Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Surrey, City (CY)More information: British Columbia [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	568,322	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	517,887	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	9.7	...	...	9.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	195,098	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	185,671	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,797.9	...	...	1,797.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	316.11	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	568,320	282,350	285,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	94,060	48,640	45,420	16.6	17.2	15.9
0 to 4 years	27,960	14,280	13,680	4.9	5.1	4.8
5 to 9 years	31,770	16,485	15,290	5.6	5.8	5.3
10 to 14 years	34,330	17,875	16,455	6.0	6.3	5.8
15 to 64 years	387,080	193,245	193,835	68.1	68.4	67.8
15 to 19 years	34,980	18,115	16,865	6.2	6.4	5.9
20 to 24 years	45,280	23,725	21,560	8.0	8.4	7.5
25 to 29 years	41,355	21,340	20,015	7.3	7.6	7.0
30 to 34 years	40,780	20,445	20,340	7.2	7.2	7.1
35 to 39 years	41,055	19,980	21,080	7.2	7.1	7.4
40 to 44 years	39,335	19,025	20,310	6.9	6.7	7.1
45 to 49 years	37,565	18,035	19,530	6.6	6.4	6.8
50 to 54 years	37,135	18,190	18,945	6.5	6.4	6.6
55 to 59 years	36,695	18,300	18,395	6.5	6.5	6.4
60 to 64 years	32,895	16,085	16,810	5.8	5.7	5.9
65 years and over	87,180	40,475	46,710	15.3	14.3	16.3
65 to 69 years	28,175	13,510	14,665	5.0	4.8	5.1
70 to 74 years	23,195	10,980	12,215	4.1	3.9	4.3
75 to 79 years	15,580	7,280	8,305	2.7	2.6	2.9
80 to 84 years	10,300	4,635	5,660	1.8	1.6	2.0
85 years and over	9,925	4,065	5,860	1.7	1.4	2.0
85 to 89 years	5,985	2,655	3,325	1.1	0.9	1.2
90 to 94 years	3,010	1,150	1,860	0.5	0.4	0.7
95 to 99 years	780	220	555	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	155	40	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.6	17.2	15.9	16.6	17.2	15.9
15 to 64 years	68.1	68.4	67.8	68.1	68.4	67.8
65 years and over	15.3	14.3	16.3	15.3	14.3	16.3
85 years and over	1.7	1.4	2.0	1.7	1.4	2.0
Average age of the population	39.5	38.7	40.3	39.5	38.7	40.3
Median age of the population	38.4	37.2	39.6	38.4	37.2	39.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	185,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	60,895	...	...	32.8	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,795	...	...	2.0	...	...
Row house	30,930	...	...	16.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	42,540	...	...	22.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	37,470	...	...	20.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	8,835	...	...	4.8	...	...
Other single-attached house	155	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,055	...	...	0.6	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	185,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	36,850	...	...	19.8	...	...
2 persons	50,710	...	...	27.3	...	...
3 persons	31,895	...	...	17.2	...	...
4 persons	33,690	...	...	18.1	...	...
5 or more persons	32,530	...	...	17.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	562,560	279,595	282,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	474,265	233,710	240,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	277,380	138,485	138,895	58.5	59.3	57.7
Married	254,030	126,785	127,245	53.6	54.2	52.9
Living common-law	23,350	11,700	11,650	4.9	5.0	4.8
Living common law - Never married	16,335	8,205	8,130	3.4	3.5	3.4
Living common law - Separated	1,200	650	550	0.3	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	5,270	2,630	2,645	1.1	1.1	1.1
Living common law - Widowed	545	215	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	196,880	95,230	101,650	41.5	40.7	42.3
Not married and not living common law - Never married	140,585	77,495	63,085	29.6	33.2	26.2
Not married and not living common law - Separated	10,630	4,370	6,255	2.2	1.9	2.6
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	22,985	8,800	14,190	4.8	3.8	5.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	22,685	4,565	18,120	4.8	2.0	7.5
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	155,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	65,705	...	...	42.3	...	...
3 persons	36,080	...	...	23.3	...	...
4 persons	38,430	...	...	24.8	...	...
5 or more persons	14,945	...	...	9.6	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	155,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	132,005	...	...	85.1	...	...
Married couples	120,335	...	...	77.6	...	...
With children⁶	75,800	...	...	48.9	...	...
Without children	44,540	...	...	28.7	...	...
Common-law couples	11,670	...	...	7.5	...	...
With children⁶	4,430	...	...	2.9	...	...
Without children	7,245	...	...	4.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	23,145	...	...	14.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	18,340	...	...	11.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	4,805	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	562,565	279,595	282,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	472,595	235,760	236,840	84.0	84.3	83.7
Married spouses or common-law partners	264,015	132,010	132,010	46.9	47.2	46.7
Parents in one-parent families	23,150	4,805	18,340	4.1	1.7	6.5
Children⁶	185,430	98,950	86,485	33.0	35.4	30.6
In a two-parent family	149,935	79,720	70,215	26.7	28.5	24.8
In a one-parent family	35,500	19,230	16,265	6.3	6.9	5.7
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	89,965	43,835	46,125	16.0	15.7	16.3
Living alone	36,855	17,400	19,455	6.6	6.2	6.9
Living with other relatives⁷	24,590	9,690	14,900	4.4	3.5	5.3
Living with non-relatives only	28,520	16,745	11,770	5.1	6.0	4.2
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	185,675	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	107,675	...	...	58.0	...	...
Couple-family households	92,430	...	...	49.8	...	...
With children⁶	56,995	...	...	30.7	...	...
Without children	35,430	...	...	19.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	15,255	...	...	8.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	17,860	...	...	9.6	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	3,590	...	...	1.9	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	9,685	...	...	5.2	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	10,000	...	...	5.4	...	...
One-person households	36,855	...	...	19.8	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	468,615	231,010	237,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	449,735	221,765	227,975	96.0	96.0	95.9
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	43,200	33,600	37,600	43,200	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	450,000	221,915	228,090	96.0	96.1	96.0
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	39,200	31,400	34,800	39,200	31,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	392,870	198,760	194,110	83.8	86.0	81.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	41,200	26,600	33,200	41,200	26,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	331,280	171,720	159,565	70.7	74.3	67.2
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	42,800	29,400	35,600	42,800	29,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	383,000	178,830	204,165	81.7	77.4	85.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,700	7,050	10,000	8,700	7,050	10,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	42,980	17,620	25,360	9.2	7.6	10.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,360	5,680	5,480	5,360	5,680
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	144,550	70,070	74,480	30.8	30.3	31.3
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	468,615	230,875	237,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	449,410	221,495	227,915	95.9	95.9	95.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,160	55,600	40,960	48,160	55,600	40,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	449,675	221,645	228,030	96.0	96.0	95.9
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,320	46,560	36,240	41,320	46,560	36,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	392,375	198,720	193,660	83.7	86.1	81.5
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,880	53,400	36,160	44,880	53,400	36,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	331,285	171,830	159,455	70.7	74.4	67.1
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,040	52,650	36,840	45,040	52,650	36,840
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	382,035	178,250	203,785	81.5	77.2	85.7
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,580	9,580	11,450	10,580	9,580	11,450
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	43,010	17,685	25,330	9.2	7.7	10.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,550	5,610	7,210	6,550	5,610	7,210
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	143,415	69,610	73,800	30.6	30.2	31.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,040	8,860	9,200	9,040	8,860	9,200
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	468,615	230,875	237,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	146,840	85,535	61,305	31.3	37.0	25.8
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	59,200	64,500	53,200	59,200	64,500	53,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,900	75,700	59,450	68,900	75,700	59,450
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	135,355	62,690	72,660	28.9	27.2	30.6
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,800	21,400	17,000	18,800	21,400	17,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,760	32,080	24,060	27,760	32,080	24,060
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.4	86.2	75.0	81.4	86.2	75.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.0	73.4	62.9	69.0	73.4	62.9
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.7	13.8	25.0	18.7	13.8	25.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.8	2.0	1.3	0.8	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.4	6.0	9.2	7.4	6.0	9.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.0	5.0	7.3	6.0	5.0	7.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	468,615	231,005	237,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	18,880	9,245	9,635	4.0	4.0	4.1
With total income	449,735	221,760	227,970	96.0	96.0	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	47,990	20,830	27,155	10.7	9.4	11.9
$10,000 to $19,999	57,905	25,010	32,895	12.9	11.3	14.4
$20,000 to $29,999	72,870	31,580	41,295	16.2	14.2	18.1
$30,000 to $39,999	58,520	25,775	32,750	13.0	11.6	14.4
$40,000 to $49,999	50,535	23,135	27,405	11.2	10.4	12.0
$50,000 to $59,999	40,815	19,990	20,820	9.1	9.0	9.1
$60,000 to $69,999	30,790	16,840	13,950	6.8	7.6	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	23,100	13,880	9,225	5.1	6.3	4.0
$80,000 to $89,999	17,055	10,560	6,500	3.8	4.8	2.9
$90,000 to $99,999	12,900	8,010	4,895	2.9	3.6	2.1
$100,000 and over	37,235	26,150	11,090	8.3	11.8	4.9
$100,000 to $149,999	25,980	17,555	8,425	5.8	7.9	3.7
$150,000 and over	11,260	8,595	2,665	2.5	3.9	1.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	468,615	231,005	237,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	18,615	9,095	9,520	4.0	3.9	4.0
With after-tax income	450,005	221,910	228,090	96.0	96.1	96.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	49,385	21,400	27,985	11.0	9.6	12.3
