Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Burnaby, City (CY)More information: British Columbia [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	249,125	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	232,755	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.0	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	107,046	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	101,136	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,750.7	...	...	2,750.7	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	90.57	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	249,120	122,520	126,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	32,295	16,690	15,605	13.0	13.6	12.3
0 to 4 years	10,510	5,355	5,155	4.2	4.4	4.1
5 to 9 years	10,980	5,740	5,240	4.4	4.7	4.1
10 to 14 years	10,805	5,595	5,210	4.3	4.6	4.1
15 to 64 years	172,720	85,610	87,115	69.3	69.9	68.8
15 to 19 years	11,190	5,805	5,385	4.5	4.7	4.3
20 to 24 years	17,160	8,840	8,320	6.9	7.2	6.6
25 to 29 years	21,455	11,040	10,410	8.6	9.0	8.2
30 to 34 years	22,270	11,400	10,865	8.9	9.3	8.6
35 to 39 years	19,380	9,835	9,545	7.8	8.0	7.5
40 to 44 years	16,505	8,140	8,365	6.6	6.6	6.6
45 to 49 years	15,510	7,300	8,210	6.2	6.0	6.5
50 to 54 years	16,395	7,635	8,760	6.6	6.2	6.9
55 to 59 years	17,380	8,220	9,165	7.0	6.7	7.2
60 to 64 years	15,475	7,390	8,090	6.2	6.0	6.4
65 years and over	44,110	20,225	23,885	17.7	16.5	18.9
65 to 69 years	13,615	6,460	7,155	5.5	5.3	5.7
70 to 74 years	11,045	5,190	5,855	4.4	4.2	4.6
75 to 79 years	7,240	3,315	3,925	2.9	2.7	3.1
80 to 84 years	5,730	2,590	3,140	2.3	2.1	2.5
85 years and over	6,475	2,665	3,810	2.6	2.2	3.0
85 to 89 years	3,840	1,755	2,080	1.5	1.4	1.6
90 to 94 years	2,040	735	1,305	0.8	0.6	1.0
95 to 99 years	530	150	375	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.0	13.6	12.3	13.0	13.6	12.3
15 to 64 years	69.3	69.9	68.8	69.3	69.9	68.8
65 years and over	17.7	16.5	18.9	17.7	16.5	18.9
85 years and over	2.6	2.2	3.0	2.6	2.2	3.0
Average age of the population	42.0	40.9	43.0	42.0	40.9	43.0
Median age of the population	40.4	38.8	41.6	40.4	38.8	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	101,140	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	19,080	...	...	18.9	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,885	...	...	2.9	...	...
Row house	8,770	...	...	8.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	16,650	...	...	16.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	23,835	...	...	23.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	29,715	...	...	29.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	195	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	101,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	29,575	...	...	29.2	...	...
2 persons	33,180	...	...	32.8	...	...
3 persons	17,015	...	...	16.8	...	...
4 persons	13,325	...	...	13.2	...	...
5 or more persons	8,040	...	...	7.9	...	...
Number of persons in private households	245,725	121,040	124,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	216,825	105,830	110,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	120,820	60,220	60,600	55.7	56.9	54.6
Married	105,275	52,365	52,910	48.6	49.5	47.7
Living common-law	15,545	7,860	7,685	7.2	7.4	6.9
Living common law - Never married	12,675	6,415	6,260	5.8	6.1	5.6
Living common law - Separated	435	225	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	2,260	1,135	1,120	1.0	1.1	1.0
Living common law - Widowed	175	80	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	96,000	45,605	50,395	44.3	43.1	45.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	68,445	37,000	31,450	31.6	35.0	28.3
Not married and not living common law - Separated	4,980	2,020	2,960	2.3	1.9	2.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	12,455	4,610	7,850	5.7	4.4	7.1
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	10,120	1,975	8,150	4.7	1.9	7.3
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	68,355	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	34,720	...	...	50.8	...	...
3 persons	16,775	...	...	24.5	...	...
4 persons	13,275	...	...	19.4	...	...
5 or more persons	3,585	...	...	5.2	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	68,355	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	57,610	...	...	84.3	...	...
Married couples	49,835	...	...	72.9	...	...
With children⁶	28,305	...	...	41.4	...	...
Without children	21,530	...	...	31.5	...	...
Common-law couples	7,775	...	...	11.4	...	...
With children⁶	1,795	...	...	2.6	...	...
Without children	5,980	...	...	8.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	10,745	...	...	15.7	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	8,745	...	...	12.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	2,005	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	245,725	121,045	124,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	191,605	94,355	97,250	78.0	78.0	78.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	115,215	57,660	57,550	46.9	47.6	46.2
Parents in one-parent families	10,750	2,000	8,745	4.4	1.7	7.0
Children⁶	65,645	34,690	30,955	26.7	28.7	24.8
In a two-parent family	50,505	26,535	23,975	20.6	21.9	19.2
In a one-parent family	15,140	8,160	6,985	6.2	6.7	5.6
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	54,115	26,685	27,430	22.0	22.0	22.0
Living alone	29,575	14,055	15,525	12.0	11.6	12.5
Living with other relatives⁷	8,245	3,210	5,030	3.4	2.7	4.0
Living with non-relatives only	16,305	9,425	6,880	6.6	7.8	5.5
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	101,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	55,410	...	...	54.8	...	...
Couple-family households	47,280	...	...	46.7	...	...
With children⁶	24,750	...	...	24.5	...	...
Without children	22,530	...	...	22.3	...	...
One-parent-family households	8,135	...	...	8.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	4,090	...	...	4.0	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,135	...	...	1.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	4,110	...	...	4.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	6,815	...	...	6.7	...	...
One-person households	29,575	...	...	29.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	213,475	104,380	109,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	206,675	101,160	105,510	96.8	96.9	96.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	43,200	34,400	38,400	43,200	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	206,730	101,200	105,530	96.8	97.0	96.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	39,200	32,400	35,200	39,200	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	183,615	91,065	92,560	86.0	87.2	84.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	41,200	28,000	34,000	41,200	28,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	146,750	75,115	71,640	68.7	72.0	65.7
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	45,600	33,200	39,200	45,600	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	172,810	80,150	92,660	81.0	76.8	84.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,000	8,800	8,000	7,000	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	17,890	7,935	9,955	8.4	7.6	9.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,640	5,520	5,480	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	60,185	29,540	30,645	28.2	28.3	28.1
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,500	9,000	10,000	9,500	9,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	213,475	104,550	108,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	206,385	101,105	105,275	96.7	96.7	96.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,500	59,200	44,080	51,500	59,200	44,080
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	206,450	101,140	105,310	96.7	96.7	96.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,440	48,800	38,280	43,440	48,800	38,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	183,375	91,095	92,275	85.9	87.1	84.7
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,520	57,450	39,680	48,520	57,450	39,680
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	146,755	75,265	71,485	68.7	72.0	65.6
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,600	58,600	42,160	50,600	58,600	42,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	172,395	80,060	92,330	80.8	76.6	84.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,030	9,390	10,590	10,030	9,390	10,590
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	17,750	7,830	9,920	8.3	7.5	9.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,570	5,870	7,120	6,570	5,870	7,120
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	60,705	29,975	30,725	28.4	28.7	28.2
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,660	9,550	9,770	9,660	9,550	9,770
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	213,475	104,555	108,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	68,465	38,585	29,880	32.1	36.9	27.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,000	71,500	59,200	65,000	71,500	59,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,400	85,100	67,400	77,400	85,100	67,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	59,440	27,680	31,755	27.8	26.5	29.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,000	19,600	16,800	18,000	19,600	16,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,120	33,120	25,600	29,120	33,120	25,600
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.8	87.4	79.0	83.8	87.4	79.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.8	73.6	65.0	69.8	73.6	65.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.3	12.6	21.1	16.3	12.6	21.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.5	1.1	0.8	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.7	5.7	8.1	6.7	5.7	8.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.5	4.8	6.5	5.5	4.8	6.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	213,475	104,380	109,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	6,805	3,220	3,585	3.2	3.1	3.3
With total income	206,670	101,165	105,510	96.8	96.9	96.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	24,885	11,120	13,770	12.0	11.0	13.1
$10,000 to $19,999	24,795	11,035	13,765	12.0	10.9	13.0
$20,000 to $29,999	32,485	14,075	18,410	15.7	13.9	17.4
$30,000 to $39,999	24,960	11,040	13,920	12.1	10.9	13.2
$40,000 to $49,999	21,115	9,795	11,320	10.2	9.7	10.7
$50,000 to $59,999	17,535	8,230	9,310	8.5	8.1	8.8
$60,000 to $69,999	13,865	7,125	6,735	6.7	7.0	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	10,615	5,835	4,780	5.1	5.8	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	8,475	4,930	3,545	4.1	4.9	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	6,655	3,845	2,810	3.2	3.8	2.7
$100,000 and over	21,285	14,135	7,145	10.3	14.0	6.8
$100,000 to $149,999	14,360	9,125	5,240	6.9	9.0	5.0
$150,000 and over	6,920	5,010	1,905	3.3	5.0	1.8
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	213,475	104,380	109,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	6,750	3,180	3,565	3.2	3.0	3.3
