2	1.5
90 to 94 years	20,580	7,660	12,920	0.7	0.5	0.8
95 to 99 years	5,560	1,605	3,955	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	925	200	730	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.5	15.2	13.7	14.5	15.2	13.7
15 to 64 years	67.8	68.2	67.5	67.8	68.2	67.5
65 years and over	17.7	16.6	18.8	17.7	16.6	18.8
85 years and over	2.2	1.8	2.6	2.2	1.8	2.6
Average age of the population	41.7	40.8	42.6	41.7	40.8	42.6
Median age of the population	40.8	39.6	42.0	40.8	39.6	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	1,196,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	368,680	...	...	30.8	...	...
Semi-detached house	27,215	...	...	2.3	...	...
Row house	121,650	...	...	10.2	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	185,955	...	...	15.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	283,270	...	...	23.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	199,530	...	...	16.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	1,560	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	8,625	...	...	0.7	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	1,196,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	343,165	...	...	28.7	...	...
2 persons	385,005	...	...	32.2	...	...
3 persons	185,610	...	...	15.5	...	...
4 persons	166,450	...	...	13.9	...	...
5 or more persons	116,255	...	...	9.7	...	...
Number of persons in private households	3,005,810	1,475,565	1,530,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	2,608,750	1,269,385	1,339,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	1,482,615	739,495	743,120	56.8	58.3	55.5
Married	1,265,780	630,100	635,680	48.5	49.6	47.5
Living common-law	216,835	109,395	107,445	8.3	8.6	8.0
Living common law - Never married	166,840	84,400	82,435	6.4	6.6	6.2
Living common law - Separated	7,790	4,150	3,635	0.3	0.3	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	38,585	19,325	19,260	1.5	1.5	1.4
Living common law - Widowed	3,620	1,515	2,110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	1,126,135	529,895	596,240	43.2	41.7	44.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	783,580	421,075	362,505	30.0	33.2	27.1
Not married and not living common law - Separated	62,840	25,955	36,885	2.4	2.0	2.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	156,340	57,890	98,450	6.0	4.6	7.4
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	123,375	24,975	98,400	4.7	2.0	7.3
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	838,240	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	419,210	...	...	50.0	...	...
3 persons	189,350	...	...	22.6	...	...
4 persons	172,070	...	...	20.5	...	...
5 or more persons	57,605	...	...	6.9	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	838,235	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	711,995	...	...	84.9	...	...
Married couples	603,595	...	...	72.0	...	...
With children⁶	344,205	...	...	41.1	...	...
Without children	259,380	...	...	30.9	...	...
Common-law couples	108,410	...	...	12.9	...	...
With children⁶	29,640	...	...	3.5	...	...
Without children	78,765	...	...	9.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	126,245	...	...	15.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	100,360	...	...	12.0	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	25,880	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	3,005,810	1,475,565	1,530,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	2,399,455	1,190,135	1,209,320	79.8	80.7	79.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	1,423,995	713,165	710,825	47.4	48.3	46.5
Parents in one-parent families	126,240	25,880	100,360	4.2	1.8	6.6
Children⁶	849,220	451,080	398,135	28.3	30.6	26.0
In a two-parent family	664,920	351,550	313,370	22.1	23.8	20.5
In a one-parent family	184,295	99,535	84,760	6.1	6.7	5.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	606,355	285,435	320,925	20.2	19.3	21.0
Living alone	343,165	156,500	186,660	11.4	10.6	12.2
Living with other relatives⁷	95,965	37,200	58,765	3.2	2.5	3.8
Living with non-relatives only	167,225	91,730	75,500	5.6	6.2	4.9
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	1,196,485	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	669,290	...	...	55.9	...	...
Couple-family households	576,505	...	...	48.2	...	...
With children⁶	299,855	...	...	25.1	...	...
Without children	276,655	...	...	23.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	92,785	...	...	7.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	57,215	...	...	4.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	13,980	...	...	1.2	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	47,060	...	...	3.9	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	65,775	...	...	5.5	...	...
One-person households	343,160	...	...	28.7	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	2,565,665	1,248,110	1,317,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,481,260	1,207,080	1,274,180	96.7	96.7	96.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	46,400	36,000	40,400	46,400	36,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,482,735	1,207,875	1,274,865	96.8	96.8	96.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	41,600	33,600	37,200	41,600	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,220,780	1,095,890	1,124,890	86.6	87.8	85.4
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	44,400	29,400	36,000	44,400	29,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,798,385	914,965	883,425	70.1	73.3	67.1
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	46,800	32,400	39,200	46,800	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,039,160	933,105	1,106,050	79.5	74.8	83.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,900	7,850	9,700	8,900	7,850	9,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	217,270	92,615	124,655	8.5	7.4	9.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,400	5,560	5,480	5,400	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	716,255	341,465	374,790	27.9	27.4	28.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,500	8,000	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	2,565,595	1,248,140	1,317,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,480,290	1,206,245	1,274,045	96.7	96.6	96.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,750	65,300	46,800	55,750	65,300	46,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,481,780	1,207,065	1,274,725	96.7	96.7	96.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,240	52,600	40,200	46,240	52,600	40,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,219,470	1,095,175	1,124,290	86.5	87.7	85.3
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,700	63,550	42,200	52,700	63,550	42,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,798,365	915,540	882,825	70.1	73.4	67.0
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,600	62,350	42,560	52,600	62,350	42,560
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,036,715	931,220	1,105,490	79.4	74.6	83.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,470	9,800	11,030	10,470	9,800	11,030
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	216,420	91,900	124,520	8.4	7.4	9.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,490	5,735	7,040	6,490	5,735	7,040
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	713,290	340,165	373,130	27.8	27.3	28.3
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,320	9,180	9,440	9,320	9,180	9,440
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	2,565,595	1,248,140	1,317,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	832,470	473,605	358,865	32.4	37.9	27.2
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,500	72,000	58,800	65,500	72,000	58,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	80,800	90,200	68,500	80,800	90,200	68,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	729,825	330,445	399,380	28.4	26.5	30.3
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,000	21,200	17,200	19,000	21,200	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,240	34,960	26,320	30,240	34,960	26,320
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.6	88.4	79.6	84.6	88.4	79.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.4	72.6	63.0	68.4	72.6	63.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.4	11.6	20.4	15.4	11.6	20.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.5	1.0	0.7	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.9	4.7	7.4	5.9	4.7	7.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.8	4.0	5.9	4.8	4.0	5.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	2,565,665	1,248,110	1,317,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	84,405	41,030	43,380	3.3	3.3	3.3
With total income	2,481,260	1,207,085	1,274,180	96.7	96.7	96.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	257,680	112,620	145,060	10.4	9.3	11.4
$10,000 to $19,999	288,535	124,045	164,490	11.6	10.3	12.9
$20,000 to $29,999	377,300	160,210	217,095	15.2	13.3	17.0
$30,000 to $39,999	303,055	130,805	172,245	12.2	10.8	13.5
$40,000 to $49,999	258,630	115,880	142,750	10.4	9.6	11.2
$50,000 to $59,999	214,730	100,995	113,740	8.7	8.4	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	169,705	87,660	82,045	6.8	7.3	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	133,110	73,895	59,215	5.4	6.1	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	104,215	59,870	44,340	4.2	5.0	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	83,160	48,170	34,990	3.4	4.0	2.7
$100,000 and over	291,130	192,930	98,205	11.7	16.0	7.7
$100,000 to $149,999	184,495	116,775	67,720	7.4	9.7	5.3
$150,000 and over	106,640	76,155	30,485	4.3	6.3	2.4
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	2,565,665	1,248,110	1,317,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	82,930	40,235	42,695	3.2	3.2	3.2
With after-tax income	2,482,735	1,207,875	1,274,860	96.8	96.8	96.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	267,685	116,765	150,920	10.8	9.7	11.8
$10,000 to $19,999	298,125	128,310	169,815	12.0	10.6	13.3
$20,000 to $29,999	423,955	181,115	242,840	17.1	15.0	19.0
$30,000 to $39,999	348,845	153,495	195,350	14.1	12.7	15.3
$40,000 to $49,999	296,365	136,810	159,560	11.9	11.3	12.5
$50,000 to $59,999	231,505	116,965	114,545	9.3	9.7	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	169,825	94,095	75,730	6.8	7.8	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	125,355	72,145	53,210	5.0	6.0	4.2
$80,000 to $89,999	90,980	53,725	37,250	3.7	4.4	2.9
$90,000 to $99,999	60,935	37,895	23,040	2.5	3.1	1.8
$100,000 and over	169,145	116,545	52,595	6.8	9.6	4.1
$100,000 to $124,999	80,975	53,660	27,315	3.3	4.4	2.1
$125,000 and over	88,170	62,885	25,285	3.6	5.2	2.0
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	2,565,665	1,248,110	1,317,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	767,280	333,145	434,135	29.9	26.7	33.0
With employment income	1,798,385	914,960	883,425	70.1	73.3	67.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	234,805	106,430	128,370	13.1	11.6	14.5
$5,000 to $9,999	149,170	63,920	85,255	8.3	7.0	9.7
$10,000 to $19,999	210,880	92,490	118,395	11.7	10.1	13.4
$20,000 to $29,999	160,420	72,110	88,310	8.9	7.9	10.0
$30,000 to $39,999	157,930	72,020	85,910	8.8	7.9	9.7
$40,000 to $49,999	154,590	73,250	81,335	8.6	8.0	9.2
$50,000 to $59,999	145,455	71,750	73,705	8.1	7.8	8.3
$60,000 to $69,999	120,445	65,995	54,450	6.7	7.2	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	97,270	56,665	40,605	5.4	6.2	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	80,390	47,700	32,690	4.5	5.2	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	66,520	39,445	27,075	3.7	4.3	3.1
$100,000 and over	220,510	153,185	67,330	12.3	16.7	7.6
$100,000 to $124,999	97,015	62,630	34,385	5.4	6.8	3.9
$125,000 and over	123,500	90,555	32,945	6.9	9.9	3.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	2,565,665	1,248,110	1,317,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,400,270	1,164,475	1,235,800	93.6	93.3	93.8
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	45,200	32,800	38,000	45,200	32,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,405,100	1,165,585	1,239,520	93.7	93.4	94.1
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	40,000	30,000	34,400	40,000	30,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,188,300	1,077,550	1,110,750	85.3	86.3	84.3
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	45,200	30,800	37,200	45,200	30,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,828,555	923,645	904,910	71.3	74.0	68.7
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	46,000	32,000	38,400	46,000	32,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,610,390	686,200	924,190	62.8	55.0	70.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,600	1,860	4,880	3,600	1,860	4,880
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	134,975	54,020	80,955	5.3	4.3	6.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,480	4,760	6,040	5,480	4,760	6,040
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	2,565,595	1,248,140	1,317,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,399,120	1,163,875	1,235,250	93.5	93.2	93.8
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,400	63,600	43,840	53,400	63,600	43,840
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,403,935	1,164,920	1,239,020	93.7	93.3	94.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,920	51,080	37,200	43,920	51,080	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,186,450	1,076,645	1,109,810	85.2	86.3	84.2
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,150	64,300	42,360	53,150	64,300	42,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,828,395	924,095	904,300	71.3	74.0	68.6
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,300	61,100	41,240	51,300	61,100	41,240
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,607,690	683,980	923,705	62.7	54.8	70.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,390	7,000	7,690	7,390	7,000	7,690
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	134,470	54,035	80,440	5.2	4.3	6.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,250	5,970	8,120	7,250	5,970	8,120
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	2,565,595	1,248,140	1,317,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	822,850	467,785	355,060	32.1	37.5	27.0
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,800	67,500	54,000	60,800	67,500	54,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	75,300	84,800	62,750	75,300	84,800	62,750
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	684,450	309,460	374,995	26.7	24.8	28.5
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,200	28,600	23,000	25,200	28,600	23,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,200	42,240	31,200	36,200	42,240	31,200
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.8	93.6	86.8	90.8	93.6	86.8
Employment income (%)	73.2	76.4	69.0	73.2	76.4	69.0
Government transfers (%)	9.3	6.5	13.1	9.3	6.5	13.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.4	1.2	0.8	0.4	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	1,196,485	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	343,160	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,800	...	...	44,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,800	...	...	40,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	853,320	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	1,196,480	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	115,600	...	...	115,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	95,900	...	...	95,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	343,035	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	58,500	...	...	58,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,520	...	...	48,520	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	853,445	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	138,600	...	...	138,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	1,196,485	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	21,600	...	...	1.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	8,935	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	11,855	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	23,710	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	45,300	...	...	3.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	35,015	...	...	2.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	35,650	...	...	3.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	40,990	...	...	3.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	39,490	...	...	3.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	39,185	...	...	3.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	79,110	...	...	6.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	76,945	...	...	6.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	73,950	...	...	6.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	69,430	...	...	5.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	64,450	...	...	5.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	530,880	...	...	44.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	137,125	...	...	11.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	106,745	...	...	8.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	137,305	...	...	11.5	...	...
