Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Vancouver QuadraMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	109,328	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	105,608	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.5	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	51,560	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	47,301	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,713.3	...	...	2,713.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	40.29	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	109,330	51,715	57,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13,420	7,015	6,405	12.3	13.6	11.1
0 to 4 years	3,585	1,845	1,735	3.3	3.6	3.0
5 to 9 years	4,265	2,275	1,990	3.9	4.4	3.5
10 to 14 years	5,575	2,900	2,680	5.1	5.6	4.7
15 to 64 years	75,790	35,585	40,205	69.3	68.8	69.8
15 to 19 years	7,175	3,600	3,575	6.6	7.0	6.2
20 to 24 years	10,310	4,955	5,355	9.4	9.6	9.3
25 to 29 years	9,325	4,550	4,765	8.5	8.8	8.3
30 to 34 years	7,760	3,750	4,005	7.1	7.3	7.0
35 to 39 years	6,425	3,085	3,350	5.9	6.0	5.8
40 to 44 years	5,870	2,620	3,245	5.4	5.1	5.6
45 to 49 years	6,980	2,910	4,075	6.4	5.6	7.1
50 to 54 years	8,425	3,710	4,720	7.7	7.2	8.2
55 to 59 years	7,550	3,665	3,890	6.9	7.1	6.8
60 to 64 years	5,970	2,740	3,230	5.5	5.3	5.6
65 years and over	20,120	9,115	11,000	18.4	17.6	19.1
65 to 69 years	5,580	2,565	3,015	5.1	5.0	5.2
70 to 74 years	5,400	2,545	2,855	4.9	4.9	5.0
75 to 79 years	3,750	1,710	2,045	3.4	3.3	3.5
80 to 84 years	2,530	1,170	1,355	2.3	2.3	2.4
85 years and over	2,850	1,120	1,730	2.6	2.2	3.0
85 to 89 years	1,655	710	940	1.5	1.4	1.6
90 to 94 years	860	315	540	0.8	0.6	0.9
95 to 99 years	300	85	215	0.3	0.2	0.4
100 years and over	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.3	13.6	11.1	12.3	13.6	11.1
15 to 64 years	69.3	68.8	69.8	69.3	68.8	69.8
65 years and over	18.4	17.6	19.1	18.4	17.6	19.1
85 years and over	2.6	2.2	3.0	2.6	2.2	3.0
Average age of the population	41.8	40.8	42.8	41.8	40.8	42.8
Median age of the population	40.4	38.0	42.0	40.4	38.0	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	47,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	13,340	...	...	28.2	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,190	...	...	2.5	...	...
Row house	1,330	...	...	2.8	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,035	...	...	14.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	16,910	...	...	35.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	7,460	...	...	15.8	...	...
Other single-attached house	40	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	47,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	15,830	...	...	33.5	...	...
2 persons	15,925	...	...	33.7	...	...
3 persons	7,075	...	...	15.0	...	...
4 persons	5,805	...	...	12.3	...	...
5 or more persons	2,670	...	...	5.6	...	...
Number of persons in private households	106,770	50,435	56,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	95,905	44,700	51,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	50,600	24,680	25,920	52.8	55.2	50.6
Married	41,780	20,225	21,550	43.6	45.2	42.1
Living common-law	8,820	4,450	4,370	9.2	10.0	8.5
Living common law - Never married	7,290	3,650	3,640	7.6	8.2	7.1
Living common law - Separated	140	85	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,275	665	605	1.3	1.5	1.2
Living common law - Widowed	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	45,305	20,020	25,285	47.2	44.8	49.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	34,450	17,015	17,430	35.9	38.1	34.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,965	700	1,260	2.0	1.6	2.5
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,320	1,610	3,710	5.5	3.6	7.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,575	695	2,875	3.7	1.6	5.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	28,465	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,010	...	...	52.7	...	...
3 persons	6,410	...	...	22.5	...	...
4 persons	5,530	...	...	19.4	...	...
5 or more persons	1,515	...	...	5.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	28,465	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	23,865	...	...	83.8	...	...
Married couples	19,450	...	...	68.3	...	...
With children⁶	11,060	...	...	38.9	...	...
Without children	8,390	...	...	29.5	...	...
Common-law couples	4,410	...	...	15.5	...	...
With children⁶	825	...	...	2.9	...	...
Without children	3,585	...	...	12.6	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,600	...	...	16.2	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,880	...	...	13.6	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	720	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	106,770	50,435	56,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	79,250	38,645	40,600	74.2	76.6	72.1
Married spouses or common-law partners	47,720	23,895	23,830	44.7	47.4	42.3
Parents in one-parent families	4,605	725	3,880	4.3	1.4	6.9
Children⁶	26,925	14,030	12,890	25.2	27.8	22.9
In a two-parent family	20,430	10,640	9,790	19.1	21.1	17.4
In a one-parent family	6,490	3,390	3,100	6.1	6.7	5.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	27,525	11,790	15,735	25.8	23.4	27.9
Living alone	15,830	6,375	9,450	14.8	12.6	16.8
Living with other relatives⁷	2,235	885	1,350	2.1	1.8	2.4
Living with non-relatives only	9,460	4,525	4,935	8.9	9.0	8.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	47,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	25,390	...	...	53.7	...	...
Couple-family households	21,480	...	...	45.4	...	...
With children⁶	10,740	...	...	22.7	...	...
Without children	10,740	...	...	22.7	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,915	...	...	8.3	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	835	...	...	1.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	255	...	...	0.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,265	...	...	2.7	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,725	...	...	7.9	...	...
One-person households	15,830	...	...	33.5	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	93,410	43,455	49,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,630	41,605	48,025	96.0	95.7	96.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	49,600	40,400	44,000	49,600	40,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,670	41,635	48,035	96.0	95.8	96.2
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,000	36,800	39,600	44,000	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	83,075	38,480	44,590	88.9	88.6	89.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	48,800	35,600	41,200	48,800	35,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	61,320	29,710	31,610	65.6	68.4	63.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	46,800	33,200	39,200	46,800	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	68,195	29,585	38,605	73.0	68.1	77.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,080	6,000	6,280	6,080	6,000	6,280
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,280	1,855	2,425	4.6	4.3	4.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,160	5,520	5,480	5,160	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	22,380	10,405	11,975	24.0	23.9	24.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	93,515	43,590	49,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,710	41,640	48,065	95.9	95.5	96.3
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	79,200	97,700	63,150	79,200	97,700	63,150
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,750	41,685	48,065	96.0	95.6	96.3
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,800	71,200	49,960	59,800	71,200	49,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	83,010	38,485	44,525	88.8	88.3	89.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	78,400	99,100	60,550	78,400	99,100	60,550
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	61,340	29,795	31,545	65.6	68.4	63.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	70,900	88,200	54,500	70,900	88,200	54,500
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	68,325	29,710	38,625	73.1	68.2	77.4
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,690	8,560	8,800	8,690	8,560	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,550	1,965	2,585	4.9	4.5	5.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,460	5,850	6,920	6,460	5,850	6,920
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	22,155	10,425	11,730	23.7	23.9	23.5
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,780	8,830	8,730	8,780	8,830	8,730
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	93,515	43,595	49,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	26,595	14,415	12,180	28.4	33.1	24.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	78,500	86,000	71,500	78,500	86,000	71,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	118,900	141,400	92,200	118,900	141,400	92,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,090	11,415	14,675	27.9	26.2	29.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,400	17,800	17,200	17,400	17,800	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,320	41,640	32,200	36,320	41,640	32,200
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	91.6	93.8	88.8	91.6	93.8	88.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	61.2	64.6	56.6	61.2	64.6	56.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	8.4	6.3	11.2	8.4	6.3	11.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.4	0.3	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	3.3	2.6	4.1	3.3	2.6	4.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	2.7	2.3	3.4	2.7	2.3	3.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	93,410	43,455	49,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,780	1,855	1,930	4.0	4.3	3.9