$10,000 to $19,999	59,675	25,835	33,845	13.3	11.6	14.8
$20,000 to $29,999	81,750	35,605	46,140	18.2	16.0	20.2
$30,000 to $39,999	68,050	30,675	37,370	15.1	13.8	16.4
$40,000 to $49,999	57,225	27,275	29,945	12.7	12.3	13.1
$50,000 to $59,999	42,600	22,695	19,905	9.5	10.2	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	29,400	17,450	11,950	6.5	7.9	5.2
$70,000 to $79,999	19,845	12,205	7,645	4.4	5.5	3.4
$80,000 to $89,999	13,935	8,820	5,120	3.1	4.0	2.2
$90,000 to $99,999	8,610	5,645	2,965	1.9	2.5	1.3
$100,000 and over	19,530	14,305	5,225	4.3	6.4	2.3
$100,000 to $124,999	10,435	7,410	3,030	2.3	3.3	1.3
$125,000 and over	9,095	6,900	2,195	2.0	3.1	1.0
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	468,615	231,005	237,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	137,330	59,290	78,040	29.3	25.7	32.8
With employment income	331,285	171,720	159,565	70.7	74.3	67.2
Under $5,000 (including loss)	41,570	19,125	22,445	12.5	11.1	14.1
$5,000 to $9,999	28,920	12,510	16,410	8.7	7.3	10.3
$10,000 to $19,999	43,130	19,055	24,075	13.0	11.1	15.1
$20,000 to $29,999	32,945	15,010	17,935	9.9	8.7	11.2
$30,000 to $39,999	33,155	15,325	17,825	10.0	8.9	11.2
$40,000 to $49,999	31,665	15,835	15,835	9.6	9.2	9.9
$50,000 to $59,999	28,725	15,035	13,695	8.7	8.8	8.6
$60,000 to $69,999	22,365	13,255	9,110	6.8	7.7	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	17,210	10,910	6,300	5.2	6.4	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	13,000	8,385	4,610	3.9	4.9	2.9
$90,000 to $99,999	10,335	6,590	3,750	3.1	3.8	2.4
$100,000 and over	28,260	20,685	7,575	8.5	12.0	4.7
$100,000 to $124,999	14,085	9,680	4,405	4.3	5.6	2.8
$125,000 and over	14,175	11,005	3,170	4.3	6.4	2.0
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	468,615	231,010	237,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	432,925	212,865	220,055	92.4	92.1	92.6
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,400	41,200	29,400	34,400	41,200	29,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	433,805	213,040	220,770	92.6	92.2	92.9
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,600	36,800	27,400	31,600	36,800	27,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	386,140	194,940	191,200	82.4	84.4	80.5
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	42,000	28,000	34,000	42,000	28,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	333,990	172,140	161,850	71.3	74.5	68.1
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	42,400	29,400	35,200	42,400	29,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	302,975	129,900	173,080	64.7	56.2	72.8
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,480	1,550	5,160	3,480	1,550	5,160
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	28,470	10,620	17,850	6.1	4.6	7.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,360	4,760	5,720	5,360	4,760	5,720
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	468,615	230,875	237,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	432,785	212,920	219,860	92.4	92.2	92.5
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,280	53,500	37,360	45,280	53,500	37,360
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	433,675	213,075	220,600	92.5	92.3	92.8
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,440	32,560	38,400	44,440	32,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	385,660	195,045	190,615	82.3	84.5	80.2
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,160	54,000	36,080	45,160	54,000	36,080
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	334,270	172,675	161,595	71.3	74.8	68.0
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,360	52,100	36,080	44,360	52,100	36,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	302,975	129,720	173,260	64.7	56.2	72.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,230	6,580	7,720	7,230	6,580	7,720
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	28,455	10,775	17,680	6.1	4.7	7.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,030	5,865	7,740	7,030	5,865	7,740
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	468,615	230,875	237,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	145,240	84,510	60,730	31.0	36.6	25.5
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	55,200	61,200	48,800	55,200	61,200	48,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,300	71,500	54,300	64,300	71,500	54,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	126,250	58,620	67,625	26.9	25.4	28.4
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,200	27,600	21,800	24,200	27,600	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,600	37,800	28,120	32,600	37,800	28,120
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	88.8	92.6	83.8	88.8	92.6	83.8
Employment income (%)	75.6	79.0	71.0	75.6	79.0	71.0
Government transfers (%)	11.2	7.5	16.3	11.2	7.5	16.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.6	1.7	1.0	0.6	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	185,670	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	36,855	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,400	...	...	44,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400	...	...	40,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	148,815	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...	114,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	185,670	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	116,600	...	...	116,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	100,100	...	...	100,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	36,780	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,700	...	...	53,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,520	...	...	45,520	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	148,890	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	132,200	...	...	132,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	113,600	...	...	113,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	185,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,030	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	870	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,260	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,675	...	...	1.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	5,055	...	...	2.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	4,445	...	...	2.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	4,570	...	...	2.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	5,515	...	...	3.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	5,505	...	...	3.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	5,570	...	...	3.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	11,750	...	...	6.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	11,935	...	...	6.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	11,830	...	...	6.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	11,170	...	...	6.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	10,800	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	90,685	...	...	48.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	23,760	...	...	12.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	19,300	...	...	10.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	24,430	...	...	13.2	...	...
$200,000 and over	23,195	...	...	12.5	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	185,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,345	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	900	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,300	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,750	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	5,360	...	...	2.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	4,940	...	...	2.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	5,335	...	...	2.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,300	...	...	3.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	6,420	...	...	3.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	6,575	...	...	3.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	13,850	...	...	7.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	13,880	...	...	7.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	13,415	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	12,955	...	...	7.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	11,940	...	...	6.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	77,405	...	...	41.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	25,510	...	...	13.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	18,460	...	...	9.9	...	...
$150,000 and over	33,435	...	...	18.0	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	143,335	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.5	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	37,855	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	79,365	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	135,000	...	...	135,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.4	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	19,085	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...	75,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,000	...	...	69,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	65,375	34,145	31,230	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000	37,600	34,800	36,000	37,600	34,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,600	34,800	32,400	33,600	34,800	32,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	143,030	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	130,800	...	...	130,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,100	...	...	112,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	37,695	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	109,300	...	...	109,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,200	...	...	92,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	79,455	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	152,200	...	...	152,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,400	...	...	130,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	18,880	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	86,300	...	...	86,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,600	...	...	76,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	65,550	33,955	31,590	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,880	46,920	42,680	44,880	46,920	42,680
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,880	40,000	37,680	38,880	40,000	37,680
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	562,560	279,595	282,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	114,065	59,060	55,010	20.3	21.1	19.4
0 to 5 years	33,980	17,365	16,615	6.0	6.2	5.9
18 to 64 years	364,890	181,340	183,550	64.9	64.9	64.9
65 years and over	83,605	39,200	44,405	14.9	14.0	15.7
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	49,290	23,545	25,745	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	12,250	6,330	5,920	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	3,560	1,780	1,785	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	28,135	13,535	14,605	...	...	...