$200,000 and over	149,705	...	...	12.5	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	1,196,485	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	24,525	...	...	2.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	9,145	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	12,180	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	24,655	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	47,765	...	...	4.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	39,610	...	...	3.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	40,845	...	...	3.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	46,980	...	...	3.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	46,185	...	...	3.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	46,370	...	...	3.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	92,620	...	...	7.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	89,065	...	...	7.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	83,915	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	77,510	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	70,090	...	...	5.9	...	...
$100,000 and over	445,005	...	...	37.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	143,655	...	...	12.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	103,090	...	...	8.6	...	...
$150,000 and over	198,260	...	...	16.6	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	809,075	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	290,395	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	373,260	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	140,000	...	...	140,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...	122,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	112,265	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...	67,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	510,390	248,230	262,160	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	41,200	38,400	39,600	41,200	38,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,400	37,600	35,600	36,400	37,600	35,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	808,540	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	138,400	...	...	138,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	114,400	...	...	114,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	289,605	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	122,800	...	...	122,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,800	...	...	100,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	373,645	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	167,200	...	...	167,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,200	...	...	137,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	111,395	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,100	...	...	87,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,400	...	...	75,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	508,495	246,610	261,890	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,950	54,700	49,320	51,950	54,700	49,320
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,720	45,360	42,200	43,720	45,360	42,200
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	3,005,805	1,475,565	1,530,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	534,070	276,070	258,000	17.8	18.7	16.9
0 to 5 years	164,685	84,595	80,095	5.5	5.7	5.2
18 to 64 years	1,957,140	960,865	996,275	65.1	65.1	65.1
65 years and over	514,595	238,635	275,965	17.1	16.2	18.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	327,700	153,265	174,435	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	60,950	31,705	29,245	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	17,805	9,135	8,670	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	193,505	91,425	102,080	...	...	...
65 years and over	73,245	30,135	43,110	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.9	10.4	11.4	10.9	10.4	11.4
0 to 17 years (%)	11.4	11.5	11.3	11.4	11.5	11.3
0 to 5 years (%)	10.8	10.8	10.8	10.8	10.8	10.8
18 to 64 years (%)	9.9	9.5	10.3	9.9	9.5	10.3
65 years and over (%)	14.2	12.6	15.6	14.2	12.6	15.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	2,981,940	1,463,880	1,518,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	529,955	273,920	256,040	17.8	18.7	16.9
0 to 5 years	163,405	83,950	79,455	5.5	5.7	5.2
18 to 64 years	1,943,545	954,145	989,395	65.2	65.2	65.2
65 years and over	508,435	235,820	272,620	17.1	16.1	18.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	213,330	105,680	107,650	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	33,605	17,585	16,020	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	8,940	4,625	4,310	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	152,845	76,375	76,470	...	...	...
65 years and over	26,885	11,725	15,160	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.2	7.2	7.1	7.2	7.2	7.1
0 to 17 years (%)	6.3	6.4	6.3	6.3	6.4	6.3
0 to 5 years (%)	5.5	5.5	5.4	5.5	5.5	5.4
18 to 64 years (%)	7.9	8.0	7.7	7.9	8.0	7.7
65 years and over (%)	5.3	5.0	5.6	5.3	5.0	5.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	3,005,810	1,475,565	1,530,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	1,355,115	648,620	706,495	45.1	44.0	46.2
In bottom decile	323,165	155,350	167,815	10.8	10.5	11.0
In second decile	255,560	118,845	136,710	8.5	8.1	8.9
In third decile	250,180	119,485	130,695	8.3	8.1	8.5
In fourth decile	256,460	123,830	132,630	8.5	8.4	8.7
In fifth decile	269,745	131,105	138,640	9.0	8.9	9.1
In top half of the distribution	1,650,695	826,945	823,750	54.9	56.0	53.8
In sixth decile	283,615	139,410	144,210	9.4	9.4	9.4
In seventh decile	300,270	148,875	151,400	10.0	10.1	9.9
In eighth decile	321,730	160,730	161,000	10.7	10.9	10.5
In ninth decile	351,065	176,775	174,290	11.7	12.0	11.4
In top decile	394,010	201,160	192,855	13.1	13.6	12.6
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	3,005,810	...	...	3,005,810	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.359	...	...	0.359	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.455	...	...	0.455	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.316	...	...	0.316	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	3,021,745	1,483,570	1,538,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	2,674,810	1,333,195	1,341,620	88.5	89.9	87.2
French only	1,220	565	655	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	193,540	86,750	106,785	6.4	5.8	6.9
Neither English nor French	152,175	63,060	89,120	5.0	4.3	5.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	3,021,745	1,483,570	1,538,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	2,826,240	1,399,440	1,426,790	93.5	94.3	92.8
French	30,500	15,280	15,220	1.0	1.0	1.0
English and French	15,190	6,895	8,295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Neither English nor French	149,825	61,955	87,870	5.0	4.2	5.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	3,021,745	1,483,570	1,538,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	2,867,560	1,409,465	1,458,095	94.9	95.0	94.8
Official languages	1,675,445	851,645	823,800	55.4	57.4	53.6
English	1,645,910	836,710	809,195	54.5	56.4	52.6
French	29,535	14,935	14,605	1.0	1.0	0.9
Non-official languages	1,192,120	557,820	634,295	39.5	37.6	41.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	780	355	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	305	150	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	210	105	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	210	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	95	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	90	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	185	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,191,340	557,460	633,875	39.4	37.6	41.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	28,365	15,060	13,310	0.9	1.0	0.9
Berber languages	90	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,745	880	865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	250	140	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,405	700	705	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	26,485	14,090	12,400	0.9	0.9	0.8
Amharic	1,365	670	700	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	19,250	10,260	8,995	0.6	0.7	0.6
Aramaic languages	1,480	755	720	0.0	0.1	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	565	295	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	795	400	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	120	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,975	1,110	865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	2,295	1,235	1,060	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	30,095	13,480	16,615	1.0	0.9	1.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,255	550	710	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	28,790	12,910	15,880	1.0	0.9	1.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	89,010	37,020	51,990	2.9	2.5	3.4
Bikol	375	160	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,065	435	630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	2,805	1,145	1,660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	285	140	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,640	660	985	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	5,650	2,380	3,270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	3,740	1,630	2,110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	185	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	105	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	300	145	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	745	335	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	360	150	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	70,695	29,245	41,450	2.3	2.0	2.7
Waray-Waray	265	115	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	770	355	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	730	365	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	330	150	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	11,045	5,920	5,125	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kannada	490	250	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	3,425	1,790	1,640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	4,615	2,410	2,205	0.2	0.2	0.1
Telugu	2,435	1,430	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	140	90	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	538,995	264,660	274,330	17.8	17.8	17.8
Albanian	1,320	680	640	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	1,230	595	635	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	60,970	28,230	32,735	2.0	1.9	2.1
Baltic languages	700	295	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	335	145	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	365	150	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	60,265	27,935	32,325	2.0	1.9	2.1
Belarusian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,755	835	925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	3,925	1,835	2,085	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	255	125	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	11,720	5,395	6,325	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	21,715	9,805	11,915	0.7	0.7	0.8
Rusyn	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	13,705	6,760	6,940	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bosnian	1,440	705	735	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	5,160	2,470	2,685	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	6,855	3,455	3,395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	250	130	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	2,475	1,100	1,375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	540	245	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	4,100	1,800	2,295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	240	140	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	85	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	95	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	41,905	19,850	22,055	1.4	1.3	1.4
Frisian	115	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	25,965	12,195	13,775	0.9	0.8	0.9
German	24,930	11,695	13,240	0.8	0.8	0.9
Pennsylvania German	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	870	415	455	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	11,670	5,650	6,020	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afrikaans	1,870	920	950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	9,040	4,360	4,680	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	500	245	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	4,105	1,920	2,180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	1,890	915	980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	780	365	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	1,290	580	715	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	4,510	2,335	2,180	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	338,130	168,500	169,630	11.2	11.4	11.0
Indo-Aryan languages	278,825	138,875	139,950	9.2	9.4	9.1
Assamese	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	3,935	2,155	1,780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	7,270	3,615	3,650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	29,280	14,480	14,805	1.0	1.0	1.0
Kacchi	1,140	485	650	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	250	130	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	1,415	720	690	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,320	670	650	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	220,295	109,575	110,715	7.3	7.4	7.2
Rohingya	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	220	115	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,680	830	850	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	11,145	5,635	5,510	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	580	295	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	59,270	29,605	29,665	2.0	2.0	1.9
Baluchi	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	2,650	1,430	1,215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	140	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,260	705	555	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	55,090	27,325	27,770	1.8	1.8	1.8
Dari	5,830	2,880	2,955	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	44,230	21,930	22,305	1.5	1.5	1.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,030	2,520	2,515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	90,675	44,335	46,340	3.0	3.0	3.0
Catalan	170	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	13,910	7,035	6,870	0.5	0.5	0.4
Portuguese	18,875	8,960	9,915	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	7,565	3,650	3,915	0.3	0.2	0.3
Spanish	50,095	24,560	25,535	1.7	1.7	1.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	18,325	6,075	12,250	0.6	0.4	0.8
Korean	54,685	24,440	30,245	1.8	1.6	2.0
