Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Vancouver GranvilleMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	109,799	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	103,456	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.1	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	55,422	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	52,210	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	4,902.5	...	...	4,902.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	22.40	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	109,800	51,810	57,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12,125	6,325	5,800	11.0	12.2	10.0
0 to 4 years	4,185	2,160	2,030	3.8	4.2	3.5
5 to 9 years	4,005	2,100	1,905	3.6	4.1	3.3
10 to 14 years	3,930	2,065	1,865	3.6	4.0	3.2
15 to 64 years	78,415	37,150	41,265	71.4	71.7	71.2
15 to 19 years	4,305	2,245	2,065	3.9	4.3	3.6
20 to 24 years	6,750	3,190	3,565	6.1	6.2	6.1
25 to 29 years	11,240	5,330	5,910	10.2	10.3	10.2
30 to 34 years	11,330	5,505	5,825	10.3	10.6	10.0
35 to 39 years	9,255	4,550	4,710	8.4	8.8	8.1
40 to 44 years	7,370	3,505	3,865	6.7	6.8	6.7
45 to 49 years	6,885	3,130	3,760	6.3	6.0	6.5
50 to 54 years	7,705	3,490	4,210	7.0	6.7	7.3
55 to 59 years	7,280	3,395	3,885	6.6	6.6	6.7
60 to 64 years	6,285	2,820	3,460	5.7	5.4	6.0
65 years and over	19,260	8,330	10,930	17.5	16.1	18.8
65 to 69 years	5,680	2,560	3,115	5.2	4.9	5.4
70 to 74 years	5,225	2,270	2,955	4.8	4.4	5.1
75 to 79 years	3,150	1,390	1,760	2.9	2.7	3.0
80 to 84 years	2,240	930	1,310	2.0	1.8	2.3
85 years and over	2,970	1,175	1,795	2.7	2.3	3.1
85 to 89 years	1,675	705	970	1.5	1.4	1.7
90 to 94 years	925	365	560	0.8	0.7	1.0
95 to 99 years	315	95	220	0.3	0.2	0.4
100 years and over	60	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	11.0	12.2	10.0	11.0	12.2	10.0
15 to 64 years	71.4	71.7	71.2	71.4	71.7	71.2
65 years and over	17.5	16.1	18.8	17.5	16.1	18.8
85 years and over	2.7	2.3	3.1	2.7	2.3	3.1
Average age of the population	42.4	41.2	43.5	42.4	41.2	43.5
Median age of the population	40.0	38.4	41.2	40.0	38.4	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	52,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	9,620	...	...	18.4	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,105	...	...	2.1	...	...
Row house	1,865	...	...	3.6	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	4,615	...	...	8.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	25,270	...	...	48.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	9,615	...	...	18.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	110	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	52,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	20,985	...	...	40.2	...	...
2 persons	17,595	...	...	33.7	...	...
3 persons	6,505	...	...	12.5	...	...
4 persons	4,735	...	...	9.1	...	...
5 or more persons	2,400	...	...	4.6	...	...
Number of persons in private households	108,155	51,100	57,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	97,675	45,480	52,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	50,790	25,165	25,625	52.0	55.3	49.1
Married	39,515	19,445	20,075	40.5	42.8	38.5
Living common-law	11,275	5,720	5,555	11.5	12.6	10.6
Living common law - Never married	9,790	4,930	4,865	10.0	10.8	9.3
Living common law - Separated	165	100	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,240	655	585	1.3	1.4	1.1
Living common law - Widowed	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	46,885	20,315	26,565	48.0	44.7	50.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	34,615	16,795	17,825	35.4	36.9	34.2
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,095	775	1,325	2.1	1.7	2.5
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,175	2,010	4,165	6.3	4.4	8.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,995	740	3,255	4.1	1.6	6.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	28,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	16,535	...	...	58.4	...	...
3 persons	6,085	...	...	21.5	...	...
4 persons	4,555	...	...	16.1	...	...
5 or more persons	1,155	...	...	4.1	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	28,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	24,115	...	...	85.1	...	...
Married couples	18,480	...	...	65.2	...	...
With children⁶	9,780	...	...	34.5	...	...
Without children	8,700	...	...	30.7	...	...
Common-law couples	5,635	...	...	19.9	...	...
With children⁶	785	...	...	2.8	...	...
Without children	4,850	...	...	17.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,215	...	...	14.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,515	...	...	12.4	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	700	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	108,155	51,100	57,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	75,580	37,040	38,540	69.9	72.5	67.5
Married spouses or common-law partners	48,230	24,240	23,995	44.6	47.4	42.1
Parents in one-parent families	4,215	700	3,515	3.9	1.4	6.2
Children⁶	23,135	12,100	11,035	21.4	23.7	19.3
In a two-parent family	17,425	9,085	8,345	16.1	17.8	14.6
In a one-parent family	5,705	3,015	2,685	5.3	5.9	4.7
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	32,580	14,055	18,520	30.1	27.5	32.5
Living alone	20,980	8,605	12,380	19.4	16.8	21.7
Living with other relatives⁷	2,810	1,040	1,775	2.6	2.0	3.1
Living with non-relatives only	8,780	4,415	4,360	8.1	8.6	7.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	52,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	25,030	...	...	47.9	...	...
Couple-family households	21,580	...	...	41.3	...	...
With children⁶	9,315	...	...	17.8	...	...
Without children	12,265	...	...	23.5	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,445	...	...	6.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	945	...	...	1.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	280	...	...	0.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,275	...	...	2.4	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,700	...	...	7.1	...	...
One-person households	20,980	...	...	40.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	96,045	44,775	51,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,225	43,405	49,820	97.1	96.9	97.2
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	49,600	42,800	45,600	49,600	42,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,270	43,430	49,845	97.1	97.0	97.2
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	44,000	38,800	41,200	44,000	38,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,175	40,070	46,105	89.7	89.5	89.9
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,200	48,800	38,400	43,200	48,800	38,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	68,665	33,040	35,625	71.5	73.8	69.5
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	49,600	40,000	44,400	49,600	40,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	73,150	32,000	41,155	76.2	71.5	80.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,750	6,200	7,000	6,750	6,200	7,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,755	2,930	3,825	7.0	6.5	7.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	25,365	11,930	13,430	26.4	26.6	26.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,500	8,000	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	96,325	45,030	51,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,385	43,660	49,730	96.9	97.0	96.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	71,400	83,700	60,700	71,400	83,700	60,700
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,420	43,670	49,750	97.0	97.0	97.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,450	63,100	48,720	55,450	63,100	48,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,655	40,485	46,170	90.0	89.9	90.0
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	69,400	83,300	57,200	69,400	83,300	57,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	69,100	33,345	35,750	71.7	74.1	69.7
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	66,000	78,200	54,650	66,000	78,200	54,650
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	73,000	32,075	40,925	75.8	71.2	79.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,990	8,750	9,170	8,990	8,750	9,170
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,630	2,840	3,790	6.9	6.3	7.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,410	5,560	7,050	6,410	5,560	7,050
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	24,970	12,085	12,885	25.9	26.8	25.1
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,290	9,250	9,340	9,290	9,250	9,340
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	96,325	45,030	51,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	32,805	17,190	15,620	34.1	38.2	30.5
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	74,000	79,000	69,000	74,000	79,000	69,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	99,100	114,800	81,900	99,100	114,800	81,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,925	12,475	15,455	29.0	27.7	30.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,800	22,400	19,800	20,800	22,400	19,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	38,880	42,680	35,800	38,880	42,680	35,800
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	90.2	92.4	87.6	90.2	92.4	87.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.4	71.4	64.8	68.4	71.4	64.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	9.8	7.7	12.4	9.8	7.7	12.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.4	0.9	0.6	0.4	0.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.2	3.6	4.9	4.2	3.6	4.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.5	3.1	4.0	3.5	3.1	4.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	96,045	44,775	51,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	2,815	1,375	1,440	2.9	3.1	2.8