With after-tax income	206,730	101,200	105,530	96.8	97.0	96.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	25,555	11,400	14,155	12.4	11.3	13.4
$10,000 to $19,999	25,580	11,385	14,190	12.4	11.3	13.4
$20,000 to $29,999	36,310	15,855	20,450	17.6	15.7	19.4
$30,000 to $39,999	28,600	12,960	15,640	13.8	12.8	14.8
$40,000 to $49,999	24,265	11,290	12,975	11.7	11.2	12.3
$50,000 to $59,999	18,880	9,485	9,400	9.1	9.4	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	13,640	7,545	6,090	6.6	7.5	5.8
$70,000 to $79,999	10,125	5,830	4,295	4.9	5.8	4.1
$80,000 to $89,999	7,200	4,285	2,915	3.5	4.2	2.8
$90,000 to $99,999	4,820	2,990	1,825	2.3	3.0	1.7
$100,000 and over	11,765	8,170	3,590	5.7	8.1	3.4
$100,000 to $124,999	6,190	4,140	2,050	3.0	4.1	1.9
$125,000 and over	5,570	4,030	1,535	2.7	4.0	1.5
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	213,475	104,380	109,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	66,725	29,260	37,460	31.3	28.0	34.3
With employment income	146,755	75,115	71,635	68.7	72.0	65.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	18,920	8,680	10,235	12.9	11.6	14.3
$5,000 to $9,999	12,840	5,640	7,205	8.7	7.5	10.1
$10,000 to $19,999	17,105	7,795	9,310	11.7	10.4	13.0
$20,000 to $29,999	12,890	6,025	6,865	8.8	8.0	9.6
$30,000 to $39,999	12,630	5,965	6,670	8.6	7.9	9.3
$40,000 to $49,999	12,765	6,135	6,625	8.7	8.2	9.2
$50,000 to $59,999	12,480	6,080	6,405	8.5	8.1	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	10,115	5,440	4,680	6.9	7.2	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	8,015	4,535	3,480	5.5	6.0	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	6,680	3,990	2,695	4.6	5.3	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	5,470	3,230	2,240	3.7	4.3	3.1
$100,000 and over	16,845	11,615	5,225	11.5	15.5	7.3
$100,000 to $124,999	7,970	5,125	2,850	5.4	6.8	4.0
$125,000 and over	8,870	6,490	2,380	6.0	8.6	3.3
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	213,475	104,380	109,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	199,160	97,180	101,975	93.3	93.1	93.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	41,600	31,200	36,000	41,600	31,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	199,515	97,260	102,265	93.5	93.2	93.7
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	37,200	28,800	32,800	37,200	28,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	180,880	89,610	91,270	84.7	85.8	83.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	42,000	30,000	35,600	42,000	30,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	148,920	75,775	73,145	69.8	72.6	67.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,400	33,200	38,400	44,400	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	136,470	59,640	76,825	63.9	57.1	70.4
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,000	1,170	3,440	2,000	1,170	3,440
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	9,810	4,215	5,595	4.6	4.0	5.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,600	4,720	6,450	5,600	4,720	6,450
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	213,475	104,550	108,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	198,815	97,080	101,735	93.1	92.9	93.4
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,760	55,200	40,720	47,760	55,200	40,720
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	199,145	97,165	101,980	93.3	92.9	93.6
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,120	45,440	35,120	40,120	45,440	35,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	180,600	89,485	91,115	84.6	85.6	83.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,560	55,800	39,480	47,560	55,800	39,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	148,920	75,860	73,060	69.8	72.6	67.1
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,480	55,900	40,760	48,480	55,900	40,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	136,005	59,395	76,610	63.7	56.8	70.3
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,690	6,175	7,080	6,690	6,175	7,080
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	9,650	4,185	5,465	4.5	4.0	5.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,430	6,100	8,440	7,430	6,100	8,440
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	213,475	104,555	108,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	67,690	38,060	29,635	31.7	36.4	27.2
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,000	65,500	54,000	60,000	65,500	54,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,800	78,400	61,100	70,800	78,400	61,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	55,155	25,660	29,490	25.8	24.5	27.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,200	27,600	23,600	25,200	27,600	23,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,160	37,920	30,880	34,160	37,920	30,880
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.4	93.2	86.8	90.4	93.2	86.8
Employment income (%)	76.0	79.2	72.0	76.0	79.2	72.0
Government transfers (%)	9.6	6.8	13.1	9.6	6.8	13.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.5	1.1	0.8	0.5	1.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	101,135	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	73,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	29,575	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,800	...	...	42,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...	39,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	71,565	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	101,135	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	105,100	...	...	105,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	88,700	...	...	88,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	29,580	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,650	...	...	52,650	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,880	...	...	44,880	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	71,555	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	126,700	...	...	126,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,800	...	...	106,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	101,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,800	...	...	2.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,060	...	...	1.0	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,185	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,240	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,410	...	...	4.4	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,110	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,235	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,770	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,560	...	...	3.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,495	...	...	3.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	6,970	...	...	6.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	6,545	...	...	6.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	6,440	...	...	6.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	6,075	...	...	6.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	5,375	...	...	5.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	40,870	...	...	40.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	11,460	...	...	11.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	8,430	...	...	8.3	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	10,550	...	...	10.4	...	...
$200,000 and over	10,430	...	...	10.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	101,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	3,015	...	...	3.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,065	...	...	1.1	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,210	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,315	...	...	2.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,610	...	...	4.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,510	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,625	...	...	3.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	4,340	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	4,140	...	...	4.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	4,130	...	...	4.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	7,975	...	...	7.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	7,765	...	...	7.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	7,295	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	6,595	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	5,865	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	33,670	...	...	33.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	11,555	...	...	11.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	7,895	...	...	7.8	...	...
$150,000 and over	14,220	...	...	14.1	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	66,930	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	23,850	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	30,155	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	131,000	...	...	131,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	9,690	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...	66,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	45,880	23,475	22,400	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,600	39,600	35,600	37,600	39,600	35,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	36,400	33,200	34,800	36,400	33,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	66,910	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...	127,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,600	...	...	106,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	23,745	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,100	...	...	106,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,400	...	...	89,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	30,110	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	158,200	...	...	158,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	131,200	...	...	131,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,750	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	85,400	...	...	85,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,200	...	...	75,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	45,795	23,405	22,385	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,560	49,320	43,680	46,560	49,320	43,680
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,200	41,840	38,440	40,200	41,840	38,440
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	245,725	121,045	124,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	38,640	20,010	18,640	15.7	16.5	15.0
0 to 5 years	12,710	6,485	6,225	5.2	5.4	5.0
18 to 64 years	165,380	81,765	83,620	67.3	67.5	67.1
65 years and over	41,700	19,275	22,425	17.0	15.9	18.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	33,175	15,725	17,450	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	5,165	2,735	2,435	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,665	845	810	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	20,510	9,910	10,600	...	...	...