Mongolian	410	175	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,745	1,875	1,870	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	445	250	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	135	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	210	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	225	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	200	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	235	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	870	420	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	375	210	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	550	280	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	360	180	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	185	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	650	355	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	575	315	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	398,835	180,400	218,430	13.2	12.2	14.2
Chinese languages	396,490	179,265	217,230	13.1	12.1	14.1
Hakka	1,970	855	1,115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	193,520	86,365	107,150	6.4	5.8	7.0
Min Dong	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	11,320	5,060	6,260	0.4	0.3	0.4
Wu (Shanghainese)	3,090	1,360	1,730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	184,105	84,490	99,610	6.1	5.7	6.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,185	995	1,195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,275	1,100	1,165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	945	450	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	205	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	685	335	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	620	295	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	325	165	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	3,355	1,155	2,195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	1,010	485	530	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	2,235	625	1,610	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	110	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	5,405	2,945	2,460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	575	315	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	4,215	2,355	1,860	0.1	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	225	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	150	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	7,015	3,175	3,840	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	380	160	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	1,655	650	1,005	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	4,980	2,365	2,615	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	154,185	74,105	80,075	5.1	5.0	5.2
English and French	9,690	4,750	4,935	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	126,145	61,115	65,025	4.2	4.1	4.2
French and non-official language(s)	1,890	895	995	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,350	1,055	1,295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	14,110	6,285	7,825	0.5	0.4	0.5
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	3,021,745	1,483,570	1,538,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,751,350	883,115	868,230	58.0	59.5	56.4
French	6,270	3,085	3,185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	427,150	198,295	228,860	14.1	13.4	14.9
Indigenous³⁹	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	427,040	198,245	228,800	14.1	13.4	14.9
English and French	24,385	11,665	12,715	0.8	0.8	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	757,670	362,610	395,055	25.1	24.4	25.7
French and non-official language(s)	860	385	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	17,150	7,785	9,365	0.6	0.5	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	36,925	16,635	20,290	1.2	1.1	1.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	3,021,745	1,483,570	1,538,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	2,848,865	1,400,800	1,448,065	94.3	94.4	94.1
Official languages	2,076,235	1,036,440	1,039,800	68.7	69.9	67.6
English	2,066,135	1,031,500	1,034,640	68.4	69.5	67.3
French	10,095	4,935	5,160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official languages	772,630	364,360	408,270	25.6	24.6	26.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	772,475	364,285	408,190	25.6	24.6	26.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	17,140	8,640	8,495	0.6	0.6	0.6
Berber languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,025	495	530	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	125	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	855	405	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	16,080	8,130	7,950	0.5	0.5	0.5
Amharic	645	305	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	11,650	5,855	5,790	0.4	0.4	0.4
Aramaic languages	1,105	535	570	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	390	190	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	595	285	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	120	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	925	490	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	1,725	930	790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	19,265	8,765	10,500	0.6	0.6	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	660	300	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	18,575	8,445	10,130	0.6	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	47,560	21,370	26,190	1.6	1.4	1.7
Bikol	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	460	205	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,435	650	785	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	775	345	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	2,950	1,340	1,615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	1,315	645	670	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	365	170	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	130	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	39,305	17,560	21,745	1.3	1.2	1.4
Waray-Waray	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	305	150	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	370	170	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	6,730	3,470	3,265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	205	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	2,060	1,065	1,000	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	2,965	1,475	1,490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	1,460	795	660	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	90	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	323,975	159,580	164,395	10.7	10.8	10.7
Albanian	535	270	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	645	305	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	28,295	13,525	14,770	0.9	0.9	1.0
Baltic languages	175	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	28,120	13,435	14,680	0.9	0.9	1.0
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	790	375	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	1,265	635	630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	4,290	2,025	2,265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	13,395	6,365	7,030	0.4	0.4	0.5
Rusyn	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	6,080	2,955	3,125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	665	315	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	1,615	745	870	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	3,725	1,855	1,870	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	860	415	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,275	590	685	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	5,160	2,430	2,730	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,085	1,435	1,655	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	2,975	1,380	1,595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,630	785	845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	815	405	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	735	345	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	435	210	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	200	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,620	750	865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	243,405	120,610	122,795	8.1	8.1	8.0
Indo-Aryan languages	202,565	100,780	101,785	6.7	6.8	6.6
Assamese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,300	1,180	1,125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	3,670	1,790	1,885	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	16,065	7,905	8,160	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kacchi	455	185	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	710	365	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	880	440	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	169,525	84,505	85,025	5.6	5.7	5.5
Rohingya	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	835	390	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	7,605	3,775	3,830	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	240	120	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	40,835	19,830	21,005	1.4	1.3	1.4
Baluchi	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,700	865	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	850	455	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	38,155	18,440	19,720	1.3	1.2	1.3
Dari	3,620	1,755	1,865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	31,260	15,105	16,160	1.0	1.0	1.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	3,280	1,580	1,700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	44,290	21,655	22,635	1.5	1.5	1.5
Catalan	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,410	1,485	1,925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	10,830	5,235	5,595	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	3,275	1,565	1,705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	26,690	13,330	13,360	0.9	0.9	0.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	8,925	3,680	5,250	0.3	0.2	0.3
Korean	41,785	19,140	22,640	1.4	1.3	1.5
Mongolian	215	115	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,225	590	635	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	145	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	325	150	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	175	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	1,070	595	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	905	510	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	298,170	135,290	162,880	9.9	9.1	10.6
Chinese languages	296,585	134,500	162,085	9.8	9.1	10.5
Hakka	585	265	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	154,200	70,120	84,085	5.1	4.7	5.5
Min Dong	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	6,095	2,765	3,330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,950	900	1,050	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	132,310	59,815	72,495	4.4	4.0	4.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,300	575	730	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,550	770	775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	620	300	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	495	260	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	455	235	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	210	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,315	560	755	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	475	225	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	780	305	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	2,770	1,400	1,370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	275	130	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	2,265	1,165	1,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,680	780	900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	300	125	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,325	630	695	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	172,885	82,775	90,110	5.7	5.6	5.9
English and French	4,490	2,170	2,320	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	161,380	77,395	83,990	5.3	5.2	5.5
French and non-official language(s)	455	210	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,230	610	630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	5,325	2,390	2,940	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	3,021,745	1,483,575	1,538,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	2,327,135	1,152,890	1,174,245	77.0	77.7	76.3
English	271,775	131,535	140,240	9.0	8.9	9.1
French	20,490	9,640	10,845	0.7	0.6	0.7
Non-official language	313,610	147,265	166,345	10.4	9.9	10.8
Indigenous³⁹	890	345	540	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	312,725	146,920	165,805	10.3	9.9	10.8
English and French	2,380	1,090	1,300	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	42,590	20,630	21,960	1.4	1.4	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	8,970	4,015	4,950	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	555	255	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	34,245	16,255	17,990	1.1	1.1	1.2
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	3,005,810	1,475,705	1,530,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	2,854,010	1,413,060	1,440,945	94.9	95.8	94.2
English	2,852,895	1,412,605	1,440,285	94.9	95.7	94.1
French	194,305	86,875	107,425	6.5	5.9	7.0
Non-official languages	1,503,765	710,210	793,555	50.0	48.1	51.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	3,005	1,315	1,690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	600	210	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	395	140	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	395	135	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	45	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	180	50	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	150	60	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	130	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	210	70	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	180	60	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	60	0	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	45	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	1,550	750	790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Halkomelem	460	230	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	515	240	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	335	165	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	140	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	135	50	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	115	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,500,995	709,005	791,985	49.9	48.0	51.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	43,220	23,035	20,190	1.4	1.6	1.3
Berber languages	130	85	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	90	65	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	220	115	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	190	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	2,375	1,245	1,125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	365	200	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,980	1,035	945	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	41,105	21,960	19,140	1.4	1.5	1.3
Amharic	2,645	1,390	1,255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	30,210	16,325	13,880	1.0	1.1	0.9
Aramaic languages	2,215	1,145	1,075	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	890	495	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,040	505	535	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	335	170	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5,805	2,955	2,850	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	135	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	3,150	1,745	1,400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	38,555	17,485	21,070	1.3	1.2	1.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,780	825	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	36,910	16,735	20,180	1.2	1.1	1.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	127,185	53,190	73,995	4.2	3.6	4.8