65 years and over	8,900	3,680	5,215	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.8	8.4	9.1	8.8	8.4	9.1
0 to 17 years (%)	10.7	10.7	10.8	10.7	10.7	10.8
0 to 5 years (%)	10.5	10.2	10.8	10.5	10.2	10.8
18 to 64 years (%)	7.7	7.5	8.0	7.7	7.5	8.0
65 years and over (%)	10.6	9.4	11.8	10.6	9.4	11.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	562,565	279,595	282,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	114,070	59,060	55,010	20.3	21.1	19.4
0 to 5 years	33,980	17,370	16,610	6.0	6.2	5.9
18 to 64 years	364,885	181,335	183,555	64.9	64.9	64.9
65 years and over	83,610	39,205	44,405	14.9	14.0	15.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	33,465	17,295	16,175	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	6,165	3,215	2,950	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,680	855	820	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	24,010	12,620	11,395	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,290	1,455	1,830	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.0	6.2	5.7	6.0	6.2	5.7
0 to 17 years (%)	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4
0 to 5 years (%)	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.9	4.9
18 to 64 years (%)	6.6	7.0	6.2	6.6	7.0	6.2
65 years and over (%)	3.9	3.7	4.1	3.9	3.7	4.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	562,560	279,595	282,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	256,025	125,450	130,575	45.5	44.9	46.1
In bottom decile	50,875	25,275	25,595	9.0	9.0	9.0
In second decile	46,855	22,345	24,515	8.3	8.0	8.7
In third decile	48,645	23,865	24,780	8.6	8.5	8.8
In fourth decile	52,520	25,825	26,690	9.3	9.2	9.4
In fifth decile	57,125	28,130	28,995	10.2	10.1	10.2
In top half of the distribution	306,535	154,150	152,390	54.5	55.1	53.9
In sixth decile	58,855	29,240	29,610	10.5	10.5	10.5
In seventh decile	62,680	31,385	31,300	11.1	11.2	11.1
In eighth decile	64,710	32,575	32,140	11.5	11.7	11.4
In ninth decile	65,355	32,965	32,390	11.6	11.8	11.4
In top decile	54,935	27,985	26,950	9.8	10.0	9.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	562,565	...	...	562,565	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.304	...	...	0.304	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.403	...	...	0.403	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.272	...	...	0.272	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.5	...	...	3.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	564,230	280,295	283,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	504,310	254,375	249,930	89.4	90.8	88.0
French only	220	115	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	21,780	9,785	12,000	3.9	3.5	4.2
Neither English nor French	37,925	16,020	21,900	6.7	5.7	7.7
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	564,230	280,295	283,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	521,015	261,675	259,330	92.3	93.4	91.3
French	3,185	1,600	1,580	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and French	2,705	1,265	1,435	0.5	0.5	0.5
Neither English nor French	37,335	15,755	21,585	6.6	5.6	7.6
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	564,230	280,295	283,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	525,225	261,070	264,155	93.1	93.1	93.0
Official languages	246,415	125,470	120,950	43.7	44.8	42.6
English	243,510	123,995	119,515	43.2	44.2	42.1
French	2,910	1,470	1,435	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official languages	278,810	135,605	143,205	49.4	48.4	50.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	70	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	30	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	278,740	135,590	143,155	49.4	48.4	50.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,325	4,805	4,515	1.7	1.7	1.6
Berber languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	960	485	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	890	450	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	8,330	4,295	4,035	1.5	1.5	1.4
Amharic	375	175	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	6,135	3,175	2,965	1.1	1.1	1.0
Aramaic languages	1,095	560	530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	360	190	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	630	320	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	660	350	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	7,480	3,395	4,090	1.3	1.2	1.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	625	280	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	6,860	3,115	3,740	1.2	1.1	1.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	22,930	10,080	12,850	4.1	3.6	4.5
Bikol	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	400	175	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	755	345	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	350	160	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	1,495	660	835	0.3	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	465	200	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	155	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	18,640	8,160	10,485	3.3	2.9	3.7
Waray-Waray	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	170	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	255	120	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	145	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,270	1,675	1,595	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kannada	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,275	650	625	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	1,245	625	615	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	610	330	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	182,190	90,590	91,600	32.3	32.3	32.3
Albanian	275	135	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	140	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	6,810	3,220	3,590	1.2	1.1	1.3
Baltic languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	6,760	3,200	3,565	1.2	1.1	1.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	120	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	420	185	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	2,035	980	1,060	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	1,960	900	1,060	0.3	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,325	675	650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	170	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	570	275	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	555	295	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	190	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	635	290	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	4,840	2,195	2,650	0.9	0.8	0.9
Frisian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,940	1,345	1,595	0.5	0.5	0.6
German	2,860	1,315	1,550	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,380	610	770	0.2	0.2	0.3
Afrikaans	190	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	1,115	500	620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	500	225	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	280	130	145	0.0	0.0	0.1
Icelandic	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	485	260	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	158,375	79,190	79,180	28.1	28.3	27.9
Indo-Aryan languages	154,250	77,085	77,170	27.3	27.5	27.2
Assamese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,130	595	535	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	2,090	1,090	995	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hindi	14,540	7,110	7,425	2.6	2.5	2.6
Kacchi	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	325	160	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	650	325	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	128,305	64,230	64,080	22.7	22.9	22.6
Rohingya	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	720	345	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	5,820	2,895	2,925	1.0	1.0	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	265	130	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	4,110	2,110	2,005	0.7	0.8	0.7
Baluchi	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	330	170	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	620	335	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	3,115	1,575	1,535	0.6	0.6	0.5
Dari	1,840	890	950	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	845	465	385	0.1	0.2	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	430	220	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	11,240	5,520	5,720	2.0	2.0	2.0
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,145	605	535	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	1,825	850	975	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	700	340	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	7,565	3,710	3,850	1.3	1.3	1.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,105	380	725	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korean	8,690	4,070	4,620	1.5	1.5	1.6
Mongolian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,430	710	720	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	205	105	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	20	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	335	165	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	160	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	195	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	105	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	140	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	39,485	18,540	20,945	7.0	6.6	7.4
Chinese languages	38,555	18,075	20,485	6.8	6.4	7.2
Hakka	220	90	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	28,080	13,085	15,000	5.0	4.7	5.3
Min Dong	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,620	765	850	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	265	130	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	8,165	3,900	4,270	1.4	1.4	1.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	905	450	450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burmese	330	175	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	280	140	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	245	120	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	760	310	445	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	500	240	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	255	70	190	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	575	305	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	395	215	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	930	435	495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	165	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	715	335	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	39,005	19,225	19,780	6.9	6.9	7.0
English and French	1,035	505	535	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	34,045	16,870	17,170	6.0	6.0	6.0
French and non-official language(s)	320	160	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	440	200	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	3,165	1,485	1,680	0.6	0.5	0.6
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	564,230	280,295	283,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	253,560	128,190	125,370	44.9	45.7	44.2
French	520	260	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	108,570	52,680	55,890	19.2	18.8	19.7
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	108,555	52,670	55,880	19.2	18.8	19.7
English and French	2,475	1,170	1,310	0.4	0.4	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	187,700	92,565	95,135	33.3	33.0	33.5
French and non-official language(s)	155	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,030	1,365	1,665	0.5	0.5	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	8,220	3,990	4,235	1.5	1.4	1.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	564,230	280,295	283,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	516,220	256,695	259,525	91.5	91.6	91.4
Official languages	319,050	159,795	159,255	56.5	57.0	56.1
English	318,180	159,360	158,825	56.4	56.9	55.9
French	870	440	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official languages	197,175	96,905	100,265	34.9	34.6	35.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	197,155	96,900	100,255	34.9	34.6	35.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	6,615	3,300	3,315	1.2	1.2	1.2
Berber languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	605	290	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	570	275	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	6,000	3,005	3,000	1.1	1.1	1.1
Amharic	190	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,455	2,230	2,220	0.8	0.8	0.8
Aramaic languages	870	430	440	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	285	145	140	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	490	235	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	470	245	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	5,055	2,275	2,780	0.9	0.8	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	380	175	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	4,670	2,100	2,575	0.8	0.7	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	12,760	5,975	6,780	2.3	2.1	2.4
Bikol	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	170	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	430	210	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	145	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	810	380	430	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,710	4,995	5,710	1.9	1.8	2.0
Waray-Waray	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,160	1,075	1,080	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	820	420	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	875	415	455	0.2	0.1	0.2
Telugu	390	195	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	130,065	65,130	64,940	23.1	23.2	22.9
Albanian	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,025	1,455	1,570	0.5	0.5	0.6
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,020	1,450	1,570	0.5	0.5	0.6
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	855	415	440	0.2	0.1	0.2
Russian	1,230	600	630	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	515	245	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	160	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	265	135	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	210	90	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	425	205	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	240	110	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	235	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	180	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	120,525	60,430	60,095	21.4	21.6	21.2
Indo-Aryan languages	117,965	59,150	58,815	20.9	21.1	20.7
Assamese	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	720	370	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	1,330	695	635	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	8,595	4,225	4,365	1.5	1.5	1.5
Kacchi	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	460	240	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	101,690	51,085	50,605	18.0	18.2	17.8
Rohingya	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	400	185	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	4,275	2,100	2,170	0.8	0.7	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,560	1,280	1,275	0.5	0.5	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	225	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	400	220	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	1,920	940	980	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	1,195	570	625	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	480	245	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	245	125	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,720	2,860	2,860	1.0	1.0	1.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	215	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	875	400	475	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romanian	310	150	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	4,315	2,200	2,110	0.8	0.8	0.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	475	205	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	7,100	3,340	3,760	1.3	1.2	1.3
