Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Nanaimo, Regional district (RD)More information: British Columbia [Census division]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	170,367	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	155,698	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	9.4	...	...	9.4	...	...
Total private dwellings²	80,056	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	75,273	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	83.7	...	...	83.7	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	2,035.93	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	170,365	82,385	87,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	21,520	10,980	10,535	12.6	13.3	12.0
0 to 4 years	6,030	3,060	2,970	3.5	3.7	3.4
5 to 9 years	7,510	3,830	3,685	4.4	4.6	4.2
10 to 14 years	7,980	4,100	3,885	4.7	5.0	4.4
15 to 64 years	97,835	47,580	50,255	57.4	57.8	57.1
15 to 19 years	7,270	3,795	3,470	4.3	4.6	3.9
20 to 24 years	7,775	4,075	3,700	4.6	4.9	4.2
25 to 29 years	8,440	4,350	4,090	5.0	5.3	4.6
30 to 34 years	9,110	4,455	4,660	5.3	5.4	5.3
35 to 39 years	9,900	4,835	5,060	5.8	5.9	5.8
40 to 44 years	9,185	4,475	4,710	5.4	5.4	5.4
45 to 49 years	9,085	4,415	4,670	5.3	5.4	5.3
50 to 54 years	10,020	4,700	5,320	5.9	5.7	6.0
55 to 59 years	12,510	5,815	6,700	7.3	7.1	7.6
60 to 64 years	14,545	6,665	7,875	8.5	8.1	9.0
65 years and over	51,015	23,820	27,190	29.9	28.9	30.9
65 to 69 years	15,280	7,120	8,160	9.0	8.6	9.3
70 to 74 years	14,090	6,600	7,490	8.3	8.0	8.5
75 to 79 years	9,730	4,720	5,005	5.7	5.7	5.7
80 to 84 years	6,115	2,965	3,150	3.6	3.6	3.6
85 years and over	5,800	2,410	3,385	3.4	2.9	3.8
85 to 89 years	3,605	1,585	2,020	2.1	1.9	2.3
90 to 94 years	1,685	680	1,010	1.0	0.8	1.1
95 to 99 years	440	125	310	0.3	0.2	0.4
100 years and over	60	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.6	13.3	12.0	12.6	13.3	12.0
15 to 64 years	57.4	57.8	57.1	57.4	57.8	57.1
65 years and over	29.9	28.9	30.9	29.9	28.9	30.9
85 years and over	3.4	2.9	3.8	3.4	2.9	3.8
Average age of the population	48.0	47.0	48.9	48.0	47.0	48.9
Median age of the population	51.6	50.0	52.8	51.6	50.0	52.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	75,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	47,635	...	...	63.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,250	...	...	4.3	...	...
Row house	3,230	...	...	4.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,660	...	...	8.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	9,825	...	...	13.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,500	...	...	2.0	...	...
Other single-attached house	150	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	3,025	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	75,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	22,415	...	...	29.8	...	...
2 persons	32,110	...	...	42.7	...	...
3 persons	9,500	...	...	12.6	...	...
4 persons	7,240	...	...	9.6	...	...
5 or more persons	4,000	...	...	5.3	...	...
Number of persons in private households	166,170	80,555	85,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.2	...	...	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	148,850	71,400	77,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	88,465	44,160	44,305	59.4	61.8	57.2
Married	70,565	35,255	35,315	47.4	49.4	45.6
Living common-law	17,900	8,905	8,990	12.0	12.5	11.6
Living common law - Never married	11,600	5,830	5,770	7.8	8.2	7.5
Living common law - Separated	700	360	335	0.5	0.5	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	4,985	2,475	2,510	3.3	3.5	3.2
Living common law - Widowed	615	235	380	0.4	0.3	0.5
Not married and not living common-law	60,380	27,245	33,140	40.6	38.2	42.8
Not married and not living common law - Never married	34,000	18,590	15,415	22.8	26.0	19.9
Not married and not living common law - Separated	4,125	1,790	2,330	2.8	2.5	3.0
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	12,370	4,630	7,740	8.3	6.5	10.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	9,885	2,235	7,655	6.6	3.1	9.9
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	50,530	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	33,125	...	...	65.6	...	...
3 persons	8,525	...	...	16.9	...	...
4 persons	6,555	...	...	13.0	...	...
5 or more persons	2,335	...	...	4.6	...	...
Average size of census families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	50,535	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	43,130	...	...	85.3	...	...
Married couples	34,190	...	...	67.7	...	...
With children⁶	12,110	...	...	24.0	...	...
Without children	22,075	...	...	43.7	...	...
Common-law couples	8,940	...	...	17.7	...	...
With children⁶	2,770	...	...	5.5	...	...
Without children	6,175	...	...	12.2	...	...
Total one-parent families	7,405	...	...	14.7	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,640	...	...	11.2	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,765	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	166,165	80,555	85,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	130,420	64,410	66,010	78.5	80.0	77.1
Married spouses or common-law partners	86,260	43,025	43,235	51.9	53.4	50.5
Parents in one-parent families	7,400	1,760	5,640	4.5	2.2	6.6
Children⁶	36,755	19,620	17,135	22.1	24.4	20.0
In a two-parent family	26,020	13,830	12,195	15.7	17.2	14.2
In a one-parent family	10,735	5,790	4,940	6.5	7.2	5.8
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	35,745	16,145	19,605	21.5	20.0	22.9
Living alone	22,420	9,315	13,105	13.5	11.6	15.3
Living with other relatives⁷	3,730	1,570	2,160	2.2	1.9	2.5
Living with non-relatives only	9,600	5,265	4,340	5.8	6.5	5.1
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	75,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	44,100	...	...	58.6	...	...
Couple-family households	38,570	...	...	51.2	...	...
With children⁶	12,975	...	...	17.2	...	...
Without children	25,600	...	...	34.0	...	...
One-parent-family households	5,530	...	...	7.3	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,610	...	...	2.1	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	550	...	...	0.7	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,925	...	...	3.9	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,665	...	...	4.9	...	...