Bikol	670	340	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,205	515	695	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	4,605	1,975	2,635	0.2	0.1	0.2
Fijian	875	400	470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	2,730	1,080	1,650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	10,130	4,125	6,015	0.3	0.3	0.4
Indonesian	6,060	2,855	3,210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	295	105	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	180	65	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	3,080	1,465	1,620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,345	575	770	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pangasinan	855	360	500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	114,500	47,300	67,195	3.8	3.2	4.4
Waray-Waray	665	275	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	2,735	1,235	1,495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	2,370	1,210	1,160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	300	140	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	140	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	900	455	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	570	320	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	425	225	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	17,260	9,165	8,095	0.6	0.6	0.5
Kannada	1,440	785	660	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	5,020	2,685	2,340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	8,570	4,480	4,090	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	4,125	2,335	1,795	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	185	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	200	120	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	160	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	727,650	358,400	369,250	24.2	24.3	24.1
Albanian	1,775	850	925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	1,465	700	770	0.0	0.0	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	75,230	35,645	39,590	2.5	2.4	2.6
Baltic languages	955	405	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	440	195	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	515	215	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	74,575	35,370	39,200	2.5	2.4	2.6
Belarusian	245	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	2,070	990	1,080	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	5,505	2,660	2,840	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	390	200	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	14,355	6,730	7,625	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian	31,800	14,920	16,870	1.1	1.0	1.1
Rusyn	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	17,650	8,825	8,825	0.6	0.6	0.6
Bosnian	2,700	1,325	1,375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	8,525	4,120	4,405	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	9,710	4,945	4,765	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	385	205	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	3,225	1,455	1,770	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	735	350	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	8,160	3,595	4,565	0.3	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	1,985	1,090	900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Irish	1,415	780	635	0.0	0.1	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	380	195	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	68,670	32,785	35,885	2.3	2.2	2.3
Frisian	220	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	45,410	22,000	23,410	1.5	1.5	1.5
German	44,475	21,520	22,955	1.5	1.5	1.5
Pennsylvania German	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	1,200	605	595	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	360	170	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	18,630	8,925	9,715	0.6	0.6	0.6
Afrikaans	5,615	2,865	2,750	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	12,330	5,760	6,570	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	130	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	715	325	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	215	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	7,195	3,240	3,955	0.2	0.2	0.3
Danish	2,730	1,280	1,445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	215	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	1,760	785	980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	2,880	1,295	1,595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	100	65	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	7,380	3,810	3,575	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	437,210	219,245	217,965	14.5	14.9	14.2
Indo-Aryan languages	369,375	185,400	183,970	12.3	12.6	12.0
Assamese	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	5,465	2,900	2,565	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	12,945	6,305	6,640	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hindi	119,975	59,575	60,400	4.0	4.0	3.9
Kacchi	2,805	1,235	1,565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	670	355	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	3,005	1,600	1,400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	1,760	885	875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	287,835	144,730	143,105	9.6	9.8	9.4
Rohingya	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	530	270	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,120	1,465	1,660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	23,340	12,250	11,090	0.8	0.8	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,500	760	740	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages	70,325	35,210	35,115	2.3	2.4	2.3
Baluchi	155	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	3,785	2,055	1,735	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	255	105	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	2,510	1,455	1,055	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	65,765	32,835	32,930	2.2	2.2	2.2
Dari	8,035	3,890	4,145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	53,055	26,525	26,530	1.8	1.8	1.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,455	2,835	2,625	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	150	100	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	150	90	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	154,025	74,355	79,675	5.1	5.0	5.2
Catalan	485	240	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	25,740	12,395	13,345	0.9	0.8	0.9
Portuguese	24,975	12,165	12,805	0.8	0.8	0.8
Romanian	9,785	4,775	5,010	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	103,220	49,920	53,295	3.4	3.4	3.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	365	210	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	270	120	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	33,530	14,230	19,300	1.1	1.0	1.3
Korean	63,645	28,415	35,230	2.1	1.9	2.3
Mongolian	525	240	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	9,945	5,085	4,855	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	1,070	550	515	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	255	135	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	165	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	325	165	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	100	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	540	300	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	455	200	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	390	200	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	290	115	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	485	225	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	4,240	2,215	2,025	0.1	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	1,240	635	605	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,640	845	800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	545	270	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	385	185	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	4,290	1,815	2,475	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	3,885	1,625	2,260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	500	220	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	466,455	213,835	252,620	15.5	14.5	16.5
Chinese languages	463,665	212,435	251,230	15.4	14.4	16.4
Hakka	3,445	1,580	1,865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	295,850	133,380	162,470	9.8	9.0	10.6
Min Dong	215	85	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	22,955	10,180	12,775	0.8	0.7	0.8
Wu (Shanghainese)	4,575	1,940	2,635	0.2	0.1	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	235,590	107,825	127,765	7.8	7.3	8.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,885	875	1,015	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	240	120	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	2,980	1,495	1,480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	1,570	790	780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	290	125	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	750	370	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	700	335	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	430	225	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	220	125	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	5,150	2,125	3,025	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	1,500	690	810	0.0	0.0	0.1
Thai	3,815	1,480	2,340	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	9,625	4,945	4,675	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	1,525	795	730	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	190	55	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	8,105	4,210	3,895	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	220	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	270	135	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	255	110	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	8,345	3,855	4,490	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	410	200	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	1,940	870	1,075	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	6,010	2,805	3,205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	435	200	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	3,005,810	1,475,705	1,530,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	94,610	45,955	48,655	3.1	3.1	3.2
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	90,705	44,180	46,525	3.0	3.0	3.0
First Nations (North American Indian)	56,320	27,340	28,980	1.9	1.9	1.9
Métis	33,715	16,555	17,155	1.1	1.1	1.1
Inuk (Inuit)	665	280	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	2,290	1,010	1,280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,620	765	855	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	2,911,200	1,429,750	1,481,445	96.9	96.9	96.8
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	3,005,810	1,475,705	1,530,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	39,560	19,045	20,515	1.3	1.3	1.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	2,966,250	1,456,660	1,509,590	98.7	98.7	98.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	1,196,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	758,300	...	...	63.4	...	...
Renter	435,970	...	...	36.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	2,215	...	...	0.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	1,196,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	369,975	...	...	30.9	...	...
Not condominium	826,510	...	...	69.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	1,196,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	23,020	...	...	1.9	...	...
1 bedroom	249,580	...	...	20.9	...	...
2 bedrooms	333,000	...	...	27.8	...	...
3 bedrooms	270,570	...	...	22.6	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	320,320	...	...	26.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	1,196,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	529,955	...	...	44.3	...	...
5 rooms	165,225	...	...	13.8	...	...
6 rooms	125,580	...	...	10.5	...	...
7 rooms	103,120	...	...	8.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	272,605	...	...	22.8	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.5	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	1,196,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,149,260	...	...	96.1	...	...
More than one person per room	47,225	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	1,196,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	1,103,030	...	...	92.2	...	...
Not suitable	93,455	...	...	7.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	1,196,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	132,525	...	...	11.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	280,825	...	...	23.5	...	...
1981 to 1990	176,225	...	...	14.7	...	...
1991 to 2000	203,865	...	...	17.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	79,720	...	...	6.7	...	...
2006 to 2010	105,270	...	...	8.8	...	...
2011 to 2015	93,645	...	...	7.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	124,400	...	...	10.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	1,196,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	1,133,115	...	...	94.7	...	...
Major repairs needed	63,370	...	...	5.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	1,196,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	584,195	...	...	48.8	...	...
Two-maintainer household	520,225	...	...	43.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	92,060	...	...	7.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	1,196,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	34,280	...	...	2.9	...	...
25 to 34 years	181,310	...	...	15.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	216,865	...	...	18.1	...	...
45 to 54 years	224,055	...	...	18.7	...	...
55 to 64 years	232,400	...	...	19.4	...	...
65 to 74 years	178,735	...	...	14.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	92,620	...	...	7.7	...	...
85 years and over	36,215	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	1,179,020	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	837,990	...	...	71.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	341,030	...	...	28.9	...	...
30% to less than 100%	285,325	...	...	24.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	1,196,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	452,535	...	...	37.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	301,825	...	...	25.2	...	...
Not suitable only	67,485	...	...	5.6	...	...
Major repairs needed only	39,310	...	...	3.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	19,855	...	...	1.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	17,985	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	4,705	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,365	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	743,950	...	...	62.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	1,123,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	180,295	...	...	16.1	...	...