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	620	305	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	240	140	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	210	120	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	30,875	14,585	16,285	5.5	5.2	5.7
Chinese languages	30,160	14,225	15,935	5.3	5.1	5.6
Hakka	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	23,165	10,915	12,245	4.1	3.9	4.3
Min Dong	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,015	480	535	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	215	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	5,575	2,635	2,940	1.0	0.9	1.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	695	355	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	260	135	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	220	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	200	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	370	170	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	280	135	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	90	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	365	180	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	275	135	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	230	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	200	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	48,005	23,600	24,410	8.5	8.4	8.6
English and French	465	220	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	45,880	22,615	23,265	8.1	8.1	8.2
French and non-official language(s)	120	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	270	125	145	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	1,275	580	690	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	564,230	280,295	283,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	401,355	200,300	201,055	71.1	71.5	70.8
English	68,390	34,125	34,265	12.1	12.2	12.1
French	2,525	1,170	1,355	0.4	0.4	0.5
Non-official language	69,385	33,495	35,895	12.3	11.9	12.6
Indigenous³⁹	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	69,335	33,470	35,860	12.3	11.9	12.6
English and French	495	225	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	12,955	6,555	6,400	2.3	2.3	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	1,295	570	730	0.2	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	7,695	3,795	3,900	1.4	1.4	1.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	562,565	279,540	283,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	524,435	263,435	261,000	93.2	94.2	92.2
English	524,260	263,355	260,905	93.2	94.2	92.2
French	21,950	9,755	12,195	3.9	3.5	4.3
Non-official languages	350,315	171,120	179,195	62.3	61.2	63.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	140	35	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	60	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	350,175	171,080	179,090	62.2	61.2	63.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	12,315	6,605	5,715	2.2	2.4	2.0
Berber languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,215	625	590	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,140	590	545	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	11,255	6,095	5,160	2.0	2.2	1.8
Amharic	800	420	375	0.1	0.2	0.1
Arabic	9,150	4,965	4,190	1.6	1.8	1.5
Aramaic languages	1,630	845	785	0.3	0.3	0.3
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	605	340	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	820	410	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	225	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	235	155	80	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	920	510	410	0.2	0.2	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10,050	4,600	5,450	1.8	1.6	1.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	900	465	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	9,230	4,190	5,045	1.6	1.5	1.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	32,095	14,070	18,025	5.7	5.0	6.4
Bikol	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	420	205	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	1,315	615	700	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	410	205	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hiligaynon	670	290	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	2,650	1,110	1,545	0.5	0.4	0.5
Indonesian	655	305	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	575	275	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	385	180	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	29,750	12,975	16,775	5.3	4.6	5.9
Waray-Waray	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	800	380	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	765	390	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	340	165	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	5,155	2,580	2,580	0.9	0.9	0.9
Kannada	465	240	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	1,815	935	880	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	2,465	1,255	1,200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Telugu	1,005	520	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tulu	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	233,380	116,675	116,700	41.5	41.7	41.2
Albanian	475	195	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	140	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	8,435	4,100	4,330	1.5	1.5	1.5
Baltic languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	8,405	4,090	4,310	1.5	1.5	1.5
Belarusian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	565	260	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	2,415	1,200	1,210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	3,135	1,565	1,570	0.6	0.6	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,675	845	830	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	245	140	100	0.0	0.1	0.0
Croatian	965	475	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	705	355	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	290	135	155	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,025	445	585	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	7,255	3,400	3,850	1.3	1.2	1.4
Frisian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	4,605	2,195	2,410	0.8	0.8	0.9
German	4,535	2,155	2,375	0.8	0.8	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	100	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,045	935	1,105	0.4	0.3	0.4
Afrikaans	575	305	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	1,410	615	795	0.3	0.2	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	855	405	445	0.2	0.1	0.2
Danish	375	175	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	190	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	310	180	135	0.1	0.1	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	840	440	405	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	200,600	100,905	99,700	35.7	36.1	35.2
Indo-Aryan languages	196,220	98,650	97,570	34.9	35.3	34.5
Assamese	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,505	755	750	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	3,255	1,745	1,505	0.6	0.6	0.5
Hindi	61,500	30,165	31,335	10.9	10.8	11.1
Kacchi	235	110	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	230	130	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	665	370	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	715	350	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	164,825	83,045	81,785	29.3	29.7	28.9
Rohingya	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,270	610	660	0.2	0.2	0.2
Urdu	11,290	5,895	5,395	2.0	2.1	1.9
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	675	345	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	5,370	2,790	2,580	1.0	1.0	0.9
Baluchi	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	480	295	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,175	635	545	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	4,070	2,080	1,990	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dari	2,510	1,240	1,270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian Persian	1,200	660	545	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	415	210	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	18,360	9,060	9,300	3.3	3.2	3.3
Catalan	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,380	1,255	1,125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Portuguese	2,480	1,225	1,250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	970	495	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	13,335	6,535	6,800	2.4	2.3	2.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,460	1,120	1,340	0.4	0.4	0.5
Korean	9,835	4,570	5,265	1.7	1.6	1.9
Mongolian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,220	1,620	1,595	0.6	0.6	0.6
Akan (Twi)	525	255	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	155	90	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	175	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	185	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	90	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	160	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,170	615	560	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	545	275	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	540	260	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	140	35	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	110	20	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	740	350	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	655	300	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	46,015	21,815	24,200	8.2	7.8	8.6
Chinese languages	44,880	21,250	23,630	8.0	7.6	8.3
Hakka	465	215	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	36,980	17,420	19,565	6.6	6.2	6.9
Min Dong	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	3,075	1,455	1,620	0.5	0.5	0.6
Wu (Shanghainese)	410	190	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	11,875	5,530	6,350	2.1	2.0	2.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	175	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	1,160	580	580	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burmese	650	335	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	355	165	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	320	145	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	95	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,105	530	575	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	670	330	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	500	225	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	975	535	440	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	50	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	810	465	345	0.1	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,145	510	630	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	925	410	515	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	130	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	562,565	279,540	283,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	12,180	5,950	6,220	2.2	2.1	2.2
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	11,645	5,680	5,970	2.1	2.0	2.1
First Nations (North American Indian)	6,370	3,115	3,250	1.1	1.1	1.1
Métis	5,160	2,520	2,640	0.9	0.9	0.9
Inuk (Inuit)	115	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	345	175	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	185	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	550,390	273,590	276,800	97.8	97.9	97.8
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	562,565	279,540	283,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	4,020	1,855	2,170	0.7	0.7	0.8
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	558,540	277,685	280,855	99.3	99.3	99.2
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	185,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	129,100	...	...	69.5	...	...
Renter	56,575	...	...	30.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	185,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	40,330	...	...	21.7	...	...
Not condominium	145,345	...	...	78.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	185,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,515	...	...	0.8	...	...
1 bedroom	23,605	...	...	12.7	...	...
2 bedrooms	47,855	...	...	25.8	...	...
3 bedrooms	48,825	...	...	26.3	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	63,875	...	...	34.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	185,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	67,455	...	...	36.3	...	...
5 rooms	27,495	...	...	14.8	...	...
6 rooms	22,145	...	...	11.9	...	...
7 rooms	18,505	...	...	10.0	...	...
8 or more rooms	50,075	...	...	27.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.9	...	...	5.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	185,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	171,410	...	...	92.3	...	...
More than one person per room	14,260	...	...	7.7	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	185,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	163,120	...	...	87.9	...	...
Not suitable	22,555	...	...	12.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	185,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	7,990	...	...	4.3	...	...
1961 to 1980	28,485	...	...	15.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	32,095	...	...	17.3	...	...
1991 to 2000	36,435	...	...	19.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	18,110	...	...	9.8	...	...
2006 to 2010	22,650	...	...	12.2	...	...
2011 to 2015	18,825	...	...	10.1	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	21,090	...	...	11.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	185,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	178,630	...	...	96.2	...	...
Major repairs needed	7,045	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	185,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	77,530	...	...	41.8	...	...
Two-maintainer household	84,900	...	...	45.7	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	23,245	...	...	12.5	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	185,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	5,770	...	...	3.1	...	...
25 to 34 years	24,100	...	...	13.0	...	...
35 to 44 years	36,535	...	...	19.7	...	...
45 to 54 years	39,345	...	...	21.2	...	...
55 to 64 years	37,245	...	...	20.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	25,625	...	...	13.8	...	...
75 to 84 years	12,665	...	...	6.8	...	...
85 years and over	4,385	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	184,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	136,720	...	...	73.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	48,210	...	...	26.1	...	...
30% to less than 100%	42,835	...	...	23.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	185,670	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	70,980	...	...	38.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	42,425	...	...	22.8	...	...
Not suitable only	17,875	...	...	9.6	...	...
Major repairs needed only	4,055	...	...	2.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	3,630	...	...	2.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,940	...	...	1.0	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	835	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	215	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	114,695	...	...	61.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	179,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	27,705	...	...	15.4	...	...