With total income	93,225	43,405	49,825	97.1	96.9	97.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,940	4,445	5,495	10.7	10.2	11.0
$10,000 to $19,999	9,180	4,115	5,070	9.8	9.5	10.2
$20,000 to $29,999	12,335	5,285	7,050	13.2	12.2	14.1
$30,000 to $39,999	10,050	4,240	5,810	10.8	9.8	11.7
$40,000 to $49,999	8,630	3,800	4,830	9.3	8.8	9.7
$50,000 to $59,999	7,215	3,020	4,200	7.7	7.0	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	6,280	2,850	3,435	6.7	6.6	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	5,290	2,495	2,795	5.7	5.7	5.6
$80,000 to $89,999	4,480	2,110	2,370	4.8	4.9	4.8
$90,000 to $99,999	3,590	1,780	1,810	3.9	4.1	3.6
$100,000 and over	16,220	9,265	6,960	17.4	21.3	14.0
$100,000 to $149,999	8,780	4,655	4,125	9.4	10.7	8.3
$150,000 and over	7,445	4,615	2,835	8.0	10.6	5.7
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	96,045	44,775	51,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	2,770	1,345	1,425	2.9	3.0	2.8
With after-tax income	93,275	43,430	49,840	97.1	97.0	97.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,505	4,705	5,805	11.3	10.8	11.6
$10,000 to $19,999	9,505	4,270	5,240	10.2	9.8	10.5
$20,000 to $29,999	13,815	5,945	7,875	14.8	13.7	15.8
$30,000 to $39,999	11,565	4,955	6,615	12.4	11.4	13.3
$40,000 to $49,999	10,085	4,345	5,740	10.8	10.0	11.5
$50,000 to $59,999	8,290	3,675	4,610	8.9	8.5	9.2
$60,000 to $69,999	6,700	3,170	3,530	7.2	7.3	7.1
$70,000 to $79,999	5,445	2,645	2,800	5.8	6.1	5.6
$80,000 to $89,999	3,975	1,925	2,045	4.3	4.4	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	2,880	1,500	1,380	3.1	3.5	2.8
$100,000 and over	10,505	6,300	4,205	11.3	14.5	8.4
$100,000 to $124,999	4,160	2,360	1,795	4.5	5.4	3.6
$125,000 and over	6,350	3,935	2,410	6.8	9.1	4.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	96,045	44,775	51,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	27,380	11,740	15,640	28.5	26.2	30.5
With employment income	68,665	33,035	35,630	71.5	73.8	69.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,555	3,835	4,720	12.5	11.6	13.2
$5,000 to $9,999	5,295	2,305	2,985	7.7	7.0	8.4
$10,000 to $19,999	7,300	3,215	4,085	10.6	9.7	11.5
$20,000 to $29,999	5,640	2,510	3,125	8.2	7.6	8.8
$30,000 to $39,999	5,265	2,335	2,935	7.7	7.1	8.2
$40,000 to $49,999	5,335	2,405	2,930	7.8	7.3	8.2
$50,000 to $59,999	4,865	2,130	2,730	7.1	6.4	7.7
$60,000 to $69,999	4,540	2,185	2,350	6.6	6.6	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	3,960	1,955	2,005	5.8	5.9	5.6
$80,000 to $89,999	3,495	1,680	1,820	5.1	5.1	5.1
$90,000 to $99,999	2,860	1,435	1,425	4.2	4.3	4.0
$100,000 and over	11,555	7,035	4,515	16.8	21.3	12.7
$100,000 to $124,999	4,325	2,385	1,935	6.3	7.2	5.4
$125,000 and over	7,230	4,645	2,580	10.5	14.1	7.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	96,045	44,775	51,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	90,290	41,835	48,460	94.0	93.4	94.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,600	48,400	40,400	43,600	48,400	40,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	90,465	41,880	48,585	94.2	93.5	94.8
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	42,400	36,000	38,800	42,400	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	84,810	39,295	45,520	88.3	87.8	88.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	48,800	38,800	43,200	48,800	38,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	69,365	33,025	36,340	72.2	73.8	70.9
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	48,400	38,000	42,400	48,400	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	57,000	23,730	33,270	59.3	53.0	64.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,300	870	1,720	1,300	870	1,720
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,650	1,490	2,155	3.8	3.3	4.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,880	4,760	7,050	5,880	4,760	7,050
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	96,325	45,030	51,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	90,520	42,175	48,345	94.0	93.7	94.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	70,200	84,500	57,700	70,200	84,500	57,700
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	90,675	42,240	48,440	94.1	93.8	94.4
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,200	64,800	46,840	55,200	64,800	46,840
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,170	39,780	45,390	88.4	88.3	88.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	70,600	86,300	56,850	70,600	86,300	56,850
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,610	33,460	36,150	72.3	74.3	70.5
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	64,000	76,700	52,250	64,000	76,700	52,250
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	56,880	23,860	33,025	59.1	53.0	64.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,980	5,500	6,330	5,980	5,500	6,330
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,600	1,415	2,185	3.7	3.1	4.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,730	5,670	9,070	7,730	5,670	9,070
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	96,325	45,030	51,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	32,205	16,840	15,365	33.4	37.4	30.0
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	67,000	72,500	61,600	67,000	72,500	61,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	92,000	108,100	74,300	92,000	108,100	74,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,200	11,740	14,460	27.2	26.1	28.2
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,200	29,400	25,600	27,200	29,400	25,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	45,720	52,000	40,640	45,720	52,000	40,640
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	94.6	96.4	92.6	94.6	96.4	92.6
Employment income (%)	70.0	72.0	67.6	70.0	72.0	67.6
Government transfers (%)	5.4	3.7	7.5	5.4	3.7	7.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.4	0.2	0.7	0.4	0.2	0.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	52,210	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	20,980	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,200	...	...	51,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,200	...	...	45,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	31,225	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	52,245	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	127,700	...	...	127,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	99,100	...	...	99,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	20,980	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	66,100	...	...	66,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,100	...	...	53,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	31,270	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	169,000	...	...	169,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...	130,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	52,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,280	...	...	2.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	565	...	...	1.1	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	705	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,260	...	...	2.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,110	...	...	4.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,640	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,745	...	...	3.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,805	...	...	3.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,730	...	...	3.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,915	...	...	3.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,625	...	...	6.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,485	...	...	6.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,190	...	...	6.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,905	...	...	5.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,610	...	...	5.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,640	...	...	41.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,150	...	...	9.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,820	...	...	7.3	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,995	...	...	9.6	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,670	...	...	14.7	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	52,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,530	...	...	2.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	590	...	...	1.1	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	725	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,305	...	...	2.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,255	...	...	4.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,885	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,015	...	...	3.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,085	...	...	4.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,285	...	...	4.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,175	...	...	4.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,310	...	...	8.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,970	...	...	7.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,490	...	...	6.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,065	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,640	...	...	5.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,875	...	...	34.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,110	...	...	9.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,770	...	...	7.2	...	...