Not in core need	943,025	...	...	84.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	749,620	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.6	...	...	59.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.5	...	...	23.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.1	...	...	10.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,580	...	...	1,580	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,930	...	...	1,930	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,000,000	...	...	1,000,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,243,000	...	...	1,243,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	433,900	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.0	...	...	11.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	38.3	...	...	38.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	26.7	...	...	26.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,490	...	...	1,490	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,602	...	...	1,602	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	2,215	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	10.5	...	...	10.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	300	...	...	300	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	404	...	...	404	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	3,005,810	1,475,710	1,530,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	32,410	15,810	16,600	1.1	1.1	1.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	31,650	15,495	16,160	1.1	1.1	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	26,310	12,895	13,410	0.9	0.9	0.9
Métis single ancestry	5,180	2,530	2,645	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	165	65	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	760	315	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	685	290	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	70,995	34,645	36,345	2.4	2.3	2.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	68,450	33,445	35,000	2.3	2.3	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45,970	22,445	23,525	1.5	1.5	1.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	22,025	10,780	11,240	0.7	0.7	0.7
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	455	220	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	2,545	1,200	1,345	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,455	1,165	1,290	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	2,902,410	1,425,250	1,477,160	96.6	96.6	96.5
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	3,005,805	1,475,705	1,530,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	2,543,865	1,253,185	1,290,680	84.6	84.9	84.4
Canadian citizens aged under 18	488,790	252,750	236,030	16.3	17.1	15.4
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	2,055,080	1,000,435	1,054,645	68.4	67.8	68.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	461,940	222,520	239,420	15.4	15.1	15.6
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	3,005,805	1,475,705	1,530,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,690,485	855,730	834,755	56.2	58.0	54.6
Immigrants⁸¹	1,172,750	547,290	625,455	39.0	37.1	40.9
Before 1980	177,990	84,575	93,420	5.9	5.7	6.1
1980 to 1990	135,930	63,730	72,200	4.5	4.3	4.7
1991 to 2000	269,780	124,325	145,455	9.0	8.4	9.5
2001 to 2010	278,340	128,080	150,260	9.3	8.7	9.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	310,715	146,590	164,125	10.3	9.9	10.7
2011 to 2015	144,370	67,270	77,100	4.8	4.6	5.0
2016 to 2021	166,345	79,320	87,025	5.5	5.4	5.7
Non-permanent residents⁸³	142,570	72,680	69,890	4.7	4.9	4.6
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,172,750	547,295	625,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	88,235	44,805	43,430	7.5	8.2	6.9
5 to 14 years	180,765	93,370	87,400	15.4	17.1	14.0
15 to 24 years	223,010	101,170	121,840	19.0	18.5	19.5
25 to 44 years	535,135	241,875	293,260	45.6	44.2	46.9
45 years and over	145,600	66,075	79,525	12.4	12.1	12.7
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,172,750	547,295	625,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	85,190	40,725	44,465	7.3	7.4	7.1
Brazil	7,615	3,610	4,005	0.6	0.7	0.6
Colombia	4,380	2,005	2,370	0.4	0.4	0.4
El Salvador	5,010	2,590	2,420	0.4	0.5	0.4
Guyana	1,055	435	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	335	175	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	2,705	1,400	1,300	0.2	0.3	0.2
Mexico	10,775	4,850	5,930	0.9	0.9	0.9
Peru	3,055	1,375	1,680	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	2,115	1,005	1,115	0.2	0.2	0.2
United States of America	32,250	15,585	16,660	2.7	2.8	2.7
Other places of birth in Americas	15,900	7,685	8,215	1.4	1.4	1.3
Europe	187,355	92,230	95,125	16.0	16.9	15.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3,920	1,925	2,000	0.3	0.4	0.3
Croatia	3,880	1,905	1,970	0.3	0.3	0.3
France	4,795	2,630	2,165	0.4	0.5	0.3
Germany	14,425	6,820	7,600	1.2	1.2	1.2
Greece	2,705	1,515	1,185	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hungary	3,220	1,445	1,770	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	9,575	4,910	4,665	0.8	0.9	0.7
Netherlands	8,100	4,055	4,040	0.7	0.7	0.6
Poland	10,225	4,705	5,520	0.9	0.9	0.9
Portugal	4,635	2,245	2,385	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romania	8,030	3,815	4,215	0.7	0.7	0.7
Russian Federation	9,960	4,305	5,660	0.8	0.8	0.9
Serbia⁸⁶	3,830	1,920	1,915	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ukraine	7,655	3,565	4,090	0.7	0.7	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	61,740	31,325	30,420	5.3	5.7	4.9
Other places of birth in Europe	30,665	15,145	15,515	2.6	2.8	2.5
Africa	41,520	21,175	20,345	3.5	3.9	3.3
Algeria	450	285	160	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	875	460	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	2,940	1,650	1,290	0.3	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	2,295	1,340	960	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ethiopia	2,125	1,085	1,045	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	985	465	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	2,430	1,290	1,140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somalia	1,090	520	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	10,065	5,055	5,015	0.9	0.9	0.8
Other places of birth in Africa	18,265	9,030	9,235	1.6	1.6	1.5
Asia	832,115	380,285	451,830	71.0	69.5	72.2
Afghanistan	6,080	2,975	3,105	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iran⁸⁸	43,930	22,080	21,850	3.7	4.0	3.5
Iraq	6,755	3,610	3,145	0.6	0.7	0.5
Lebanon	2,045	1,150	900	0.2	0.2	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	5,110	2,680	2,435	0.4	0.5	0.4
Turkey	2,635	1,415	1,220	0.2	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	206,695	90,010	116,680	17.6	16.4	18.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	76,475	35,685	40,785	6.5	6.5	6.5
Korea, South⁹²	43,595	19,510	24,080	3.7	3.6	3.8
Taiwan	39,105	17,605	21,505	3.3	3.2	3.4
Philippines	113,810	47,775	66,035	9.7	8.7	10.6
Viet Nam	28,895	12,945	15,950	2.5	2.4	2.6
Bangladesh	2,610	1,320	1,290	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	179,865	88,040	91,820	15.3	16.1	14.7
Pakistan	11,880	6,150	5,725	1.0	1.1	0.9
Sri Lanka	5,000	2,405	2,595	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	57,630	24,925	32,705	4.9	4.6	5.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	26,570	12,880	13,685	2.3	2.4	2.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	166,345	79,320	87,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	17,845	8,715	9,130	10.7	11.0	10.5
Brazil	4,755	2,265	2,485	2.9	2.9	2.9
Colombia	850	415	430	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haiti	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	450	220	235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexico	2,580	1,245	1,340	1.6	1.6	1.5
United States of America	6,050	3,065	2,985	3.6	3.9	3.4
Venezuela⁹⁵	430	170	260	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	2,700	1,315	1,380	1.6	1.7	1.6
Europe	20,085	10,705	9,375	12.1	13.5	10.8
France	1,390	770	625	0.8	1.0	0.7
Germany	890	450	440	0.5	0.6	0.5
Ireland⁹⁶	2,160	1,320	840	1.3	1.7	1.0
Italy	895	490	410	0.5	0.6	0.5
Russian Federation	1,825	755	1,075	1.1	1.0	1.2
Ukraine	1,660	760	900	1.0	1.0	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	5,565	3,280	2,285	3.3	4.1	2.6
Other places of birth in Europe	5,685	2,880	2,805	3.4	3.6	3.2
Africa	8,140	4,400	3,740	4.9	5.5	4.3
Algeria	65	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Burundi	75	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cameroon	110	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	300	180	115	0.2	0.2	0.1
Côte d'Ivoire	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	550	310	240	0.3	0.4	0.3
Eritrea	1,440	885	550	0.9	1.1	0.6
Ethiopia	505	290	215	0.3	0.4	0.2
Morocco	240	100	135	0.1	0.1	0.2
Nigeria	1,170	615	550	0.7	0.8	0.6
Somalia	220	125	100	0.1	0.2	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	1,385	670	715	0.8	0.8	0.8
Sudan⁹⁷	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	1,790	925	865	1.1	1.2	1.0
Asia	117,055	53,620	63,430	70.4	67.6	72.9
Afghanistan	1,290	675	615	0.8	0.9	0.7
Bangladesh	540	285	255	0.3	0.4	0.3
China⁹⁰	29,240	12,140	17,095	17.6	15.3	19.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,410	1,075	1,335	1.4	1.4	1.5
India	34,980	17,785	17,195	21.0	22.4	19.8
Iran⁸⁸	5,665	2,785	2,885	3.4	3.5	3.3
Iraq	1,465	800	665	0.9	1.0	0.8
Israel	540	320	220	0.3	0.4	0.3
Japan	1,685	410	1,270	1.0	0.5	1.5
Jordan	350	190	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	6,340	2,545	3,800	3.8	3.2	4.4
Lebanon	290	135	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepal	255	115	145	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pakistan	2,025	1,105	915	1.2	1.4	1.1
Philippines	15,865	6,860	9,005	9.5	8.6	10.3
Saudi Arabia	490	305	185	0.3	0.4	0.2
Sri Lanka	650	290	360	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	3,715	1,990	1,730	2.2	2.5	2.0
Turkey	840	510	325	0.5	0.6	0.4
United Arab Emirates	540	245	295	0.3	0.3	0.3
Viet Nam	2,420	845	1,570	1.5	1.1	1.8
Other places of birth in Asia	5,470	2,205	3,270	3.3	2.8	3.8
Oceania and other⁹³	3,230	1,885	1,350	1.9	2.4	1.6
Australia	2,345	1,415	935	1.4	1.8	1.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	885	475	410	0.5	0.6	0.5
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	3,005,810	1,475,705	1,530,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,353,720	639,165	714,560	45.0	43.3	46.7
Second generation¹⁰¹	720,405	365,945	354,455	24.0	24.8	23.2
Third generation or more¹⁰²	931,680	470,595	461,090	31.0	31.9	30.1
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	994,765	462,720	532,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	579,345	280,140	299,205	58.2	60.5	56.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	236,880	135,645	101,235	23.8	29.3	19.0
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	342,465	144,495	197,965	34.4	31.2	37.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	316,000	130,510	185,490	31.8	28.2	34.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	86,250	46,245	40,005	8.7	10.0	7.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	13,160	5,825	7,335	1.3	1.3	1.4
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	994,765	462,720	532,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	24,990	14,325	10,665	2.5	3.1	2.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	108,155	45,120	63,040	10.9	9.8	11.8
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	34,745	17,295	17,450	3.5	3.7	3.3
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	61,370	28,585	32,785	6.2	6.2	6.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	3,735	1,575	2,160	0.4	0.3	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	761,755	355,820	405,935	76.6	76.9	76.3
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	3,005,810	1,475,705	1,530,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,510,040	725,145	784,890	50.2	49.1	51.3
South Asian	425,035	215,160	209,875	14.1	14.6	13.7
Chinese	517,915	242,315	275,600	17.2	16.4	18.0
Black	45,275	23,690	21,585	1.5	1.6	1.4
Filipino	148,510	65,740	82,765	4.9	4.5	5.4
Arab	23,670	12,660	11,010	0.8	0.9	0.7
Latin American	55,205	27,185	28,020	1.8	1.8	1.8
Southeast Asian	61,135	28,515	32,625	2.0	1.9	2.1
West Asian	65,795	32,995	32,795	2.2	2.2	2.1
Korean	66,025	30,100	35,925	2.2	2.0	2.3
Japanese	33,280	13,735	19,545	1.1	0.9	1.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	15,435	7,620	7,820	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple visible minorities	52,750	25,435	27,315	1.8	1.7	1.8
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,495,770	750,560	745,210	49.8	50.9	48.7
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	3,005,805	1,475,705	1,530,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	219,820	113,710	106,115	7.3	7.7	6.9
English	455,750	226,990	228,760	15.2	15.4	15.0
Irish	291,150	140,380	150,770	9.7	9.5	9.9
Scottish	350,215	172,205	178,005	11.7	11.7	11.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	137,150	67,180	69,970	4.6	4.6	4.6
German	241,745	118,805	122,935	8.0	8.1	8.0
Chinese	481,710	225,210	256,500	16.0	15.3	16.8
Italian	94,420	47,665	46,760	3.1	3.2	3.1
Indian (India)	244,560	122,720	121,840	8.1	8.3	8.0
Ukrainian	99,705	48,520	51,180	3.3	3.3	3.3
Dutch	94,665	47,490	47,175	3.1	3.2	3.1
Polish	69,880	33,320	36,560	2.3	2.3	2.4
Québécois	2,965	1,500	1,465	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	95,615	47,610	48,000	3.2	3.2	3.1
Filipino	147,310	65,600	81,710	4.9	4.4	5.3
French Canadian	18,945	9,295	9,655	0.6	0.6	0.6
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	42,815	22,240	20,570	1.4	1.5	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	37,545	18,560	18,985	1.2	1.3	1.2
Métis	30,405	14,790	15,620	1.0	1.0	1.0
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	52,365	26,640	25,725	1.7	1.8	1.7
Russian	65,405	31,275	34,135	2.2	2.1	2.2
Norwegian	58,315	28,145	30,175	1.9	1.9	2.0
Welsh	46,200	21,930	24,270	1.5	1.5	1.6
Portuguese	24,980	12,200	12,780	0.8	0.8	0.8
American	32,935	16,230	16,710	1.1	1.1	1.1
Spanish	39,545	18,455	21,090	1.3	1.3	1.4
Swedish	44,390	20,815	23,575	1.5	1.4	1.5
Hungarian	26,910	13,030	13,875	0.9	0.9	0.9
Acadian	2,910	1,545	1,365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	16,880	8,660	8,220	0.6	0.6	0.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	12,970	6,650	6,320	0.4	0.5	0.4
Jewish	24,210	12,155	12,055	0.8	0.8	0.8
Punjabi	86,055	43,880	42,180	2.9	3.0	2.8
Vietnamese	45,555	21,440	24,115	1.5	1.5	1.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	10,470	5,595	4,875	0.3	0.4	0.3
Greek	16,020	8,350	7,675	0.5	0.6	0.5
Jamaican	6,415	3,380	3,035	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	42,785	20,060	22,725	1.4	1.4	1.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	8,210	3,930	4,285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	65,285	29,800	35,485	2.2	2.0	2.3
Romanian	18,220	8,930	9,290	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	5,745	2,885	2,860	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	46,505	23,195	23,310	1.5	1.6	1.5
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	9,940	4,965	4,980	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	24,425	12,110	12,315	0.8	0.8	0.8
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	8,930	4,265	4,665	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sikh	62,970	32,145	30,830	2.1	2.2	2.0