One-person households	22,420	...	...	29.8	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	144,705	69,600	75,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	141,565	68,025	73,545	97.8	97.7	97.9
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	44,800	35,600	39,200	44,800	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	141,645	68,070	73,575	97.9	97.8	98.0
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	40,400	32,800	36,000	40,400	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	127,130	61,725	65,405	87.9	88.7	87.1
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,000	38,000	25,400	31,000	38,000	25,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	88,745	44,590	44,155	61.3	64.1	58.8
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,400	38,400	27,800	32,400	38,400	27,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	122,255	56,420	65,835	84.5	81.1	87.7
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	13,200	13,300	13,200	13,200	13,300	13,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	12,065	5,800	6,260	8.3	8.3	8.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	34,400	16,045	18,350	23.8	23.1	24.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	144,710	69,605	75,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	141,470	67,995	73,480	97.8	97.7	97.8
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,240	56,450	42,560	49,240	56,450	42,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	141,550	68,030	73,520	97.8	97.7	97.9
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,520	47,840	37,600	42,520	47,840	37,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	126,880	61,560	65,320	87.7	88.4	87.0
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,720	51,080	34,800	42,720	51,080	34,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	88,745	44,765	43,980	61.3	64.3	58.6
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,960	50,000	35,800	42,960	50,000	35,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	122,110	56,400	65,710	84.4	81.0	87.5
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,660	12,290	12,980	12,660	12,290	12,980
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	12,005	5,770	6,235	8.3	8.3	8.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,430	6,250	6,600	6,430	6,250	6,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	34,255	15,915	18,340	23.7	22.9	24.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,010	8,770	9,210	9,010	8,770	9,210
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	144,710	69,605	75,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	36,205	20,010	16,190	25.0	28.7	21.6
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	59,600	65,000	53,600	59,600	65,000	53,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,900	74,600	59,550	67,900	74,600	59,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	38,895	18,025	20,870	26.9	25.9	27.8
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,800	21,600	16,800	18,800	21,600	16,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,280	35,200	24,180	29,280	35,200	24,180
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	77.8	82.0	72.8	77.8	82.0	72.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	54.8	58.3	50.4	54.8	58.3	50.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	22.2	18.0	27.3	22.2	18.0	27.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.9	1.3	1.1	0.9	1.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.7	4.5	7.0	5.7	4.5	7.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.4	3.6	5.4	4.4	3.6	5.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	144,705	69,600	75,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,140	1,580	1,560	2.2	2.3	2.1
With total income	141,570	68,020	73,545	97.8	97.7	97.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,495	4,575	5,915	7.4	6.7	8.0
$10,000 to $19,999	17,395	6,885	10,510	12.3	10.1	14.3
$20,000 to $29,999	23,835	9,970	13,865	16.8	14.7	18.9
$30,000 to $39,999	20,165	8,745	11,415	14.2	12.9	15.5
$40,000 to $49,999	17,380	7,945	9,435	12.3	11.7	12.8
$50,000 to $59,999	13,375	6,405	6,970	9.4	9.4	9.5
$60,000 to $69,999	10,055	5,420	4,635	7.1	8.0	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	7,430	4,250	3,175	5.2	6.2	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	5,490	3,260	2,235	3.9	4.8	3.0
$90,000 to $99,999	4,035	2,440	1,595	2.9	3.6	2.2
$100,000 and over	11,920	8,130	3,795	8.4	12.0	5.2
$100,000 to $149,999	8,390	5,520	2,870	5.9	8.1	3.9
$150,000 and over	3,530	2,610	920	2.5	3.8	1.3
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	144,705	69,600	75,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,060	1,530	1,530	2.1	2.2	2.0
With after-tax income	141,645	68,070	73,575	97.9	97.8	98.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	11,250	4,790	6,460	7.9	7.0	8.8
$10,000 to $19,999	18,085	7,140	10,940	12.8	10.5	14.9
$20,000 to $29,999	26,830	11,380	15,450	18.9	16.7	21.0
$30,000 to $39,999	23,090	10,235	12,855	16.3	15.0	17.5
$40,000 to $49,999	19,070	8,970	10,105	13.5	13.2	13.7
$50,000 to $59,999	13,665	7,085	6,585	9.6	10.4	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	9,480	5,430	4,050	6.7	8.0	5.5
$70,000 to $79,999	6,525	3,915	2,605	4.6	5.8	3.5
$80,000 to $89,999	4,480	2,755	1,725	3.2	4.0	2.3
$90,000 to $99,999	2,850	1,845	1,005	2.0	2.7	1.4
$100,000 and over	6,325	4,530	1,795	4.5	6.7	2.4
$100,000 to $124,999	3,430	2,395	1,035	2.4	3.5	1.4
$125,000 and over	2,895	2,140	755	2.0	3.1	1.0
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	144,705	69,600	75,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	55,965	25,010	30,955	38.7	35.9	41.2
With employment income	88,740	44,595	44,150	61.3	64.1	58.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	14,955	7,185	7,765	16.9	16.1	17.6
$5,000 to $9,999	7,445	3,200	4,240	8.4	7.2	9.6
$10,000 to $19,999	10,850	4,745	6,105	12.2	10.6	13.8
$20,000 to $29,999	9,005	3,965	5,040	10.1	8.9	11.4
$30,000 to $39,999	8,550	3,875	4,675	9.6	8.7	10.6
$40,000 to $49,999	7,725	3,655	4,075	8.7	8.2	9.2
$50,000 to $59,999	6,725	3,240	3,490	7.6	7.3	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	5,365	2,990	2,375	6.0	6.7	5.4
$70,000 to $79,999	4,265	2,545	1,720	4.8	5.7	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	3,415	2,005	1,410	3.8	4.5	3.2
$90,000 to $99,999	2,775	1,665	1,115	3.1	3.7	2.5
$100,000 and over	7,670	5,515	2,150	8.6	12.4	4.9
$100,000 to $124,999	3,920	2,605	1,315	4.4	5.8	3.0
$125,000 and over	3,745	2,905	840	4.2	6.5	1.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	144,705	69,600	75,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	138,570	66,370	72,200	95.8	95.4	96.1
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	44,000	32,400	37,200	44,000	32,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	138,820	66,425	72,395	95.9	95.4	96.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	39,200	29,600	33,600	39,200	29,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	126,545	61,280	65,270	87.5	88.0	86.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	39,600	27,000	32,400	39,600	27,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	95,030	47,365	47,665	65.7	68.1	63.5
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,200	37,200	26,800	31,200	37,200	26,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	102,830	45,325	57,505	71.1	65.1	76.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	10,600	11,600	10,000	10,600	11,600	10,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	9,140	4,390	4,745	6.3	6.3	6.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,320	5,240	5,480	5,320	5,240	5,480
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	144,710	69,605	75,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	138,525	66,400	72,130	95.7	95.4	96.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,640	56,100	39,840	47,640	56,100	39,840
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	138,745	66,435	72,315	95.9	95.4	96.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,560	46,880	34,720	40,560	46,880	34,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	126,175	61,055	65,120	87.2	87.7	86.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,880	53,250	35,120	43,880	53,250	35,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	94,830	47,440	47,390	65.5	68.2	63.1
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,880	49,760	34,040	41,880	49,760	34,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	102,660	45,245	57,415	70.9	65.0	76.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	10,340	10,470	10,240	10,340	10,470	10,240
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	9,145	4,305	4,845	6.3	6.2	6.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,810	6,420	7,170	6,810	6,420	7,170
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	144,710	69,605	75,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	36,090	19,930	16,155	24.9	28.6	21.5
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,000	62,400	50,000	56,000	62,400	50,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,200	71,900	54,700	64,200	71,900	54,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	37,205	17,185	20,020	25.7	24.7	26.7
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	29,000	21,600	24,400	29,000	21,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,280	43,320	28,360	35,280	43,320	28,360
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	84.0	87.2	79.6	84.0	87.2	79.6
Employment income (%)	60.2	63.4	56.1	60.2	63.4	56.1
Government transfers (%)	16.1	12.7	20.4	16.1	12.7	20.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.7	1.2	0.9	0.7	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	75,275	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	22,420	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,600	...	...	39,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,400	...	...	36,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	52,855	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	75,270	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	92,500	...	...	92,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,900	...	...	79,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	22,390	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,440	...	...	48,440	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,360	...	...	42,360	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	52,885	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,200	...	...	111,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,800	...	...	95,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	75,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	705	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	345	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	625	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,535	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,490	...	...	4.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,640	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,795	...	...	3.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,230	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,340	...	...	4.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,405	...	...	4.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	6,205	...	...	8.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	6,100	...	...	8.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,415	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,980	...	...	6.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,345	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	26,115	...	...	34.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,710	...	...	11.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	6,005	...	...	8.0	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,505	...	...	8.6	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,895	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	75,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	820	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	370	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	645	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,615	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,635	...	...	4.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,015	...	...	4.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,225	...	...	4.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,715	...	...	4.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,865	...	...	5.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,650	...	...	4.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	7,165	...	...	9.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	6,815	...	...	9.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	6,055	...	...	8.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	5,405	...	...	7.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,755	...	...	6.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	20,530	...	...	27.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,310	...	...	11.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,210	...	...	6.9	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,010	...	...	9.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	50,055	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	26,475	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	15,065	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	129,000	...	...	129,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	6,895	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...	64,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,400	...	...	60,400	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	32,015	14,575	17,440	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,400	37,200	35,600	36,400	37,200	35,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	34,400	33,600	34,000	34,400	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	50,040	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,600	...	...	110,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,100	...	...	95,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	26,430	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,500	...	...	101,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,500	...	...	87,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,090	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	140,800	...	...	140,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,600	...	...	119,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,880	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,700	...	...	76,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,400	...	...	68,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	32,015	14,475	17,540	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,600	46,760	42,840	44,600	46,760	42,840
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,240	40,600	38,160	39,240	40,600	38,160
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	166,170	80,550	85,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	25,935	13,305	12,635	15.6	16.5	14.8
0 to 5 years	7,460	3,785	3,680	4.5	4.7	4.3
18 to 64 years	92,105	44,485	47,615	55.4	55.2	55.6
65 years and over	48,125	22,765	25,365	29.0	28.3	29.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	18,165	8,210	9,950	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,230	1,660	1,570	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	965	490	470	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	9,160	4,275	4,880	...	...	...