$150,000 and over	8,995	...	...	17.2	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	28,415	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	12,705	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	10,590	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	154,000	...	...	154,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...	130,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,970	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...	72,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...	65,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	29,760	13,020	16,745	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,400	43,200	45,600	44,400	43,200	45,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000	39,200	40,800	40,000	39,200	40,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	28,385	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	173,000	...	...	173,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	131,800	...	...	131,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,615	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	158,200	...	...	158,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	121,900	...	...	121,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,680	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	225,600	...	...	225,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	168,800	...	...	168,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,960	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	93,300	...	...	93,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,100	...	...	71,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	29,935	13,165	16,770	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	58,750	59,050	58,550	58,750	59,050	58,550
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,120	48,520	47,840	48,120	48,520	47,840
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	108,155	51,095	57,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	14,690	7,645	7,045	13.6	15.0	12.3
0 to 5 years	4,985	2,555	2,425	4.6	5.0	4.3
18 to 64 years	75,550	35,655	39,895	69.9	69.8	69.9
65 years and over	17,910	7,795	10,120	16.6	15.3	17.7
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	14,970	6,870	8,100	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,200	1,150	1,045	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	630	335	290	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	10,010	4,575	5,440	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,755	1,145	1,615	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.8	13.4	14.2	13.8	13.4	14.2
0 to 17 years (%)	15.0	15.1	14.9	15.0	15.1	14.9
0 to 5 years (%)	12.6	13.2	11.9	12.6	13.2	11.9
18 to 64 years (%)	13.3	12.8	13.6	13.3	12.8	13.6
65 years and over (%)	15.4	14.7	15.9	15.4	14.7	15.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	108,155	51,100	57,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	14,695	7,650	7,045	13.6	15.0	12.3
0 to 5 years	4,985	2,560	2,425	4.6	5.0	4.2
18 to 64 years	75,555	35,655	39,900	69.9	69.8	69.9
65 years and over	17,910	7,790	10,115	16.6	15.2	17.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	11,755	5,615	6,140	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,595	845	750	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	400	220	175	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	8,820	4,180	4,640	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,340	585	750	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	10.9	11.0	10.8	10.9	11.0	10.8
0 to 17 years (%)	10.9	11.1	10.6	10.9	11.1	10.6
0 to 5 years (%)	8.0	8.7	7.2	8.0	8.7	7.2
18 to 64 years (%)	11.7	11.7	11.6	11.7	11.7	11.6
65 years and over (%)	7.5	7.5	7.4	7.5	7.5	7.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	108,160	51,095	57,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	48,045	22,110	25,935	44.4	43.3	45.5
In bottom decile	15,285	7,145	8,135	14.1	14.0	14.3
In second decile	9,170	4,140	5,035	8.5	8.1	8.8
In third decile	8,205	3,805	4,400	7.6	7.4	7.7
In fourth decile	7,610	3,480	4,125	7.0	6.8	7.2
In fifth decile	7,770	3,535	4,235	7.2	6.9	7.4
In top half of the distribution	60,115	28,985	31,125	55.6	56.7	54.5
In sixth decile	8,185	3,760	4,425	7.6	7.4	7.8
In seventh decile	8,545	4,025	4,520	7.9	7.9	7.9
In eighth decile	9,575	4,595	4,980	8.9	9.0	8.7
In ninth decile	11,710	5,645	6,065	10.8	11.0	10.6
In top decile	22,100	10,960	11,135	20.4	21.5	19.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	108,155	...	...	108,155	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.448	...	...	0.448	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.516	...	...	0.516	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.392	...	...	0.392	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.8	...	...	5.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	108,660	51,285	57,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	92,540	44,470	48,070	85.2	86.7	83.8
French only	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	11,425	4,920	6,500	10.5	9.6	11.3
Neither English nor French	4,630	1,860	2,770	4.3	3.6	4.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	108,660	51,285	57,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	101,610	48,280	53,330	93.5	94.1	93.0
French	1,840	895	950	1.7	1.7	1.7
English and French	655	285	370	0.6	0.6	0.6
Neither English nor French	4,550	1,825	2,730	4.2	3.6	4.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	108,660	51,285	57,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	103,220	48,805	54,415	95.0	95.2	94.8
Official languages	59,530	29,575	29,955	54.8	57.7	52.2
English	57,825	28,745	29,080	53.2	56.0	50.7
French	1,705	830	870	1.6	1.6	1.5
Non-official languages	43,685	19,225	24,460	40.2	37.5	42.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	43,670	19,220	24,455	40.2	37.5	42.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	950	525	420	0.9	1.0	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	940	520	420	0.9	1.0	0.7
Amharic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	490	285	205	0.5	0.6	0.4
Aramaic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	355	190	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	515	200	320	0.5	0.4	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	510	200	315	0.5	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,580	915	1,660	2.4	1.8	2.9
Bikol	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	75	20	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	155	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	215	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,940	675	1,265	1.8	1.3	2.2
Waray-Waray	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	355	200	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Kannada	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	175	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Telugu	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	10,925	5,270	5,655	10.1	10.3	9.9
Albanian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	2,490	1,115	1,380	2.3	2.2	2.4
Baltic languages	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,450	1,100	1,345	2.3	2.1	2.3
Belarusian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	145	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	400	185	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	945	420	525	0.9	0.8	0.9
Rusyn	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	560	245	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bosnian	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	155	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Serbian	330	145	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	180	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,270	570	705	1.2	1.1	1.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	870	370	500	0.8	0.7	0.9
German	800	340	465	0.7	0.7	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	255	130	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Afrikaans	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	180	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	140	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	55	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	295	150	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	3,055	1,605	1,450	2.8	3.1	2.5
Indo-Aryan languages	1,890	1,000	885	1.7	1.9	1.5
Assamese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	165	100	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	515	295	220	0.5	0.6	0.4
Kacchi	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	780	380	400	0.7	0.7	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	155	80	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,165	600	560	1.1	1.2	1.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,085	555	530	1.0	1.1	0.9
Dari	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	925	470	450	0.9	0.9	0.8
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,715	1,785	1,930	3.4	3.5	3.4
Catalan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	360	195	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Portuguese	825	385	440	0.8	0.8	0.8
Romanian	240	110	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	2,270	1,080	1,185	2.1	2.1	2.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,530	520	1,010	1.4	1.0	1.8
Korean	1,515	630	880	1.4	1.2	1.5
Mongolian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	85	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	24,450	10,550	13,905	22.5	20.6	24.2
Chinese languages	24,430	10,540	13,890	22.5	20.6	24.2
Hakka	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	12,015	5,180	6,835	11.1	10.1	11.9
Min Dong	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	950	405	545	0.9	0.8	0.9
Wu (Shanghainese)	215	80	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	11,010	4,780	6,235	10.1	9.3	10.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	140	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	130	35	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	115	25	90	0.1	0.0	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	255	150	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	235	135	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Uyghur	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	310	140	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	225	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,445	2,485	2,955	5.0	4.8	5.2
English and French	490	225	260	0.5	0.4	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	4,110	1,925	2,190	3.8	3.8	3.8
French and non-official language(s)	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	605	240	365	0.6	0.5	0.6
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	108,660	51,285	57,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	63,460	30,985	32,480	58.4	60.4	56.6
French	430	215	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official language	13,905	6,025	7,880	12.8	11.7	13.7
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13,895	6,020	7,875	12.8	11.7	13.7
English and French	1,470	655	815	1.4	1.3	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	26,955	12,375	14,575	24.8	24.1	25.4
French and non-official language(s)	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	860	380	480	0.8	0.7	0.8
Multiple non-official languages	1,535	630	905	1.4	1.2	1.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	108,660	51,285	57,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	103,130	48,760	54,370	94.9	95.1	94.8
Official languages	77,490	37,405	40,085	71.3	72.9	69.9
English	76,815	37,075	39,740	70.7	72.3	69.3
French	675	330	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Non-official languages	25,640	11,350	14,290	23.6	22.1	24.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	25,635	11,350	14,290	23.6	22.1	24.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	470	240	225	0.4	0.5	0.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	460	240	220	0.4	0.5	0.4
Amharic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	205	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Aramaic languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	205	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	240	100	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	240	100	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,240	490	755	1.1	1.0	1.3
Bikol	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	70	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	985	380	605	0.9	0.7	1.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	200	110	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tamil	110	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	4,360	2,100	2,265	4.0	4.1	3.9
Albanian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	955	435	515	0.9	0.8	0.9
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	945	435	510	0.9	0.8	0.9
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	475	220	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	230	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	160	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	1,440	710	730	1.3	1.4	1.3