Austrian	21,585	10,370	11,220	0.7	0.7	0.7
Belgian	8,995	4,505	4,490	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	830	410	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	16,985	8,860	8,130	0.6	0.6	0.5
Mexican	21,510	10,695	10,815	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mennonite	12,015	6,065	5,955	0.4	0.4	0.4
Swiss	12,445	6,190	6,250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	15,710	7,690	8,015	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sri Lankan	5,755	2,870	2,890	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	15,840	7,750	8,095	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	41,530	17,795	23,740	1.4	1.2	1.6
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	18,560	9,160	9,395	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,850	910	950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	13,695	6,685	7,010	0.5	0.5	0.5
Muslim	7,425	3,760	3,665	0.2	0.3	0.2
Egyptian	4,890	2,590	2,300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	9,775	4,845	4,930	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	3,075	1,675	1,400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	12,590	6,200	6,395	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombian	5,840	2,910	2,930	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	1,405	680	725	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	12,030	5,850	6,175	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syrian	4,680	2,430	2,255	0.2	0.2	0.1
Guyanese	1,715	880	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	9,310	4,580	4,730	0.3	0.3	0.3
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	3,185	1,590	1,595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	10,135	5,290	4,845	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ojibway	2,070	1,045	1,025	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	1,595	840	755	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	29,090	14,075	15,020	1.0	1.0	1.0
Ontarian	1,455	720	730	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	17,770	9,115	8,660	0.6	0.6	0.6
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	2,915	1,515	1,400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	6,590	3,440	3,150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	750	325	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	3,170	1,640	1,530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	730	425	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	10,405	5,045	5,360	0.3	0.3	0.4
Nigerian	2,685	1,380	1,305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	3,225	1,605	1,620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	6,980	3,300	3,675	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	7,120	3,165	3,950	0.2	0.2	0.3
Somali	2,330	1,260	1,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	35,890	16,675	19,215	1.2	1.1	1.3
Iraqi	4,200	2,155	2,045	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	5,695	2,860	2,830	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	1,210	640	565	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	9,425	4,445	4,985	0.3	0.3	0.3
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	4,515	2,310	2,205	0.2	0.2	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,950	885	1,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	670	355	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,395	645	750	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	3,970	1,805	2,160	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	8,450	4,190	4,260	0.3	0.3	0.3
Australian	10,975	5,730	5,250	0.4	0.4	0.3
Palestinian	2,370	1,235	1,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	4,445	2,275	2,180	0.1	0.2	0.1
Congolese	1,220	615	600	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	915	405	510	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	2,175	1,060	1,115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	4,115	1,865	2,245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	3,440	1,635	1,800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	910	505	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,695	1,255	1,435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	480	295	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	1,970	965	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	1,395	685	720	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	850	415	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	3,005	1,445	1,565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	4,200	2,015	2,180	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	360	165	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	2,260	1,115	1,145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	1,985	1,095	890	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	1,085	570	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	2,780	1,395	1,380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	1,015	510	510	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	2,740	1,305	1,435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	2,850	1,365	1,485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	1,410	765	645	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ghanaian	1,320	745	580	0.0	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	1,410	730	680	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	2,955	1,550	1,410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	2,800	1,280	1,520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	415	220	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	3,645	1,825	1,820	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	1,280	655	630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	3,065	1,545	1,515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	1,465	675	790	0.0	0.0	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	2,715	1,390	1,325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	1,145	630	515	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	275	190	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	2,035	1,150	885	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	6,705	3,115	3,590	0.2	0.2	0.2
Laotian	2,310	1,095	1,220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	4,110	1,800	2,310	0.1	0.1	0.2
Northern Irish	2,455	1,230	1,220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,730	1,380	1,350	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	9,815	4,995	4,820	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ecuadorian	805	425	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	1,830	900	935	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	2,800	1,310	1,490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	3,275	1,755	1,520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	15,195	7,255	7,935	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jatt	7,685	4,000	3,690	0.3	0.3	0.2
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	1,245	700	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	725	420	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	4,075	1,525	2,550	0.1	0.1	0.2
Dominican	600	295	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,625	765	860	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	625	360	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	525	290	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	1,850	905	950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	220	120	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	840	450	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	110	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	1,075	495	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	375	175	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	4,435	2,250	2,185	0.1	0.2	0.1
Sudanese	795	405	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	185	115	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	585	270	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	4,775	2,245	2,530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Plains Cree	285	155	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	570	345	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	190	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	1,290	585	700	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	2,825	1,345	1,485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	350	230	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	1,545	720	815	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ivorian	100	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	375	215	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	440	195	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	360	170	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	1,045	620	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	1,620	770	855	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	950	465	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	1,890	885	1,010	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	285	145	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	755	380	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	910	450	460	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	480	235	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	245	140	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	770	385	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	830	405	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	1,130	540	590	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	1,520	835	685	0.1	0.1	0.0
Honduran	1,235	615	615	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	1,005	460	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	315	165	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	835	395	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	400	220	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	1,185	610	570	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	485	290	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	865	425	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	2,250	1,085	1,165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	635	305	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	220	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	515	260	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	760	375	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	1,880	965	925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	1,495	680	815	0.0	0.0	0.1
Azorean	215	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	970	435	540	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	420	220	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	825	430	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	330	150	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	545	310	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	740	410	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	325	190	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	300	155	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	480	210	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	1,110	520	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	135	90	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	145	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	570	310	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	600	320	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	750	370	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	475	225	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	2,335	1,050	1,285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	945	510	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	190	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	630	315	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	280	150	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	970	505	470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	3,005,810	1,475,705	1,530,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	73,180	30,660	42,520	2.4	2.1	2.8
Christian	1,010,680	462,980	547,700	33.6	31.4	35.8
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	279,000	129,845	149,155	9.3	8.8	9.7
Anabaptist	14,680	6,960	7,725	0.5	0.5	0.5
Anglican	61,000	26,470	34,540	2.0	1.8	2.3
Baptist	30,945	14,005	16,940	1.0	0.9	1.1
Catholic	388,095	180,465	207,635	12.9	12.2	13.6
Christian Orthodox	37,370	18,165	19,205	1.2	1.2	1.3
Jehovah's Witness	12,035	5,245	6,790	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latter Day Saints	4,785	2,170	2,615	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lutheran	21,485	9,270	12,210	0.7	0.6	0.8
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	3,785	1,735	2,055	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	23,050	10,440	12,610	0.8	0.7	0.8
Presbyterian	16,300	7,230	9,070	0.5	0.5	0.6
Reformed	8,410	4,095	4,315	0.3	0.3	0.3
United Church	55,400	21,930	33,475	1.8	1.5	2.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	54,325	24,960	29,365	1.8	1.7	1.9
Hindu	71,400	36,710	34,690	2.4	2.5	2.3
Jewish	20,960	10,150	10,810	0.7	0.7	0.7
Muslim	114,245	57,230	57,010	3.8	3.9	3.7
Sikh	267,350	133,810	133,545	8.9	9.1	8.7
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	3,460	1,650	1,810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	28,115	11,845	16,265	0.9	0.8	1.1
No religion and secular perspectives	1,416,420	730,675	685,745	47.1	49.5	44.8
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	2,980,305	1,462,695	1,517,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	2,539,555	1,246,015	1,293,545	85.2	85.2	85.2
Movers	440,750	216,680	224,065	14.8	14.8	14.8
Non-migrants	250,790	122,740	128,050	8.4	8.4	8.4
Migrants	189,960	93,940	96,020	6.4	6.4	6.3
Internal migrants	141,065	69,705	71,360	4.7	4.8	4.7
Intraprovincial migrants	111,390	54,810	56,585	3.7	3.7	3.7
Interprovincial migrants	29,675	14,900	14,775	1.0	1.0	1.0
External migrants	48,895	24,235	24,660	1.6	1.7	1.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	2,870,165	1,406,170	1,463,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,617,885	788,570	829,315	56.4	56.1	56.6
Movers	1,252,275	617,600	634,680	43.6	43.9	43.4
Non-migrants	493,730	243,265	250,465	17.2	17.3	17.1
Migrants	758,550	374,335	384,215	26.4	26.6	26.2
Internal migrants	522,625	257,770	264,855	18.2	18.3	18.1
Intraprovincial migrants	427,495	210,120	217,370	14.9	14.9	14.8
Interprovincial migrants	95,135	47,650	47,485	3.3	3.4	3.2
External migrants	235,925	116,560	119,360	8.2	8.3	8.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,565,595	1,248,140	1,317,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	358,515	182,600	175,915	14.0	14.6	13.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	2,207,075	1,065,540	1,141,540	86.0	85.4	86.6
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,697,300	827,180	870,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	141,125	78,430	62,695	8.3	9.5	7.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,556,170	748,745	807,425	91.7	90.5	92.8