65 years and over	5,780	2,280	3,500	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.9	10.2	11.6	10.9	10.2	11.6
0 to 17 years (%)	12.5	12.5	12.4	12.5	12.5	12.4
0 to 5 years (%)	12.9	13.1	12.8	12.9	13.1	12.8
18 to 64 years (%)	9.9	9.6	10.3	9.9	9.6	10.3
65 years and over (%)	12.0	10.0	13.8	12.0	10.0	13.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	165,135	80,055	85,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	25,660	13,165	12,490	15.5	16.4	14.7
0 to 5 years	7,380	3,750	3,630	4.5	4.7	4.3
18 to 64 years	91,480	44,195	47,290	55.4	55.2	55.6
65 years and over	47,995	22,695	25,295	29.1	28.3	29.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,410	3,315	3,100	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	995	515	480	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	250	130	115	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,675	2,470	2,210	...	...	...
65 years and over	740	330	415	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.9	4.1	3.6	3.9	4.1	3.6
0 to 17 years (%)	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.8
0 to 5 years (%)	3.4	3.6	3.2	3.4	3.6	3.2
18 to 64 years (%)	5.1	5.6	4.7	5.1	5.6	4.7
65 years and over (%)	1.5	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	166,170	80,555	85,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	87,365	41,135	46,230	52.6	51.1	54.0
In bottom decile	17,365	8,185	9,175	10.5	10.2	10.7
In second decile	18,045	8,220	9,825	10.9	10.2	11.5
In third decile	17,260	8,070	9,185	10.4	10.0	10.7
In fourth decile	17,215	8,220	8,990	10.4	10.2	10.5
In fifth decile	17,490	8,435	9,060	10.5	10.5	10.6
In top half of the distribution	78,800	39,420	39,380	47.4	48.9	46.0
In sixth decile	17,215	8,440	8,780	10.4	10.5	10.3
In seventh decile	16,425	8,110	8,310	9.9	10.1	9.7
In eighth decile	16,185	8,115	8,070	9.7	10.1	9.4
In ninth decile	15,440	7,840	7,600	9.3	9.7	8.9
In top decile	13,530	6,910	6,620	8.1	8.6	7.7
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	166,165	...	...	166,165	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.313	...	...	0.313	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.441	...	...	0.441	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.279	...	...	0.279	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	168,410	81,670	86,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	156,565	76,495	80,070	93.0	93.7	92.3
French only	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	11,015	4,805	6,215	6.5	5.9	7.2
Neither English nor French	795	350	445	0.5	0.4	0.5
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	168,410	81,670	86,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	165,465	80,315	85,150	98.3	98.3	98.2
French	1,990	930	1,060	1.2	1.1	1.2
English and French	205	95	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Neither English nor French	750	330	425	0.4	0.4	0.5
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	168,410	81,670	86,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	165,685	80,430	85,255	98.4	98.5	98.3
Official languages	150,285	73,385	76,900	89.2	89.9	88.7
English	148,140	72,385	75,750	88.0	88.6	87.3
French	2,145	1,000	1,145	1.3	1.2	1.3
Non-official languages	15,400	7,040	8,355	9.1	8.6	9.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	15,345	7,020	8,320	9.1	8.6	9.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	560	310	255	0.3	0.4	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	535	295	240	0.3	0.4	0.3
Amharic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	475	265	215	0.3	0.3	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	685	310	375	0.4	0.4	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	620	285	340	0.4	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,150	420	735	0.7	0.5	0.8
Bikol	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	35	5	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	910	330	580	0.5	0.4	0.7
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	160	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	8,805	4,160	4,645	5.2	5.1	5.4
Albanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,565	705	860	0.9	0.9	1.0
Baltic languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,530	685	845	0.9	0.8	1.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	145	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	370	150	225	0.2	0.2	0.3
Russian	350	155	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	265	125	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	180	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	250	125	125	0.1	0.2	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,640	1,675	1,965	2.2	2.1	2.3
Frisian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,975	885	1,095	1.2	1.1	1.3
German	1,910	850	1,060	1.1	1.0	1.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,135	560	580	0.7	0.7	0.7
Afrikaans	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	935	460	475	0.6	0.6	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	515	225	290	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	285	120	165	0.2	0.1	0.2
Icelandic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	95	40	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Swedish	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	80	50	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,020	1,040	980	1.2	1.3	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages	1,775	920	855	1.1	1.1	1.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	270	155	110	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,220	615	605	0.7	0.8	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	240	115	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	230	115	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	195	100	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,440	665	775	0.9	0.8	0.9
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	385	215	170	0.2	0.3	0.2
Portuguese	210	90	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	770	325	445	0.5	0.4	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	350	100	255	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korean	640	295	345	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,285	1,030	1,260	1.4	1.3	1.5
Chinese languages	2,275	1,025	1,255	1.4	1.3	1.4
Hakka	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,685	760	925	1.0	0.9	1.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	500	235	270	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	105	10	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	95	15	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	40	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	390	185	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	115	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	250	120	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,730	1,235	1,490	1.6	1.5	1.7
English and French	655	290	365	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	1,745	815	930	1.0	1.0	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	230	90	145	0.1	0.1	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	168,410	81,670	86,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	153,550	74,860	78,690	91.2	91.7	90.7
French	320	150	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	3,050	1,475	1,580	1.8	1.8	1.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,050	1,475	1,580	1.8	1.8	1.8
English and French	1,475	640	840	0.9	0.8	1.0
English and non-official language(s)	9,460	4,290	5,170	5.6	5.3	6.0
French and non-official language(s)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	380	175	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	175	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	168,410	81,670	86,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	166,555	80,810	85,750	98.9	98.9	98.9
Official languages	160,680	77,985	82,695	95.4	95.5	95.3
English	160,220	77,770	82,445	95.1	95.2	95.0
French	465	215	245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official languages	5,875	2,825	3,055	3.5	3.5	3.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	5,870	2,820	3,045	3.5	3.5	3.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	335	170	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	325	165	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Amharic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	300	155	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	425	200	225	0.3	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	390	185	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	510	240	265	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	405	190	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,220	1,060	1,165	1.3	1.3	1.3
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	390	190	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	390	190	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	175	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	325	155	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	165	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	160	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,110	550	560	0.7	0.7	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages	1,005	505	500	0.6	0.6	0.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	125	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	755	375	375	0.4	0.5	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	105	40	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	105	40	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dari	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	370	160	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	245	110	135	0.1	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	505	240	260	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,520	730	790	0.9	0.9	0.9
Chinese languages	1,510	725	785	0.9	0.9	0.9
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,215	585	635	0.7	0.7	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	250	125	130	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,855	860	995	1.1	1.1	1.1