With total income	89,625	41,600	48,030	95.9	95.7	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	12,695	5,670	7,025	14.2	13.6	14.6
$10,000 to $19,999	9,440	4,135	5,310	10.5	9.9	11.1
$20,000 to $29,999	10,945	4,510	6,435	12.2	10.8	13.4
$30,000 to $39,999	8,700	3,660	5,035	9.7	8.8	10.5
$40,000 to $49,999	7,180	2,975	4,205	8.0	7.2	8.8
$50,000 to $59,999	6,240	2,575	3,665	7.0	6.2	7.6
$60,000 to $69,999	5,250	2,275	2,975	5.9	5.5	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	4,465	2,060	2,405	5.0	5.0	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	3,615	1,730	1,890	4.0	4.2	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	3,085	1,450	1,640	3.4	3.5	3.4
$100,000 and over	18,010	10,570	7,440	20.1	25.4	15.5
$100,000 to $149,999	8,400	4,470	3,925	9.4	10.7	8.2
$150,000 and over	9,610	6,095	3,520	10.7	14.7	7.3
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	93,410	43,455	49,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,740	1,820	1,920	4.0	4.2	3.8
With after-tax income	89,670	41,635	48,040	96.0	95.8	96.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	13,450	6,000	7,445	15.0	14.4	15.5
$10,000 to $19,999	9,815	4,275	5,540	10.9	10.3	11.5
$20,000 to $29,999	12,165	5,010	7,150	13.6	12.0	14.9
$30,000 to $39,999	9,680	4,065	5,620	10.8	9.8	11.7
$40,000 to $49,999	8,385	3,495	4,890	9.4	8.4	10.2
$50,000 to $59,999	6,960	3,020	3,940	7.8	7.3	8.2
$60,000 to $69,999	5,660	2,640	3,020	6.3	6.3	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	4,520	2,125	2,400	5.0	5.1	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	3,455	1,700	1,755	3.9	4.1	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	2,690	1,435	1,260	3.0	3.4	2.6
$100,000 and over	12,890	7,875	5,015	14.4	18.9	10.4
$100,000 to $124,999	4,365	2,425	1,935	4.9	5.8	4.0
$125,000 and over	8,525	5,445	3,080	9.5	13.1	6.4
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	93,410	43,455	49,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	32,090	13,750	18,345	34.4	31.6	36.7
With employment income	61,320	29,705	31,615	65.6	68.4	63.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,845	4,355	5,490	16.1	14.7	17.4
$5,000 to $9,999	5,210	2,270	2,940	8.5	7.6	9.3
$10,000 to $19,999	7,075	3,170	3,900	11.5	10.7	12.3
$20,000 to $29,999	4,730	2,105	2,630	7.7	7.1	8.3
$30,000 to $39,999	4,080	1,755	2,330	6.7	5.9	7.4
$40,000 to $49,999	3,990	1,725	2,260	6.5	5.8	7.1
$50,000 to $59,999	3,825	1,660	2,165	6.2	5.6	6.8
$60,000 to $69,999	3,285	1,505	1,780	5.4	5.1	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	2,745	1,340	1,405	4.5	4.5	4.4
$80,000 to $89,999	2,475	1,215	1,255	4.0	4.1	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	2,135	1,060	1,070	3.5	3.6	3.4
$100,000 and over	11,930	7,545	4,385	19.5	25.4	13.9
$100,000 to $124,999	3,535	1,935	1,600	5.8	6.5	5.1
$125,000 and over	8,395	5,615	2,785	13.7	18.9	8.8
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	93,410	43,455	49,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,380	39,475	45,900	91.4	90.8	91.9
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	48,800	38,000	42,400	48,800	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,580	39,525	46,055	91.6	91.0	92.2
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,800	34,000	37,600	42,800	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,820	37,410	43,410	86.5	86.1	86.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	48,400	36,000	41,200	48,400	36,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	61,700	29,680	32,020	66.1	68.3	64.1
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	44,400	31,000	36,800	44,400	31,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	53,595	22,340	31,260	57.4	51.4	62.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,440	910	1,920	1,440	910	1,920
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	2,390	990	1,395	2.6	2.3	2.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,160	5,400	6,750	6,160	5,400	6,750
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	93,515	43,590	49,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,270	39,300	45,975	91.2	90.2	92.1
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	77,600	95,700	62,100	77,600	95,700	62,100
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,455	39,365	46,095	91.4	90.3	92.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,800	70,000	49,240	58,800	70,000	49,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,855	37,290	43,565	86.5	85.5	87.3
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	77,700	97,200	61,050	77,700	97,200	61,050
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	61,960	29,805	32,160	66.3	68.4	64.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	67,500	84,800	51,500	67,500	84,800	51,500
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	53,755	22,315	31,440	57.5	51.2	63.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,165	6,030	6,255	6,165	6,030	6,255
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,590	1,150	1,445	2.8	2.6	2.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,200	7,120	9,050	8,200	7,120	9,050
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	93,515	43,595	49,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	25,955	14,020	11,935	27.8	32.2	23.9
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	73,500	82,000	65,500	73,500	82,000	65,500
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	110,300	132,400	84,400	110,300	132,400	84,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,280	10,675	13,610	26.0	24.5	27.3
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,800	23,000	20,800	21,800	23,000	20,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	41,880	48,560	36,680	41,880	48,560	36,680
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	95.0	96.4	93.2	95.0	96.4	93.2
Employment income (%)	63.2	67.2	58.0	63.2	67.2	58.0
Government transfers (%)	5.0	3.6	6.9	5.0	3.6	6.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.3	0.2	0.5	0.3	0.2	0.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	47,305	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	15,830	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,800	...	...	48,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,600	...	...	43,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	31,475	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	47,365	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...	150,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	113,400	...	...	113,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	15,810	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	74,400	...	...	74,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	56,950	...	...	56,950	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	31,550	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	188,000	...	...	188,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	141,600	...	...	141,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	47,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,745	...	...	3.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	790	...	...	1.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	755	...	...	1.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,130	...	...	2.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,750	...	...	3.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,505	...	...	3.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,375	...	...	2.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,420	...	...	3.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,390	...	...	2.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,410	...	...	3.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,660	...	...	5.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,685	...	...	5.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,590	...	...	5.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,365	...	...	5.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,080	...	...	4.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,655	...	...	45.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,385	...	...	9.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,330	...	...	7.0	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,635	...	...	9.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	9,300	...	...	19.7	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	47,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,065	...	...	4.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	810	...	...	1.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	770	...	...	1.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,170	...	...	2.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,865	...	...	3.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,690	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,600	...	...	3.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,580	...	...	3.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,615	...	...	3.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,645	...	...	3.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,205	...	...	6.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,050	...	...	6.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,915	...	...	6.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,495	...	...	5.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,240	...	...	4.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,580	...	...	39.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,585	...	...	9.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,405	...	...	7.2	...	...