65 years and over	7,500	3,080	4,420	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.5	13.0	14.0	13.5	13.0	14.0
0 to 17 years (%)	13.4	13.7	13.1	13.4	13.7	13.1
0 to 5 years (%)	13.1	13.1	13.1	13.1	13.1	13.1
18 to 64 years (%)	12.4	12.1	12.7	12.4	12.1	12.7
65 years and over (%)	18.0	16.0	19.7	18.0	16.0	19.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	245,725	121,045	124,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	38,645	20,005	18,635	15.7	16.5	14.9
0 to 5 years	12,710	6,485	6,225	5.2	5.4	5.0
18 to 64 years	165,380	81,760	83,620	67.3	67.5	67.1
65 years and over	41,700	19,275	22,425	17.0	15.9	18.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	23,595	11,800	11,795	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,180	1,680	1,505	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	950	470	475	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	17,230	8,785	8,450	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,180	1,340	1,840	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.6	9.8	9.5	9.6	9.8	9.5
0 to 17 years (%)	8.2	8.4	8.1	8.2	8.4	8.1
0 to 5 years (%)	7.5	7.3	7.6	7.5	7.3	7.6
18 to 64 years (%)	10.4	10.7	10.1	10.4	10.7	10.1
65 years and over (%)	7.6	7.0	8.2	7.6	7.0	8.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	245,725	121,045	124,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	119,695	57,850	61,850	48.7	47.8	49.6
In bottom decile	32,730	15,980	16,755	13.3	13.2	13.4
In second decile	23,105	10,880	12,225	9.4	9.0	9.8
In third decile	20,885	10,070	10,810	8.5	8.3	8.7
In fourth decile	21,180	10,260	10,920	8.6	8.5	8.8
In fifth decile	21,795	10,660	11,135	8.9	8.8	8.9
In top half of the distribution	126,030	63,195	62,835	51.3	52.2	50.4
In sixth decile	21,995	10,865	11,125	9.0	9.0	8.9
In seventh decile	23,425	11,660	11,770	9.5	9.6	9.4
In eighth decile	25,080	12,520	12,560	10.2	10.3	10.1
In ninth decile	27,240	13,665	13,580	11.1	11.3	10.9
In top decile	28,280	14,480	13,800	11.5	12.0	11.1
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	245,725	...	...	245,725	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.351	...	...	0.351	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.449	...	...	0.449	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.314	...	...	0.314	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.4	...	...	4.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	246,940	121,625	125,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	218,745	109,470	109,275	88.6	90.0	87.2
French only	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	12,040	5,595	6,450	4.9	4.6	5.1
Neither English nor French	16,060	6,525	9,535	6.5	5.4	7.6
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	246,940	121,625	125,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	227,915	113,620	114,295	92.3	93.4	91.2
French	1,725	900	825	0.7	0.7	0.7
English and French	1,480	695	790	0.6	0.6	0.6
Neither English nor French	15,825	6,415	9,415	6.4	5.3	7.5
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	246,940	121,625	125,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	231,085	113,955	117,130	93.6	93.7	93.5
Official languages	97,495	51,630	45,865	39.5	42.5	36.6
English	95,955	50,810	45,145	38.9	41.8	36.0
French	1,535	825	715	0.6	0.7	0.6
Non-official languages	133,590	62,325	71,270	54.1	51.2	56.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	133,545	62,300	71,245	54.1	51.2	56.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,310	1,775	1,535	1.3	1.5	1.2
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	155	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,145	1,680	1,460	1.3	1.4	1.2
Amharic	275	135	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	2,055	1,090	965	0.8	0.9	0.8
Aramaic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	80	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	695	385	310	0.3	0.3	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,280	1,445	1,835	1.3	1.2	1.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	3,205	1,410	1,800	1.3	1.2	1.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	9,165	3,715	5,455	3.7	3.1	4.4
Bikol	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	245	95	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	160	55	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	510	205	300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	740	330	415	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kankanaey	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	7,020	2,805	4,215	2.8	2.3	3.4
Waray-Waray	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,480	815	665	0.6	0.7	0.5
Kannada	105	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	315	165	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	585	310	280	0.2	0.3	0.2
Telugu	465	275	185	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tulu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	40,790	20,425	20,370	16.5	16.8	16.3
Albanian	225	110	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	215	110	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	8,300	4,050	4,250	3.4	3.3	3.4
Baltic languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	8,260	4,030	4,230	3.3	3.3	3.4
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	175	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	270	135	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	895	445	450	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	2,690	1,270	1,420	1.1	1.0	1.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	3,535	1,760	1,775	1.4	1.4	1.4
Bosnian	300	150	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,405	650	750	0.6	0.5	0.6
Serbian	1,775	930	850	0.7	0.8	0.7
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	165	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	410	200	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,700	860	840	0.7	0.7	0.7
Frisian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,115	560	555	0.5	0.5	0.4
German	1,080	545	535	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	355	180	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	275	145	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	225	110	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	415	205	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	17,440	8,890	8,550	7.1	7.3	6.8
Indo-Aryan languages	11,450	5,695	5,750	4.6	4.7	4.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	675	375	300	0.3	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	1,555	775	785	0.6	0.6	0.6
Hindi	2,560	1,290	1,270	1.0	1.1	1.0
Kacchi	345	135	210	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kashmiri	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	360	180	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,980	2,440	2,535	2.0	2.0	2.0
Rohingya	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	635	335	305	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	5,985	3,185	2,800	2.4	2.6	2.2
Baluchi	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	515	295	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Parsi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	190	115	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	5,240	2,760	2,485	2.1	2.3	2.0
Dari	1,020	540	480	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian Persian	3,665	1,920	1,740	1.5	1.6	1.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	560	295	265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	12,495	6,195	6,300	5.1	5.1	5.0
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,380	1,670	1,705	1.4	1.4	1.4
Portuguese	2,915	1,435	1,475	1.2	1.2	1.2
Romanian	825	420	405	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	5,360	2,655	2,705	2.2	2.2	2.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,325	780	1,540	0.9	0.6	1.2
Korean	7,690	3,395	4,295	3.1	2.8	3.4
Mongolian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	390	200	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	75	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	63,220	28,825	34,390	25.6	23.7	27.4
Chinese languages	63,010	28,740	34,270	25.5	23.6	27.3
Hakka	335	145	190	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mandarin	31,710	14,330	17,380	12.8	11.8	13.9
Min Dong	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,965	895	1,070	0.8	0.7	0.9
Wu (Shanghainese)	550	255	295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	28,060	12,940	15,120	11.4	10.6	12.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	350	160	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	195	80	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	315	110	210	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	270	85	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	670	385	285	0.3	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	480	295	185	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	600	275	325	0.2	0.2	0.3
Estonian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	100	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	465	225	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	15,860	7,665	8,190	6.4	6.3	6.5
English and French	610	315	295	0.2	0.3	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	13,025	6,365	6,660	5.3	5.2	5.3
French and non-official language(s)	195	90	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	210	95	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	1,815	805	1,015	0.7	0.7	0.8
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	246,940	121,625	125,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	107,955	56,215	51,740	43.7	46.2	41.3
French	320	160	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	46,865	21,450	25,410	19.0	17.6	20.3
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	46,860	21,450	25,410	19.0	17.6	20.3
English and French	1,390	705	685	0.6	0.6	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	83,915	40,160	43,750	34.0	33.0	34.9
French and non-official language(s)	90	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,525	715	815	0.6	0.6	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	4,885	2,180	2,705	2.0	1.8	2.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	246,940	121,625	125,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	228,310	112,700	115,610	92.5	92.7	92.3
Official languages	141,845	72,430	69,415	57.4	59.6	55.4
English	141,300	72,155	69,145	57.2	59.3	55.2
French	545	280	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official languages	86,460	40,265	46,195	35.0	33.1	36.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	86,455	40,265	46,190	35.0	33.1	36.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,150	1,090	1,055	0.9	0.9	0.8
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,075	1,060	1,015	0.8	0.9	0.8
Amharic	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,300	635	665	0.5	0.5	0.5
Aramaic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	585	330	250	0.2	0.3	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,865	840	1,025	0.8	0.7	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,840	825	1,015	0.7	0.7	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,865	2,135	2,730	2.0	1.8	2.2
Bikol	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	130	50	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	75	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	265	105	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	300	160	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,895	1,695	2,205	1.6	1.4	1.8
Waray-Waray	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	920	480	440	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	180	95	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	400	205	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	285	155	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	21,925	10,825	11,100	8.9	8.9	8.9
Albanian	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	4,540	2,235	2,305	1.8	1.8	1.8
Baltic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,540	2,230	2,305	1.8	1.8	1.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	25	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	350	170	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	1,895	925	965	0.8	0.8	0.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,870	920	945	0.8	0.8	0.8
Bosnian	180	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	555	260	300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	1,115	570	545	0.5	0.5	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	195	95	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	160	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	10,615	5,290	5,325	4.3	4.3	4.2
Indo-Aryan languages	6,330	3,095	3,235	2.6	2.5	2.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	405	210	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	810	390	420	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	1,350	695	655	0.5	0.6	0.5
Kacchi	170	65	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	185	95	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,890	1,380	1,510	1.2	1.1	1.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	370	195	175	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	4,285	2,195	2,090	1.7	1.8	1.7
Baluchi	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	360	190	165	0.1	0.2	0.1
Parsi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	3,755	1,915	1,840	1.5	1.6	1.5
Dari	695	370	325	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	2,645	1,335	1,310	1.1	1.1	1.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	410	205	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,195	3,030	3,165	2.5	2.5	2.5
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	930	415	515	0.4	0.3	0.4