English and French	190	85	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,595	750	850	0.9	0.9	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	168,415	81,670	86,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	158,450	77,200	81,255	94.1	94.5	93.7
English	2,505	1,175	1,330	1.5	1.4	1.5
French	1,210	520	690	0.7	0.6	0.8
Non-official language	5,115	2,250	2,865	3.0	2.8	3.3
Indigenous³⁹	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	5,020	2,205	2,815	3.0	2.7	3.2
English and French	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	300	155	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	250	120	135	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	550	235	310	0.3	0.3	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	166,165	80,555	85,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	165,385	80,190	85,185	99.5	99.5	99.5
English	165,360	80,180	85,180	99.5	99.5	99.5
French	10,950	4,710	6,240	6.6	5.8	7.3
Non-official languages	22,595	10,310	12,285	13.6	12.8	14.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	325	145	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquian languages	25	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Halkomelem	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	22,295	10,175	12,120	13.4	12.6	14.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	700	360	335	0.4	0.4	0.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	655	345	310	0.4	0.4	0.4
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	530	270	260	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	105	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Maltese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	790	355	430	0.5	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	90	30	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	700	325	375	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,760	665	1,095	1.1	0.8	1.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	95	15	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	75	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,500	575	925	0.9	0.7	1.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	85	40	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	195	90	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	14,100	6,625	7,470	8.5	8.2	8.7
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,050	955	1,095	1.2	1.2	1.3
Baltic languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,015	940	1,075	1.2	1.2	1.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	195	75	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	470	200	260	0.3	0.2	0.3
Russian	630	310	325	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	425	200	225	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bosnian	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	280	140	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	130	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	335	170	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	5,200	2,370	2,830	3.1	2.9	3.3
Frisian	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,160	1,440	1,725	1.9	1.8	2.0
German	3,125	1,410	1,715	1.9	1.8	2.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,565	760	805	0.9	0.9	0.9
Afrikaans	415	225	190	0.2	0.3	0.2
Dutch	1,130	540	590	0.7	0.7	0.7
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	705	280	425	0.4	0.3	0.5
Danish	350	145	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	165	65	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	210	90	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	130	80	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	2,950	1,480	1,470	1.8	1.8	1.7
Indo-Aryan languages	2,595	1,310	1,285	1.6	1.6	1.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	175	100	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	1,310	695	620	0.8	0.9	0.7
Kacchi	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,725	845	880	1.0	1.0	1.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	95	40	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	350	165	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	350	165	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	295	135	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,285	1,965	2,320	2.6	2.4	2.7
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	760	385	375	0.5	0.5	0.4
Portuguese	365	175	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	3,350	1,495	1,855	2.0	1.9	2.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	685	245	440	0.4	0.3	0.5
Korean	790	350	440	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	315	165	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	90	40	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	255	75	180	0.2	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	215	50	160	0.1	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,715	1,235	1,480	1.6	1.5	1.7
Chinese languages	2,705	1,235	1,470	1.6	1.5	1.7
Hakka	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,095	940	1,155	1.3	1.2	1.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	110	40	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	750	370	380	0.5	0.5	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	145	30	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	145	30	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	100	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	75	50	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	490	235	255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	330	160	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	166,165	80,555	85,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	12,210	5,690	6,520	7.3	7.1	7.6
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	11,685	5,455	6,225	7.0	6.8	7.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	6,695	3,075	3,620	4.0	3.8	4.2
Métis	4,865	2,325	2,535	2.9	2.9	3.0
Inuk (Inuit)	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	315	125	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	220	115	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	153,950	74,860	79,090	92.6	92.9	92.4
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	166,165	80,555	85,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	4,845	2,305	2,545	2.9	2.9	3.0
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	161,320	78,250	83,070	97.1	97.1	97.0
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	75,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	55,165	...	...	73.3	...	...
Renter	19,895	...	...	26.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	215	...	...	0.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	75,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	9,580	...	...	12.7	...	...
Not condominium	65,690	...	...	87.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	75,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	445	...	...	0.6	...	...
1 bedroom	8,425	...	...	11.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	23,025	...	...	30.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	26,440	...	...	35.1	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	16,945	...	...	22.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	75,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	20,160	...	...	26.8	...	...
5 rooms	13,415	...	...	17.8	...	...
6 rooms	11,925	...	...	15.8	...	...
7 rooms	9,265	...	...	12.3	...	...
8 or more rooms	20,505	...	...	27.2	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	75,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	74,590	...	...	99.1	...	...
More than one person per room	685	...	...	0.9	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	75,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	72,995	...	...	97.0	...	...
Not suitable	2,275	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	75,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	7,600	...	...	10.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	19,530	...	...	25.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	11,495	...	...	15.3	...	...
1991 to 2000	15,325	...	...	20.4	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,845	...	...	6.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	5,895	...	...	7.8	...	...
2011 to 2015	4,520	...	...	6.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,065	...	...	8.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	75,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	71,365	...	...	94.8	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,910	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	75,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	35,810	...	...	47.6	...	...
Two-maintainer household	35,860	...	...	47.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,600	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	75,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,865	...	...	2.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,145	...	...	9.5	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,915	...	...	13.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	10,380	...	...	13.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	15,415	...	...	20.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	17,325	...	...	23.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	9,960	...	...	13.2	...	...
85 years and over	3,265	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	74,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	58,255	...	...	78.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	16,240	...	...	21.8	...	...
30% to less than 100%	14,700	...	...	19.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	75,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	20,920	...	...	27.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	14,920	...	...	19.8	...	...
Not suitable only	1,715	...	...	2.3	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,800	...	...	3.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	375	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	925	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	165	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	54,355	...	...	72.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	72,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	7,330	...	...	10.0	...	...