Indo-Aryan languages	760	385	375	0.7	0.8	0.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	65	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Gujarati	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	245	120	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	315	150	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	675	330	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	640	305	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dari	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	540	250	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,685	825	865	1.6	1.6	1.5
Catalan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	465	215	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	1,065	530	535	1.0	1.0	0.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	805	325	475	0.7	0.6	0.8
Korean	930	425	505	0.9	0.8	0.9
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	17,085	7,420	9,670	15.7	14.5	16.9
Chinese languages	17,075	7,415	9,665	15.7	14.5	16.8
Hakka	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	9,175	4,015	5,155	8.4	7.8	9.0
Min Dong	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	510	220	295	0.5	0.4	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	7,185	3,085	4,095	6.6	6.0	7.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	115	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,535	2,535	3,000	5.1	4.9	5.2
English and French	305	150	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	4,870	2,230	2,645	4.5	4.3	4.6
French and non-official language(s)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	285	120	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	108,660	51,285	57,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	82,340	39,305	43,030	75.8	76.6	75.0
English	9,125	4,230	4,900	8.4	8.2	8.5
French	1,120	490	630	1.0	1.0	1.1
Non-official language	12,530	5,670	6,865	11.5	11.1	12.0
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,515	5,660	6,850	11.5	11.0	11.9
English and French	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,460	640	815	1.3	1.2	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	515	230	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,445	675	775	1.3	1.3	1.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	108,555	51,410	57,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	103,915	49,535	54,380	95.7	96.4	95.2
English	103,865	49,520	54,340	95.7	96.3	95.1
French	11,370	4,860	6,510	10.5	9.5	11.4
Non-official languages	56,675	25,440	31,230	52.2	49.5	54.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	56,625	25,425	31,200	52.2	49.5	54.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,825	945	880	1.7	1.8	1.5
Berber languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	45	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,785	915	870	1.6	1.8	1.5
Amharic	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	820	465	350	0.8	0.9	0.6
Aramaic languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	880	410	465	0.8	0.8	0.8
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	670	245	420	0.6	0.5	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	655	235	420	0.6	0.5	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,860	1,375	2,485	3.6	2.7	4.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	140	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	120	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	230	80	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Indonesian	415	175	250	0.4	0.3	0.4
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	115	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pangasinan	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,215	1,125	2,090	3.0	2.2	3.7
Waray-Waray	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	70	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	620	385	230	0.6	0.7	0.4
Kannada	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	160	130	25	0.1	0.3	0.0
Tamil	290	140	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Telugu	165	110	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tulu	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	17,380	8,405	8,975	16.0	16.3	15.7
Albanian	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Armenian	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	3,030	1,425	1,605	2.8	2.8	2.8
Baltic languages	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,980	1,400	1,580	2.7	2.7	2.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	205	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	455	230	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	1,345	610	740	1.2	1.2	1.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	720	335	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Bosnian	220	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	285	110	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Serbian	395	210	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	400	190	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Irish	115	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,575	1,120	1,460	2.4	2.2	2.6
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,895	825	1,075	1.7	1.6	1.9
German	1,850	805	1,045	1.7	1.6	1.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	435	190	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afrikaans	185	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	250	100	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	325	120	205	0.3	0.2	0.4
Danish	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	80	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Swedish	145	50	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	475	225	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	4,540	2,385	2,150	4.2	4.6	3.8
Indo-Aryan languages	3,085	1,635	1,450	2.8	3.2	2.5
Assamese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	230	145	85	0.2	0.3	0.1
Gujarati	225	90	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	1,680	965	715	1.5	1.9	1.3
Kacchi	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,310	640	665	1.2	1.2	1.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Urdu	355	180	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,495	780	725	1.4	1.5	1.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	40	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	1,410	720	695	1.3	1.4	1.2
Dari	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	1,280	650	630	1.2	1.3	1.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,320	3,475	3,850	6.7	6.8	6.7
Catalan	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	845	405	440	0.8	0.8	0.8
Portuguese	1,125	520	605	1.0	1.0	1.1
Romanian	315	160	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	5,590	2,660	2,930	5.1	5.2	5.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,450	1,005	1,445	2.3	2.0	2.5
Korean	1,860	825	1,035	1.7	1.6	1.8
Mongolian	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Niger-Congo languages	165	80	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	90	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	140	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	29,315	12,895	16,415	27.0	25.1	28.7
Chinese languages	29,265	12,880	16,385	27.0	25.1	28.7
Hakka	135	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	18,745	8,215	10,525	17.3	16.0	18.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,790	765	1,025	1.6	1.5	1.8
Wu (Shanghainese)	240	95	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Yue (Cantonese)	14,880	6,425	8,455	13.7	12.5	14.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	115	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	55	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Burmese	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	260	110	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Lao	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	235	90	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	330	155	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	305	140	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	425	195	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Estonian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	295	135	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	108,560	51,410	57,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,760	835	925	1.6	1.6	1.6
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,695	795	895	1.6	1.5	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,040	500	540	1.0	1.0	0.9
Métis	640	290	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuk (Inuit)	20	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	106,795	50,570	56,225	98.4	98.4	98.4
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	108,560	51,410	57,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	765	400	365	0.7	0.8	0.6
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	107,785	51,005	56,785	99.3	99.2	99.4
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	52,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	24,455	...	...	46.8	...	...
Renter	27,795	...	...	53.2	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	52,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	19,720	...	...	37.7	...	...
Not condominium	32,530	...	...	62.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	52,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,715	...	...	3.3	...	...
1 bedroom	19,450	...	...	37.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	15,625	...	...	29.9	...	...
3 bedrooms	6,505	...	...	12.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	8,965	...	...	17.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	52,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	32,115	...	...	61.5	...	...
5 rooms	6,680	...	...	12.8	...	...
6 rooms	3,580	...	...	6.9	...	...
7 rooms	2,395	...	...	4.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	7,480	...	...	14.3	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.6	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	52,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	50,905	...	...	97.4	...	...
More than one person per room	1,340	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	52,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	48,590	...	...	93.0	...	...
Not suitable	3,660	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	52,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	12,325	...	...	23.6	...	...
1961 to 1980	12,060	...	...	23.1	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,250	...	...	13.9	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,150	...	...	13.7	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,555	...	...	4.9	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,930	...	...	5.6	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,050	...	...	5.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,930	...	...	9.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	52,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	48,775	...	...	93.4	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,475	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	52,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	29,915	...	...	57.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,015	...	...	38.3	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,320	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	52,245	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,035	...	...	3.9	...	...
25 to 34 years	11,325	...	...	21.7	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,305	...	...	17.8	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,160	...	...	17.5	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,345	...	...	16.0	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,150	...	...	13.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,480	...	...	6.7	...	...
85 years and over	1,445	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	51,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	34,040	...	...	65.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	17,875	...	...	34.4	...	...
30% to less than 100%	14,225	...	...	27.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	52,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	22,590	...	...	43.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	15,805	...	...	30.2	...	...
Not suitable only	2,440	...	...	4.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,985	...	...	3.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	860	...	...	1.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,140	...	...	2.2	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	280	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	70	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	29,660	...	...	56.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	48,260	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	9,105	...	...	18.9	...	...