$150,000 and over	10,590	...	...	22.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	28,490	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...	127,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,245	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	11,905	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	166,000	...	...	166,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	139,000	...	...	139,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,415	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...	68,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,000	...	...	62,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	25,295	10,900	14,385	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	37,600	39,200	38,400	37,600	39,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	34,800	36,000	35,600	34,800	36,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	28,570	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	196,400	...	...	196,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	146,600	...	...	146,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,135	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	178,600	...	...	178,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	135,400	...	...	135,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,980	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	255,000	...	...	255,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	185,200	...	...	185,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,445	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	98,700	...	...	98,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,400	...	...	79,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	25,065	10,790	14,275	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	59,550	62,900	57,050	59,550	62,900	57,050
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,200	48,960	45,880	47,200	48,960	45,880
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	106,770	50,440	56,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,220	8,950	8,270	16.1	17.7	14.7
0 to 5 years	4,325	2,230	2,095	4.1	4.4	3.7
18 to 64 years	70,495	32,805	37,695	66.0	65.0	66.9
65 years and over	19,055	8,680	10,370	17.8	17.2	18.4
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	17,255	7,750	9,500	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,055	1,610	1,440	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	675	370	305	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	12,070	5,290	6,780	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,130	850	1,280	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	16.2	15.4	16.9	16.2	15.4	16.9
0 to 17 years (%)	17.7	18.0	17.4	17.7	18.0	17.4
0 to 5 years (%)	15.6	16.6	14.6	15.6	16.6	14.6
18 to 64 years (%)	17.1	16.1	18.0	17.1	16.1	18.0
65 years and over (%)	11.2	9.8	12.4	11.2	9.8	12.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	105,120	49,600	55,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	16,905	8,780	8,125	16.1	17.7	14.6
0 to 5 years	4,245	2,190	2,050	4.0	4.4	3.7
18 to 64 years	69,490	32,290	37,200	66.1	65.1	67.0
65 years and over	18,725	8,530	10,195	17.8	17.2	18.4
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	14,385	6,595	7,785	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,235	1,155	1,085	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	475	245	225	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	11,055	4,980	6,075	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,095	460	630	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	13.7	13.3	14.0	13.7	13.3	14.0
0 to 17 years (%)	13.2	13.2	13.3	13.2	13.2	13.3
0 to 5 years (%)	11.2	11.4	11.0	11.2	11.4	11.0
18 to 64 years (%)	15.9	15.4	16.3	15.9	15.4	16.3
65 years and over (%)	5.9	5.4	6.2	5.9	5.4	6.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	106,770	50,435	56,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	46,270	21,000	25,270	43.3	41.6	44.9
In bottom decile	17,985	8,185	9,795	16.8	16.2	17.4
In second decile	8,165	3,655	4,515	7.6	7.2	8.0
In third decile	7,040	3,230	3,810	6.6	6.4	6.8
In fourth decile	6,550	2,930	3,625	6.1	5.8	6.4
In fifth decile	6,535	3,005	3,530	6.1	6.0	6.3
In top half of the distribution	60,500	29,440	31,060	56.7	58.4	55.1
In sixth decile	6,935	3,275	3,665	6.5	6.5	6.5
In seventh decile	7,170	3,370	3,800	6.7	6.7	6.7
In eighth decile	8,260	3,930	4,330	7.7	7.8	7.7
In ninth decile	11,375	5,575	5,800	10.7	11.1	10.3
In top decile	26,770	13,295	13,475	25.1	26.4	23.9
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	106,770	...	...	106,770	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.503	...	...	0.503	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.557	...	...	0.557	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.442	...	...	0.442	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	8.0	...	...	8.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	108,265	51,270	56,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	90,285	43,610	46,675	83.4	85.1	81.9
French only	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and French	13,890	5,975	7,915	12.8	11.7	13.9
Neither English nor French	4,040	1,670	2,370	3.7	3.3	4.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	108,265	51,270	56,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	101,565	48,430	53,130	93.8	94.5	93.2
French	1,830	835	990	1.7	1.6	1.7
English and French	910	380	535	0.8	0.7	0.9
Neither English nor French	3,965	1,630	2,340	3.7	3.2	4.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	108,265	51,270	56,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	103,500	49,045	54,455	95.6	95.7	95.6
Official languages	64,155	31,635	32,515	59.3	61.7	57.1
English	62,360	30,790	31,565	57.6	60.1	55.4
French	1,800	845	950	1.7	1.6	1.7
Non-official languages	39,340	17,405	21,935	36.3	33.9	38.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	39,315	17,390	21,930	36.3	33.9	38.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	910	490	415	0.8	1.0	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	900	485	415	0.8	0.9	0.7
Amharic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	550	310	240	0.5	0.6	0.4
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	325	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Maltese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	285	125	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	275	120	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	810	250	560	0.7	0.5	1.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	170	65	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	515	140	375	0.5	0.3	0.7
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	230	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	10,870	5,160	5,705	10.0	10.1	10.0
Albanian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,965	840	1,130	1.8	1.6	2.0
Baltic languages	40	5	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,930	830	1,095	1.8	1.6	1.9
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Czech	130	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	340	130	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Russian	730	325	405	0.7	0.6	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	425	190	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	140	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	240	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	140	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,005	965	1,040	1.9	1.9	1.8
Frisian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,315	620	690	1.2	1.2	1.2
German	1,225	580	645	1.1	1.1	1.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	55	25	25	0.1	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	490	250	240	0.5	0.5	0.4
Afrikaans	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	400	195	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	835	400	435	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indo-Iranian languages	2,735	1,400	1,340	2.5	2.7	2.4
Indo-Aryan languages	1,290	675	615	1.2	1.3	1.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	140	85	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	330	180	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Kacchi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	440	210	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,445	725	715	1.3	1.4	1.3
Baluchi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,405	700	705	1.3	1.4	1.2
Dari	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,310	655	650	1.2	1.3	1.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,210	1,495	1,715	3.0	2.9	3.0
Catalan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	485	235	245	0.4	0.5	0.4
Portuguese	590	265	330	0.5	0.5	0.6
Romanian	175	70	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Spanish	1,940	910	1,025	1.8	1.8	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,035	345	690	1.0	0.7	1.2
Korean	1,710	720	990	1.6	1.4	1.7
Mongolian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	22,555	9,780	12,770	20.8	19.1	22.4
Chinese languages	22,535	9,770	12,760	20.8	19.1	22.4
Hakka	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	15,570	6,665	8,905	14.4	13.0	15.6
Min Dong	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	645	285	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Wu (Shanghainese)	180	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	5,930	2,640	3,290	5.5	5.1	5.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	135	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	105	30	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	360	170	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	325	155	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	305	135	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	215	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,765	2,225	2,540	4.4	4.3	4.5
English and French	635	305	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	3,495	1,655	1,840	3.2	3.2	3.2
French and non-official language(s)	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	105	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	430	180	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	108,265	51,270	56,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	66,540	32,500	34,035	61.5	63.4	59.7
French	450	210	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official language	12,990	5,610	7,385	12.0	10.9	13.0
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,990	5,610	7,385	12.0	10.9	13.0
English and French	1,635	755	885	1.5	1.5	1.6
English and non-official language(s)	24,580	11,350	13,225	22.7	22.1	23.2
French and non-official language(s)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	980	420	560	0.9	0.8	1.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,055	420	635	1.0	0.8	1.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	108,265	51,270	56,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	103,595	49,100	54,495	95.7	95.8	95.6
Official languages	79,845	38,615	41,230	73.7	75.3	72.3
English	79,075	38,250	40,830	73.0	74.6	71.6
French	765	365	400	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official languages	23,750	10,485	13,265	21.9	20.5	23.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	23,750	10,480	13,265	21.9	20.4	23.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	430	235	195	0.4	0.5	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	425	230	195	0.4	0.4	0.3
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	255	145	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	160	85	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	140	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	140	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	245	105	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	140	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kannada	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	4,350	2,035	2,320	4.0	4.0	4.1
Albanian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	705	325	375	0.7	0.6	0.7