Portuguese	1,835	915	920	0.7	0.8	0.7
Romanian	375	180	195	0.2	0.1	0.2
Spanish	3,045	1,520	1,530	1.2	1.2	1.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,170	490	680	0.5	0.4	0.5
Korean	5,975	2,675	3,300	2.4	2.2	2.6
Mongolian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	130	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	110	70	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	46,580	21,205	25,370	18.9	17.4	20.2
Chinese languages	46,440	21,145	25,295	18.8	17.4	20.2
Hakka	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	25,565	11,685	13,875	10.4	9.6	11.1
Min Dong	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,125	510	615	0.5	0.4	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	380	175	210	0.2	0.1	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	19,090	8,645	10,445	7.7	7.1	8.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	155	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	135	60	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Burmese	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	370	195	170	0.1	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	270	155	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	175	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	18,635	8,930	9,710	7.5	7.3	7.7
English and French	250	120	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	17,400	8,345	9,050	7.0	6.9	7.2
French and non-official language(s)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	830	375	455	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	246,940	121,620	125,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	170,400	85,135	85,270	69.0	70.0	68.0
English	30,555	14,670	15,880	12.4	12.1	12.7
French	1,305	630	675	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official language	34,730	16,475	18,255	14.1	13.5	14.6
Indigenous³⁹	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	34,690	16,465	18,230	14.0	13.5	14.5
English and French	235	120	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	4,880	2,300	2,575	2.0	1.9	2.1
French and non-official language(s)	775	365	415	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	4,000	1,910	2,095	1.6	1.6	1.7
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	245,725	121,040	124,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	229,400	114,410	114,990	93.4	94.5	92.2
English	229,325	114,390	114,930	93.3	94.5	92.2
French	12,325	5,730	6,595	5.0	4.7	5.3
Non-official languages	163,875	77,145	86,730	66.7	63.7	69.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	125	55	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	163,780	77,105	86,675	66.7	63.7	69.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,005	2,775	2,235	2.0	2.3	1.8
Berber languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	205	125	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	65	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,835	2,675	2,165	2.0	2.2	1.7
Amharic	495	260	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	3,505	1,915	1,585	1.4	1.6	1.3
Aramaic languages	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	375	225	145	0.2	0.2	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	840	505	335	0.3	0.4	0.3
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,090	1,865	2,225	1.7	1.5	1.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	4,025	1,830	2,195	1.6	1.5	1.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	13,115	5,300	7,815	5.3	4.4	6.3
Bikol	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	435	195	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	235	95	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	845	325	520	0.3	0.3	0.4
Indonesian	1,115	520	595	0.5	0.4	0.5
Kankanaey	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	375	175	205	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	120	35	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pangasinan	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	11,245	4,440	6,800	4.6	3.7	5.5
Waray-Waray	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	350	165	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	200	110	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,530	1,375	1,150	1.0	1.1	0.9
Kannada	320	170	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	520	290	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	1,165	620	540	0.5	0.5	0.4
Telugu	885	510	375	0.4	0.4	0.3
Tulu	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	55,735	27,855	27,880	22.7	23.0	22.4
Albanian	365	195	170	0.1	0.2	0.1
Armenian	290	150	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	10,215	5,115	5,100	4.2	4.2	4.1
Baltic languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	10,185	5,095	5,090	4.1	4.2	4.1
Belarusian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	235	130	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	370	170	200	0.2	0.1	0.2
Macedonian	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,270	635	645	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian	3,705	1,805	1,905	1.5	1.5	1.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,435	2,265	2,170	1.8	1.9	1.7
Bosnian	650	325	335	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatian	2,065	1,010	1,055	0.8	0.8	0.8
Serbian	2,485	1,305	1,185	1.0	1.1	1.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	195	95	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	885	435	445	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	80	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,365	1,695	1,670	1.4	1.4	1.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,375	1,230	1,145	1.0	1.0	0.9
German	2,355	1,215	1,140	1.0	1.0	0.9
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	625	320	300	0.3	0.3	0.2
Afrikaans	195	105	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	425	215	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	430	190	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	190	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	605	325	285	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	24,990	12,745	12,245	10.2	10.5	9.8
Indo-Aryan languages	18,235	9,235	9,000	7.4	7.6	7.2
Assamese	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	855	450	410	0.3	0.4	0.3
Gujarati	2,725	1,310	1,415	1.1	1.1	1.1
Hindi	8,945	4,515	4,425	3.6	3.7	3.5
Kacchi	705	315	395	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kashmiri	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	660	330	330	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepali	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	7,860	4,080	3,785	3.2	3.4	3.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	65	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	260	110	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,650	885	765	0.7	0.7	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	7,075	3,685	3,390	2.9	3.0	2.7
Baluchi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	805	440	360	0.3	0.4	0.3
Parsi	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	550	315	235	0.2	0.3	0.2
Persian languages	6,150	3,220	2,925	2.5	2.7	2.3
Dari	1,385	695	690	0.6	0.6	0.6
Iranian Persian	4,335	2,280	2,055	1.8	1.9	1.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	540	330	210	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	17,665	8,520	9,145	7.2	7.0	7.3
Catalan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,890	2,225	2,665	2.0	1.8	2.1
Portuguese	3,455	1,735	1,715	1.4	1.4	1.4
Romanian	1,085	570	515	0.4	0.5	0.4
Spanish	9,235	4,495	4,735	3.8	3.7	3.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	4,425	1,865	2,560	1.8	1.5	2.1
Korean	9,090	4,020	5,070	3.7	3.3	4.1
Mongolian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,225	640	590	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	595	305	290	0.2	0.3	0.2
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	110	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	260	135	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	460	205	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
American Sign Language	420	190	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	73,280	33,805	39,480	29.8	27.9	31.7
Chinese languages	73,060	33,715	39,345	29.7	27.9	31.6
Hakka	525	215	305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mandarin	47,170	21,445	25,730	19.2	17.7	20.6
Min Dong	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,065	1,835	2,235	1.7	1.5	1.8
Wu (Shanghainese)	835	335	490	0.3	0.3	0.4
Yue (Cantonese)	35,915	16,510	19,405	14.6	13.6	15.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	300	160	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	245	95	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	425	170	260	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	355	135	220	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,070	605	470	0.4	0.5	0.4
Azerbaijani	130	90	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	870	490	380	0.4	0.4	0.3
Uyghur	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	660	280	385	0.3	0.2	0.3
Estonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	125	50	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	525	230	295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	245,725	121,045	124,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	4,180	2,025	2,150	1.7	1.7	1.7
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	4,030	1,945	2,080	1.6	1.6	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,670	1,305	1,360	1.1	1.1	1.1
Métis	1,340	640	700	0.5	0.5	0.6
Inuk (Inuit)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	241,550	119,020	122,525	98.3	98.3	98.3
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	245,725	121,045	124,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,900	925	975	0.8	0.8	0.8
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	243,825	120,120	123,705	99.2	99.2	99.2
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	101,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	61,185	...	...	60.5	...	...
Renter	39,950	...	...	39.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	101,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	42,540	...	...	42.1	...	...
Not condominium	58,600	...	...	57.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	101,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,915	...	...	1.9	...	...
1 bedroom	23,255	...	...	23.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	34,815	...	...	34.4	...	...
3 bedrooms	18,005	...	...	17.8	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	23,140	...	...	22.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	101,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	55,760	...	...	55.1	...	...
5 rooms	12,665	...	...	12.5	...	...
6 rooms	8,600	...	...	8.5	...	...
7 rooms	6,925	...	...	6.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	17,190	...	...	17.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.9	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	101,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	96,080	...	...	95.0	...	...
More than one person per room	5,055	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	101,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	91,090	...	...	90.1	...	...
Not suitable	10,045	...	...	9.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	101,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	11,045	...	...	10.9	...	...
1961 to 1980	24,810	...	...	24.5	...	...
1981 to 1990	14,235	...	...	14.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	14,465	...	...	14.3	...	...
2001 to 2005	6,435	...	...	6.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	9,405	...	...	9.3	...	...
2011 to 2015	8,035	...	...	7.9	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	12,710	...	...	12.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	101,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	95,090	...	...	94.0	...	...
Major repairs needed	6,045	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	101,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	50,765	...	...	50.2	...	...
Two-maintainer household	42,300	...	...	41.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	8,075	...	...	8.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	101,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,880	...	...	3.8	...	...
25 to 34 years	17,750	...	...	17.6	...	...
35 to 44 years	18,255	...	...	18.1	...	...
45 to 54 years	17,530	...	...	17.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	18,755	...	...	18.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	14,115	...	...	14.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	7,465	...	...	7.4	...	...
85 years and over	3,380	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	100,625	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	69,470	...	...	69.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	31,155	...	...	31.0	...	...
30% to less than 100%	24,960	...	...	24.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	101,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	42,240	...	...	41.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	26,990	...	...	26.7	...	...
Not suitable only	6,845	...	...	6.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	3,640	...	...	3.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,360	...	...	2.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,560	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	595	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	245	...	...	0.2	...	...
Acceptable housing	58,900	...	...	58.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	94,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	17,745	...	...	18.8	...	...