Not in core need	39,155	...	...	81.1	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	24,450	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	47.8	...	...	47.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.2	...	...	28.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.3	...	...	11.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500	...	...	1,500	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,310	...	...	2,310	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,500,000	...	...	1,500,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	2,156,000	...	...	2,156,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	27,795	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.2	...	...	7.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.9	...	...	39.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	25.5	...	...	25.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,560	...	...	1,560	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,724	...	...	1,724	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	108,555	51,405	57,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	485	225	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	480	220	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	415	205	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Métis single ancestry	65	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,675	800	870	1.5	1.6	1.5
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,635	790	850	1.5	1.5	1.5
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,150	570	580	1.1	1.1	1.0
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	465	210	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	106,400	50,380	56,015	98.0	98.0	98.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	108,555	51,405	57,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	90,635	42,860	47,780	83.5	83.4	83.6
Canadian citizens aged under 18	13,335	6,890	6,440	12.3	13.4	11.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	77,310	35,975	41,335	71.2	70.0	72.3
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	17,915	8,550	9,370	16.5	16.6	16.4
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	108,555	51,405	57,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	57,655	28,505	29,145	53.1	55.5	51.0
Immigrants⁸¹	44,310	19,665	24,645	40.8	38.3	43.1
Before 1980	7,195	3,155	4,035	6.6	6.1	7.1
1980 to 1990	5,620	2,385	3,235	5.2	4.6	5.7
1991 to 2000	10,720	4,565	6,160	9.9	8.9	10.8
2001 to 2010	9,835	4,405	5,430	9.1	8.6	9.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	10,940	5,155	5,785	10.1	10.0	10.1
2011 to 2015	4,460	1,875	2,590	4.1	3.6	4.5
2016 to 2021	6,475	3,280	3,200	6.0	6.4	5.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	6,595	3,240	3,355	6.1	6.3	5.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	44,310	19,665	24,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,630	1,720	1,905	8.2	8.7	7.7
5 to 14 years	7,545	3,700	3,840	17.0	18.8	15.6
15 to 24 years	7,175	3,155	4,020	16.2	16.0	16.3
25 to 44 years	21,245	8,935	12,310	47.9	45.4	49.9
45 years and over	4,720	2,150	2,570	10.7	10.9	10.4
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	44,310	19,665	24,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,760	1,810	1,945	8.5	9.2	7.9
Brazil	310	150	155	0.7	0.8	0.6
Colombia	170	75	95	0.4	0.4	0.4
El Salvador	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyana	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	95	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexico	650	290	355	1.5	1.5	1.4
Peru	190	85	105	0.4	0.4	0.4
Trinidad and Tobago	75	30	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
United States of America	1,710	895	815	3.9	4.6	3.3
Other places of birth in Americas	480	205	275	1.1	1.0	1.1
Europe	7,030	3,520	3,510	15.9	17.9	14.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	215	85	130	0.5	0.4	0.5
Croatia	65	15	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
France	425	235	195	1.0	1.2	0.8
Germany	490	245	245	1.1	1.2	1.0
Greece	110	40	70	0.2	0.2	0.3
Hungary	155	50	100	0.3	0.3	0.4
Italy	225	130	95	0.5	0.7	0.4
Netherlands	130	80	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
Poland	285	120	170	0.6	0.6	0.7
Portugal	75	45	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Romania	275	140	140	0.6	0.7	0.6
Russian Federation	365	160	200	0.8	0.8	0.8
Serbia⁸⁶	200	110	95	0.5	0.6	0.4
Ukraine	340	150	190	0.8	0.8	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,265	1,175	1,085	5.1	6.0	4.4
Other places of birth in Europe	1,410	735	680	3.2	3.7	2.8
Africa	1,185	600	585	2.7	3.1	2.4
Algeria	40	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	90	50	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	60	40	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Morocco	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	30	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	475	255	220	1.1	1.3	0.9
Other places of birth in Africa	410	200	210	0.9	1.0	0.9
Asia	31,605	13,345	18,260	71.3	67.9	74.1
Afghanistan	60	30	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	970	485	490	2.2	2.5	2.0
Iraq	100	55	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Lebanon	70	40	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	70	35	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Turkey	145	70	75	0.3	0.4	0.3
China⁹⁰	11,185	4,825	6,365	25.2	24.5	25.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	5,610	2,280	3,335	12.7	11.6	13.5
Korea, South⁹²	1,255	520	740	2.8	2.6	3.0
Taiwan	3,545	1,470	2,075	8.0	7.5	8.4
Philippines	3,135	1,125	2,010	7.1	5.7	8.2
Viet Nam	525	190	330	1.2	1.0	1.3
Bangladesh	85	40	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	1,420	800	620	3.2	4.1	2.5
Pakistan	160	85	80	0.4	0.4	0.3
Sri Lanka	115	60	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	3,150	1,240	1,910	7.1	6.3	7.8
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	725	390	340	1.6	2.0	1.4
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,480	3,280	3,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	990	540	450	15.3	16.5	14.1
Brazil	180	95	85	2.8	2.9	2.7
Colombia	25	15	10	0.4	0.5	0.3
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	240	120	115	3.7	3.7	3.6
United States of America	390	235	160	6.0	7.2	5.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	0	20	0.3	0.0	0.6
Other places of birth in Americas	125	75	55	1.9	2.3	1.7
Europe	1,455	825	625	22.5	25.2	19.5
France	160	80	75	2.5	2.4	2.3
Germany	70	25	40	1.1	0.8	1.3
Ireland⁹⁶	260	185	80	4.0	5.6	2.5
Italy	55	25	30	0.8	0.8	0.9
Russian Federation	105	45	60	1.6	1.4	1.9
Ukraine	80	50	35	1.2	1.5	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	410	245	170	6.3	7.5	5.3
Other places of birth in Europe	315	170	145	4.9	5.2	4.5
Africa	135	65	75	2.1	2.0	2.3
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	20	20	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Nigeria	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	45	20	25	0.7	0.6	0.8
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	35	20	20	0.5	0.6	0.6
Asia	3,655	1,680	1,970	56.4	51.2	61.6
Afghanistan	45	20	25	0.7	0.6	0.8
Bangladesh	30	15	10	0.5	0.5	0.3
China⁹⁰	1,295	595	705	20.0	18.1	22.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	190	75	115	2.9	2.3	3.6
India	565	330	230	8.7	10.1	7.2
Iran⁸⁸	140	65	70	2.2	2.0	2.2
Iraq	15	15	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Israel	80	35	40	1.2	1.1	1.3
Japan	110	20	90	1.7	0.6	2.8
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	140	45	95	2.2	1.4	3.0
Lebanon	10	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	15	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Philippines	480	205	275	7.4	6.3	8.6
Saudi Arabia	45	30	20	0.7	0.9	0.6
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	35	20	15	0.5	0.6	0.5
Turkey	65	30	35	1.0	0.9	1.1
United Arab Emirates	35	10	25	0.5	0.3	0.8
Viet Nam	35	15	25	0.5	0.5	0.8
Other places of birth in Asia	320	135	185	4.9	4.1	5.8
Oceania and other⁹³	245	175	70	3.8	5.3	2.2
Australia	200	140	60	3.1	4.3	1.9
Other places of birth⁹⁸	40	30	10	0.6	0.9	0.3
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	108,555	51,410	57,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	53,060	23,930	29,130	48.9	46.5	51.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	26,755	13,440	13,315	24.6	26.1	23.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	28,740	14,040	14,700	26.5	27.3	25.7
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	37,120	16,510	20,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	27,215	12,475	14,745	73.3	75.6	71.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	10,845	6,065	4,775	29.2	36.7	23.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	16,375	6,405	9,970	44.1	38.8	48.4
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	7,855	3,090	4,765	21.2	18.7	23.1
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,435	720	720	3.9	4.4	3.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	610	230	380	1.6	1.4	1.8
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	37,120	16,510	20,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	620	330	290	1.7	2.0	1.4
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,000	2,130	2,875	13.5	12.9	14.0
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,060	995	1,065	5.5	6.0	5.2
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,880	1,315	1,565	7.8	8.0	7.6
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	135	50	90	0.4	0.3	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	26,425	11,695	14,725	71.2	70.8	71.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	108,555	51,410	57,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	56,670	25,715	30,960	52.2	50.0	54.2
South Asian	4,995	2,690	2,305	4.6	5.2	4.0
Chinese	33,625	15,090	18,530	31.0	29.4	32.4
Black	1,215	600	615	1.1	1.2	1.1
Filipino	3,970	1,510	2,460	3.7	2.9	4.3
Arab	555	350	215	0.5	0.7	0.4
Latin American	2,415	1,125	1,290	2.2	2.2	2.3
Southeast Asian	1,630	655	975	1.5	1.3	1.7
West Asian	1,410	735	675	1.3	1.4	1.2
Korean	1,960	915	1,045	1.8	1.8	1.8
Japanese	2,160	815	1,345	2.0	1.6	2.4
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	470	175	295	0.4	0.3	0.5
Multiple visible minorities	2,265	1,065	1,200	2.1	2.1	2.1
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	51,880	25,695	26,190	47.8	50.0	45.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	108,555	51,410	57,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	5,290	2,610	2,685	4.9	5.1	4.7
English	15,730	7,875	7,855	14.5	15.3	13.7
Irish	11,800	5,670	6,130	10.9	11.0	10.7
Scottish	12,605	5,915	6,690	11.6	11.5	11.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	5,280	2,470	2,810	4.9	4.8	4.9
German	7,870	3,795	4,075	7.2	7.4	7.1
Chinese	30,115	13,535	16,570	27.7	26.3	29.0
Italian	3,015	1,530	1,490	2.8	3.0	2.6
Indian (India)	3,410	1,875	1,535	3.1	3.6	2.7
Ukrainian	3,650	1,700	1,950	3.4	3.3	3.4
Dutch	2,335	1,090	1,245	2.2	2.1	2.2
Polish	2,760	1,235	1,525	2.5	2.4	2.7
Québécois	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,080	2,045	2,030	3.8	4.0	3.6