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	700	330	375	0.6	0.6	0.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	330	155	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	165	80	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	365	175	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	255	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	245	115	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	75	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	20	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	400	175	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	1,345	625	720	1.2	1.2	1.3
Indo-Aryan languages	415	185	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	930	445	490	0.9	0.9	0.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	920	435	480	0.8	0.8	0.8
Dari	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	860	415	450	0.8	0.8	0.8
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,485	700	780	1.4	1.4	1.4
Catalan	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	300	140	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Spanish	990	465	525	0.9	0.9	0.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	520	230	295	0.5	0.4	0.5
Korean	1,145	505	645	1.1	1.0	1.1
Mongolian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	16,515	7,140	9,375	15.3	13.9	16.5
Chinese languages	16,515	7,135	9,380	15.3	13.9	16.5
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	12,405	5,330	7,080	11.5	10.4	12.4
Min Dong	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	315	140	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	3,650	1,610	2,045	3.4	3.1	3.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	185	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	170	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,670	2,175	2,495	4.3	4.2	4.4
English and French	350	150	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	4,095	1,930	2,165	3.8	3.8	3.8
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	165	65	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	108,265	51,270	56,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	83,930	40,150	43,775	77.5	78.3	76.8
English	9,030	4,150	4,885	8.3	8.1	8.6
French	1,210	545	660	1.1	1.1	1.2
Non-official language	11,130	5,075	6,055	10.3	9.9	10.6
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	11,115	5,070	6,045	10.3	9.9	10.6
English and French	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,000	465	535	0.9	0.9	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	595	245	350	0.5	0.5	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,250	575	670	1.2	1.1	1.2
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	107,055	50,665	56,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	103,090	49,115	53,980	96.3	96.9	95.7
English	103,020	49,090	53,930	96.2	96.9	95.6
French	14,090	6,190	7,900	13.2	12.2	14.0
Non-official languages	52,105	23,645	28,465	48.7	46.7	50.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	245	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquian languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	190	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Halkomelem	165	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	51,880	23,535	28,345	48.5	46.5	50.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,700	915	790	1.6	1.8	1.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,690	905	785	1.6	1.8	1.4
Amharic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,065	590	480	1.0	1.2	0.9
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	605	305	300	0.6	0.6	0.5
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	365	155	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	355	155	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,570	515	1,055	1.5	1.0	1.9
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	90	25	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	265	110	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,045	280	765	1.0	0.6	1.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	380	205	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kannada	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	170	105	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Telugu	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,440	8,885	9,555	17.2	17.5	16.9
Albanian	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Armenian	55	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	2,440	1,160	1,285	2.3	2.3	2.3
Baltic languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,415	1,150	1,265	2.3	2.3	2.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Czech	165	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Macedonian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	390	165	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	1,090	505	585	1.0	1.0	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	530	280	245	0.5	0.6	0.4
Bosnian	40	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	225	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	300	170	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	255	95	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	320	195	125	0.3	0.4	0.2
Irish	285	175	105	0.3	0.3	0.2
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,920	1,980	1,945	3.7	3.9	3.4
Frisian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,875	1,485	1,390	2.7	2.9	2.5
German	2,780	1,450	1,325	2.6	2.9	2.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yiddish	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	795	415	375	0.7	0.8	0.7
Afrikaans	255	140	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Dutch	540	270	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	425	165	255	0.4	0.3	0.5
Danish	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	140	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Swedish	215	85	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,245	615	625	1.2	1.2	1.1
Indo-Iranian languages	4,070	2,105	1,970	3.8	4.2	3.5
Indo-Aryan languages	2,230	1,190	1,040	2.1	2.3	1.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	200	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	190	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	1,205	610	595	1.1	1.2	1.1
Kacchi	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	685	360	335	0.6	0.7	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	330	210	115	0.3	0.4	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,850	915	930	1.7	1.8	1.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,780	880	900	1.7	1.7	1.6
Dari	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	1,645	800	845	1.5	1.6	1.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,655	3,475	4,175	7.2	6.9	7.4
Catalan	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italian	1,365	675	695	1.3	1.3	1.2
Portuguese	950	420	530	0.9	0.8	0.9
Romanian	225	95	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	5,740	2,620	3,120	5.4	5.2	5.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,915	805	1,110	1.8	1.6	2.0
Korean	2,120	905	1,210	2.0	1.8	2.1
Mongolian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	90	20	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	85	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	26,450	11,695	14,755	24.7	23.1	26.2
Chinese languages	26,415	11,665	14,750	24.7	23.0	26.2
Hakka	75	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mandarin	21,390	9,405	11,980	20.0	18.6	21.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,190	520	675	1.1	1.0	1.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	280	135	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yue (Cantonese)	7,940	3,535	4,405	7.4	7.0	7.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	295	120	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	265	115	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	535	235	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Azerbaijani	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	385	160	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
Uyghur	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	405	180	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Estonian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Finnish	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	295	135	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,055	50,670	56,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,000	995	1,005	1.9	2.0	1.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,890	940	950	1.8	1.9	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,410	715	695	1.3	1.4	1.2
Métis	470	220	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuk (Inuit)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	105,055	49,680	55,380	98.1	98.0	98.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,055	50,670	56,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,220	625	590	1.1	1.2	1.0
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	105,835	50,045	55,790	98.9	98.8	98.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	25,280	...	...	53.4	...	...
Renter	21,925	...	...	46.3	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	155	...	...	0.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	13,935	...	...	29.4	...	...
Not condominium	33,430	...	...	70.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,050	...	...	2.2	...	...
1 bedroom	12,540	...	...	26.5	...	...
2 bedrooms	13,455	...	...	28.4	...	...
3 bedrooms	8,385	...	...	17.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	11,925	...	...	25.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	23,140	...	...	48.9	...	...
5 rooms	5,735	...	...	12.1	...	...
6 rooms	4,280	...	...	9.0	...	...
7 rooms	3,510	...	...	7.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	10,695	...	...	22.6	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.4	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	46,250	...	...	97.6	...	...
More than one person per room	1,115	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	44,460	...	...	93.9	...	...
Not suitable	2,900	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	13,275	...	...	28.0	...	...
1961 to 1980	9,335	...	...	19.7	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,745	...	...	10.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	6,865	...	...	14.5	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,600	...	...	5.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,310	...	...	7.0	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,595	...	...	7.6	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,635	...	...	7.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	44,815	...	...	94.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,550	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	25,945	...	...	54.8	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,135	...	...	40.4	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,280	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,335	...	...	7.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,610	...	...	16.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,725	...	...	14.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,145	...	...	19.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,080	...	...	17.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,755	...	...	14.3	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,845	...	...	8.1	...	...
85 years and over	1,860	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	46,500	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	28,765	...	...	61.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	17,735	...	...	38.1	...	...
30% to less than 100%	12,445	...	...	26.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	21,020	...	...	44.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	15,795	...	...	33.3	...	...
Not suitable only	1,670	...	...	3.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,465	...	...	3.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,015	...	...	2.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	865	...	...	1.8	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	155	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	65	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	26,340	...	...	55.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	41,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,665	...	...	16.2	...	...