Not in core need	65,620	...	...	89.9	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	54,820	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	52.2	...	...	52.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	14.9	...	...	14.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.2	...	...	5.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	930	...	...	930	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,269	...	...	1,269	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	650,000	...	...	650,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	689,000	...	...	689,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	19,860	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.9	...	...	9.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.8	...	...	40.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	23.6	...	...	23.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250	...	...	1,250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,306	...	...	1,306	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	215	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	11.6	...	...	11.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	388	...	...	388	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	464	...	...	464	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	166,170	80,555	85,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	4,640	2,200	2,435	2.8	2.7	2.8
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	4,555	2,165	2,390	2.7	2.7	2.8
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	3,565	1,675	1,895	2.1	2.1	2.2
Métis single ancestry	950	475	470	0.6	0.6	0.5
Inuit single ancestry	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	8,730	3,990	4,740	5.3	5.0	5.5
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	8,395	3,835	4,565	5.1	4.8	5.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,355	2,405	2,955	3.2	3.0	3.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,940	1,375	1,565	1.8	1.7	1.8
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	335	160	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	335	160	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	152,795	74,360	78,440	92.0	92.3	91.6
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	166,165	80,555	85,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	158,165	76,895	81,270	95.2	95.5	94.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	25,305	13,070	12,240	15.2	16.2	14.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	132,860	63,825	69,030	80.0	79.2	80.6
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	8,005	3,655	4,345	4.8	4.5	5.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	166,165	80,555	85,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	137,950	67,495	70,455	83.0	83.8	82.3
Immigrants⁸¹	26,165	12,090	14,070	15.7	15.0	16.4
Before 1980	12,070	5,745	6,320	7.3	7.1	7.4
1980 to 1990	2,985	1,330	1,660	1.8	1.7	1.9
1991 to 2000	2,675	1,125	1,550	1.6	1.4	1.8
2001 to 2010	3,745	1,700	2,045	2.3	2.1	2.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	4,695	2,200	2,495	2.8	2.7	2.9
2011 to 2015	2,005	940	1,060	1.2	1.2	1.2
2016 to 2021	2,690	1,255	1,440	1.6	1.6	1.7
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,050	960	1,090	1.2	1.2	1.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	26,165	12,090	14,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,015	1,490	1,525	11.5	12.3	10.8
5 to 14 years	4,795	2,325	2,470	18.3	19.2	17.6
15 to 24 years	5,345	2,320	3,025	20.4	19.2	21.5
25 to 44 years	10,775	4,980	5,795	41.2	41.2	41.2
45 years and over	2,240	985	1,255	8.6	8.1	8.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	26,165	12,090	14,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,355	1,415	1,945	12.8	11.7	13.8
Brazil	60	20	40	0.2	0.2	0.3
Colombia	95	40	60	0.4	0.3	0.4
El Salvador	60	20	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyana	50	20	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	70	35	40	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexico	230	90	140	0.9	0.7	1.0
Peru	55	0	50	0.2	0.0	0.4
Trinidad and Tobago	50	15	35	0.2	0.1	0.2
United States of America	2,270	980	1,290	8.7	8.1	9.2
Other places of birth in Americas	410	185	230	1.6	1.5	1.6
Europe	13,935	6,770	7,165	53.3	56.0	50.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	65	20	40	0.2	0.2	0.3
Croatia	170	85	85	0.6	0.7	0.6
France	170	85	85	0.6	0.7	0.6
Germany	1,570	715	850	6.0	5.9	6.0
Greece	60	45	15	0.2	0.4	0.1
Hungary	210	115	95	0.8	1.0	0.7
Italy	215	140	75	0.8	1.2	0.5
Netherlands	920	475	445	3.5	3.9	3.2
Poland	380	190	195	1.5	1.6	1.4
Portugal	140	85	55	0.5	0.7	0.4
Romania	60	20	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	175	90	80	0.7	0.7	0.6
Serbia⁸⁶	50	30	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	155	75	80	0.6	0.6	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	7,875	3,785	4,090	30.1	31.3	29.1
Other places of birth in Europe	1,740	810	935	6.7	6.7	6.6
Africa	1,150	575	570	4.4	4.8	4.1
Algeria	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Egypt	40	25	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	20	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Morocco	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nigeria	155	70	85	0.6	0.6	0.6
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	540	275	260	2.1	2.3	1.8
Other places of birth in Africa	350	175	175	1.3	1.4	1.2
Asia	7,065	3,010	4,055	27.0	24.9	28.8
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	255	135	120	1.0	1.1	0.9
Iraq	15	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	230	120	110	0.9	1.0	0.8
Turkey	25	20	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,470	625	845	5.6	5.2	6.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	200	90	115	0.8	0.7	0.8
Korea, South⁹²	560	230	330	2.1	1.9	2.3
Taiwan	155	50	110	0.6	0.4	0.8
Philippines	1,400	530	865	5.4	4.4	6.1
Viet Nam	535	245	285	2.0	2.0	2.0
Bangladesh	30	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	1,185	595	590	4.5	4.9	4.2
Pakistan	40	15	25	0.2	0.1	0.2
Sri Lanka	55	30	25	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	900	300	600	3.4	2.5	4.3
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	660	325	335	2.5	2.7	2.4
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	2,690	1,255	1,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	300	145	155	11.2	11.6	10.8
Brazil	30	10	20	1.1	0.8	1.4
Colombia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	30	10	25	1.1	0.8	1.7
United States of America	190	95	90	7.1	7.6	6.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	0	0	0.4	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	35	20	15	1.3	1.6	1.0
Europe	390	190	195	14.5	15.1	13.5
France	15	0	15	0.6	0.0	1.0
Germany	25	20	0	0.9	1.6	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	40	20	25	1.5	1.6	1.7
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	15	10	0	0.6	0.8	0.0
Ukraine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	175	85	90	6.5	6.8	6.3
Other places of birth in Europe	110	55	55	4.1	4.4	3.8
Africa	265	135	135	9.9	10.8	9.4
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	10	0	0	0.4	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	125	55	65	4.6	4.4	4.5
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	25	15	0	0.9	1.2	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	85	40	45	3.2	3.2	3.1
Asia	1,660	755	910	61.7	60.2	63.2
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	15	0	10	0.6	0.0	0.7
China⁹⁰	435	185	245	16.2	14.7	17.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.4	0.0	0.0
India	315	175	140	11.7	13.9	9.7
Iran⁸⁸	25	10	10	0.9	0.8	0.7
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	35	0	30	1.3	0.0	2.1
Jordan	15	10	10	0.6	0.8	0.7
Korea, South⁹²	110	45	70	4.1	3.6	4.9
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	340	145	195	12.6	11.6	13.5
Saudi Arabia	15	0	15	0.6	0.0	1.0
Sri Lanka	10	0	0	0.4	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	210	110	95	7.8	8.8	6.6
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	45	20	25	1.7	1.6	1.7
Other places of birth in Asia	75	20	60	2.8	1.6	4.2
Oceania and other⁹³	80	45	40	3.0	3.6	2.8
Australia	20	15	0	0.7	1.2	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	60	25	35	2.2	2.0	2.4
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	166,165	80,555	85,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	30,075	13,900	16,175	18.1	17.3	18.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	32,340	15,800	16,535	19.5	19.6	19.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	103,755	50,855	52,900	62.4	63.1	61.8
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	14,100	6,345	7,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	7,810	3,790	4,020	55.4	59.7	51.9
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	3,445	2,035	1,410	24.4	32.1	18.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	4,365	1,750	2,610	31.0	27.6	33.7
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	4,950	1,925	3,025	35.1	30.3	39.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,260	610	655	8.9	9.6	8.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	85	30	55	0.6	0.5	0.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	14,100	6,345	7,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	230	120	110	1.6	1.9	1.4
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,310	1,060	1,255	16.4	16.7	16.2
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	470	195	275	3.3	3.1	3.5
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,090	490	600	7.7	7.7	7.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	110	20	85	0.8	0.3	1.1
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	9,895	4,465	5,430	70.2	70.4	70.1
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	166,165	80,555	85,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	15,945	7,345	8,600	9.6	9.1	10.0
South Asian	3,450	1,750	1,700	2.1	2.2	2.0
Chinese	3,320	1,520	1,805	2.0	1.9	2.1
Black	1,410	670	735	0.8	0.8	0.9
Filipino	2,100	870	1,225	1.3	1.1	1.4
Arab	440	225	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latin American	925	390	540	0.6	0.5	0.6
Southeast Asian	1,375	600	775	0.8	0.7	0.9
West Asian	335	170	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	860	380	480	0.5	0.5	0.6
Japanese	900	345	550	0.5	0.4	0.6
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	270	130	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	560	285	275	0.3	0.4	0.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	150,225	73,210	77,015	90.4	90.9	90.0
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	166,165	80,555	85,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	20,410	10,395	10,010	12.3	12.9	11.7
English	54,380	25,990	28,385	32.7	32.3	33.2
Irish	29,435	13,800	15,630	17.7	17.1	18.3