Filipino	4,205	1,620	2,585	3.9	3.2	4.5
French Canadian	775	395	380	0.7	0.8	0.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,890	920	970	1.7	1.8	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	760	375	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Métis	570	245	330	0.5	0.5	0.6
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,350	1,195	1,155	2.2	2.3	2.0
Russian	2,715	1,275	1,445	2.5	2.5	2.5
Norwegian	1,815	910	900	1.7	1.8	1.6
Welsh	1,625	755	870	1.5	1.5	1.5
Portuguese	850	415	435	0.8	0.8	0.8
American	1,445	750	700	1.3	1.5	1.2
Spanish	1,855	870	990	1.7	1.7	1.7
Swedish	1,710	810	900	1.6	1.6	1.6
Hungarian	1,110	555	555	1.0	1.1	1.0
Acadian	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	310	165	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	385	140	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Jewish	2,795	1,410	1,375	2.6	2.7	2.4
Punjabi	520	290	225	0.5	0.6	0.4
Vietnamese	955	405	555	0.9	0.8	1.0
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	330	215	110	0.3	0.4	0.2
Greek	830	420	410	0.8	0.8	0.7
Jamaican	225	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,090	945	1,140	1.9	1.8	2.0
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	235	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	2,070	945	1,125	1.9	1.8	2.0
Romanian	670	360	315	0.6	0.7	0.6
Lebanese	380	200	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Iranian	1,225	650	575	1.1	1.3	1.0
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	255	135	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Danish	1,070	600	470	1.0	1.2	0.8
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	170	75	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Sikh	255	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	920	380	540	0.8	0.7	0.9
Belgian	445	190	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	320	190	130	0.3	0.4	0.2
Mexican	1,175	545	630	1.1	1.1	1.1
Mennonite	230	95	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Swiss	395	205	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Finnish	585	265	320	0.5	0.5	0.6
Sri Lankan	275	135	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Croatian	515	260	255	0.5	0.5	0.4
Japanese	2,765	1,080	1,685	2.5	2.1	2.9
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	310	135	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	500	225	270	0.5	0.4	0.5
Muslim	180	115	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Egyptian	190	100	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	350	160	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	170	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Icelandic	510	240	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Colombian	235	125	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	125	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	495	240	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Syrian	95	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	450	250	200	0.4	0.5	0.3
Ojibway	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	1,980	850	1,135	1.8	1.7	2.0
Ontarian	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	310	165	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	325	160	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	145	90	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Algerian	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Brazilian	525	245	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Nigerian	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Armenian	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	265	110	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	430	190	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Somali	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	3,330	1,475	1,855	3.1	2.9	3.2
Iraqi	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	275	100	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	145	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquin	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	325	140	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
South African	390	205	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
Australian	565	285	280	0.5	0.6	0.5
Palestinian	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	220	115	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	105	15	95	0.1	0.0	0.2
Peruvian	205	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Maltese	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	250	110	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Brunswicker	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	365	165	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mohawk	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	105	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	55	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ghanaian	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Barbadian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	160	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	140	80	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tunisian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	205	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Venezuelan	100	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	225	125	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	370	155	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Laotian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	120	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	200	115	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
British Columbian	235	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ecuadorian	95	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jatt	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	275	105	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Dominican	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sudanese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	220	90	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Plains Cree	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	90	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kenyan	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tanzanian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	35	35	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	108,560	51,410	57,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	3,915	1,595	2,320	3.6	3.1	4.1
Christian	32,580	14,235	18,345	30.0	27.7	32.1
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,655	3,995	4,665	8.0	7.8	8.2
Anabaptist	250	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Anglican	2,585	1,065	1,520	2.4	2.1	2.7
Baptist	930	410	520	0.9	0.8	0.9
Catholic	13,200	5,770	7,430	12.2	11.2	13.0
Christian Orthodox	1,465	695	765	1.3	1.4	1.3
Jehovah's Witness	410	160	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	575	230	345	0.5	0.4	0.6
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	355	160	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Presbyterian	515	175	340	0.5	0.3	0.6
Reformed	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	1,905	725	1,180	1.8	1.4	2.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,565	655	905	1.4	1.3	1.6
Hindu	1,400	770	625	1.3	1.5	1.1
Jewish	3,275	1,475	1,795	3.0	2.9	3.1
Muslim	2,380	1,265	1,115	2.2	2.5	2.0
Sikh	1,260	645	615	1.2	1.3	1.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,370	510	860	1.3	1.0	1.5
No religion and secular perspectives	62,340	30,900	31,440	57.4	60.1	55.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	107,670	50,985	56,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	87,545	41,405	46,135	81.3	81.2	81.4
Movers	20,130	9,580	10,550	18.7	18.8	18.6
Non-migrants	13,395	6,355	7,040	12.4	12.5	12.4
Migrants	6,735	3,225	3,510	6.3	6.3	6.2
Internal migrants	3,930	1,910	2,015	3.7	3.7	3.6
Intraprovincial migrants	2,270	1,125	1,140	2.1	2.2	2.0
Interprovincial migrants	1,660	790	875	1.5	1.5	1.5
External migrants	2,805	1,315	1,495	2.6	2.6	2.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	104,365	49,320	55,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	55,120	25,725	29,390	52.8	52.2	53.4
Movers	49,245	23,595	25,655	47.2	47.8	46.6
Non-migrants	23,265	11,315	11,950	22.3	22.9	21.7
Migrants	25,980	12,280	13,700	24.9	24.9	24.9
Internal migrants	15,275	7,165	8,110	14.6	14.5	14.7
Intraprovincial migrants	9,875	4,630	5,240	9.5	9.4	9.5
Interprovincial migrants	5,405	2,530	2,875	5.2	5.1	5.2
External migrants	10,705	5,115	5,590	10.3	10.4	10.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	96,325	45,030	51,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,945	3,340	3,605	7.2	7.4	7.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	89,385	41,695	47,690	92.8	92.6	93.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	67,250	31,820	35,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,105	1,105	995	3.1	3.5	2.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	65,145	30,705	34,435	96.9	96.5	97.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	96,330	45,030	51,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,345	3,025	3,315	6.6	6.7	6.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	19,440	9,650	9,790	20.2	21.4	19.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	70,545	32,355	38,185	73.2	71.9	74.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,380	8,770	10,605	20.1	19.5	20.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,345	2,170	1,175	3.5	4.8	2.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,730	940	790	1.8	2.1	1.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,615	1,235	385	1.7	2.7	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,410	5,140	7,265	12.9	11.4	14.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,625	1,455	2,165	3.8	3.2	4.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	51,165	23,580	27,580	53.1	52.4	53.8
Bachelor's degree	31,735	14,370	17,365	32.9	31.9	33.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,145	1,385	1,765	3.3	3.1	3.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,195	1,290	910	2.3	2.9	1.8
Master's degree	11,800	5,310	6,495	12.2	11.8	12.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,285	1,235	1,055	2.4	2.7	2.1
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	67,250	31,820	35,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,755	930	830	2.6	2.9	2.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,140	5,505	4,635	15.1	17.3	13.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	55,350	25,380	29,965	82.3	79.8	84.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,205	6,755	7,450	21.1	21.2	21.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,435	1,665	770	3.6	5.2	2.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,280	760	520	1.9	2.4	1.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,150	900	250	1.7	2.8	0.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,020	3,935	5,085	13.4	12.4	14.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,755	1,160	1,590	4.1	3.6	4.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	41,140	18,625	22,520	61.2	58.5	63.6