Not in core need	34,550	...	...	83.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	25,010	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	43.4	...	...	43.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	30.0	...	...	30.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.1	...	...	10.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,470	...	...	1,470	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,576	...	...	2,576	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	2,400,000	...	...	2,400,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	2,616,000	...	...	2,616,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	21,805	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.3	...	...	7.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	47.4	...	...	47.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	23.3	...	...	23.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,800	...	...	1,800	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,038	...	...	2,038	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	155	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	9.7	...	...	9.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	250	...	...	250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	400	...	...	400	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	107,055	50,670	56,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	895	475	415	0.8	0.9	0.7
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	890	475	415	0.8	0.9	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	825	435	385	0.8	0.9	0.7
Métis single ancestry	60	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,505	685	825	1.4	1.4	1.5
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,450	650	800	1.4	1.3	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,060	485	570	1.0	1.0	1.0
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	375	160	215	0.4	0.3	0.4
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	55	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	104,650	49,505	55,145	97.8	97.7	97.8
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	107,055	50,670	56,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	86,030	40,680	45,350	80.4	80.3	80.4
Canadian citizens aged under 18	14,820	7,860	6,965	13.8	15.5	12.4
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	71,205	32,820	38,385	66.5	64.8	68.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	21,025	9,990	11,035	19.6	19.7	19.6
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	107,055	50,670	56,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	56,980	28,040	28,940	53.2	55.3	51.3
Immigrants⁸¹	41,460	18,455	23,005	38.7	36.4	40.8
Before 1980	7,515	3,385	4,135	7.0	6.7	7.3
1980 to 1990	3,805	1,635	2,165	3.6	3.2	3.8
1991 to 2000	7,060	3,190	3,870	6.6	6.3	6.9
2001 to 2010	10,520	4,480	6,040	9.8	8.8	10.7
2011 to 2021⁸²	12,555	5,765	6,795	11.7	11.4	12.1
2011 to 2015	5,600	2,470	3,130	5.2	4.9	5.6
2016 to 2021	6,955	3,300	3,660	6.5	6.5	6.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	8,615	4,175	4,440	8.0	8.2	7.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	41,460	18,455	23,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,100	2,005	2,095	9.9	10.9	9.1
5 to 14 years	7,395	3,655	3,735	17.8	19.8	16.2
15 to 24 years	5,830	2,495	3,330	14.1	13.5	14.5
25 to 44 years	20,075	8,470	11,600	48.4	45.9	50.4
45 years and over	4,060	1,825	2,235	9.8	9.9	9.7
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	41,460	18,455	23,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,225	1,875	2,345	10.2	10.2	10.2
Brazil	270	115	155	0.7	0.6	0.7
Colombia	90	40	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
El Salvador	35	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyana	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	55	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mexico	470	200	275	1.1	1.1	1.2
Peru	90	50	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	60	30	35	0.1	0.2	0.2
United States of America	2,645	1,195	1,445	6.4	6.5	6.3
Other places of birth in Americas	495	205	285	1.2	1.1	1.2
Europe	8,865	4,290	4,580	21.4	23.2	19.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	85	35	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatia	140	80	65	0.3	0.4	0.3
France	440	220	220	1.1	1.2	1.0
Germany	725	320	410	1.7	1.7	1.8
Greece	490	255	230	1.2	1.4	1.0
Hungary	140	60	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	300	145	160	0.7	0.8	0.7
Netherlands	190	95	90	0.5	0.5	0.4
Poland	270	135	130	0.7	0.7	0.6
Portugal	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	210	75	135	0.5	0.4	0.6
Russian Federation	365	160	205	0.9	0.9	0.9
Serbia⁸⁶	140	65	75	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ukraine	225	85	135	0.5	0.5	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,460	1,785	1,675	8.3	9.7	7.3
Other places of birth in Europe	1,645	755	890	4.0	4.1	3.9
Africa	1,270	700	575	3.1	3.8	2.5
Algeria	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	110	65	45	0.3	0.4	0.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	70	45	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Nigeria	70	25	40	0.2	0.1	0.2
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	635	340	295	1.5	1.8	1.3
Other places of birth in Africa	350	205	145	0.8	1.1	0.6
Asia	26,215	11,115	15,100	63.2	60.2	65.6
Afghanistan	30	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	1,190	590	605	2.9	3.2	2.6
Iraq	80	45	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanon	70	30	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	75	40	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkey	145	55	90	0.3	0.3	0.4
China⁹⁰	13,305	5,585	7,725	32.1	30.3	33.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	3,275	1,490	1,780	7.9	8.1	7.7
Korea, South⁹²	1,290	535	760	3.1	2.9	3.3
Taiwan	2,215	900	1,315	5.3	4.9	5.7
Philippines	975	320	650	2.4	1.7	2.8
Viet Nam	255	110	140	0.6	0.6	0.6
Bangladesh	60	30	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
India	845	420	425	2.0	2.3	1.8
Pakistan	125	75	50	0.3	0.4	0.2
Sri Lanka	105	50	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	2,180	820	1,360	5.3	4.4	5.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	870	475	400	2.1	2.6	1.7
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,960	3,295	3,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	975	420	550	14.0	12.7	15.0
Brazil	165	75	90	2.4	2.3	2.5
Colombia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	135	45	85	1.9	1.4	2.3
United States of America	555	245	310	8.0	7.4	8.5
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	85	35	55	1.2	1.1	1.5
Europe	1,850	975	870	26.6	29.6	23.8
France	190	95	90	2.7	2.9	2.5
Germany	95	45	45	1.4	1.4	1.2
Ireland⁹⁶	345	195	150	5.0	5.9	4.1
Italy	75	45	25	1.1	1.4	0.7
Russian Federation	95	40	50	1.4	1.2	1.4
Ukraine	20	10	15	0.3	0.3	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	650	365	290	9.3	11.1	7.9
Other places of birth in Europe	380	180	200	5.5	5.5	5.5
Africa	210	100	110	3.0	3.0	3.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	30	15	15	0.4	0.5	0.4
Nigeria	50	15	35	0.7	0.5	1.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	75	40	40	1.1	1.2	1.1
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	45	25	20	0.6	0.8	0.5
Asia	3,580	1,575	2,005	51.4	47.8	54.8
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
China⁹⁰	2,105	910	1,200	30.2	27.6	32.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	85	30	50	1.2	0.9	1.4
India	190	105	90	2.7	3.2	2.5
Iran⁸⁸	205	100	110	2.9	3.0	3.0
Iraq	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Israel	75	35	35	1.1	1.1	1.0
Japan	80	30	45	1.1	0.9	1.2
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	185	90	100	2.7	2.7	2.7
Lebanon	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	30	25	10	0.4	0.8	0.3
Philippines	125	45	75	1.8	1.4	2.0
Saudi Arabia	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	45	15	35	0.6	0.5	1.0
Turkey	40	15	20	0.6	0.5	0.5
United Arab Emirates	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Viet Nam	100	45	55	1.4	1.4	1.5
Other places of birth in Asia	240	90	155	3.4	2.7	4.2
Oceania and other⁹³	345	225	125	5.0	6.8	3.4
Australia	280	170	110	4.0	5.2	3.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	70	50	20	1.0	1.5	0.5
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	107,055	50,665	56,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	52,950	24,150	28,805	49.5	47.7	51.1
Second generation¹⁰¹	24,555	12,290	12,260	22.9	24.3	21.7
Third generation or more¹⁰²	29,545	14,230	15,320	27.6	28.1	27.2
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	33,940	15,075	18,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	27,105	12,385	14,725	79.9	82.2	78.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	10,250	5,935	4,320	30.2	39.4	22.9
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	16,855	6,450	10,405	49.7	42.8	55.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	5,675	2,095	3,580	16.7	13.9	19.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	780	450	330	2.3	3.0	1.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	380	140	240	1.1	0.9	1.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	33,940	15,075	18,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	305	170	140	0.9	1.1	0.7
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,560	2,190	2,370	13.4	14.5	12.6
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,965	890	1,075	5.8	5.9	5.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,465	1,150	1,315	7.3	7.6	7.0
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	100	20	75	0.3	0.1	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	24,550	10,650	13,900	72.3	70.6	73.7
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	107,055	50,665	56,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	47,290	21,630	25,660	44.2	42.7	45.5
South Asian	3,705	1,960	1,740	3.5	3.9	3.1
Chinese	29,870	13,475	16,395	27.9	26.6	29.1
Black	860	430	430	0.8	0.8	0.8
Filipino	1,420	535	885	1.3	1.1	1.6
Arab	840	475	360	0.8	0.9	0.6
Latin American	1,700	805	900	1.6	1.6	1.6
Southeast Asian	1,115	485	635	1.0	1.0	1.1
West Asian	1,750	855	905	1.6	1.7	1.6
Korean	2,275	1,005	1,275	2.1	2.0	2.3
Japanese	1,660	650	1,010	1.6	1.3	1.8
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	515	220	290	0.5	0.4	0.5
Multiple visible minorities	1,580	735	840	1.5	1.5	1.5
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	59,765	29,040	30,725	55.8	57.3	54.5
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	107,055	50,670	56,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	6,540	3,335	3,210	6.1	6.6	5.7
English	18,615	9,035	9,575	17.4	17.8	17.0
Irish	13,775	6,445	7,330	12.9	12.7	13.0
Scottish	14,695	6,935	7,765	13.7	13.7	13.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	5,635	2,595	3,040	5.3	5.1	5.4
German	8,545	4,075	4,475	8.0	8.0	7.9
Chinese	27,115	12,225	14,895	25.3	24.1	26.4
Italian	3,335	1,615	1,725	3.1	3.2	3.1
Indian (India)	2,685	1,400	1,280	2.5	2.8	2.3
Ukrainian	3,070	1,365	1,705	2.9	2.7	3.0
Dutch	2,540	1,315	1,225	2.4	2.6	2.2
Polish	3,015	1,370	1,650	2.8	2.7	2.9
Québécois	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,930	2,405	2,525	4.6	4.7	4.5
Filipino	1,755	635	1,120	1.6	1.3	2.0