Not in core need	151,855	...	...	84.6	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	128,910	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	68.1	...	...	68.1	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.0	...	...	24.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.2	...	...	10.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,820	...	...	1,820	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,018	...	...	2,018	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,000,000	...	...	1,000,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,102,000	...	...	1,102,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	56,560	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.9	...	...	8.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	30.9	...	...	30.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	27.6	...	...	27.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	...	...	1,300	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,434	...	...	1,434	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	562,560	279,540	283,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	3,790	1,795	1,995	0.7	0.6	0.7
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	3,645	1,745	1,905	0.6	0.6	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	2,545	1,155	1,395	0.5	0.4	0.5
Métis single ancestry	1,075	585	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	140	50	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	9,500	4,735	4,765	1.7	1.7	1.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	9,130	4,550	4,580	1.6	1.6	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,910	3,000	2,905	1.1	1.1	1.0
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,155	1,515	1,645	0.6	0.5	0.6
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	370	185	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	350	175	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	549,275	273,010	276,260	97.6	97.7	97.6
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	562,565	279,540	283,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	449,005	223,745	225,265	79.8	80.0	79.6
Canadian citizens aged under 18	102,065	52,610	49,455	18.1	18.8	17.5
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	346,940	171,135	175,810	61.7	61.2	62.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	113,555	55,795	57,755	20.2	20.0	20.4
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	562,565	279,540	283,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	276,945	141,140	135,810	49.2	50.5	48.0
Immigrants⁸¹	250,870	119,985	130,885	44.6	42.9	46.2
Before 1980	28,165	13,705	14,460	5.0	4.9	5.1
1980 to 1990	25,840	12,395	13,450	4.6	4.4	4.8
1991 to 2000	52,225	24,985	27,245	9.3	8.9	9.6
2001 to 2010	68,225	32,150	36,075	12.1	11.5	12.7
2011 to 2021⁸²	76,410	36,750	39,660	13.6	13.1	14.0
2011 to 2015	36,505	17,335	19,165	6.5	6.2	6.8
2016 to 2021	39,905	19,415	20,500	7.1	6.9	7.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	34,750	18,420	16,330	6.2	6.6	5.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	250,870	119,985	130,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	17,230	8,875	8,355	6.9	7.4	6.4
5 to 14 years	36,475	18,835	17,640	14.5	15.7	13.5
15 to 24 years	57,275	25,450	31,830	22.8	21.2	24.3
25 to 44 years	104,885	50,805	54,080	41.8	42.3	41.3
45 years and over	35,000	16,025	18,980	14.0	13.4	14.5
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	250,870	119,985	130,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	12,515	6,035	6,480	5.0	5.0	5.0
Brazil	545	260	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	990	450	540	0.4	0.4	0.4
El Salvador	1,470	795	670	0.6	0.7	0.5
Guyana	250	120	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	805	380	420	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexico	1,200	535	665	0.5	0.4	0.5
Peru	410	205	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	345	160	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	3,725	1,735	1,985	1.5	1.4	1.5
Other places of birth in Americas	2,720	1,360	1,365	1.1	1.1	1.0
Europe	22,780	11,120	11,660	9.1	9.3	8.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	380	220	165	0.2	0.2	0.1
Croatia	465	225	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	260	145	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	1,830	865	960	0.7	0.7	0.7
Greece	310	185	125	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hungary	510	200	315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italy	1,025	565	455	0.4	0.5	0.3
Netherlands	1,050	495	550	0.4	0.4	0.4
Poland	1,805	880	920	0.7	0.7	0.7
Portugal	770	355	415	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romania	755	355	400	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian Federation	950	435	515	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbia⁸⁶	285	155	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	825	405	425	0.3	0.3	0.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	8,320	4,050	4,270	3.3	3.4	3.3
Other places of birth in Europe	3,245	1,590	1,655	1.3	1.3	1.3
Africa	8,915	4,560	4,350	3.6	3.8	3.3
Algeria	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	320	165	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	580	310	270	0.2	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	645	350	290	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ethiopia	605	315	285	0.2	0.3	0.2
Morocco	120	45	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nigeria	925	490	440	0.4	0.4	0.3
Somalia	635	315	320	0.3	0.3	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	940	460	485	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Africa	4,070	2,065	2,010	1.6	1.7	1.5
Asia	197,360	94,045	103,315	78.7	78.4	78.9
Afghanistan	1,940	930	1,010	0.8	0.8	0.8
Iran⁸⁸	1,090	605	490	0.4	0.5	0.4
Iraq	3,090	1,700	1,395	1.2	1.4	1.1
Lebanon	600	315	280	0.2	0.3	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	1,755	975	775	0.7	0.8	0.6
Turkey	255	160	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	23,850	10,830	13,020	9.5	9.0	9.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,980	1,490	1,485	1.2	1.2	1.1
Korea, South⁹²	6,995	3,245	3,745	2.8	2.7	2.9
Taiwan	5,540	2,580	2,960	2.2	2.2	2.3
Philippines	29,510	13,040	16,465	11.8	10.9	12.6
Viet Nam	6,425	2,865	3,555	2.6	2.4	2.7
Bangladesh	840	430	410	0.3	0.4	0.3
India	95,905	46,830	49,075	38.2	39.0	37.5
Pakistan	5,710	2,895	2,810	2.3	2.4	2.1
Sri Lanka	1,435	685	750	0.6	0.6	0.6
Other places of birth in Asia	9,445	4,465	4,980	3.8	3.7	3.8
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	9,300	4,220	5,080	3.7	3.5	3.9
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	39,905	19,410	20,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,120	1,050	1,070	5.3	5.4	5.2
Brazil	295	135	160	0.7	0.7	0.8
Colombia	210	120	95	0.5	0.6	0.5
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	250	110	145	0.6	0.6	0.7
Mexico	215	105	105	0.5	0.5	0.5
United States of America	655	350	305	1.6	1.8	1.5
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Americas	465	215	250	1.2	1.1	1.2
Europe	1,440	760	685	3.6	3.9	3.3
France	25	25	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Germany	65	25	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	55	30	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Italy	245	130	115	0.6	0.7	0.6
Russian Federation	150	65	85	0.4	0.3	0.4
Ukraine	125	70	50	0.3	0.4	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	350	195	155	0.9	1.0	0.8
Other places of birth in Europe	430	215	215	1.1	1.1	1.0
Africa	2,160	1,115	1,045	5.4	5.7	5.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	45	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	115	65	55	0.3	0.3	0.3
Côte d'Ivoire	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Egypt	110	45	60	0.3	0.2	0.3
Eritrea	340	190	150	0.9	1.0	0.7
Ethiopia	135	75	60	0.3	0.4	0.3
Morocco	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	475	245	225	1.2	1.3	1.1
Somalia	95	60	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	185	85	100	0.5	0.4	0.5
Sudan⁹⁷	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	540	260	275	1.4	1.3	1.3
Asia	33,910	16,350	17,560	85.0	84.2	85.7
Afghanistan	395	190	200	1.0	1.0	1.0
Bangladesh	215	115	95	0.5	0.6	0.5
China⁹⁰	4,425	1,920	2,505	11.1	9.9	12.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	195	100	100	0.5	0.5	0.5
India	18,235	9,115	9,125	45.7	47.0	44.5
Iran⁸⁸	105	50	55	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iraq	760	420	340	1.9	2.2	1.7
Israel	55	45	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
Japan	125	30	90	0.3	0.2	0.4
Jordan	145	70	75	0.4	0.4	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	1,005	440	570	2.5	2.3	2.8
Lebanon	110	50	60	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepal	100	45	60	0.3	0.2	0.3
Pakistan	905	475	425	2.3	2.4	2.1
Philippines	4,000	1,745	2,260	10.0	9.0	11.0
Saudi Arabia	110	60	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
Sri Lanka	150	60	90	0.4	0.3	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	1,360	800	560	3.4	4.1	2.7
Turkey	80	60	15	0.2	0.3	0.1
United Arab Emirates	170	80	95	0.4	0.4	0.5
Viet Nam	460	140	315	1.2	0.7	1.5
Other places of birth in Asia	800	325	470	2.0	1.7	2.3
Oceania and other⁹³	280	140	145	0.7	0.7	0.7
Australia	140	65	70	0.4	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth⁹⁸	140	70	70	0.4	0.4	0.3
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	562,565	279,540	283,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	290,745	140,880	149,865	51.7	50.4	53.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	145,495	74,580	70,915	25.9	26.7	25.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	126,320	64,080	62,240	22.5	22.9	22.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	222,705	106,280	116,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	104,340	51,595	52,745	46.9	48.5	45.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	42,025	24,500	17,525	18.9	23.1	15.1
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	62,310	27,090	35,220	28.0	25.5	30.3
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	93,225	41,150	52,075	41.9	38.7	44.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	23,605	12,780	10,825	10.6	12.0	9.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,540	755	785	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	222,705	106,280	116,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	6,140	3,770	2,365	2.8	3.5	2.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	18,970	8,015	10,950	8.5	7.5	9.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	4,670	2,440	2,230	2.1	2.3	1.9
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	10,400	5,645	4,755	4.7	5.3	4.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	995	460	530	0.4	0.4	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	181,535	85,945	95,585	81.5	80.9	82.1
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	562,565	279,540	283,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	377,235	186,925	190,310	67.1	66.9	67.2
South Asian	212,680	107,685	104,995	37.8	38.5	37.1
Chinese	48,350	23,220	25,125	8.6	8.3	8.9
Black	12,870	6,535	6,340	2.3	2.3	2.2
Filipino	39,285	18,135	21,150	7.0	6.5	7.5
Arab	7,420	3,885	3,535	1.3	1.4	1.2
Latin American	8,830	4,365	4,470	1.6	1.6	1.6
Southeast Asian	15,350	7,230	8,120	2.7	2.6	2.9
West Asian	5,200	2,675	2,515	0.9	1.0	0.9
Korean	10,140	4,775	5,365	1.8	1.7	1.9
Japanese	2,870	1,300	1,570	0.5	0.5	0.6
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	4,765	2,460	2,310	0.8	0.9	0.8
Multiple visible minorities	9,475	4,660	4,815	1.7	1.7	1.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	185,330	92,615	92,715	32.9	33.1	32.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	562,565	279,535	283,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	36,070	18,550	17,520	6.4	6.6	6.2
English	57,255	28,390	28,865	10.2	10.2	10.2
Irish	34,695	16,745	17,950	6.2	6.0	6.3
Scottish	42,740	20,645	22,095	7.6	7.4	7.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	16,935	8,180	8,760	3.0	2.9	3.1
German	31,585	15,460	16,120	5.6	5.5	5.7
Chinese	47,270	22,625	24,640	8.4	8.1	8.7
Italian	9,735	4,815	4,925	1.7	1.7	1.7
Indian (India)	117,765	58,980	58,785	20.9	21.1	20.8
Ukrainian	13,970	7,070	6,905	2.5	2.5	2.4
Dutch	10,920	5,400	5,520	1.9	1.9	2.0
Polish	9,345	4,525	4,820	1.7	1.6	1.7
Québécois	300	145	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	11,340	5,675	5,665	2.0	2.0	2.0
Filipino	37,580	17,445	20,135	6.7	6.2	7.1
French Canadian	2,330	1,215	1,115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	5,580	2,970	2,610	1.0	1.1	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	4,525	2,315	2,210	0.8	0.8	0.8
Métis	4,720	2,320	2,395	0.8	0.8	0.8
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	6,130	3,045	3,085	1.1	1.1	1.1
Russian	6,970	3,350	3,620	1.2	1.2	1.3
Norwegian	8,100	3,975	4,125	1.4	1.4	1.5
Welsh	5,785	2,830	2,965	1.0	1.0	1.0
Portuguese	3,625	1,760	1,870	0.6	0.6	0.7
American	3,810	1,920	1,895	0.7	0.7	0.7
Spanish	6,070	2,765	3,300	1.1	1.0	1.2
Swedish	5,700	2,560	3,135	1.0	0.9	1.1
Hungarian	3,510	1,675	1,835	0.6	0.6	0.6