Bachelor's degree	25,385	11,410	13,975	37.7	35.9	39.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,405	1,035	1,370	3.6	3.3	3.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,595	850	750	2.4	2.7	2.1
Master's degree	10,005	4,445	5,555	14.9	14.0	15.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,750	885	870	2.6	2.8	2.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	96,330	45,035	51,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	25,785	12,675	13,110	26.8	28.1	25.6
Education	3,470	760	2,710	3.6	1.7	5.3
13. Education	3,470	760	2,710	3.6	1.7	5.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,545	2,280	3,270	5.8	5.1	6.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	545	360	185	0.6	0.8	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	5,005	1,920	3,085	5.2	4.3	6.0
Humanities	5,160	1,870	3,295	5.4	4.2	6.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	705	160	545	0.7	0.4	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	1,590	485	1,105	1.7	1.1	2.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,325	490	835	1.4	1.1	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	120	30	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	265	140	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	270	130	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
54. History	725	395	330	0.8	0.9	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	160	40	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	12,115	4,705	7,410	12.6	10.4	14.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	290	75	215	0.3	0.2	0.4
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,560	535	1,025	1.6	1.2	2.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	705	80	625	0.7	0.2	1.2
22. Legal professions and studies	2,100	1,010	1,085	2.2	2.2	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	295	110	185	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	2,315	555	1,760	2.4	1.2	3.4
45. Social sciences	4,855	2,340	2,520	5.0	5.2	4.9
Business, management and public administration	15,045	6,830	8,215	15.6	15.2	16.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	720	155	565	0.7	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,315	6,665	7,650	14.9	14.8	14.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,590	2,210	2,380	4.8	4.9	4.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,250	885	1,365	2.3	2.0	2.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	965	460	505	1.0	1.0	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	90	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,225	820	400	1.3	1.8	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,885	2,530	1,355	4.0	5.6	2.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,820	2,020	800	2.9	4.5	1.6
25. Library science	285	55	230	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	590	340	250	0.6	0.8	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	185	110	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,780	6,955	1,825	9.1	15.4	3.6
04. Architecture and related services	1,170	625	545	1.2	1.4	1.1
14. Engineering	4,510	3,525	985	4.7	7.8	1.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,305	1,115	190	1.4	2.5	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	875	830	45	0.9	1.8	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	655	640	15	0.7	1.4	0.0
48. Precision production	260	230	30	0.3	0.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,065	510	550	1.1	1.1	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	515	230	285	0.5	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	550	275	270	0.6	0.6	0.5
Health and related fields	9,235	2,905	6,335	9.6	6.5	12.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	705	400	305	0.7	0.9	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,595	1,990	5,600	7.9	4.4	10.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	905	495	405	0.9	1.1	0.8
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,625	785	845	1.7	1.7	1.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,200	460	740	1.2	1.0	1.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	150	100	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	250	215	40	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	67,250	31,815	35,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	11,900	6,435	5,465	17.7	20.2	15.4
Education	2,190	540	1,645	3.3	1.7	4.6
13. Education	2,190	540	1,645	3.3	1.7	4.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,605	1,975	2,630	6.8	6.2	7.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	475	325	145	0.7	1.0	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	4,130	1,645	2,490	6.1	5.2	7.0
Humanities	3,965	1,430	2,535	5.9	4.5	7.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	580	115	470	0.9	0.4	1.3
23. English language and literature/letters	1,195	360	835	1.8	1.1	2.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,020	380	640	1.5	1.2	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	80	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	215	120	100	0.3	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	215	95	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
54. History	550	315	240	0.8	1.0	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	115	30	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,760	3,725	6,040	14.5	11.7	17.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	255	70	185	0.4	0.2	0.5
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,385	470	910	2.1	1.5	2.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	545	65	480	0.8	0.2	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	1,640	730	910	2.4	2.3	2.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	215	80	135	0.3	0.3	0.4
42. Psychology	1,790	445	1,345	2.7	1.4	3.8
45. Social sciences	3,945	1,865	2,080	5.9	5.9	5.9
Business, management and public administration	12,075	5,360	6,715	18.0	16.8	19.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	465	90	375	0.7	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,605	5,265	6,340	17.3	16.5	17.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,535	1,645	1,890	5.3	5.2	5.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,770	685	1,085	2.6	2.2	3.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	720	320	405	1.1	1.0	1.1
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	20	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	935	605	330	1.4	1.9	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,215	2,145	1,065	4.8	6.7	3.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,460	1,785	670	3.7	5.6	1.9
25. Library science	180	35	145	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	415	220	190	0.6	0.7	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	160	100	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,955	5,380	1,575	10.3	16.9	4.4
04. Architecture and related services	935	465	470	1.4	1.5	1.3
14. Engineering	3,680	2,810	870	5.5	8.8	2.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	965	805	160	1.4	2.5	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	685	660	25	1.0	2.1	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	480	465	15	0.7	1.5	0.0
48. Precision production	195	170	25	0.3	0.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	840	390	450	1.2	1.2	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	395	170	230	0.6	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	445	225	220	0.7	0.7	0.6
Health and related fields	6,945	2,160	4,785	10.3	6.8	13.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	615	335	280	0.9	1.1	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,645	1,500	4,150	8.4	4.7	11.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	670	330	340	1.0	1.0	1.0
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,245	615	630	1.9	1.9	1.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	905	360	540	1.3	1.1	1.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	120	70	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	205	185	25	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	67,250	31,815	35,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	11,900	6,435	5,465	17.7	20.2	15.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	55,350	25,385	29,970	82.3	79.8	84.6
Location of study inside Canada	37,600	17,630	19,970	55.9	55.4	56.4
Same as province or territory of residence	28,075	12,965	15,115	41.7	40.8	42.7
Different than province or territory of residence	9,525	4,665	4,860	14.2	14.7	13.7
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	17,755	7,760	10,000	26.4	24.4	28.2
Americas	4,045	1,895	2,145	6.0	6.0	6.1
United States of America	2,760	1,310	1,450	4.1	4.1	4.1
Mexico	545	220	325	0.8	0.7	0.9
Cuba	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	10	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	400	190	210	0.6	0.6	0.6
Colombia	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	160	95	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Europe	4,555	2,305	2,255	6.8	7.2	6.4
Belgium	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	345	160	185	0.5	0.5	0.5
Germany	180	80	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Netherlands	85	55	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Switzerland	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Hungary	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	105	60	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Russian Federation	195	85	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	170	90	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	555	345	210	0.8	1.1	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,070	1,010	1,055	3.1	3.2	3.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Italy	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	55	45	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	440	210	230	0.7	0.7	0.6
Africa	245	110	135	0.4	0.3	0.4
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	160	75	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Asia	8,020	2,990	5,035	11.9	9.4	14.2
Iran⁸⁸	265	115	155	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iraq	25	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Israel	115	85	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
Lebanon	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	110	70	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	2,940	1,140	1,800	4.4	3.6	5.1
Taiwan	645	210	435	1.0	0.7	1.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	470	165	295	0.7	0.5	0.8
Japan	520	100	415	0.8	0.3	1.2
Korea, South⁹²	490	140	345	0.7	0.4	1.0
Philippines	1,275	355	915	1.9	1.1	2.6
Viet Nam	45	0	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	35	15	15	0.1	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	650	365	285	1.0	1.1	0.8
Pakistan	45	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	335	130	210	0.5	0.4	0.6
Oceania	890	460	430	1.3	1.4	1.2
Australia	730	375	355	1.1	1.2	1.0
New Zealand	160	85	80	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	96,330	45,030	51,295	...	...	...