Not in core need	76,680	...	...	81.2	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	61,185	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	54.7	...	...	54.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.9	...	...	25.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	13.1	...	...	13.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,360	...	...	1,360	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,744	...	...	1,744	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	980,000	...	...	980,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,175,000	...	...	1,175,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	39,950	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.8	...	...	11.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	38.7	...	...	38.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	27.9	...	...	27.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,490	...	...	1,490	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,536	...	...	1,536	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	245,725	121,045	124,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,460	725	735	0.6	0.6	0.6
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,425	705	720	0.6	0.6	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,215	630	585	0.5	0.5	0.5
Métis single ancestry	205	75	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,180	1,590	1,590	1.3	1.3	1.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,095	1,565	1,530	1.3	1.3	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,185	1,085	1,100	0.9	0.9	0.9
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	890	470	415	0.4	0.4	0.3
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	85	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	85	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	241,085	118,730	122,355	98.1	98.1	98.1
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	245,725	121,045	124,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	195,540	96,700	98,835	79.6	79.9	79.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	33,795	17,440	16,350	13.8	14.4	13.1
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	161,750	79,265	82,485	65.8	65.5	66.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	50,185	24,345	25,845	20.4	20.1	20.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	245,725	121,045	124,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	105,170	55,160	50,005	42.8	45.6	40.1
Immigrants⁸¹	123,795	57,210	66,585	50.4	47.3	53.4
Before 1980	17,225	8,080	9,145	7.0	6.7	7.3
1980 to 1990	14,020	6,535	7,485	5.7	5.4	6.0
1991 to 2000	31,380	14,405	16,975	12.8	11.9	13.6
2001 to 2010	28,525	12,880	15,655	11.6	10.6	12.6
2011 to 2021⁸²	32,645	15,315	17,325	13.3	12.7	13.9
2011 to 2015	13,720	6,280	7,440	5.6	5.2	6.0
2016 to 2021	18,920	9,030	9,890	7.7	7.5	7.9
Non-permanent residents⁸³	16,765	8,675	8,090	6.8	7.2	6.5
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	123,800	57,210	66,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	8,805	4,590	4,215	7.1	8.0	6.3
5 to 14 years	19,335	9,940	9,400	15.6	17.4	14.1
15 to 24 years	21,815	10,235	11,575	17.6	17.9	17.4
25 to 44 years	58,535	25,465	33,075	47.3	44.5	49.7
45 years and over	15,300	6,975	8,325	12.4	12.2	12.5
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	123,800	57,210	66,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	7,285	3,585	3,700	5.9	6.3	5.6
Brazil	1,020	505	520	0.8	0.9	0.8
Colombia	420	195	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
El Salvador	390	205	185	0.3	0.4	0.3
Guyana	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	215	145	70	0.2	0.3	0.1
Mexico	1,160	525	635	0.9	0.9	1.0
Peru	330	165	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	155	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	1,885	970	915	1.5	1.7	1.4
Other places of birth in Americas	1,590	740	850	1.3	1.3	1.3
Europe	15,990	7,965	8,020	12.9	13.9	12.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,040	510	535	0.8	0.9	0.8
Croatia	995	495	500	0.8	0.9	0.8
France	270	175	90	0.2	0.3	0.1
Germany	705	345	360	0.6	0.6	0.5
Greece	220	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungary	260	110	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italy	2,295	1,120	1,170	1.9	2.0	1.8
Netherlands	250	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	860	405	450	0.7	0.7	0.7
Portugal	695	355	335	0.6	0.6	0.5
Romania	865	435	435	0.7	0.8	0.7
Russian Federation	1,230	550	680	1.0	1.0	1.0
Serbia⁸⁶	845	415	430	0.7	0.7	0.6
Ukraine	850	400	450	0.7	0.7	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,225	1,235	990	1.8	2.2	1.5
Other places of birth in Europe	2,375	1,185	1,190	1.9	2.1	1.8
Africa	5,380	2,680	2,700	4.3	4.7	4.1
Algeria	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	230	145	85	0.2	0.3	0.1
Eritrea	705	440	265	0.6	0.8	0.4
Ethiopia	355	185	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Morocco	120	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	315	160	155	0.3	0.3	0.2
Somalia	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	490	245	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Africa	2,965	1,350	1,615	2.4	2.4	2.4
Asia	93,220	42,075	51,145	75.3	73.5	76.8
Afghanistan	1,195	625	575	1.0	1.1	0.9
Iran⁸⁸	3,210	1,700	1,515	2.6	3.0	2.3
Iraq	695	365	330	0.6	0.6	0.5
Lebanon	180	110	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	735	340	395	0.6	0.6	0.6
Turkey	265	175	95	0.2	0.3	0.1
China⁹⁰	30,860	13,520	17,335	24.9	23.6	26.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	11,010	5,070	5,940	8.9	8.9	8.9
Korea, South⁹²	6,380	2,855	3,520	5.2	5.0	5.3
Taiwan	7,750	3,650	4,105	6.3	6.4	6.2
Philippines	11,235	4,475	6,755	9.1	7.8	10.1
Viet Nam	3,380	1,490	1,890	2.7	2.6	2.8
Bangladesh	385	190	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
India	7,540	3,790	3,745	6.1	6.6	5.6
Pakistan	835	445	390	0.7	0.8	0.6
Sri Lanka	445	200	250	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	7,120	3,085	4,035	5.8	5.4	6.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,925	900	1,020	1.6	1.6	1.5
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	18,920	9,030	9,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,970	965	1,005	10.4	10.7	10.2
Brazil	755	360	395	4.0	4.0	4.0
Colombia	75	40	35	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	30	20	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
Mexico	285	125	160	1.5	1.4	1.6
United States of America	430	220	210	2.3	2.4	2.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	70	30	40	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other places of birth in Americas	320	165	160	1.7	1.8	1.6
Europe	1,645	865	775	8.7	9.6	7.8
France	60	45	15	0.3	0.5	0.2
Germany	30	10	15	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	75	35	40	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italy	90	55	35	0.5	0.6	0.4
Russian Federation	180	65	120	1.0	0.7	1.2
Ukraine	280	155	120	1.5	1.7	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	200	115	90	1.1	1.3	0.9
Other places of birth in Europe	730	395	340	3.9	4.4	3.4
Africa	1,315	770	545	7.0	8.5	5.5
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	60	45	15	0.3	0.5	0.2
Eritrea	560	365	195	3.0	4.0	2.0
Ethiopia	125	75	50	0.7	0.8	0.5
Morocco	20	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.2
Nigeria	170	95	75	0.9	1.1	0.8
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	100	40	60	0.5	0.4	0.6
Sudan⁹⁷	25	15	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tunisia	35	10	20	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	170	85	80	0.9	0.9	0.8
Asia	13,850	6,345	7,505	73.2	70.3	75.9
Afghanistan	400	225	170	2.1	2.5	1.7
Bangladesh	85	40	40	0.4	0.4	0.4
China⁹⁰	4,805	2,055	2,750	25.4	22.8	27.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	250	120	125	1.3	1.3	1.3
India	2,525	1,315	1,205	13.3	14.6	12.2
Iran⁸⁸	580	285	300	3.1	3.2	3.0
Iraq	205	115	90	1.1	1.3	0.9
Israel	45	30	20	0.2	0.3	0.2
Japan	230	70	155	1.2	0.8	1.6
Jordan	55	40	20	0.3	0.4	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	835	325	515	4.4	3.6	5.2
Lebanon	15	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	265	160	100	1.4	1.8	1.0
Philippines	1,560	670	890	8.2	7.4	9.0
Saudi Arabia	75	40	35	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lanka	55	20	35	0.3	0.2	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	480	220	255	2.5	2.4	2.6
Turkey	85	65	20	0.4	0.7	0.2
United Arab Emirates	30	10	20	0.2	0.1	0.2
Viet Nam	285	110	175	1.5	1.2	1.8
Other places of birth in Asia	995	415	580	5.3	4.6	5.9
Oceania and other⁹³	140	90	55	0.7	1.0	0.6
Australia	115	75	45	0.6	0.8	0.5
Other places of birth⁹⁸	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.2
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	245,725	121,045	124,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	143,545	67,350	76,200	58.4	55.6	61.1
Second generation¹⁰¹	59,270	30,690	28,580	24.1	25.4	22.9
Third generation or more¹⁰²	42,910	23,005	19,900	17.5	19.0	16.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	106,570	49,130	57,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	66,710	32,170	34,540	62.6	65.5	60.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	27,095	15,395	11,700	25.4	31.3	20.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	39,620	16,775	22,845	37.2	34.1	39.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	26,965	10,295	16,665	25.3	21.0	29.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	10,960	5,820	5,140	10.3	11.8	8.9
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,935	845	1,095	1.8	1.7	1.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	106,570	49,130	57,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,575	1,410	1,170	2.4	2.9	2.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	9,595	3,575	6,015	9.0	7.3	10.5
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	4,710	2,350	2,365	4.4	4.8	4.1
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	8,715	3,990	4,730	8.2	8.1	8.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	350	160	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	80,620	37,640	42,980	75.6	76.6	74.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	245,725	121,045	124,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	166,690	79,680	87,010	67.8	65.8	69.8
South Asian	23,155	11,800	11,360	9.4	9.7	9.1
Chinese	81,795	38,605	43,190	33.3	31.9	34.6
Black	4,985	2,745	2,240	2.0	2.3	1.8
Filipino	14,290	6,080	8,210	5.8	5.0	6.6
Arab	2,540	1,340	1,200	1.0	1.1	1.0
Latin American	6,155	3,050	3,100	2.5	2.5	2.5
Southeast Asian	6,270	2,895	3,375	2.6	2.4	2.7
West Asian	6,435	3,400	3,040	2.6	2.8	2.4
Korean	9,335	4,235	5,100	3.8	3.5	4.1
Japanese	3,765	1,555	2,210	1.5	1.3	1.8
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,565	790	775	0.6	0.7	0.6
Multiple visible minorities	6,400	3,180	3,210	2.6	2.6	2.6
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	79,035	41,360	37,675	32.2	34.2	30.2
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	245,725	121,040	124,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	11,280	6,015	5,265	4.6	5.0	4.2
English	18,665	9,960	8,705	7.6	8.2	7.0
Irish	12,470	6,430	6,040	5.1	5.3	4.8
Scottish	14,610	7,440	7,175	5.9	6.1	5.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	6,405	3,360	3,045	2.6	2.8	2.4
German	10,445	5,310	5,135	4.3	4.4	4.1
Chinese	73,760	35,000	38,760	30.0	28.9	31.1
Italian	11,680	5,970	5,715	4.8	4.9	4.6
Indian (India)	15,000	7,465	7,535	6.1	6.2	6.0
Ukrainian	5,495	2,810	2,685	2.2	2.3	2.2
Dutch	2,990	1,580	1,410	1.2	1.3	1.1
Polish	3,915	1,900	2,010	1.6	1.6	1.6
Québécois	210	125	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,585	2,440	2,145	1.9	2.0	1.7
Filipino	14,050	6,105	7,945	5.7	5.0	6.4
French Canadian	990	530	465	0.4	0.4	0.4
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,305	1,210	1,090	0.9	1.0	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,610	800	810	0.7	0.7	0.6
Métis	1,205	585	620	0.5	0.5	0.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,775	1,445	1,330	1.1	1.2	1.1
Russian	3,870	1,910	1,955	1.6	1.6	1.6
Norwegian	2,375	1,235	1,135	1.0	1.0	0.9
Welsh	1,855	930	925	0.8	0.8	0.7
Portuguese	2,805	1,435	1,365	1.1	1.2	1.1
American	1,510	855	655	0.6	0.7	0.5
Spanish	3,445	1,710	1,735	1.4	1.4	1.4
Swedish	1,880	945	935	0.8	0.8	0.7
Hungarian	1,555	720	835	0.6	0.6	0.7