Scottish	38,285	18,345	19,940	23.0	22.8	23.3
French, n.o.s.¹²²	14,595	6,680	7,915	8.8	8.3	9.2
German	22,935	10,815	12,115	13.8	13.4	14.2
Chinese	3,685	1,720	1,970	2.2	2.1	2.3
Italian	5,455	2,725	2,730	3.3	3.4	3.2
Indian (India)	2,240	1,140	1,100	1.3	1.4	1.3
Ukrainian	8,675	4,150	4,525	5.2	5.2	5.3
Dutch	7,970	3,905	4,065	4.8	4.8	4.7
Polish	5,460	2,525	2,940	3.3	3.1	3.4
Québécois	200	110	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	9,895	4,610	5,285	6.0	5.7	6.2
Filipino	2,080	870	1,210	1.3	1.1	1.4
French Canadian	1,890	865	1,025	1.1	1.1	1.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	3,155	1,565	1,585	1.9	1.9	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	4,265	1,865	2,400	2.6	2.3	2.8
Métis	4,285	2,025	2,255	2.6	2.5	2.6
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	4,505	2,260	2,235	2.7	2.8	2.6
Russian	3,730	1,750	1,980	2.2	2.2	2.3
Norwegian	6,360	2,955	3,405	3.8	3.7	4.0
Welsh	5,765	2,735	3,025	3.5	3.4	3.5
Portuguese	745	355	395	0.4	0.4	0.5
American	3,150	1,580	1,570	1.9	2.0	1.8
Spanish	1,470	665	810	0.9	0.8	0.9
Swedish	4,920	2,290	2,630	3.0	2.8	3.1
Hungarian	2,320	1,140	1,180	1.4	1.4	1.4
Acadian	400	185	220	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pakistani	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	385	195	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jewish	925	405	520	0.6	0.5	0.6
Punjabi	560	275	280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Vietnamese	920	435	480	0.6	0.5	0.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	230	130	100	0.1	0.2	0.1
Greek	565	295	275	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jamaican	290	165	125	0.2	0.2	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	435	145	285	0.3	0.2	0.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,020	440	580	0.6	0.5	0.7
Korean	820	375	440	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	955	440	515	0.6	0.5	0.6
Lebanese	225	105	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian	330	175	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	405	195	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	2,875	1,370	1,510	1.7	1.7	1.8
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	965	500	465	0.6	0.6	0.5
Sikh	380	200	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	2,000	935	1,065	1.2	1.2	1.2
Belgian	1,085	535	555	0.7	0.7	0.6
Haitian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	175	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexican	575	265	315	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mennonite	375	180	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Swiss	990	555	435	0.6	0.7	0.5
Finnish	1,605	785	825	1.0	1.0	1.0
Sri Lankan	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Croatian	760	375	385	0.5	0.5	0.4
Japanese	1,115	425	690	0.7	0.5	0.8
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	250	105	145	0.2	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,435	700	730	0.9	0.9	0.9
Muslim	90	35	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Egyptian	90	40	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	170	55	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	1,380	680	700	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombian	160	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	910	430	480	0.5	0.5	0.6
Syrian	245	105	135	0.1	0.1	0.2
Guyanese	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	110	40	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbian	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ojibway	260	115	145	0.2	0.1	0.2
Newfoundlander	235	145	90	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hong Konger	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	110	35	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	135	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	115	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	130	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	95	20	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nigerian	195	90	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	80	50	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slovak	300	115	185	0.2	0.1	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	450	205	245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Caribbean	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	270	125	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	405	220	185	0.2	0.3	0.2
Australian	645	340	310	0.4	0.4	0.4
Palestinian	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	185	75	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Berber	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	200	95	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	425	235	185	0.3	0.3	0.2
New Brunswicker	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	85	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Israeli	85	40	40	0.1	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	150	95	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	350	165	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bulgarian	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	120	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	315	140	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	150	95	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	230	120	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	210	85	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	210	90	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	275	140	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Columbian	815	425	385	0.5	0.5	0.4
Ecuadorian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	165	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	145	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	95	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	185	50	130	0.1	0.1	0.2
Dominican	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	95	40	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
New Zealander	285	170	115	0.2	0.2	0.1
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malaysian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	0	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cape Bretoner	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
United Empire Loyalist	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	70	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	35	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	166,170	80,555	85,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	950	335	610	0.6	0.4	0.7
Christian	56,375	24,660	31,715	33.9	30.6	37.0
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	12,215	5,605	6,610	7.4	7.0	7.7
Anabaptist	260	130	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Anglican	7,770	3,190	4,580	4.7	4.0	5.3
Baptist	2,285	1,005	1,280	1.4	1.2	1.5
Catholic	15,590	6,905	8,685	9.4	8.6	10.1
Christian Orthodox	515	275	240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jehovah's Witness	1,525	695	825	0.9	0.9	1.0
Latter Day Saints	400	215	190	0.2	0.3	0.2
Lutheran	2,155	870	1,280	1.3	1.1	1.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	300	135	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,365	585	775	0.8	0.7	0.9
Presbyterian	1,265	570	700	0.8	0.7	0.8
Reformed	235	100	130	0.1	0.1	0.2
United Church	7,530	3,090	4,440	4.5	3.8	5.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,970	1,295	1,675	1.8	1.6	2.0
Hindu	850	435	415	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jewish	460	230	235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	1,065	500	565	0.6	0.6	0.7
Sikh	1,400	680	720	0.8	0.8	0.8
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	685	330	355	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other religions and spiritual traditions	2,235	830	1,400	1.3	1.0	1.6
No religion and secular perspectives	102,145	52,545	49,600	61.5	65.2	57.9
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	165,170	80,075	85,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	142,285	68,985	73,300	86.1	86.2	86.1
Movers	22,885	11,090	11,795	13.9	13.8	13.9
Non-migrants	11,920	5,835	6,085	7.2	7.3	7.2
Migrants	10,965	5,255	5,710	6.6	6.6	6.7
Internal migrants	10,130	4,895	5,235	6.1	6.1	6.2
Intraprovincial migrants	7,645	3,705	3,940	4.6	4.6	4.6
Interprovincial migrants	2,485	1,195	1,290	1.5	1.5	1.5
External migrants	835	360	475	0.5	0.4	0.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	160,190	77,615	82,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	87,875	42,445	45,430	54.9	54.7	55.0
Movers	72,315	35,170	37,145	45.1	45.3	45.0
Non-migrants	24,915	11,985	12,930	15.6	15.4	15.7
Migrants	47,405	23,190	24,215	29.6	29.9	29.3
Internal migrants	43,380	21,250	22,130	27.1	27.4	26.8
Intraprovincial migrants	33,800	16,410	17,380	21.1	21.1	21.0
Interprovincial migrants	9,580	4,835	4,745	6.0	6.2	5.7
External migrants	4,025	1,940	2,085	2.5	2.5	2.5
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	144,710	69,600	75,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	23,075	12,890	10,185	15.9	18.5	13.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	121,630	56,715	64,920	84.1	81.5	86.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	81,615	38,980	42,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,050	5,430	3,625	11.1	13.9	8.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	72,560	33,550	39,015	88.9	86.1	91.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	144,710	69,605	75,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	18,960	10,305	8,655	13.1	14.8	11.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	44,065	20,790	23,275	30.5	29.9	31.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	81,685	38,510	43,170	56.4	55.3	57.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	49,455	24,200	25,250	34.2	34.8	33.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	14,595	10,810	3,785	10.1	15.5	5.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,760	3,165	2,595	4.0	4.5	3.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,835	7,645	1,190	6.1	11.0	1.6
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	28,205	11,020	17,185	19.5	15.8	22.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,655	2,370	4,285	4.6	3.4	5.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	32,230	14,310	17,920	22.3	20.6	23.9
Bachelor's degree	20,005	8,705	11,300	13.8	12.5	15.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,440	1,045	1,390	1.7	1.5	1.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,000	635	370	0.7	0.9	0.5