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,565,595	1,248,140	1,317,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	325,375	162,290	163,085	12.7	13.0	12.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	730,665	365,835	364,830	28.5	29.3	27.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,509,555	720,015	789,545	58.8	57.7	59.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	659,085	325,730	333,355	25.7	26.1	25.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	155,765	113,520	42,250	6.1	9.1	3.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	70,415	41,250	29,165	2.7	3.3	2.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	85,345	72,270	13,085	3.3	5.8	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	395,670	166,955	228,725	15.4	13.4	17.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	107,650	45,260	62,390	4.2	3.6	4.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	850,465	394,285	456,185	33.1	31.6	34.6
Bachelor's degree	552,470	252,150	300,315	21.5	20.2	22.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	59,600	24,995	34,605	2.3	2.0	2.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	22,365	11,735	10,630	0.9	0.9	0.8
Master's degree	186,510	87,855	98,655	7.3	7.0	7.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	29,525	17,545	11,980	1.2	1.4	0.9
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,697,300	827,175	870,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	121,805	66,900	54,905	7.2	8.1	6.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	407,295	212,995	194,300	24.0	25.7	22.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,168,200	547,280	620,920	68.8	66.2	71.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	476,910	234,960	241,955	28.1	28.4	27.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	107,725	79,340	28,385	6.3	9.6	3.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	48,415	28,700	19,715	2.9	3.5	2.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	59,310	50,645	8,670	3.5	6.1	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	290,815	122,820	167,995	17.1	14.8	19.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	78,375	32,800	45,570	4.6	4.0	5.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	691,285	312,320	378,970	40.7	37.8	43.6
Bachelor's degree	447,290	200,790	246,500	26.4	24.3	28.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	46,790	19,000	27,790	2.8	2.3	3.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	17,225	8,180	9,050	1.0	1.0	1.0
Master's degree	157,770	71,970	85,805	9.3	8.7	9.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	22,215	12,385	9,830	1.3	1.5	1.1
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,565,590	1,248,135	1,317,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	1,056,040	528,125	527,915	41.2	42.3	40.1
Education	88,655	19,490	69,170	3.5	1.6	5.3
13. Education	88,655	19,490	69,170	3.5	1.6	5.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	79,475	34,625	44,850	3.1	2.8	3.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	10,200	7,215	2,985	0.4	0.6	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	69,275	27,415	41,860	2.7	2.2	3.2
Humanities	101,885	38,765	63,125	4.0	3.1	4.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	13,040	2,920	10,120	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	24,365	6,870	17,500	0.9	0.6	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	37,660	15,010	22,645	1.5	1.2	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,645	670	980	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	4,915	2,875	2,040	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	7,420	4,545	2,880	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	10,395	5,420	4,975	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,440	460	1,985	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	197,865	71,825	126,045	7.7	5.8	9.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,245	830	2,420	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	23,265	8,530	14,735	0.9	0.7	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	22,805	2,380	20,430	0.9	0.2	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	31,065	11,360	19,705	1.2	0.9	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	4,295	1,675	2,620	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	34,575	8,985	25,590	1.3	0.7	1.9
45. Social sciences	78,610	38,065	40,545	3.1	3.0	3.1
Business, management and public administration	332,700	144,925	187,780	13.0	11.6	14.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	400	150	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	13,790	3,375	10,420	0.5	0.3	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	318,510	141,400	177,110	12.4	11.3	13.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	72,255	36,375	35,880	2.8	2.9	2.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	29,460	12,515	16,945	1.1	1.0	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	18,610	8,725	9,885	0.7	0.7	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,260	415	840	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	20,995	14,080	6,920	0.8	1.1	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,930	640	1,285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	81,235	53,505	27,735	3.2	4.3	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	65,370	46,040	19,325	2.5	3.7	1.5
25. Library science	3,930	550	3,380	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	9,905	5,650	4,255	0.4	0.5	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	2,035	1,265	770	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	263,755	228,720	35,035	10.3	18.3	2.7
04. Architecture and related services	14,565	8,740	5,825	0.6	0.7	0.4
14. Engineering	95,050	75,480	19,570	3.7	6.0	1.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	45,480	39,610	5,870	1.8	3.2	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	49,695	48,110	1,585	1.9	3.9	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	38,495	37,410	1,080	1.5	3.0	0.1
48. Precision production	20,420	19,350	1,065	0.8	1.6	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	26,840	13,850	12,990	1.0	1.1	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	17,020	8,060	8,955	0.7	0.6	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	9,820	5,785	4,035	0.4	0.5	0.3
Health and related fields	200,630	46,255	154,370	7.8	3.7	11.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	16,590	8,520	8,070	0.6	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	176,905	33,780	143,125	6.9	2.7	10.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	415	125	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	6,715	3,830	2,885	0.3	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	63,845	31,510	32,335	2.5	2.5	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	41,860	13,760	28,095	1.6	1.1	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	130	100	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	375	355	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	8,475	6,050	2,425	0.3	0.5	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	13,010	11,235	1,765	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	400	165	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,697,300	827,180	870,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	529,095	279,895	249,200	31.2	33.8	28.6
Education	59,895	12,380	47,520	3.5	1.5	5.5
13. Education	59,895	12,380	47,520	3.5	1.5	5.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	63,995	27,890	36,100	3.8	3.4	4.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	7,905	5,605	2,300	0.5	0.7	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	56,085	22,285	33,800	3.3	2.7	3.9
Humanities	76,195	27,885	48,315	4.5	3.4	5.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	10,165	2,050	8,115	0.6	0.2	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	18,540	5,010	13,525	1.1	0.6	1.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	27,935	10,700	17,230	1.6	1.3	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,165	485	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	3,750	2,150	1,600	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	5,050	3,095	1,950	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	7,900	4,075	3,830	0.5	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,700	315	1,385	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	159,605	56,235	103,375	9.4	6.8	11.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,690	665	2,020	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	20,105	7,255	12,855	1.2	0.9	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	17,595	1,790	15,805	1.0	0.2	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	25,155	8,305	16,850	1.5	1.0	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	3,390	1,330	2,055	0.2	0.2	0.2
42. Psychology	27,290	6,755	20,535	1.6	0.8	2.4
45. Social sciences	63,380	30,135	33,250	3.7	3.6	3.8
Business, management and public administration	265,960	113,565	152,395	15.7	13.7	17.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	290	105	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	10,320	2,420	7,900	0.6	0.3	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	255,355	111,045	144,310	15.0	13.4	16.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	54,140	26,250	27,890	3.2	3.2	3.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	23,010	9,500	13,510	1.4	1.1	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	13,640	6,235	7,405	0.8	0.8	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,075	355	715	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	15,255	9,770	5,485	0.9	1.2	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,170	395	775	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	68,740	45,820	22,925	4.0	5.5	2.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	57,450	40,650	16,795	3.4	4.9	1.9
25. Library science	2,505	370	2,135	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	7,125	3,790	3,335	0.4	0.5	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,660	1,000	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	197,600	167,715	29,880	11.6	20.3	3.4
04. Architecture and related services	11,600	6,560	5,040	0.7	0.8	0.6
14. Engineering	76,135	58,860	17,275	4.5	7.1	2.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	32,570	27,840	4,730	1.9	3.4	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	36,380	35,180	1,200	2.1	4.3	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	26,990	26,205	785	1.6	3.2	0.1
48. Precision production	13,880	13,060	815	0.8	1.6	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	20,645	10,095	10,550	1.2	1.2	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	12,940	5,830	7,115	0.8	0.7	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	7,700	4,260	3,440	0.5	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	153,565	35,960	117,605	9.0	4.3	13.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	13,150	6,885	6,260	0.8	0.8	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	135,230	26,505	108,725	8.0	3.2	12.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	345	65	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	4,845	2,500	2,345	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	47,540	23,360	24,180	2.8	2.8	2.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	31,220	10,415	20,805	1.8	1.3	2.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	70	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	165	150	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	6,735	4,710	2,030	0.4	0.6	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	9,345	8,040	1,310	0.6	1.0	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	320	125	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	1,697,300	827,180	870,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	529,095	279,895	249,200	31.2	33.8	28.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	1,168,205	547,285	620,920	68.8	66.2	71.4
Location of study inside Canada	781,495	372,710	408,780	46.0	45.1	47.0
Same as province or territory of residence	637,355	300,005	337,350	37.6	36.3	38.8
Different than province or territory of residence	144,135	72,705	71,430	8.5	8.8	8.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	386,710	174,565	212,140	22.8	21.1	24.4
Americas	63,595	31,440	32,155	3.7	3.8	3.7
United States of America	40,725	20,900	19,825	2.4	2.5	2.3
Mexico	7,600	3,465	4,135	0.4	0.4	0.5
Cuba	245	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	305	145	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	7,540	3,520	4,025	0.4	0.4	0.5
Colombia	1,940	855	1,090	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	755	290	465	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	690	305	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	3,775	1,845	1,930	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	69,770	35,915	33,855	4.1	4.3	3.9
Belgium	570	335	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	4,125	2,190	1,930	0.2	0.3	0.2
Germany	3,100	1,615	1,490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Netherlands	1,335	750	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	1,070	520	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	735	355	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	425	190	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	2,485	1,135	1,350	0.1	0.1	0.2
Romania	3,160	1,540	1,620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	5,110	2,320	2,790	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	3,625	1,645	1,975	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	5,075	2,920	2,155	0.3	0.4	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	27,665	14,780	12,885	1.6	1.8	1.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	750	360	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	1,270	690	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	1,400	775	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	7,870	3,800	4,070	0.5	0.5	0.5
Africa	8,770	4,685	4,085	0.5	0.6	0.5
Nigeria	900	505	400	0.1	0.1	0.0
Algeria	115	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	290	155	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	120	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	1,340	705	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	3,805	1,985	1,825	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	2,205	1,225	985	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	232,415	96,210	136,210	13.7	11.6	15.7
Iran⁸⁸	15,600	6,825	8,775	0.9	0.8	1.0
Iraq	1,380	785	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	1,160	605	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	430	200	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	660	340	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	1,465	865	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	56,190	23,310	32,875	3.3	2.8	3.8
Taiwan	8,470	2,845	5,625	0.5	0.3	0.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	6,800	2,730	4,075	0.4	0.3	0.5
Japan	6,875	1,715	5,155	0.4	0.2	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	17,735	6,450	11,280	1.0	0.8	1.3
Philippines	46,335	17,305	29,035	2.7	2.1	3.3
Viet Nam	1,785	515	1,270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	975	430	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	920	460	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	53,565	25,380	28,190	3.2	3.1	3.2
Pakistan	3,585	1,695	1,890	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	8,490	3,745	4,745	0.5	0.5	0.5
Oceania	12,160	6,320	5,840	0.7	0.8	0.7
Australia	9,035	4,620	4,415	0.5	0.6	0.5
New Zealand	2,330	1,270	1,060	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	790	430	360	0.0	0.1	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	2,565,595	1,248,140	1,317,455	...	...	...