French Canadian	610	220	385	0.6	0.4	0.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,225	1,090	1,140	2.1	2.2	2.0
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	800	375	425	0.7	0.7	0.8
Métis	500	230	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,000	985	1,015	1.9	1.9	1.8
Russian	2,630	1,235	1,400	2.5	2.4	2.5
Norwegian	1,875	795	1,075	1.8	1.6	1.9
Welsh	1,775	785	995	1.7	1.5	1.8
Portuguese	785	395	390	0.7	0.8	0.7
American	1,865	820	1,045	1.7	1.6	1.9
Spanish	1,595	770	820	1.5	1.5	1.5
Swedish	1,675	680	1,000	1.6	1.3	1.8
Hungarian	1,235	565	670	1.2	1.1	1.2
Acadian	145	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	320	210	110	0.3	0.4	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	320	165	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jewish	2,895	1,515	1,380	2.7	3.0	2.4
Punjabi	255	150	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
Vietnamese	460	210	255	0.4	0.4	0.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	340	165	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Greek	1,980	1,040	940	1.8	2.1	1.7
Jamaican	170	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,565	695	870	1.5	1.4	1.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	160	90	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Korean	2,245	1,020	1,220	2.1	2.0	2.2
Romanian	625	320	300	0.6	0.6	0.5
Lebanese	325	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian	1,510	750	765	1.4	1.5	1.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	325	145	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	895	445	450	0.8	0.9	0.8
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	95	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	1,060	500	555	1.0	1.0	1.0
Belgian	400	195	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	150	85	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mexican	830	415	420	0.8	0.8	0.7
Mennonite	300	155	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	680	305	375	0.6	0.6	0.7
Finnish	420	220	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lankan	190	115	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Croatian	610	290	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Japanese	1,895	760	1,130	1.8	1.5	2.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	220	85	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	545	215	320	0.5	0.4	0.6
Muslim	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Egyptian	270	150	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	270	110	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Tamil	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	440	220	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombian	200	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	420	210	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syrian	205	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	85	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	370	210	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ojibway	65	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Newfoundlander	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	1,220	655	575	1.1	1.3	1.0
Ontarian	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	540	275	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	465	190	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	35	35	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Brazilian	440	205	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigerian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Armenian	130	35	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slovak	285	145	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	495	220	270	0.5	0.4	0.5
Somali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	2,145	920	1,225	2.0	1.8	2.2
Iraqi	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Caribbean	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	325	115	210	0.3	0.2	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	190	105	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	110	30	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	350	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
South African	480	255	220	0.4	0.5	0.4
Australian	785	415	370	0.7	0.8	0.7
Palestinian	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ethiopian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	125	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	145	85	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Yoruba	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slovenian	180	70	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	215	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Brunswicker	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Eritrean	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	255	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mohawk	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	90	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ghanaian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	45	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
African American	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	55	25	20	0.1	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	165	70	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cuban	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	155	80	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bengali	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	280	140	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Laotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	185	70	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	160	85	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
British Columbian	270	155	110	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ecuadorian	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	165	55	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Kurdish	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	125	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jatt	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	265	105	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Dominican	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	225	120	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	240	90	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Plains Cree	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mauritian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Manitoban	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	45	40	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mongolian	110	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Basque	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uruguayan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	107,055	50,670	56,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	3,065	1,290	1,775	2.9	2.5	3.1
Christian	32,585	14,065	18,520	30.4	27.8	32.8
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	6,815	2,985	3,835	6.4	5.9	6.8
Anabaptist	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Anglican	3,765	1,615	2,145	3.5	3.2	3.8
Baptist	755	360	395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Catholic	12,740	5,440	7,305	11.9	10.7	13.0
Christian Orthodox	2,255	1,095	1,160	2.1	2.2	2.1
Jehovah's Witness	195	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latter Day Saints	70	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	705	330	375	0.7	0.7	0.7
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	300	105	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Presbyterian	685	275	415	0.6	0.5	0.7
Reformed	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	2,505	970	1,535	2.3	1.9	2.7
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,450	630	820	1.4	1.2	1.5
Hindu	920	490	430	0.9	1.0	0.8
Jewish	3,125	1,540	1,585	2.9	3.0	2.8
Muslim	2,790	1,415	1,375	2.6	2.8	2.4
Sikh	665	335	335	0.6	0.7	0.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	185	85	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,215	475	735	1.1	0.9	1.3
No religion and secular perspectives	62,500	30,975	31,530	58.4	61.1	55.9
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	106,395	50,280	56,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	86,090	40,660	45,430	80.9	80.9	81.0
Movers	20,305	9,625	10,680	19.1	19.1	19.0
Non-migrants	11,960	5,605	6,355	11.2	11.1	11.3
Migrants	8,340	4,020	4,320	7.8	8.0	7.7
Internal migrants	4,315	2,015	2,305	4.1	4.0	4.1
Intraprovincial migrants	2,400	1,145	1,255	2.3	2.3	2.2
Interprovincial migrants	1,920	870	1,050	1.8	1.7	1.9
External migrants	4,030	2,005	2,020	3.8	4.0	3.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	103,405	48,660	54,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	56,295	26,360	29,935	54.4	54.2	54.7
Movers	47,115	22,305	24,805	45.6	45.8	45.3
Non-migrants	17,545	8,405	9,135	17.0	17.3	16.7
Migrants	29,570	13,900	15,670	28.6	28.6	28.6
Internal migrants	15,890	7,305	8,585	15.4	15.0	15.7
Intraprovincial migrants	10,365	4,825	5,535	10.0	9.9	10.1
Interprovincial migrants	5,525	2,480	3,045	5.3	5.1	5.6
External migrants	13,680	6,595	7,085	13.2	13.6	12.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	93,515	43,595	49,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,710	3,655	3,050	7.2	8.4	6.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	86,805	39,940	46,870	92.8	91.6	93.9
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	57,865	26,685	31,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	1,385	890	495	2.4	3.3	1.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	56,485	25,795	30,690	97.6	96.7	98.4
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	93,510	43,590	49,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,260	3,370	2,885	6.7	7.7	5.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	19,070	9,040	10,035	20.4	20.7	20.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	68,180	31,180	37,000	72.9	71.5	74.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,730	6,485	8,245	15.8	14.9	16.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,495	1,635	860	2.7	3.8	1.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,325	735	595	1.4	1.7	1.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,165	900	265	1.2	2.1	0.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,195	3,645	5,550	9.8	8.4	11.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,040	1,205	1,835	3.3	2.8	3.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	53,450	24,700	28,755	57.2	56.7	57.6
Bachelor's degree	29,385	13,055	16,330	31.4	29.9	32.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,975	1,185	1,790	3.2	2.7	3.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,225	1,270	955	2.4	2.9	1.9
Master's degree	14,090	6,390	7,700	15.1	14.7	15.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	4,775	2,800	1,980	5.1	6.4	4.0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	57,865	26,685	31,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,120	700	420	1.9	2.6	1.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	7,380	3,680	3,700	12.8	13.8	11.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	49,360	22,300	27,060	85.3	83.6	86.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	10,125	4,620	5,510	17.5	17.3	17.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,585	1,090	490	2.7	4.1	1.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	845	500	340	1.5	1.9	1.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	740	590	150	1.3	2.2	0.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	6,260	2,575	3,680	10.8	9.6	11.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,285	950	1,330	3.9	3.6	4.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	39,235	17,685	21,555	67.8	66.3	69.1