Master's degree	7,495	3,235	4,265	5.2	4.6	5.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,280	690	595	0.9	1.0	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	81,610	38,980	42,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,105	4,300	2,810	8.7	11.0	6.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	23,115	11,720	11,395	28.3	30.1	26.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	51,395	22,965	28,430	63.0	58.9	66.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	30,305	14,405	15,905	37.1	37.0	37.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	8,670	6,290	2,385	10.6	16.1	5.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,510	1,860	1,650	4.3	4.8	3.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,165	4,430	735	6.3	11.4	1.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,405	6,725	10,680	21.3	17.3	25.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,235	1,390	2,840	5.2	3.6	6.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	21,085	8,560	12,525	25.8	22.0	29.4
Bachelor's degree	13,440	5,400	8,040	16.5	13.9	18.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,575	670	900	1.9	1.7	2.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	680	355	325	0.8	0.9	0.8
Master's degree	4,715	1,845	2,870	5.8	4.7	6.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	680	285	390	0.8	0.7	0.9
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	144,710	69,605	75,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	63,030	31,095	31,930	43.6	44.7	42.5
Education	6,780	1,755	5,025	4.7	2.5	6.7
13. Education	6,780	1,755	5,025	4.7	2.5	6.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,965	1,190	1,780	2.0	1.7	2.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	280	210	70	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,685	975	1,705	1.9	1.4	2.3
Humanities	3,570	1,440	2,130	2.5	2.1	2.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	250	65	185	0.2	0.1	0.2
23. English language and literature/letters	1,100	390	705	0.8	0.6	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	970	305	665	0.7	0.4	0.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	85	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	230	140	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	345	185	155	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	495	285	210	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,275	2,930	5,340	5.7	4.2	7.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	190	40	150	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	730	295	435	0.5	0.4	0.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,530	160	1,375	1.1	0.2	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	1,155	385	780	0.8	0.6	1.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	220	65	155	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,620	500	1,115	1.1	0.7	1.5
45. Social sciences	2,825	1,485	1,340	2.0	2.1	1.8
Business, management and public administration	15,535	5,595	9,935	10.7	8.0	13.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,375	270	1,100	1.0	0.4	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,140	5,315	8,820	9.8	7.6	11.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,045	1,675	1,370	2.1	2.4	1.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,545	780	765	1.1	1.1	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	515	245	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	795	570	225	0.5	0.8	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,255	1,425	830	1.6	2.0	1.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,685	1,190	500	1.2	1.7	0.7
25. Library science	235	35	195	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	310	180	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	16,240	15,240	1,000	11.2	21.9	1.3
04. Architecture and related services	405	275	135	0.3	0.4	0.2
14. Engineering	2,415	2,120	295	1.7	3.0	0.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,240	2,920	325	2.2	4.2	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	4,685	4,570	115	3.2	6.6	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,515	3,425	95	2.4	4.9	0.1
48. Precision production	1,960	1,920	35	1.4	2.8	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,800	1,710	1,085	1.9	2.5	1.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,435	665	765	1.0	1.0	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,365	1,045	320	0.9	1.5	0.4
Health and related fields	14,520	2,585	11,935	10.0	3.7	15.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	905	390	515	0.6	0.6	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	13,235	1,950	11,290	9.1	2.8	15.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	330	235	95	0.2	0.3	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	5,690	2,965	2,725	3.9	4.3	3.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	3,545	1,085	2,455	2.4	1.6	3.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	45	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45	40	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	575	415	160	0.4	0.6	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,485	1,385	90	1.0	2.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	81,615	38,980	42,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	30,220	16,020	14,205	37.0	41.1	33.3
Education	3,465	855	2,610	4.2	2.2	6.1
13. Education	3,465	855	2,610	4.2	2.2	6.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,110	815	1,295	2.6	2.1	3.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	170	120	55	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,940	700	1,240	2.4	1.8	2.9
Humanities	2,105	820	1,285	2.6	2.1	3.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	145	35	110	0.2	0.1	0.3
23. English language and literature/letters	640	215	425	0.8	0.6	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	590	185	415	0.7	0.5	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	140	85	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	180	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	300	170	130	0.4	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,665	1,795	3,870	6.9	4.6	9.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	160	35	130	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	560	205	355	0.7	0.5	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,130	130	1,000	1.4	0.3	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	730	190	540	0.9	0.5	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	165	40	125	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	1,010	270	745	1.2	0.7	1.7
45. Social sciences	1,910	920	985	2.3	2.4	2.3
Business, management and public administration	10,030	3,455	6,570	12.3	8.9	15.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	885	145	735	1.1	0.4	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,130	3,305	5,825	11.2	8.5	13.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,845	860	990	2.3	2.2	2.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	975	425	550	1.2	1.1	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	345	155	195	0.4	0.4	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	425	245	180	0.5	0.6	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	55	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,570	1,050	525	1.9	2.7	1.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,330	965	370	1.6	2.5	0.9
25. Library science	120	15	95	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	110	65	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,500	8,705	795	11.6	22.3	1.9
04. Architecture and related services	220	120	105	0.3	0.3	0.2
14. Engineering	1,350	1,120	235	1.7	2.9	0.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,790	1,550	250	2.2	4.0	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,970	2,870	100	3.6	7.4	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,030	1,955	75	2.5	5.0	0.2
48. Precision production	1,120	1,090	30	1.4	2.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,880	1,010	870	2.3	2.6	2.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	980	385	595	1.2	1.0	1.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	900	620	275	1.1	1.6	0.6
Health and related fields	9,455	1,755	7,705	11.6	4.5	18.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	605	255	350	0.7	0.7	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	8,615	1,380	7,235	10.6	3.5	17.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	45	0	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	195	115	85	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,755	1,845	1,915	4.6	4.7	4.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,400	700	1,695	2.9	1.8	4.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	375	250	125	0.5	0.6	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	925	845	80	1.1	2.2	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	81,615	38,980	42,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	30,220	16,020	14,205	37.0	41.1	33.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	51,395	22,960	28,430	63.0	58.9	66.7
Location of study inside Canada	45,290	20,175	25,115	55.5	51.8	58.9
Same as province or territory of residence	34,240	15,095	19,145	42.0	38.7	44.9
Different than province or territory of residence	11,050	5,080	5,970	13.5	13.0	14.0
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	6,100	2,785	3,315	7.5	7.1	7.8
Americas	1,420	710	715	1.7	1.8	1.7
United States of America	1,195	630	565	1.5	1.6	1.3
Mexico	75	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombia	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peru	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	1,735	880	850	2.1	2.3	2.0
Belgium	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Germany	160	60	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Netherlands	50	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	60	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	980	520	455	1.2	1.3	1.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	160	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	275	140	135	0.3	0.4	0.3
Nigeria	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	185	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Asia	2,415	880	1,530	3.0	2.3	3.6
Iran⁸⁸	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	35	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	40	20	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Turkey	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	615	230	385	0.8	0.6	0.9
Taiwan	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	135	20	115	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	205	85	125	0.3	0.2	0.3
Philippines	595	200	395	0.7	0.5	0.9
Viet Nam	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	420	180	240	0.5	0.5	0.6
Pakistan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	120	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Oceania	255	175	85	0.3	0.4	0.2
Australia	180	120	55	0.2	0.3	0.1
New Zealand	70	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	144,710	69,605	75,105	...	...	...