Acadian	305	160	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	8,010	4,010	3,995	1.4	1.4	1.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,890	1,390	1,495	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jewish	1,305	650	655	0.2	0.2	0.2
Punjabi	49,065	25,020	24,045	8.7	9.0	8.5
Vietnamese	10,650	4,925	5,720	1.9	1.8	2.0
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,055	1,620	1,430	0.5	0.6	0.5
Greek	1,665	870	800	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jamaican	1,510	720	785	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	7,145	3,395	3,750	1.3	1.2	1.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,170	515	645	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	9,895	4,665	5,230	1.8	1.7	1.8
Romanian	2,050	1,000	1,050	0.4	0.4	0.4
Lebanese	985	510	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	1,180	625	560	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	2,060	1,020	1,040	0.4	0.4	0.4
Danish	2,970	1,540	1,425	0.5	0.6	0.5
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,120	520	595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	36,770	18,845	17,920	6.5	6.7	6.3
Austrian	2,635	1,205	1,430	0.5	0.4	0.5
Belgian	895	445	450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian	155	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	7,905	4,030	3,875	1.4	1.4	1.4
Mexican	2,380	1,200	1,185	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mennonite	1,195	640	560	0.2	0.2	0.2
Swiss	1,210	555	655	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	1,730	880	850	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lankan	1,525	785	735	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatian	1,855	920	940	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japanese	3,920	1,830	2,100	0.7	0.7	0.7
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	7,785	3,920	3,865	1.4	1.4	1.4
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	200	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,700	905	795	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	2,660	1,310	1,345	0.5	0.5	0.5
Egyptian	725	375	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,715	840	875	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	795	415	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	1,760	840	925	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombian	1,175	550	620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	130	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	1,260	660	600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	1,320	725	600	0.2	0.3	0.2
Guyanese	300	150	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	3,085	1,530	1,560	0.5	0.5	0.6
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	730	325	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	865	460	410	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ojibway	240	140	100	0.0	0.1	0.0
Newfoundlander	195	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	1,185	585	605	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ontarian	160	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	895	485	410	0.2	0.2	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	495	285	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	615	340	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	915	480	440	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algerian	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	805	385	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	895	480	415	0.2	0.2	0.1
Armenian	345	200	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	660	325	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	705	315	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	1,265	655	610	0.2	0.2	0.2
Taiwanese	5,065	2,430	2,635	0.9	0.9	0.9
Iraqi	1,720	925	795	0.3	0.3	0.3
Salvadorean	1,620	810	805	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Caribbean	385	220	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,155	1,090	1,065	0.4	0.4	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	685	350	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	410	170	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	135	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	275	115	160	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	285	125	160	0.1	0.0	0.1
South African	820	420	400	0.1	0.2	0.1
Australian	895	475	415	0.2	0.2	0.1
Palestinian	670	360	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	580	255	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	360	170	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	625	300	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	565	255	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	450	240	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	315	170	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,105	575	535	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	435	195	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	215	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	415	225	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	420	205	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	765	380	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	760	405	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	235	130	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	100	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	125	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	440	225	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	160	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	210	115	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	470	245	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	230	120	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	495	280	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	345	130	220	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	365	165	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	125	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	355	200	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	200	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	325	170	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	320	165	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	640	335	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	845	440	410	0.2	0.2	0.1
Laotian	875	445	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ilocano	1,320	585	730	0.2	0.2	0.3
Northern Irish	270	115	155	0.0	0.0	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	150	90	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	1,325	670	655	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ecuadorian	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	215	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	280	130	145	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kurdish	360	225	135	0.1	0.1	0.0
Fijian	7,775	3,730	4,045	1.4	1.3	1.4
Jatt	4,355	2,285	2,070	0.8	0.8	0.7
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	135	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	235	140	95	0.0	0.1	0.0
Thai	470	170	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	610	280	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	310	175	135	0.1	0.1	0.0
Igbo	210	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	150	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	150	100	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	175	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	410	225	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	250	105	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	650	310	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	70	55	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	190	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	520	275	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	90	65	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	190	130	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	390	195	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	245	140	105	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kenyan	425	200	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	260	125	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	585	285	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhalese	570	255	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	365	205	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	385	190	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	90	65	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	280	145	135	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malay	530	270	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	100	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	180	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	690	365	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	190	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	60	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	75	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	280	130	145	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fulani	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	220	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	250	105	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	400	225	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	180	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	90	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	562,565	279,540	283,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	10,745	4,815	5,930	1.9	1.7	2.1
Christian	170,115	79,175	90,940	30.2	28.3	32.1
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	49,585	23,720	25,865	8.8	8.5	9.1
Anabaptist	1,130	515	615	0.2	0.2	0.2
Anglican	7,815	3,395	4,425	1.4	1.2	1.6
Baptist	6,315	2,955	3,365	1.1	1.1	1.2
Catholic	66,285	31,015	35,265	11.8	11.1	12.5
Christian Orthodox	4,700	2,435	2,265	0.8	0.9	0.8
Jehovah's Witness	2,510	1,160	1,350	0.4	0.4	0.5
Latter Day Saints	930	400	530	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lutheran	3,210	1,320	1,890	0.6	0.5	0.7
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	530	255	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	6,030	2,730	3,305	1.1	1.0	1.2
Presbyterian	2,810	1,260	1,550	0.5	0.5	0.5
Reformed	1,025	480	545	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Church	7,460	2,920	4,535	1.3	1.0	1.6
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	9,780	4,615	5,165	1.7	1.7	1.8
Hindu	30,455	15,560	14,895	5.4	5.6	5.3
Jewish	900	435	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	31,095	15,810	15,285	5.5	5.7	5.4
Sikh	154,415	77,595	76,820	27.4	27.8	27.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	205	80	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	2,770	1,210	1,560	0.5	0.4	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	161,860	84,850	77,005	28.8	30.4	27.2
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	557,165	276,815	280,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	477,360	237,110	240,245	85.7	85.7	85.7
Movers	79,810	39,705	40,110	14.3	14.3	14.3
Non-migrants	52,285	26,115	26,170	9.4	9.4	9.3
Migrants	27,530	13,590	13,935	4.9	4.9	5.0
Internal migrants	18,845	9,410	9,440	3.4	3.4	3.4
Intraprovincial migrants	14,370	7,085	7,285	2.6	2.6	2.6
Interprovincial migrants	4,470	2,320	2,150	0.8	0.8	0.8
External migrants	8,680	4,185	4,495	1.6	1.5	1.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	534,315	265,010	269,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	295,100	145,765	149,335	55.2	55.0	55.5
Movers	239,215	119,240	119,975	44.8	45.0	44.5
Non-migrants	116,785	57,910	58,875	21.9	21.9	21.9
Migrants	122,435	61,330	61,105	22.9	23.1	22.7
Internal migrants	67,210	33,500	33,710	12.6	12.6	12.5
Intraprovincial migrants	54,260	26,855	27,405	10.2	10.1	10.2
Interprovincial migrants	12,945	6,640	6,305	2.4	2.5	2.3
External migrants	55,225	27,835	27,390	10.3	10.5	10.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	468,615	230,875	237,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	82,975	41,155	41,825	17.7	17.8	17.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	385,640	189,725	195,915	82.3	82.2	82.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	304,955	150,005	154,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	36,350	19,370	16,980	11.9	12.9	11.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	268,605	130,635	137,970	88.1	87.1	89.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	468,615	230,875	237,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	77,370	37,710	39,660	16.5	16.3	16.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	148,395	76,560	71,840	31.7	33.2	30.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	242,855	116,610	126,245	51.8	50.5	53.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	118,615	59,460	59,155	25.3	25.8	24.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	26,895	19,830	7,060	5.7	8.6	3.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	12,740	7,830	4,910	2.7	3.4	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	14,155	11,995	2,160	3.0	5.2	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	70,100	29,855	40,245	15.0	12.9	16.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,615	9,775	11,845	4.6	4.2	5.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	124,235	57,150	67,085	26.5	24.8	28.2