Acadian	165	105	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	1,115	625	495	0.5	0.5	0.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,425	805	620	0.6	0.7	0.5
Jewish	1,025	495	530	0.4	0.4	0.4
Punjabi	2,200	1,120	1,085	0.9	0.9	0.9
Vietnamese	5,440	2,590	2,850	2.2	2.1	2.3
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,170	625	550	0.5	0.5	0.4
Greek	1,215	645	570	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jamaican	550	330	225	0.2	0.3	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	5,765	2,710	3,055	2.3	2.2	2.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	435	220	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	9,325	4,225	5,100	3.8	3.5	4.1
Romanian	1,445	795	650	0.6	0.7	0.5
Lebanese	400	205	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	3,805	1,980	1,825	1.5	1.6	1.5
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,015	520	490	0.4	0.4	0.4
Danish	985	505	480	0.4	0.4	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	505	280	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	1,555	810	740	0.6	0.7	0.6
Austrian	1,260	615	640	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belgian	435	250	185	0.2	0.2	0.1
Haitian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	1,395	755	640	0.6	0.6	0.5
Mexican	2,015	980	1,030	0.8	0.8	0.8
Mennonite	315	155	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	520	290	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	765	385	380	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lankan	455	205	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	2,440	1,160	1,275	1.0	1.0	1.0
Japanese	4,955	2,140	2,815	2.0	1.8	2.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,320	650	670	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	585	300	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	1,025	510	515	0.4	0.4	0.4
Egyptian	330	180	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	900	420	480	0.4	0.3	0.4
Tamil	285	155	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	460	260	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombian	615	315	305	0.3	0.3	0.2
Moroccan	150	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	670	330	340	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syrian	630	310	325	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyanese	100	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	1,565	800	760	0.6	0.7	0.6
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	345	195	150	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbian	2,225	1,205	1,020	0.9	1.0	0.8
Ojibway	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	70	55	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	4,285	2,125	2,165	1.7	1.8	1.7
Ontarian	35	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	1,455	785	670	0.6	0.6	0.5
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	235	120	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	650	395	255	0.3	0.3	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	560	300	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algerian	55	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	1,375	720	660	0.6	0.6	0.5
Nigerian	320	170	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	470	250	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	475	225	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	465	210	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	150	95	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Taiwanese	7,110	3,305	3,810	2.9	2.7	3.1
Iraqi	415	235	180	0.2	0.2	0.1
Salvadorean	390	175	220	0.2	0.1	0.2
African Caribbean	125	60	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	1,005	475	530	0.4	0.4	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	475	275	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	170	100	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	185	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	305	150	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	515	280	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Palestinian	285	145	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	380	175	205	0.2	0.1	0.2
Congolese	145	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	45	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	335	160	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	420	205	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	280	155	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	180	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	375	215	160	0.2	0.2	0.1
Maltese	105	65	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	250	120	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	185	110	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	305	140	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	365	190	175	0.1	0.2	0.1
African Canadian	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Israeli	165	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	90	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	350	185	165	0.1	0.2	0.1
Albertan	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	110	75	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	100	70	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
African American	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	255	145	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	390	195	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	180	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	640	330	310	0.3	0.3	0.2
Venezuelan	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	85	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	170	120	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	1,070	505	565	0.4	0.4	0.5
Laotian	190	60	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	320	125	195	0.1	0.1	0.2
Northern Irish	115	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
British Columbian	450	255	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ecuadorian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	120	70	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kurdish	585	335	250	0.2	0.3	0.2
Fijian	960	430	530	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jatt	120	75	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	85	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	375	125	245	0.2	0.1	0.2
Dominican	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	80	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	60	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	170	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	145	60	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	200	95	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	115	80	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	630	305	325	0.3	0.3	0.3
Plains Cree	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	285	150	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	360	165	195	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	350	225	125	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nicaraguan	190	55	135	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mauritian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	245	140	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	110	35	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
Manitoban	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	35	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	205	135	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	100	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	50	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	100	65	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sicilian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	195	95	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	240	110	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	140	55	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oromo	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	120	75	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Basque	75	60	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	20	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	115	65	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Roma	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	210	90	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	245,725	121,045	124,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	9,140	3,785	5,350	3.7	3.1	4.3
Christian	86,490	39,605	46,880	35.2	32.7	37.6
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	22,730	10,175	12,560	9.3	8.4	10.1
Anabaptist	660	315	350	0.3	0.3	0.3
Anglican	2,575	1,135	1,445	1.0	0.9	1.2
Baptist	2,280	970	1,310	0.9	0.8	1.1
Catholic	40,000	18,515	21,485	16.3	15.3	17.2
Christian Orthodox	5,825	2,995	2,830	2.4	2.5	2.3
Jehovah's Witness	1,050	430	620	0.4	0.4	0.5
Latter Day Saints	265	140	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	1,160	515	645	0.5	0.4	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	445	200	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,525	675	850	0.6	0.6	0.7
Presbyterian	1,195	535	660	0.5	0.4	0.5
Reformed	175	60	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
United Church	2,610	1,035	1,575	1.1	0.9	1.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	4,000	1,920	2,075	1.6	1.6	1.7
Hindu	7,505	3,910	3,590	3.1	3.2	2.9
Jewish	620	340	280	0.3	0.3	0.2
Muslim	13,735	6,995	6,740	5.6	5.8	5.4
Sikh	6,905	3,420	3,485	2.8	2.8	2.8
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	130	60	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	2,325	1,050	1,275	0.9	0.9	1.0
No religion and secular perspectives	118,890	61,880	57,010	48.4	51.1	45.7
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	243,610	119,920	123,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	206,085	100,925	105,155	84.6	84.2	85.0
Movers	37,525	18,995	18,535	15.4	15.8	15.0
Non-migrants	18,520	9,385	9,130	7.6	7.8	7.4
Migrants	19,010	9,610	9,400	7.8	8.0	7.6
Internal migrants	13,330	6,775	6,555	5.5	5.6	5.3
Intraprovincial migrants	10,840	5,370	5,465	4.4	4.5	4.4
Interprovincial migrants	2,490	1,400	1,085	1.0	1.2	0.9
External migrants	5,680	2,830	2,850	2.3	2.4	2.3
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	235,295	115,765	119,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	135,210	65,165	70,050	57.5	56.3	58.6
Movers	100,080	50,600	49,480	42.5	43.7	41.4
Non-migrants	31,905	15,985	15,915	13.6	13.8	13.3
Migrants	68,180	34,610	33,570	29.0	29.9	28.1
Internal migrants	42,875	21,905	20,970	18.2	18.9	17.5
Intraprovincial migrants	35,750	18,025	17,725	15.2	15.6	14.8
Interprovincial migrants	7,120	3,880	3,240	3.0	3.4	2.7
External migrants	25,310	12,710	12,600	10.8	11.0	10.5
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	213,475	104,555	108,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	26,375	12,975	13,405	12.4	12.4	12.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	187,100	91,580	95,520	87.6	87.6	87.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	143,825	70,715	73,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,640	5,190	4,450	6.7	7.3	6.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	134,190	65,525	68,660	93.3	92.7	93.9
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	213,475	104,550	108,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	24,105	11,595	12,510	11.3	11.1	11.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	55,365	27,595	27,770	25.9	26.4	25.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	134,010	65,365	68,645	62.8	62.5	63.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	52,430	26,265	26,165	24.6	25.1	24.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	10,870	7,605	3,260	5.1	7.3	3.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,235	2,980	2,255	2.5	2.9	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,635	4,630	1,005	2.6	4.4	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	32,740	14,665	18,075	15.3	14.0	16.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	8,820	3,990	4,830	4.1	3.8	4.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	81,580	39,095	42,480	38.2	37.4	39.0
Bachelor's degree	55,085	25,935	29,150	25.8	24.8	26.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,275	2,295	2,975	2.5	2.2	2.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,750	860	890	0.8	0.8	0.8