In the labour force	65,105	32,340	32,760	...	...	...
Employed	59,825	29,645	30,180	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,280	2,695	2,585	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	31,225	12,690	18,535	...	...	...
Participation rate	67.6	71.8	63.9	67.6	71.8	63.9
Employment rate	62.1	65.8	58.8	62.1	65.8	58.8
Unemployment rate	8.1	8.3	7.9	8.1	8.3	7.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	96,330	45,030	51,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	31,750	13,190	18,555	33.0	29.3	36.2
Worked	64,575	31,840	32,735	67.0	70.7	63.8
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	34,175	18,085	16,095	35.5	40.2	31.4
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	30,400	13,750	16,645	31.6	30.5	32.4
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.1	41.9	40.4	41.1	41.9	40.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	65,105	32,345	32,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,265	660	605	1.9	2.0	1.8
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	63,840	31,685	32,155	98.1	98.0	98.2
Employee	50,960	24,415	26,545	78.3	75.5	81.0
Permanent position	40,845	19,845	21,000	62.7	61.4	64.1
Temporary position	10,120	4,575	5,545	15.5	14.1	16.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,330	1,880	2,455	6.7	5.8	7.5
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,790	2,695	3,095	8.9	8.3	9.4
Self-employed¹⁹²	12,885	7,265	5,615	19.8	22.5	17.1
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	65,105	32,345	32,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,265	660	605	1.9	2.0	1.8
All occupations¹⁹¹	63,840	31,685	32,155	98.1	98.0	98.2
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,395	925	470	2.1	2.9	1.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,060	5,370	8,690	21.6	16.6	26.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,680	5,435	2,245	11.8	16.8	6.9
3 Health occupations	6,185	1,950	4,230	9.5	6.0	12.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,180	3,325	5,855	14.1	10.3	17.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,605	2,755	2,850	8.6	8.5	8.7
6 Sales and service occupations	13,280	6,480	6,795	20.4	20.0	20.7
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,270	4,605	665	8.1	14.2	2.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	420	305	115	0.6	0.9	0.4
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	765	535	230	1.2	1.7	0.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	65,105	32,345	32,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,265	660	605	1.9	2.0	1.8
All industries¹⁹¹	63,840	31,685	32,155	98.1	98.0	98.2
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	230	140	85	0.4	0.4	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	195	155	40	0.3	0.5	0.1
22 Utilities	290	185	105	0.4	0.6	0.3
23 Construction	2,860	2,360	500	4.4	7.3	1.5
31-33 Manufacturing	2,135	1,400	740	3.3	4.3	2.3
41 Wholesale trade	1,815	1,110	700	2.8	3.4	2.1
44-45 Retail trade	5,805	2,790	3,015	8.9	8.6	9.2
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,220	1,610	615	3.4	5.0	1.9
51 Information and cultural industries	3,720	2,180	1,540	5.7	6.7	4.7
52 Finance and insurance	3,465	1,835	1,625	5.3	5.7	5.0
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,430	1,345	1,085	3.7	4.2	3.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	10,510	5,920	4,590	16.1	18.3	14.0
55 Management of companies and enterprises	255	135	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,155	1,220	930	3.3	3.8	2.8
61 Educational services	6,385	2,235	4,145	9.8	6.9	12.7
62 Health care and social assistance	8,575	2,455	6,120	13.2	7.6	18.7
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,880	870	1,010	2.9	2.7	3.1
72 Accommodation and food services	3,695	1,720	1,975	5.7	5.3	6.0
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,515	790	1,725	3.9	2.4	5.3
91 Public administration	2,715	1,230	1,485	4.2	3.8	4.5
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	69,380	34,110	35,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	61,350	30,535	30,815	88.4	89.5	87.4
French	105	35	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	1,610	750	860	2.3	2.2	2.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,605	750	860	2.3	2.2	2.4
English and French	875	340	530	1.3	1.0	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	5,155	2,335	2,820	7.4	6.8	8.0
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	110	45	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	170	75	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	69,380	34,110	35,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	68,175	33,535	34,640	98.3	98.3	98.2
Official languages	65,260	32,195	33,065	94.1	94.4	93.8
English	65,055	32,135	32,920	93.8	94.2	93.4
French	205	60	145	0.3	0.2	0.4
Non-official languages	2,910	1,340	1,575	4.2	3.9	4.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,905	1,335	1,570	4.2	3.9	4.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	40	0	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	265	115	150	0.4	0.3	0.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	35	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	35	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	35	30	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	165	65	95	0.2	0.2	0.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	130	50	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	145	50	95	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korean	125	65	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,280	1,090	1,190	3.3	3.2	3.4
Chinese languages	2,280	1,090	1,190	3.3	3.2	3.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,620	800	820	2.3	2.3	2.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	660	285	375	1.0	0.8	1.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,200	575	630	1.7	1.7	1.8
English and French	125	35	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	1,025	505	520	1.5	1.5	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	50	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	69,380	34,110	35,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	64,040	31,765	32,275	92.3	93.1	91.5
English	1,120	500	625	1.6	1.5	1.8
French	665	280	385	1.0	0.8	1.1
Non-official language	2,685	1,205	1,480	3.9	3.5	4.2
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,675	1,200	1,475	3.9	3.5	4.2
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	160	75	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	625	250	380	0.9	0.7	1.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	59,825	29,645	30,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	22,750	10,965	11,780	38.0	37.0	39.0
Worked outside Canada	615	370	245	1.0	1.2	0.8
No fixed workplace address	5,545	3,890	1,655	9.3	13.1	5.5
Usual place of work	30,910	14,415	16,500	51.7	48.6	54.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	30,910	14,415	16,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	21,715	9,195	12,520	70.3	63.8	75.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	8,795	5,010	3,785	28.5	34.8	22.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	280	155	120	0.9	1.1	0.7
Commute to a different province or territory	120	55	70	0.4	0.4	0.4
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	36,460	18,305	18,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	20,430	11,185	9,245	56.0	61.1	50.9
Car, truck or van - as a driver	18,680	10,630	8,045	51.2	58.1	44.3
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,750	555	1,195	4.8	3.0	6.6
Public transit	7,615	3,340	4,275	20.9	18.2	23.6
Walked	5,040	1,905	3,135	13.8	10.4	17.3
Bicycle	2,275	1,320	960	6.2	7.2	5.3
Other method	1,100	560	540	3.0	3.1	3.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	36,460	18,305	18,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	8,510	3,690	4,825	23.3	20.2	26.6
15 to 29 minutes	14,620	7,410	7,215	40.1	40.5	39.8
30 to 44 minutes	8,640	4,705	3,930	23.7	25.7	21.7
45 to 59 minutes	2,995	1,550	1,445	8.2	8.5	8.0
60 minutes and over	1,695	960	735	4.6	5.2	4.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	36,460	18,305	18,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,250	895	360	3.4	4.9	2.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,240	2,500	1,740	11.6	13.7	9.6
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,380	4,115	4,260	23.0	22.5	23.5
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,905	4,560	5,345	27.2	24.9	29.4
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	8,525	4,070	4,450	23.4	22.2	24.5
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,165	2,165	1,995	11.4	11.8	11.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	14,995	7,815	7,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,375	660	715	9.2	8.4	10.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,625	7,150	6,470	90.9	91.5	90.0
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	10,530	5,520	5,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	995	490	510	9.4	8.9	10.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	695	330	370	6.6	6.0	7.4
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	300	160	135	2.8	2.9	2.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,530	5,025	4,505	90.5	91.0	89.9

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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