Bachelor's degree	82,085	37,460	44,625	17.5	16.2	18.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	9,340	4,050	5,290	2.0	1.8	2.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,230	1,570	1,665	0.7	0.7	0.7
Master's degree	26,985	12,405	14,580	5.8	5.4	6.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,590	1,660	930	0.6	0.7	0.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	304,955	150,010	154,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	32,975	17,370	15,610	10.8	11.6	10.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	84,370	44,640	39,730	27.7	29.8	25.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	187,610	88,000	99,610	61.5	58.7	64.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	84,640	41,740	42,905	27.8	27.8	27.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	18,550	13,735	4,815	6.1	9.2	3.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,870	5,475	3,395	2.9	3.6	2.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	9,680	8,265	1,415	3.2	5.5	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	51,140	21,315	29,825	16.8	14.2	19.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,950	6,685	8,265	4.9	4.5	5.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	102,965	46,260	56,705	33.8	30.8	36.6
Bachelor's degree	67,075	30,155	36,920	22.0	20.1	23.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	7,475	3,160	4,315	2.5	2.1	2.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,725	1,235	1,490	0.9	0.8	1.0
Master's degree	23,745	10,530	13,220	7.8	7.0	8.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,945	1,185	760	0.6	0.8	0.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	468,615	230,875	237,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	225,760	114,265	111,500	48.2	49.5	46.9
Education	13,925	2,885	11,040	3.0	1.2	4.6
13. Education	13,925	2,885	11,040	3.0	1.2	4.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,510	3,145	4,360	1.6	1.4	1.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,010	705	305	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	6,495	2,445	4,055	1.4	1.1	1.7
Humanities	20,880	8,730	12,145	4.5	3.8	5.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,905	430	1,470	0.4	0.2	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	3,070	945	2,120	0.7	0.4	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	12,225	5,410	6,815	2.6	2.3	2.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	205	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	595	385	210	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,215	765	455	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	1,395	650	740	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	270	35	235	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	26,140	9,040	17,100	5.6	3.9	7.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	280	100	175	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,370	835	1,540	0.5	0.4	0.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,740	385	3,355	0.8	0.2	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	4,040	1,265	2,780	0.9	0.5	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	475	230	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	3,995	875	3,115	0.9	0.4	1.3
45. Social sciences	11,230	5,345	5,885	2.4	2.3	2.5
Business, management and public administration	55,155	24,580	30,575	11.8	10.6	12.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	80	20	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,840	485	1,360	0.4	0.2	0.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	53,230	24,075	29,155	11.4	10.4	12.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	10,780	5,155	5,625	2.3	2.2	2.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,650	1,535	2,105	0.8	0.7	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,155	1,855	2,300	0.9	0.8	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	2,440	1,580	855	0.5	0.7	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	430	135	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	14,120	8,925	5,195	3.0	3.9	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	12,095	7,995	4,095	2.6	3.5	1.7
25. Library science	390	35	355	0.1	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,450	775	675	0.3	0.3	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	190	120	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	44,165	39,505	4,665	9.4	17.1	2.0
04. Architecture and related services	1,235	785	455	0.3	0.3	0.2
14. Engineering	14,930	12,265	2,660	3.2	5.3	1.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,990	7,055	935	1.7	3.1	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	8,715	8,465	250	1.9	3.7	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	7,430	7,255	180	1.6	3.1	0.1
48. Precision production	3,865	3,685	185	0.8	1.6	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,630	2,110	1,515	0.8	0.9	0.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,770	1,560	1,215	0.6	0.7	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	855	555	300	0.2	0.2	0.1
Health and related fields	36,345	7,460	28,885	7.8	3.2	12.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,030	1,000	1,025	0.4	0.4	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	33,620	6,090	27,530	7.2	2.6	11.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	60	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	635	355	285	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	10,170	5,045	5,125	2.2	2.2	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	6,130	1,760	4,370	1.3	0.8	1.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,640	1,210	435	0.3	0.5	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,345	2,030	315	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	304,955	150,005	154,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	117,345	62,010	55,335	38.5	41.3	35.7
Education	9,605	1,715	7,885	3.1	1.1	5.1
13. Education	9,605	1,715	7,885	3.1	1.1	5.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,815	2,350	3,470	1.9	1.6	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	715	485	235	0.2	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	5,100	1,860	3,240	1.7	1.2	2.1
Humanities	15,115	5,910	9,210	5.0	3.9	5.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,570	340	1,225	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	2,345	650	1,690	0.8	0.4	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	8,415	3,505	4,910	2.8	2.3	3.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	455	285	175	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	900	545	355	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	1,075	475	595	0.4	0.3	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	195	25	170	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	20,800	6,990	13,815	6.8	4.7	8.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	215	85	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,930	645	1,280	0.6	0.4	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,925	280	2,640	1.0	0.2	1.7
22. Legal professions and studies	3,305	970	2,335	1.1	0.6	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	355	170	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	3,120	655	2,465	1.0	0.4	1.6
45. Social sciences	8,950	4,175	4,775	2.9	2.8	3.1
Business, management and public administration	43,790	19,035	24,755	14.4	12.7	16.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	55	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,475	395	1,085	0.5	0.3	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	42,260	18,630	23,625	13.9	12.4	15.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	7,765	3,705	4,060	2.5	2.5	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,690	1,100	1,590	0.9	0.7	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,830	1,285	1,550	0.9	0.9	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	1,860	1,180	680	0.6	0.8	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	280	95	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	12,095	7,600	4,495	4.0	5.1	2.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	10,555	6,940	3,620	3.5	4.6	2.3
25. Library science	255	25	225	0.1	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,125	530	595	0.4	0.4	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	160	105	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	33,270	29,315	3,955	10.9	19.5	2.6
04. Architecture and related services	985	610	365	0.3	0.4	0.2
14. Engineering	12,360	9,955	2,405	4.1	6.6	1.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	5,775	5,060	715	1.9	3.4	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	6,280	6,080	195	2.1	4.1	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,240	5,125	115	1.7	3.4	0.1
48. Precision production	2,635	2,480	155	0.9	1.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,690	1,490	1,200	0.9	1.0	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,085	1,135	955	0.7	0.8	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	605	360	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	28,980	6,035	22,950	9.5	4.0	14.8
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,560	780	780	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	26,865	4,985	21,885	8.8	3.3	14.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	505	260	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	7,635	3,840	3,795	2.5	2.6	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,600	1,360	3,245	1.5	0.9	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,230	895	335	0.4	0.6	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,780	1,560	215	0.6	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	304,955	150,005	154,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	117,345	62,010	55,335	38.5	41.3	35.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	187,610	87,995	99,610	61.5	58.7	64.3
Location of study inside Canada	110,565	52,185	58,380	36.3	34.8	37.7
Same as province or territory of residence	96,075	45,000	51,075	31.5	30.0	33.0
Different than province or territory of residence	14,495	7,190	7,305	4.8	4.8	4.7
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	77,040	35,810	41,230	25.3	23.9	26.6
Americas	6,590	3,425	3,155	2.2	2.3	2.0
United States of America	4,365	2,395	1,970	1.4	1.6	1.3
Mexico	570	230	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	145	60	90	0.0	0.0	0.1
Brazil	425	215	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	250	100	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	580	320	255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	6,260	3,415	2,845	2.1	2.3	1.8
Belgium	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	110	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	260	150	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	90	70	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	80	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	375	200	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	330	155	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	490	265	225	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	420	195	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	140	100	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,785	1,595	1,180	0.9	1.1	0.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	145	85	65	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	75	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	660	340	325	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	1,720	950	770	0.6	0.6	0.5
Nigeria	310	165	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	225	115	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	390	225	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	715	395	325	0.2	0.3	0.2
Asia	60,855	27,100	33,750	20.0	18.1	21.8
Iran⁸⁸	255	95	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	470	265	205	0.2	0.2	0.1
Israel	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	190	110	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	9,220	4,155	5,060	3.0	2.8	3.3
Taiwan	1,410	505	905	0.5	0.3	0.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	270	110	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	455	105	345	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	2,550	1,045	1,500	0.8	0.7	1.0
Philippines	12,250	4,950	7,300	4.0	3.3	4.7
Viet Nam	365	115	250	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bangladesh	300	115	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	410	220	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	29,050	13,600	15,445	9.5	9.1	10.0
Pakistan	1,795	825	965	0.6	0.5	0.6
Other locations of study in Asia	1,610	760	850	0.5	0.5	0.5
Oceania	1,620	915	705	0.5	0.6	0.5
Australia	880	500	380	0.3	0.3	0.2
New Zealand	270	155	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	470	265	210	0.2	0.2	0.1
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	468,615	230,875	237,740	...	...	...