Master's degree	17,050	8,490	8,560	8.0	8.1	7.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,420	1,515	900	1.1	1.4	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	143,825	70,710	73,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,345	4,445	3,900	5.8	6.3	5.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	29,295	15,365	13,930	20.4	21.7	19.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	106,190	50,900	55,285	73.8	72.0	75.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	38,310	19,010	19,300	26.6	26.9	26.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,210	5,100	2,110	5.0	7.2	2.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,425	2,015	1,410	2.4	2.8	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,780	3,085	695	2.6	4.4	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	24,545	10,975	13,565	17.1	15.5	18.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,555	2,930	3,625	4.6	4.1	5.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	67,880	31,895	35,985	47.2	45.1	49.2
Bachelor's degree	45,155	20,975	24,175	31.4	29.7	33.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,230	1,785	2,450	2.9	2.5	3.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,440	655	790	1.0	0.9	1.1
Master's degree	15,105	7,325	7,780	10.5	10.4	10.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,950	1,155	790	1.4	1.6	1.1
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	213,480	104,555	108,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	79,470	39,185	40,275	37.2	37.5	37.0
Education	6,550	1,465	5,090	3.1	1.4	4.7
13. Education	6,550	1,465	5,090	3.1	1.4	4.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,250	3,405	3,850	3.4	3.3	3.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,055	735	325	0.5	0.7	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	6,195	2,665	3,525	2.9	2.5	3.2
Humanities	7,880	2,780	5,100	3.7	2.7	4.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,380	295	1,090	0.6	0.3	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	2,085	550	1,540	1.0	0.5	1.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,585	980	1,605	1.2	0.9	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	325	200	125	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	540	340	200	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	715	360	355	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	170	30	140	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	16,705	6,195	10,510	7.8	5.9	9.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	245	70	180	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,245	830	1,410	1.1	0.8	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,870	215	1,650	0.9	0.2	1.5
22. Legal professions and studies	2,140	690	1,445	1.0	0.7	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	385	145	235	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	2,930	815	2,115	1.4	0.8	1.9
45. Social sciences	6,895	3,425	3,475	3.2	3.3	3.2
Business, management and public administration	32,215	13,935	18,275	15.1	13.3	16.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	955	260	690	0.4	0.2	0.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	31,200	13,655	17,540	14.6	13.1	16.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	7,120	3,740	3,380	3.3	3.6	3.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,740	1,205	1,540	1.3	1.2	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,715	915	800	0.8	0.9	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	140	20	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	2,390	1,565	825	1.1	1.5	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	140	45	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,135	6,875	3,260	4.7	6.6	3.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	8,545	6,155	2,390	4.0	5.9	2.2
25. Library science	310	55	260	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,015	510	505	0.5	0.5	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	265	155	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	24,220	20,160	4,060	11.3	19.3	3.7
04. Architecture and related services	1,155	710	445	0.5	0.7	0.4
14. Engineering	11,395	8,700	2,695	5.3	8.3	2.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,415	3,770	645	2.1	3.6	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	3,455	3,335	125	1.6	3.2	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,565	2,480	85	1.2	2.4	0.1
48. Precision production	1,215	1,160	55	0.6	1.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,005	930	1,075	0.9	0.9	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,220	505	715	0.6	0.5	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	785	430	360	0.4	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	15,220	3,770	11,455	7.1	3.6	10.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,070	600	475	0.5	0.6	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	13,625	2,900	10,725	6.4	2.8	9.8
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	500	270	230	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	4,680	2,100	2,580	2.2	2.0	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	3,515	1,230	2,285	1.6	1.2	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	390	250	135	0.2	0.2	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	755	595	155	0.4	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	143,825	70,715	73,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	37,635	19,810	17,830	26.2	28.0	24.4
Education	4,470	945	3,525	3.1	1.3	4.8
13. Education	4,470	945	3,525	3.1	1.3	4.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,950	2,775	3,175	4.1	3.9	4.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	870	610	255	0.6	0.9	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	5,085	2,160	2,920	3.5	3.1	4.0
Humanities	5,930	1,955	3,970	4.1	2.8	5.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,045	165	880	0.7	0.2	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	1,630	380	1,255	1.1	0.5	1.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,985	750	1,240	1.4	1.1	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	230	130	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	365	250	120	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	495	235	260	0.3	0.3	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	120	25	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	13,785	5,005	8,780	9.6	7.1	12.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	185	50	140	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,955	705	1,250	1.4	1.0	1.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,465	170	1,295	1.0	0.2	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	1,790	535	1,250	1.2	0.8	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	315	120	190	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	2,405	665	1,745	1.7	0.9	2.4
45. Social sciences	5,670	2,765	2,910	3.9	3.9	4.0
Business, management and public administration	26,445	11,260	15,185	18.4	15.9	20.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	710	180	535	0.5	0.3	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	25,690	11,060	14,630	17.9	15.6	20.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,570	2,830	2,740	3.9	4.0	3.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,200	935	1,265	1.5	1.3	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,340	680	655	0.9	1.0	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	110	10	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,825	1,180	640	1.3	1.7	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	100	30	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	8,825	6,065	2,765	6.1	8.6	3.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	7,630	5,520	2,110	5.3	7.8	2.9
25. Library science	215	35	180	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	745	370	380	0.5	0.5	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	225	140	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	18,355	14,905	3,455	12.8	21.1	4.7
04. Architecture and related services	910	535	375	0.6	0.8	0.5
14. Engineering	9,345	6,970	2,380	6.5	9.9	3.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,205	2,690	515	2.2	3.8	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,440	2,355	80	1.7	3.3	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,730	1,675	60	1.2	2.4	0.1
48. Precision production	710	675	30	0.5	1.0	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,560	680	880	1.1	1.0	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	910	340	570	0.6	0.5	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	655	340	315	0.5	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	11,885	2,960	8,925	8.3	4.2	12.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	840	470	375	0.6	0.7	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,630	2,295	8,335	7.4	3.2	11.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	390	190	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,415	1,530	1,885	2.4	2.2	2.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,590	930	1,665	1.8	1.3	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	305	200	105	0.2	0.3	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	510	395	115	0.4	0.6	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	143,825	70,715	73,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	37,635	19,810	17,830	26.2	28.0	24.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	106,185	50,905	55,285	73.8	72.0	75.6
Location of study inside Canada	67,140	33,435	33,705	46.7	47.3	46.1
Same as province or territory of residence	57,075	27,950	29,125	39.7	39.5	39.8
Different than province or territory of residence	10,070	5,485	4,580	7.0	7.8	6.3
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	39,045	17,470	21,575	27.1	24.7	29.5
Americas	6,370	3,255	3,110	4.4	4.6	4.3
United States of America	3,425	1,875	1,550	2.4	2.7	2.1
Mexico	865	395	470	0.6	0.6	0.6
Cuba	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	1,130	550	580	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombia	260	110	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	425	190	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Europe	5,550	2,895	2,655	3.9	4.1	3.6
Belgium	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	205	120	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Germany	170	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	65	40	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	235	105	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romania	370	190	175	0.3	0.3	0.2
Russian Federation	660	300	360	0.5	0.4	0.5
Ukraine	425	230	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	185	110	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,570	825	745	1.1	1.2	1.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	180	100	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	115	85	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	315	175	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Europe	805	405	400	0.6	0.6	0.5
Africa	790	415	375	0.5	0.6	0.5
Nigeria	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	180	95	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	340	165	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asia	25,480	10,495	14,985	17.7	14.8	20.5
Iran⁸⁸	1,375	685	700	1.0	1.0	1.0
Iraq	190	115	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Israel	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	160	105	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	8,050	3,385	4,665	5.6	4.8	6.4
Taiwan	1,625	530	1,100	1.1	0.7	1.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,050	430	620	0.7	0.6	0.8
Japan	850	195	655	0.6	0.3	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	2,320	825	1,495	1.6	1.2	2.0
Philippines	4,605	1,695	2,910	3.2	2.4	4.0
Viet Nam	205	50	155	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bangladesh	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	3,335	1,670	1,665	2.3	2.4	2.3
Pakistan	250	130	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	1,050	490	565	0.7	0.7	0.8
Oceania	860	410	450	0.6	0.6	0.6
Australia	730	345	380	0.5	0.5	0.5
New Zealand	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	213,475	104,550	108,920	...	...	...