Bachelor's degree	20,950	9,275	11,675	36.2	34.8	37.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,135	820	1,315	3.7	3.1	4.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,455	710	740	2.5	2.7	2.4
Master's degree	11,275	5,005	6,270	19.5	18.8	20.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,430	1,875	1,550	5.9	7.0	5.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	93,510	43,595	49,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	25,330	12,410	12,920	27.1	28.5	25.9
Education	4,100	860	3,235	4.4	2.0	6.5
13. Education	4,100	860	3,235	4.4	2.0	6.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,975	1,545	2,435	4.3	3.5	4.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	355	275	80	0.4	0.6	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	3,615	1,270	2,350	3.9	2.9	4.7
Humanities	5,520	2,070	3,450	5.9	4.7	6.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	760	185	585	0.8	0.4	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	1,655	500	1,160	1.8	1.1	2.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,295	460	835	1.4	1.1	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	110	25	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	385	210	175	0.4	0.5	0.4
39. Theology and religious vocations	275	165	110	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	845	480	365	0.9	1.1	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	190	45	140	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	11,975	4,590	7,385	12.8	10.5	14.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	285	75	205	0.3	0.2	0.4
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,170	425	745	1.3	1.0	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	730	45	695	0.8	0.1	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	2,315	1,045	1,270	2.5	2.4	2.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	310	125	185	0.3	0.3	0.4
42. Psychology	2,345	555	1,790	2.5	1.3	3.6
45. Social sciences	4,820	2,325	2,490	5.2	5.3	5.0
Business, management and public administration	13,525	6,300	7,225	14.5	14.5	14.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	570	140	425	0.6	0.3	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,945	6,155	6,785	13.8	14.1	13.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,695	2,855	2,840	6.1	6.5	5.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,700	1,080	1,615	2.9	2.5	3.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	900	420	480	1.0	1.0	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,935	1,290	645	2.1	3.0	1.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	65	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,565	2,300	1,265	3.8	5.3	2.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,360	1,680	685	2.5	3.9	1.4
25. Library science	325	50	280	0.3	0.1	0.6
27. Mathematics and statistics	730	485	245	0.8	1.1	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	145	85	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,645	6,595	2,050	9.2	15.1	4.1
04. Architecture and related services	1,225	705	515	1.3	1.6	1.0
14. Engineering	5,230	3,930	1,305	5.6	9.0	2.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	965	790	180	1.0	1.8	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	635	625	10	0.7	1.4	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	430	405	25	0.5	0.9	0.1
48. Precision production	155	135	20	0.2	0.3	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,315	630	685	1.4	1.4	1.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	630	280	350	0.7	0.6	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	685	350	335	0.7	0.8	0.7
Health and related fields	8,505	2,735	5,765	9.1	6.3	11.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	975	445	530	1.0	1.0	1.1
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,560	1,725	4,840	7.0	4.0	9.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	905	540	365	1.0	1.2	0.7
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,305	670	635	1.4	1.5	1.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	870	335	535	0.9	0.8	1.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	170	105	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	255	220	40	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	57,870	26,680	31,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	8,510	4,385	4,120	14.7	16.4	13.2
Education	2,440	480	1,960	4.2	1.8	6.3
13. Education	2,440	480	1,960	4.2	1.8	6.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,100	1,200	1,900	5.4	4.5	6.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	290	235	55	0.5	0.9	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,810	965	1,845	4.9	3.6	5.9
Humanities	3,785	1,430	2,355	6.5	5.4	7.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	545	130	410	0.9	0.5	1.3
23. English language and literature/letters	1,140	350	790	2.0	1.3	2.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	865	305	560	1.5	1.1	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	70	20	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	275	135	145	0.5	0.5	0.5
39. Theology and religious vocations	190	130	60	0.3	0.5	0.2
54. History	610	345	265	1.1	1.3	0.8
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	90	20	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,570	3,250	5,320	14.8	12.2	17.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	210	50	155	0.4	0.2	0.5
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,030	375	660	1.8	1.4	2.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	485	30	460	0.8	0.1	1.5
22. Legal professions and studies	1,670	665	1,000	2.9	2.5	3.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	215	85	130	0.4	0.3	0.4
42. Psychology	1,520	340	1,180	2.6	1.3	3.8
45. Social sciences	3,445	1,705	1,740	6.0	6.4	5.6
Business, management and public administration	10,705	4,820	5,890	18.5	18.1	18.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	380	90	295	0.7	0.3	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,310	4,730	5,585	17.8	17.7	17.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,005	1,950	2,055	6.9	7.3	6.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,015	800	1,215	3.5	3.0	3.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	610	280	330	1.1	1.0	1.1
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,270	835	435	2.2	3.1	1.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,735	1,795	945	4.7	6.7	3.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,010	1,425	580	3.5	5.3	1.9
25. Library science	170	25	140	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	445	280	165	0.8	1.0	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	115	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,265	4,535	1,725	10.8	17.0	5.5
04. Architecture and related services	880	475	405	1.5	1.8	1.3
14. Engineering	3,920	2,785	1,135	6.8	10.4	3.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	615	475	140	1.1	1.8	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	485	485	0	0.8	1.8	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	260	235	20	0.4	0.9	0.1
48. Precision production	95	80	15	0.2	0.3	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	970	455	510	1.7	1.7	1.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	485	215	270	0.8	0.8	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	485	240	245	0.8	0.9	0.8
Health and related fields	5,765	1,850	3,920	10.0	6.9	12.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	690	350	340	1.2	1.3	1.1
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,465	1,180	3,290	7.7	4.4	10.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	575	320	260	1.0	1.2	0.8
Personal, protective and transportation services	965	510	455	1.7	1.9	1.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	615	260	360	1.1	1.0	1.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	145	85	60	0.3	0.3	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	195	165	35	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	57,870	26,680	31,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	8,510	4,385	4,120	14.7	16.4	13.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	49,360	22,300	27,060	85.3	83.6	86.8
Location of study inside Canada	30,385	14,095	16,285	52.5	52.8	52.2
Same as province or territory of residence	22,090	10,155	11,930	38.2	38.1	38.3
Different than province or territory of residence	8,295	3,945	4,350	14.3	14.8	14.0
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	18,980	8,200	10,775	32.8	30.7	34.6
Americas	4,375	2,020	2,355	7.6	7.6	7.6
United States of America	3,580	1,695	1,885	6.2	6.4	6.0
Mexico	285	110	175	0.5	0.4	0.6
Cuba	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	250	105	145	0.4	0.4	0.5
Colombia	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	115	50	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	5,000	2,505	2,495	8.6	9.4	8.0
Belgium	45	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	430	215	210	0.7	0.8	0.7
Germany	300	170	130	0.5	0.6	0.4
Netherlands	120	75	45	0.2	0.3	0.1
Switzerland	115	60	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungary	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Russian Federation	150	65	90	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	790	420	375	1.4	1.6	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,250	1,060	1,190	3.9	4.0	3.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	85	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Serbia⁸⁶	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	450	240	215	0.8	0.9	0.7
Africa	365	190	170	0.6	0.7	0.5
Nigeria	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	235	140	95	0.4	0.5	0.3
Other locations of study in Africa	25	15	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Asia	8,430	3,070	5,360	14.6	11.5	17.2
Iran⁸⁸	400	140	260	0.7	0.5	0.8
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	105	45	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanon	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	40	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Turkey	95	65	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	4,940	1,855	3,090	8.5	7.0	9.9
Taiwan	470	145	325	0.8	0.5	1.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	330	145	185	0.6	0.5	0.6
Japan	380	95	280	0.7	0.4	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	590	170	420	1.0	0.6	1.3
Philippines	425	90	335	0.7	0.3	1.1
Viet Nam	70	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	25	15	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sri Lanka	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
India	305	150	155	0.5	0.6	0.5
Pakistan	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	205	75	130	0.4	0.3	0.4
Oceania	805	410	390	1.4	1.5	1.3
Australia	675	315	360	1.2	1.2	1.2
New Zealand	130	95	35	0.2	0.4	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	93,510	43,590	49,920	...	...	...