In the labour force	78,990	40,210	38,780	...	...	...
Employed	72,345	36,685	35,660	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,645	3,520	3,125	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	65,720	29,395	36,325	...	...	...
Participation rate	54.6	57.8	51.6	54.6	57.8	51.6
Employment rate	50.0	52.7	47.5	50.0	52.7	47.5
Unemployment rate	8.4	8.8	8.1	8.4	8.8	8.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	144,710	69,605	75,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	64,870	28,875	36,000	44.8	41.5	47.9
Worked	79,835	40,730	39,105	55.2	58.5	52.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	37,630	20,945	16,680	26.0	30.1	22.2
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	42,210	19,785	22,425	29.2	28.4	29.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.4	40.9	39.9	40.4	40.9	39.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	78,990	40,210	38,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,565	775	785	2.0	1.9	2.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	77,425	39,430	37,995	98.0	98.1	98.0
Employee	61,690	30,410	31,275	78.1	75.6	80.7
Permanent position	51,775	25,875	25,900	65.5	64.3	66.8
Temporary position	9,915	4,540	5,375	12.6	11.3	13.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,450	1,030	1,415	3.1	2.6	3.6
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	7,465	3,510	3,955	9.5	8.7	10.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	15,740	9,020	6,715	19.9	22.4	17.3
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	78,990	40,210	38,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,565	775	785	2.0	1.9	2.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	77,425	39,430	37,995	98.0	98.1	98.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	740	500	240	0.9	1.2	0.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,235	2,825	8,405	14.2	7.0	21.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,760	3,570	1,190	6.0	8.9	3.1
3 Health occupations	7,380	1,540	5,840	9.3	3.8	15.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	8,840	2,905	5,930	11.2	7.2	15.3
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,615	1,110	1,505	3.3	2.8	3.9
6 Sales and service occupations	22,205	9,615	12,585	28.1	23.9	32.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	15,200	13,910	1,290	19.2	34.6	3.3
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,500	1,820	680	3.2	4.5	1.8
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,960	1,635	320	2.5	4.1	0.8
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	78,990	40,210	38,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,565	775	785	2.0	1.9	2.0
All industries¹⁹¹	77,425	39,430	37,995	98.0	98.1	98.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,990	1,385	610	2.5	3.4	1.6
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	465	435	30	0.6	1.1	0.1
22 Utilities	365	340	35	0.5	0.8	0.1
23 Construction	8,375	7,190	1,185	10.6	17.9	3.1
31-33 Manufacturing	2,965	2,285	685	3.8	5.7	1.8
41 Wholesale trade	1,665	1,210	460	2.1	3.0	1.2
44-45 Retail trade	10,690	5,125	5,565	13.5	12.7	14.4
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,895	2,945	950	4.9	7.3	2.5
51 Information and cultural industries	1,385	785	600	1.8	2.0	1.5
52 Finance and insurance	2,275	840	1,440	2.9	2.1	3.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,705	845	860	2.2	2.1	2.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,430	2,940	2,490	6.9	7.3	6.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,890	2,155	1,735	4.9	5.4	4.5
61 Educational services	5,220	1,680	3,540	6.6	4.2	9.1
62 Health care and social assistance	12,065	2,490	9,575	15.3	6.2	24.7
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,610	775	830	2.0	1.9	2.1
72 Accommodation and food services	5,670	2,515	3,155	7.2	6.3	8.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,740	1,585	2,155	4.7	3.9	5.6
91 Public administration	3,910	1,855	2,060	4.9	4.6	5.3
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	86,375	43,860	42,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	84,500	43,085	41,410	97.8	98.2	97.4
French	105	15	95	0.1	0.0	0.2
Non-official language	230	135	95	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	230	135	95	0.3	0.3	0.2
English and French	650	245	410	0.8	0.6	1.0
English and non-official language(s)	830	350	480	1.0	0.8	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	86,375	43,860	42,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	86,195	43,770	42,425	99.8	99.8	99.8
Official languages	85,840	43,590	42,245	99.4	99.4	99.4
English	85,595	43,545	42,045	99.1	99.3	98.9
French	245	45	205	0.3	0.1	0.5
Non-official languages	360	180	175	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	355	180	175	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	185	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and French	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	140	70	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	86,375	43,860	42,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	84,990	43,305	41,685	98.4	98.7	98.0
English	270	80	190	0.3	0.2	0.4
French	490	200	285	0.6	0.5	0.7
Non-official language	540	230	310	0.6	0.5	0.7
Indigenous³⁹	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	460	190	270	0.5	0.4	0.6
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	72,345	36,685	35,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	13,605	5,925	7,675	18.8	16.2	21.5
Worked outside Canada	80	70	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
No fixed workplace address	13,060	9,725	3,335	18.1	26.5	9.4
Usual place of work	45,595	20,965	24,630	63.0	57.1	69.1
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	45,595	20,965	24,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	30,355	13,315	17,045	66.6	63.5	69.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	11,250	5,150	6,100	24.7	24.6	24.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,615	2,190	1,425	7.9	10.4	5.8
Commute to a different province or territory	380	315	65	0.8	1.5	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	58,660	30,690	27,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	51,355	26,915	24,440	87.5	87.7	87.4
Car, truck or van - as a driver	47,895	25,365	22,525	81.6	82.6	80.5
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,460	1,550	1,910	5.9	5.1	6.8
Public transit	1,750	810	935	3.0	2.6	3.3
Walked	3,130	1,410	1,720	5.3	4.6	6.2
Bicycle	810	565	250	1.4	1.8	0.9
Other method	1,615	995	620	2.8	3.2	2.2
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	58,660	30,690	27,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	25,335	11,730	13,600	43.2	38.2	48.6
15 to 29 minutes	21,040	11,060	9,975	35.9	36.0	35.7
30 to 44 minutes	7,190	4,230	2,960	12.3	13.8	10.6
45 to 59 minutes	2,100	1,375	725	3.6	4.5	2.6
60 minutes and over	2,995	2,290	700	5.1	7.5	2.5
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	58,660	30,690	27,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,025	2,185	840	5.2	7.1	3.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	7,945	5,145	2,800	13.5	16.8	10.0
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	15,500	8,510	6,985	26.4	27.7	25.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	14,390	6,340	8,045	24.5	20.7	28.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	9,040	3,750	5,300	15.4	12.2	19.0
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	8,755	4,760	4,000	14.9	15.5	14.3
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	26,455	13,565	12,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,870	950	920	7.1	7.0	7.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	24,585	12,620	11,970	92.9	93.0	92.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	19,965	10,270	9,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,485	755	730	7.4	7.4	7.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	745	360	385	3.7	3.5	4.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	745	400	345	3.7	3.9	3.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,480	9,520	8,960	92.6	92.7	92.5

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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