In the labour force	1,678,410	870,990	807,420	...	...	...
Employed	1,535,260	801,135	734,125	...	...	...
Unemployed	143,150	69,855	73,290	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	887,185	377,145	510,035	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.4	69.8	61.3	65.4	69.8	61.3
Employment rate	59.8	64.2	55.7	59.8	64.2	55.7
Unemployment rate	8.5	8.0	9.1	8.5	8.0	9.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	2,565,590	1,248,135	1,317,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	915,360	394,755	520,610	35.7	31.6	39.5
Worked	1,650,230	853,385	796,845	64.3	68.4	60.5
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	864,610	494,150	370,460	33.7	39.6	28.1
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	785,620	359,235	426,385	30.6	28.8	32.4
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.0	42.1	39.8	41.0	42.1	39.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	1,678,410	870,995	807,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	36,520	17,245	19,275	2.2	2.0	2.4
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	1,641,890	853,745	788,140	97.8	98.0	97.6
Employee	1,356,550	678,670	677,875	80.8	77.9	84.0
Permanent position	1,133,690	577,700	555,990	67.5	66.3	68.9
Temporary position	222,855	100,970	121,885	13.3	11.6	15.1
Fixed term (1 year or more)	81,245	37,430	43,810	4.8	4.3	5.4
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	141,615	63,540	78,075	8.4	7.3	9.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	285,340	175,080	110,265	17.0	20.1	13.7
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	1,678,410	870,995	807,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	36,520	17,245	19,275	2.2	2.0	2.4
All occupations¹⁹¹	1,641,890	853,745	788,140	97.8	98.0	97.6
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	22,250	16,090	6,165	1.3	1.8	0.8
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	303,970	101,540	202,430	18.1	11.7	25.1
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	146,970	111,445	35,525	8.8	12.8	4.4
3 Health occupations	117,515	27,565	89,950	7.0	3.2	11.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	191,995	64,445	127,550	11.4	7.4	15.8
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	80,900	40,200	40,705	4.8	4.6	5.0
6 Sales and service occupations	419,350	188,405	230,950	25.0	21.6	28.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	275,105	248,835	26,265	16.4	28.6	3.3
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	29,110	19,570	9,540	1.7	2.2	1.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	54,715	35,645	19,065	3.3	4.1	2.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	1,678,410	870,995	807,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	36,520	17,245	19,275	2.2	2.0	2.4
All industries¹⁹¹	1,641,890	853,745	788,140	97.8	98.0	97.6
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	22,670	12,530	10,140	1.4	1.4	1.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	5,015	3,685	1,335	0.3	0.4	0.2
22 Utilities	8,935	6,000	2,930	0.5	0.7	0.4
23 Construction	139,020	119,035	19,985	8.3	13.7	2.5
31-33 Manufacturing	99,205	66,790	32,420	5.9	7.7	4.0
41 Wholesale trade	60,360	39,070	21,290	3.6	4.5	2.6
44-45 Retail trade	183,675	86,810	96,870	10.9	10.0	12.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	99,340	75,620	23,715	5.9	8.7	2.9
51 Information and cultural industries	58,010	36,255	21,755	3.5	4.2	2.7
52 Finance and insurance	72,195	33,020	39,170	4.3	3.8	4.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	41,950	22,870	19,080	2.5	2.6	2.4
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	172,820	96,850	75,970	10.3	11.1	9.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	4,365	2,025	2,340	0.3	0.2	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	69,265	39,295	29,970	4.1	4.5	3.7
61 Educational services	124,495	41,500	82,995	7.4	4.8	10.3
62 Health care and social assistance	186,305	38,835	147,475	11.1	4.5	18.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	37,205	18,745	18,460	2.2	2.2	2.3
72 Accommodation and food services	112,440	48,360	64,080	6.7	5.6	7.9
81 Other services (except public administration)	70,935	30,005	40,930	4.2	3.4	5.1
91 Public administration	73,670	36,450	37,225	4.4	4.2	4.6
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	1,790,555	923,210	867,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,577,625	817,130	760,490	88.1	88.5	87.7
French	1,785	510	1,275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	50,090	26,165	23,925	2.8	2.8	2.8
Indigenous³⁹	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	50,065	26,155	23,915	2.8	2.8	2.8
English and French	13,280	5,230	8,055	0.7	0.6	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	142,010	71,335	70,675	7.9	7.7	8.1
French and non-official language(s)	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,920	860	1,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	3,770	1,950	1,820	0.2	0.2	0.2
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	1,790,555	923,210	867,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,757,430	906,310	851,120	98.2	98.2	98.1
Official languages	1,668,755	860,390	808,370	93.2	93.2	93.2
English	1,664,935	859,315	805,620	93.0	93.1	92.9
French	3,825	1,070	2,755	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official languages	88,675	45,920	42,750	5.0	5.0	4.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	88,635	45,895	42,735	5.0	5.0	4.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	450	280	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	435	280	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	325	225	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,355	870	1,480	0.1	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	2,330	860	1,475	0.1	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	785	405	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	85	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	620	315	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	28,795	17,050	11,750	1.6	1.8	1.4
Albanian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	830	320	505	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	820	315	505	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	585	215	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	210	90	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	150	55	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	145	45	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	24,560	14,955	9,605	1.4	1.6	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages	22,580	13,835	8,745	1.3	1.5	1.0
Bengali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	505	275	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	21,945	13,500	8,450	1.2	1.5	1.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,985	1,125	855	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,950	1,105	845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	110	75	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,680	920	760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	160	115	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,115	1,640	1,470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	110	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	495	210	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	2,455	1,360	1,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,800	625	1,175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	6,450	3,245	3,210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	0	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	230	95	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	215	90	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	47,450	23,195	24,255	2.7	2.5	2.8
Chinese languages	47,390	23,155	24,230	2.6	2.5	2.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	27,710	13,280	14,425	1.5	1.4	1.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	230	105	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	19,365	9,730	9,640	1.1	1.1	1.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	140	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	135	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	55	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	33,125	16,900	16,225	1.8	1.8	1.9
English and French	1,640	595	1,040	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	30,580	15,825	14,755	1.7	1.7	1.7
French and non-official language(s)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	785	430	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	1,790,555	923,210	867,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,657,460	858,225	799,230	92.6	93.0	92.1
English	32,890	16,615	16,275	1.8	1.8	1.9
French	9,940	4,245	5,690	0.6	0.5	0.7
Non-official language	71,255	35,340	35,915	4.0	3.8	4.1
Indigenous³⁹	185	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	71,070	35,270	35,800	4.0	3.8	4.1
English and French	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	4,670	2,145	2,530	0.3	0.2	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	1,495	640	850	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	12,805	5,975	6,835	0.7	0.6	0.8
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	1,535,260	801,135	734,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	386,570	188,910	197,660	25.2	23.6	26.9
Worked outside Canada	8,435	5,575	2,855	0.5	0.7	0.4
No fixed workplace address	227,505	168,070	59,435	14.8	21.0	8.1
Usual place of work	912,750	438,575	474,175	59.5	54.7	64.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	912,750	438,580	474,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	438,230	190,770	247,465	48.0	43.5	52.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	432,765	222,345	210,420	47.4	50.7	44.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	39,005	23,775	15,230	4.3	5.4	3.2
Commute to a different province or territory	2,750	1,690	1,060	0.3	0.4	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	1,140,255	606,650	533,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	875,960	491,810	384,150	76.8	81.1	72.0
Car, truck or van - as a driver	799,425	462,660	336,770	70.1	76.3	63.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	76,530	29,150	47,380	6.7	4.8	8.9
Public transit	149,985	61,395	88,590	13.2	10.1	16.6
Walked	69,920	28,675	41,240	6.1	4.7	7.7
Bicycle	20,260	12,765	7,495	1.8	2.1	1.4
Other method	24,130	12,000	12,125	2.1	2.0	2.3
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	1,140,255	606,650	533,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	263,520	118,980	144,535	23.1	19.6	27.1
15 to 29 minutes	388,595	201,645	186,955	34.1	33.2	35.0
30 to 44 minutes	283,265	165,155	118,105	24.8	27.2	22.1
45 to 59 minutes	108,615	63,410	45,205	9.5	10.5	8.5
60 minutes and over	96,260	57,455	38,800	8.4	9.5	7.3
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	1,140,255	606,650	533,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	77,820	55,685	22,135	6.8	9.2	4.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	177,315	112,945	64,365	15.6	18.6	12.1
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	258,310	134,185	124,130	22.7	22.1	23.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	245,105	113,925	131,185	21.5	18.8	24.6
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	206,820	94,910	111,910	18.1	15.6	21.0
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	174,885	95,000	79,885	15.3	15.7	15.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	545,270	281,840	263,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	32,180	16,280	15,900	5.9	5.8	6.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	513,095	265,560	247,535	94.1	94.2	94.0
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	399,475	207,065	192,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	25,130	12,745	12,380	6.3	6.2	6.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	14,885	7,335	7,550	3.7	3.5	3.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	10,245	5,405	4,830	2.6	2.6	2.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	374,350	194,320	180,025	93.7	93.8	93.6

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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