In the labour force	137,320	71,885	65,435	...	...	...
Employed	124,155	65,415	58,740	...	...	...
Unemployed	13,165	6,470	6,695	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	76,160	32,675	43,485	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.3	68.8	60.1	64.3	68.8	60.1
Employment rate	58.2	62.6	53.9	58.2	62.6	53.9
Unemployment rate	9.6	9.0	10.2	9.6	9.0	10.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	213,480	104,555	108,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	78,775	34,330	44,445	36.9	32.8	40.8
Worked	134,700	70,225	64,475	63.1	67.2	59.2
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	70,995	40,175	30,815	33.3	38.4	28.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	63,710	30,050	33,655	29.8	28.7	30.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.6	41.5	39.6	40.6	41.5	39.6
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	137,320	71,880	65,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,600	1,695	1,905	2.6	2.4	2.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	133,720	70,185	63,535	97.4	97.6	97.1
Employee	113,360	57,575	55,790	82.6	80.1	85.3
Permanent position	93,825	48,210	45,615	68.3	67.1	69.7
Temporary position	19,535	9,365	10,175	14.2	13.0	15.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	7,775	3,855	3,915	5.7	5.4	6.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	11,765	5,505	6,265	8.6	7.7	9.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	20,350	12,610	7,740	14.8	17.5	11.8
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	137,320	71,880	65,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,600	1,695	1,905	2.6	2.4	2.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	133,720	70,185	63,535	97.4	97.6	97.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,210	850	355	0.9	1.2	0.5
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	27,230	8,990	18,240	19.8	12.5	27.9
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	17,890	13,530	4,360	13.0	18.8	6.7
3 Health occupations	9,155	2,425	6,730	6.7	3.4	10.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	13,785	4,610	9,180	10.0	6.4	14.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	6,515	3,485	3,030	4.7	4.8	4.6
6 Sales and service occupations	34,510	16,235	18,280	25.1	22.6	27.9
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	18,640	16,885	1,760	13.6	23.5	2.7
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,025	765	255	0.7	1.1	0.4
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,755	2,405	1,345	2.7	3.3	2.1
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	137,320	71,880	65,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,600	1,695	1,905	2.6	2.4	2.9
All industries¹⁹¹	133,720	70,185	63,535	97.4	97.6	97.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	465	255	210	0.3	0.4	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	275	165	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
22 Utilities	1,030	710	325	0.8	1.0	0.5
23 Construction	9,805	8,400	1,405	7.1	11.7	2.1
31-33 Manufacturing	7,330	4,850	2,480	5.3	6.7	3.8
41 Wholesale trade	5,180	3,190	1,990	3.8	4.4	3.0
44-45 Retail trade	15,230	7,515	7,710	11.1	10.5	11.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	6,455	4,850	1,605	4.7	6.7	2.5
51 Information and cultural industries	6,345	4,130	2,215	4.6	5.7	3.4
52 Finance and insurance	6,960	3,190	3,770	5.1	4.4	5.8
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,835	2,095	1,735	2.8	2.9	2.7
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	17,000	10,000	6,995	12.4	13.9	10.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	390	180	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	5,670	3,115	2,555	4.1	4.3	3.9
61 Educational services	9,895	3,620	6,280	7.2	5.0	9.6
62 Health care and social assistance	14,725	3,195	11,535	10.7	4.4	17.6
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,605	1,425	1,180	1.9	2.0	1.8
72 Accommodation and food services	9,335	4,355	4,975	6.8	6.1	7.6
81 Other services (except public administration)	5,830	2,435	3,400	4.2	3.4	5.2
91 Public administration	5,360	2,505	2,855	3.9	3.5	4.4
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	146,375	76,075	70,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	125,485	66,090	59,390	85.7	86.9	84.5
French	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	5,085	2,590	2,500	3.5	3.4	3.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	5,085	2,590	2,500	3.5	3.4	3.6
English and French	780	320	455	0.5	0.4	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	14,310	6,730	7,580	9.8	8.8	10.8
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	135	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	465	245	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	146,375	76,075	70,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	142,910	74,360	68,545	97.6	97.7	97.5
Official languages	133,880	69,970	63,905	91.5	92.0	90.9
English	133,665	69,910	63,755	91.3	91.9	90.7
French	215	65	145	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official languages	9,030	4,385	4,640	6.2	5.8	6.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	9,025	4,385	4,640	6.2	5.8	6.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	210	75	140	0.1	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	210	75	140	0.1	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	95	35	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	950	500	450	0.6	0.7	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	75	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	410	265	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	195	135	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	145	115	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	220	130	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kurdish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	210	130	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Dari	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	145	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	375	160	215	0.3	0.2	0.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	80	30	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	270	125	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	175	30	145	0.1	0.0	0.2
Korean	870	435	430	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,625	3,260	3,365	4.5	4.3	4.8
Chinese languages	6,625	3,260	3,365	4.5	4.3	4.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,020	1,895	2,130	2.7	2.5	3.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,525	1,325	1,205	1.7	1.7	1.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,465	1,715	1,750	2.4	2.3	2.5
English and French	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	3,265	1,615	1,650	2.2	2.1	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	146,375	76,075	70,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	133,460	70,125	63,330	91.2	92.2	90.1
English	3,125	1,375	1,750	2.1	1.8	2.5
French	605	280	325	0.4	0.4	0.5
Non-official language	7,130	3,395	3,730	4.9	4.5	5.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	7,125	3,395	3,725	4.9	4.5	5.3
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	540	240	300	0.4	0.3	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	95	30	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,425	630	795	1.0	0.8	1.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	124,155	65,415	58,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	36,340	18,675	17,665	29.3	28.5	30.1
Worked outside Canada	875	620	260	0.7	0.9	0.4
No fixed workplace address	16,145	12,085	4,060	13.0	18.5	6.9
Usual place of work	70,790	34,040	36,750	57.0	52.0	62.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	70,790	34,040	36,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	26,685	12,420	14,270	37.7	36.5	38.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	43,300	21,135	22,165	61.2	62.1	60.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	575	350	225	0.8	1.0	0.6
Commute to a different province or territory	220	135	85	0.3	0.4	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	86,940	46,125	40,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	61,745	35,195	26,550	71.0	76.3	65.0
Car, truck or van - as a driver	56,400	33,565	22,835	64.9	72.8	55.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	5,345	1,630	3,720	6.1	3.5	9.1
Public transit	18,735	7,795	10,935	21.5	16.9	26.8
Walked	4,090	1,795	2,295	4.7	3.9	5.6
Bicycle	790	600	190	0.9	1.3	0.5
Other method	1,575	740	840	1.8	1.6	2.1
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	86,940	46,125	40,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	14,165	6,920	7,250	16.3	15.0	17.8
15 to 29 minutes	30,030	16,085	13,940	34.5	34.9	34.2
30 to 44 minutes	27,530	15,565	11,965	31.7	33.7	29.3
45 to 59 minutes	8,830	4,405	4,425	10.2	9.6	10.8
60 minutes and over	6,385	3,150	3,235	7.3	6.8	7.9
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	86,940	46,125	40,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	4,430	2,965	1,465	5.1	6.4	3.6
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	12,615	7,895	4,720	14.5	17.1	11.6
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	19,200	10,125	9,075	22.1	22.0	22.2
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	19,895	9,485	10,410	22.9	20.6	25.5
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	18,470	8,880	9,590	21.2	19.3	23.5
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	12,320	6,770	5,550	14.2	14.7	13.6
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	39,425	20,405	19,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,870	960	910	4.7	4.7	4.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	37,560	19,445	18,115	95.3	95.3	95.2
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	28,125	14,655	13,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,450	735	715	5.2	5.0	5.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	870	430	445	3.1	2.9	3.3
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	580	310	270	2.1	2.1	2.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	26,675	13,915	12,755	94.8	95.0	94.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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