In the labour force	308,190	163,060	145,130	...	...	...
Employed	281,715	150,335	131,385	...	...	...
Unemployed	26,470	12,725	13,745	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	160,425	67,815	92,610	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.8	70.6	61.0	65.8	70.6	61.0
Employment rate	60.1	65.1	55.3	60.1	65.1	55.3
Unemployment rate	8.6	7.8	9.5	8.6	7.8	9.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	468,615	230,875	237,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	171,560	74,310	97,250	36.6	32.2	40.9
Worked	297,055	156,570	140,490	63.4	67.8	59.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	152,155	88,985	63,175	32.5	38.5	26.6
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	144,900	67,585	77,315	30.9	29.3	32.5
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.6	41.8	39.3	40.6	41.8	39.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	308,190	163,060	145,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,460	3,445	4,020	2.4	2.1	2.8
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	300,730	159,620	141,110	97.6	97.9	97.2
Employee	254,605	128,515	126,095	82.6	78.8	86.9
Permanent position	213,885	110,050	103,835	69.4	67.5	71.5
Temporary position	40,725	18,465	22,260	13.2	11.3	15.3
Fixed term (1 year or more)	14,045	6,650	7,390	4.6	4.1	5.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	26,680	11,810	14,870	8.7	7.2	10.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	46,125	31,105	15,020	15.0	19.1	10.3
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	308,190	163,060	145,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,460	3,445	4,020	2.4	2.1	2.8
All occupations¹⁹¹	300,730	159,620	141,110	97.6	97.9	97.2
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,415	1,840	580	0.8	1.1	0.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	49,520	16,245	33,280	16.1	10.0	22.9
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	18,990	15,100	3,885	6.2	9.3	2.7
3 Health occupations	22,495	4,490	18,005	7.3	2.8	12.4
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	28,120	8,570	19,550	9.1	5.3	13.5
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	7,385	3,575	3,815	2.4	2.2	2.6
6 Sales and service occupations	82,830	35,180	47,650	26.9	21.6	32.8
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	68,505	62,060	6,445	22.2	38.1	4.4
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,105	3,320	1,785	1.7	2.0	1.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	15,365	9,255	6,110	5.0	5.7	4.2
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	308,190	163,060	145,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	7,460	3,445	4,020	2.4	2.1	2.8
All industries¹⁹¹	300,730	159,620	141,110	97.6	97.9	97.2
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	4,350	2,235	2,115	1.4	1.4	1.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	495	385	115	0.2	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	1,495	960	535	0.5	0.6	0.4
23 Construction	30,510	26,530	3,980	9.9	16.3	2.7
31-33 Manufacturing	23,535	15,620	7,925	7.6	9.6	5.5
41 Wholesale trade	11,770	7,630	4,140	3.8	4.7	2.9
44-45 Retail trade	36,410	16,835	19,575	11.8	10.3	13.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	30,035	23,555	6,475	9.7	14.4	4.5
51 Information and cultural industries	5,945	3,870	2,070	1.9	2.4	1.4
52 Finance and insurance	11,305	4,680	6,625	3.7	2.9	4.6
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	5,755	3,405	2,355	1.9	2.1	1.6
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	21,005	11,765	9,240	6.8	7.2	6.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	550	240	310	0.2	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	16,070	9,265	6,805	5.2	5.7	4.7
61 Educational services	17,120	4,980	12,140	5.6	3.1	8.4
62 Health care and social assistance	34,785	6,050	28,730	11.3	3.7	19.8
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,530	2,325	2,200	1.5	1.4	1.5
72 Accommodation and food services	19,825	6,825	13,000	6.4	4.2	9.0
81 Other services (except public administration)	12,895	6,350	6,545	4.2	3.9	4.5
91 Public administration	12,355	6,125	6,230	4.0	3.8	4.3
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	327,795	172,235	155,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	275,560	143,440	132,120	84.1	83.3	84.9
French	180	75	105	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-official language	12,215	6,940	5,280	3.7	4.0	3.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,215	6,940	5,280	3.7	4.0	3.4
English and French	1,310	495	815	0.4	0.3	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	37,925	20,965	16,955	11.6	12.2	10.9
French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	445	235	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	327,795	172,235	155,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	318,785	167,155	151,635	97.3	97.1	97.5
Official languages	296,900	154,620	142,275	90.6	89.8	91.5
English	296,560	154,535	142,025	90.5	89.7	91.3
French	335	90	250	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official languages	21,895	12,530	9,360	6.7	7.3	6.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	21,895	12,530	9,360	6.7	7.3	6.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	190	145	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	170	145	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	145	125	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	555	160	395	0.2	0.1	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	550	160	395	0.2	0.1	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	225	130	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	205	125	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	14,770	9,150	5,620	4.5	5.3	3.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	90	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	90	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	14,165	8,820	5,345	4.3	5.1	3.4
Indo-Aryan languages	14,110	8,785	5,325	4.3	5.1	3.4
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	355	190	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	13,695	8,580	5,115	4.2	5.0	3.3
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	490	290	200	0.1	0.2	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	460	270	190	0.1	0.2	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	1,080	510	570	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,875	2,350	2,520	1.5	1.4	1.6
Chinese languages	4,855	2,335	2,515	1.5	1.4	1.6
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,960	1,895	2,065	1.2	1.1	1.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	850	425	425	0.3	0.2	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,010	5,080	3,930	2.7	2.9	2.5
English and French	175	65	105	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	8,720	4,960	3,760	2.7	2.9	2.4
French and non-official language(s)	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	327,795	172,235	155,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	295,855	154,925	140,930	90.3	89.9	90.6
English	8,785	5,025	3,760	2.7	2.9	2.4
French	1,020	440	575	0.3	0.3	0.4
Non-official language	18,375	9,900	8,470	5.6	5.7	5.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	18,370	9,900	8,470	5.6	5.7	5.4
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	700	390	315	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,950	1,500	1,450	0.9	0.9	0.9
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	281,715	150,335	131,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	47,035	22,530	24,505	16.7	15.0	18.7
Worked outside Canada	1,420	990	430	0.5	0.7	0.3
No fixed workplace address	55,215	41,595	13,620	19.6	27.7	10.4
Usual place of work	178,045	85,215	92,830	63.2	56.7	70.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	178,040	85,215	92,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	82,955	35,860	47,090	46.6	42.1	50.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	91,335	47,040	44,295	51.3	55.2	47.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,290	2,025	1,260	1.8	2.4	1.4
Commute to a different province or territory	465	280	185	0.3	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	233,260	126,810	106,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	191,725	110,605	81,120	82.2	87.2	76.2
Car, truck or van - as a driver	172,265	102,345	69,915	73.9	80.7	65.7
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	19,460	8,255	11,210	8.3	6.5	10.5
Public transit	30,485	11,365	19,120	13.1	9.0	18.0
Walked	6,205	2,295	3,915	2.7	1.8	3.7
Bicycle	660	515	150	0.3	0.4	0.1
Other method	4,180	2,030	2,145	1.8	1.6	2.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	233,260	126,810	106,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	41,315	18,335	22,975	17.7	14.5	21.6
15 to 29 minutes	76,465	39,730	36,735	32.8	31.3	34.5
30 to 44 minutes	65,210	40,260	24,950	28.0	31.7	23.4
45 to 59 minutes	24,875	14,795	10,075	10.7	11.7	9.5
60 minutes and over	25,400	13,690	11,710	10.9	10.8	11.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	233,260	126,810	106,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	19,000	13,155	5,845	8.1	10.4	5.5
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	39,375	24,460	14,915	16.9	19.3	14.0
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	50,260	26,600	23,655	21.5	21.0	22.2
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	43,310	21,315	22,000	18.6	16.8	20.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	37,540	17,570	19,970	16.1	13.9	18.8
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	43,760	23,700	20,065	18.8	18.7	18.8
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	116,405	60,270	56,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,085	3,130	2,960	5.2	5.2	5.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	110,320	57,140	53,180	94.8	94.8	94.7
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	86,375	44,935	41,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,045	2,595	2,455	5.8	5.8	5.9
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,330	1,660	1,675	3.9	3.7	4.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,715	935	780	2.0	2.1	1.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	81,330	42,340	38,990	94.2	94.2	94.1

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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