In the labour force	57,945	28,715	29,230	...	...	...
Employed	52,625	26,090	26,530	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,320	2,625	2,700	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	35,570	14,880	20,690	...	...	...
Participation rate	62.0	65.9	58.6	62.0	65.9	58.6
Employment rate	56.3	59.9	53.1	56.3	59.9	53.1
Unemployment rate	9.2	9.1	9.2	9.2	9.1	9.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	93,510	43,595	49,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	35,905	15,080	20,825	38.4	34.6	41.7
Worked	57,605	28,510	29,100	61.6	65.4	58.3
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	28,180	15,390	12,785	30.1	35.3	25.6
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	29,430	13,120	16,310	31.5	30.1	32.7
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.0	40.9	39.2	40.0	40.9	39.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	57,940	28,715	29,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,600	745	860	2.8	2.6	2.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	56,340	27,970	28,370	97.2	97.4	97.1
Employee	42,885	20,445	22,435	74.0	71.2	76.8
Permanent position	31,175	15,160	16,020	53.8	52.8	54.8
Temporary position	11,705	5,290	6,415	20.2	18.4	21.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,995	2,310	2,690	8.6	8.0	9.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,705	2,980	3,720	11.6	10.4	12.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	13,460	7,525	5,935	23.2	26.2	20.3
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	57,940	28,715	29,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,600	745	860	2.8	2.6	2.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	56,340	27,970	28,370	97.2	97.4	97.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,725	1,250	475	3.0	4.4	1.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,700	4,390	7,315	20.2	15.3	25.0
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,635	4,775	1,865	11.5	16.6	6.4
3 Health occupations	4,665	1,625	3,040	8.1	5.7	10.4
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	11,365	4,535	6,830	19.6	15.8	23.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,620	2,170	2,450	8.0	7.6	8.4
6 Sales and service occupations	10,570	4,995	5,570	18.2	17.4	19.1
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	3,920	3,375	540	6.8	11.8	1.8
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	610	440	170	1.1	1.5	0.6
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	535	420	115	0.9	1.5	0.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	57,940	28,715	29,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,600	745	860	2.8	2.6	2.9
All industries¹⁹¹	56,340	27,970	28,370	97.2	97.4	97.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	280	175	110	0.5	0.6	0.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	265	200	65	0.5	0.7	0.2
22 Utilities	230	145	85	0.4	0.5	0.3
23 Construction	2,335	1,910	420	4.0	6.7	1.4
31-33 Manufacturing	1,585	965	620	2.7	3.4	2.1
41 Wholesale trade	1,525	930	600	2.6	3.2	2.1
44-45 Retail trade	4,625	2,335	2,290	8.0	8.1	7.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	1,315	940	370	2.3	3.3	1.3
51 Information and cultural industries	2,565	1,500	1,065	4.4	5.2	3.6
52 Finance and insurance	3,145	1,685	1,460	5.4	5.9	5.0
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,310	1,185	1,125	4.0	4.1	3.8
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	9,855	5,595	4,260	17.0	19.5	14.6
55 Management of companies and enterprises	260	125	135	0.4	0.4	0.5
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,535	855	685	2.6	3.0	2.3
61 Educational services	9,485	3,815	5,665	16.4	13.3	19.4
62 Health care and social assistance	6,390	1,955	4,440	11.0	6.8	15.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,680	850	835	2.9	3.0	2.9
72 Accommodation and food services	2,950	1,375	1,580	5.1	4.8	5.4
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,915	570	1,345	3.3	2.0	4.6
91 Public administration	2,095	875	1,220	3.6	3.0	4.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	62,660	30,965	31,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	55,005	27,435	27,575	87.8	88.6	87.0
French	100	25	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	1,745	920	820	2.8	3.0	2.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,745	920	820	2.8	3.0	2.6
English and French	940	355	590	1.5	1.1	1.9
English and non-official language(s)	4,565	2,115	2,450	7.3	6.8	7.7
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	170	70	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	125	50	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	62,660	30,965	31,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	61,635	30,480	31,155	98.4	98.4	98.3
Official languages	58,615	28,955	29,660	93.5	93.5	93.6
English	58,380	28,890	29,490	93.2	93.3	93.1
French	235	65	170	0.4	0.2	0.5
Non-official languages	3,020	1,525	1,495	4.8	4.9	4.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,020	1,525	1,495	4.8	4.9	4.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	215	105	115	0.3	0.3	0.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	105	45	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	60	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	95	30	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korean	130	75	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,525	1,290	1,230	4.0	4.2	3.9
Chinese languages	2,525	1,290	1,230	4.0	4.2	3.9
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,180	1,090	1,085	3.5	3.5	3.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	315	185	125	0.5	0.6	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,020	485	535	1.6	1.6	1.7
English and French	70	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	915	440	480	1.5	1.4	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	62,660	30,965	31,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	57,730	28,770	28,960	92.1	92.9	91.4
English	1,170	535	635	1.9	1.7	2.0
French	750	295	460	1.2	1.0	1.5
Non-official language	2,350	1,070	1,275	3.8	3.5	4.0
Indigenous³⁹	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,325	1,055	1,265	3.7	3.4	4.0
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	145	80	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	155	65	95	0.2	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	355	150	205	0.6	0.5	0.6
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	52,625	26,095	26,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	22,265	10,760	11,505	42.3	41.2	43.4
Worked outside Canada	750	480	265	1.4	1.8	1.0
No fixed workplace address	4,475	2,970	1,515	8.5	11.4	5.7
Usual place of work	25,130	11,880	13,250	47.8	45.5	49.9
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	25,130	11,880	13,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	17,155	7,590	9,565	68.3	63.9	72.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	7,570	4,070	3,500	30.1	34.3	26.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	260	145	115	1.0	1.2	0.9
Commute to a different province or territory	145	75	70	0.6	0.6	0.5
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	29,610	14,850	14,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	17,670	9,420	8,250	59.7	63.4	55.9
Car, truck or van - as a driver	16,085	8,955	7,130	54.3	60.3	48.3
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,585	465	1,120	5.4	3.1	7.6
Public transit	5,120	2,125	3,000	17.3	14.3	20.3
Walked	3,460	1,360	2,100	11.7	9.2	14.2
Bicycle	2,290	1,380	910	7.7	9.3	6.2
Other method	1,065	565	500	3.6	3.8	3.4
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	29,610	14,850	14,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	7,210	3,160	4,050	24.3	21.3	27.4
15 to 29 minutes	11,850	6,000	5,850	40.0	40.4	39.6
30 to 44 minutes	6,930	3,645	3,285	23.4	24.5	22.3
45 to 59 minutes	2,125	1,150	970	7.2	7.7	6.6
60 minutes and over	1,495	895	600	5.0	6.0	4.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	29,610	14,850	14,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	750	500	250	2.5	3.4	1.7
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	2,995	1,860	1,135	10.1	12.5	7.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	6,400	3,255	3,140	21.6	21.9	21.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,750	4,210	4,540	29.6	28.4	30.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,440	3,420	4,020	25.1	23.0	27.2
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	3,270	1,605	1,665	11.0	10.8	11.3
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	17,675	9,170	8,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,350	645	705	7.6	7.0	8.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	16,325	8,530	7,800	92.4	93.0	91.7
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	13,835	7,195	6,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,060	515	555	7.7	7.2	8.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	605	275	325	4.4	3.8	4.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	455	235	225	3.3	3.3	3.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,765	6,680	6,085	92.3	92.8	91.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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