Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Vancouver EastMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	118,675	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	115,724	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total private dwellings²	61,413	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	57,173	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	5,480.2	...	...	5,480.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	21.66	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	118,675	59,780	58,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12,490	6,380	6,105	10.5	10.7	10.4
0 to 4 years	4,505	2,275	2,230	3.8	3.8	3.8
5 to 9 years	4,055	2,120	1,940	3.4	3.5	3.3
10 to 14 years	3,930	1,990	1,940	3.3	3.3	3.3
15 to 64 years	88,200	44,700	43,500	74.3	74.8	73.9
15 to 19 years	3,880	2,015	1,865	3.3	3.4	3.2
20 to 24 years	6,410	3,185	3,225	5.4	5.3	5.5
25 to 29 years	11,875	5,665	6,205	10.0	9.5	10.5
30 to 34 years	14,230	6,990	7,240	12.0	11.7	12.3
35 to 39 years	12,220	6,250	5,965	10.3	10.5	10.1
40 to 44 years	8,875	4,555	4,320	7.5	7.6	7.3
45 to 49 years	7,835	3,930	3,900	6.6	6.6	6.6
50 to 54 years	8,070	4,235	3,830	6.8	7.1	6.5
55 to 59 years	7,765	4,130	3,640	6.5	6.9	6.2
60 to 64 years	7,040	3,740	3,300	5.9	6.3	5.6
65 years and over	17,985	8,695	9,290	15.2	14.5	15.8
65 to 69 years	5,705	2,960	2,740	4.8	5.0	4.7
70 to 74 years	4,705	2,415	2,290	4.0	4.0	3.9
75 to 79 years	2,595	1,205	1,390	2.2	2.0	2.4
80 to 84 years	2,160	925	1,235	1.8	1.5	2.1
85 years and over	2,815	1,180	1,635	2.4	2.0	2.8
85 to 89 years	1,720	740	975	1.4	1.2	1.7
90 to 94 years	850	365	485	0.7	0.6	0.8
95 to 99 years	205	65	145	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	45	5	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	10.5	10.7	10.4	10.5	10.7	10.4
15 to 64 years	74.3	74.8	73.9	74.3	74.8	73.9
65 years and over	15.2	14.5	15.8	15.2	14.5	15.8
85 years and over	2.4	2.0	2.8	2.4	2.0	2.8
Average age of the population	41.8	41.7	42.0	41.8	41.7	42.0
Median age of the population	39.2	39.6	38.8	39.2	39.6	38.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	57,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	6,535	...	...	11.4	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,380	...	...	2.4	...	...
Row house	1,545	...	...	2.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	10,320	...	...	18.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	26,190	...	...	45.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	11,095	...	...	19.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	100	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	57,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	25,300	...	...	44.3	...	...
2 persons	18,080	...	...	31.6	...	...
3 persons	6,605	...	...	11.6	...	...
4 persons	4,720	...	...	8.3	...	...
5 or more persons	2,465	...	...	4.3	...	...
Number of persons in private households	114,035	56,905	57,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	106,185	53,400	52,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	48,330	24,180	24,145	45.5	45.3	45.7
Married	32,805	16,440	16,360	30.9	30.8	31.0
Living common-law	15,525	7,745	7,785	14.6	14.5	14.7
Living common law - Never married	13,660	6,760	6,895	12.9	12.7	13.1
Living common law - Separated	265	145	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	1,515	805	710	1.4	1.5	1.3
Living common law - Widowed	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	57,860	29,215	28,640	54.5	54.7	54.3
Not married and not living common law - Never married	43,355	23,650	19,705	40.8	44.3	37.3
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,810	1,320	1,485	2.6	2.5	2.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,350	3,320	4,030	6.9	6.2	7.6
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,345	920	3,420	4.1	1.7	6.5
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	27,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	16,705	...	...	59.8	...	...
3 persons	5,750	...	...	20.6	...	...
4 persons	4,365	...	...	15.6	...	...
5 or more persons	1,130	...	...	4.0	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	27,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	23,330	...	...	83.5	...	...
Married couples	15,570	...	...	55.7	...	...
With children⁶	8,465	...	...	30.3	...	...
Without children	7,105	...	...	25.4	...	...
Common-law couples	7,765	...	...	27.8	...	...
With children⁶	1,315	...	...	4.7	...	...
Without children	6,450	...	...	23.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,610	...	...	16.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,700	...	...	13.2	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	910	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	114,035	56,905	57,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	74,025	36,270	37,750	64.9	63.7	66.1
Married spouses or common-law partners	46,665	23,285	23,380	40.9	40.9	40.9
Parents in one-parent families	4,615	910	3,705	4.0	1.6	6.5
Children⁶	22,750	12,075	10,675	20.0	21.2	18.7
In a two-parent family	16,200	8,510	7,695	14.2	15.0	13.5
In a one-parent family	6,555	3,570	2,980	5.7	6.3	5.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	40,005	20,635	19,375	35.1	36.3	33.9
Living alone	25,305	13,245	12,055	22.2	23.3	21.1
Living with other relatives⁷	3,130	1,315	1,815	2.7	2.3	3.2
Living with non-relatives only	11,580	6,070	5,505	10.2	10.7	9.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	57,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	24,005	...	...	42.0	...	...
Couple-family households	20,355	...	...	35.6	...	...
With children⁶	8,350	...	...	14.6	...	...
Without children	12,005	...	...	21.0	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,650	...	...	6.4	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,170	...	...	2.0	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	290	...	...	0.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,545	...	...	2.7	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,860	...	...	8.5	...	...
One-person households	25,305	...	...	44.3	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	101,700	50,635	51,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	99,475	49,520	49,955	97.8	97.8	97.8
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	42,400	38,800	40,400	42,400	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	99,555	49,565	49,990	97.9	97.9	97.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	38,400	36,000	37,200	38,400	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,795	43,070	43,725	85.3	85.1	85.6
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	42,800	34,400	38,400	42,800	34,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	75,105	37,845	37,265	73.8	74.7	73.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	45,600	38,400	42,000	45,600	38,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	82,075	38,915	43,160	80.7	76.9	84.5
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,700	9,700	9,700	9,700	9,700	9,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,535	4,920	5,610	10.4	9.7	11.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	33,380	16,665	16,715	32.8	32.9	32.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	101,475	50,480	50,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	99,115	49,325	49,795	97.7	97.7	97.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,100	60,450	49,760	55,100	60,450	49,760
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	99,200	49,365	49,830	97.8	97.8	97.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,160	49,400	42,920	46,160	49,400	42,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,420	42,845	43,575	85.2	84.9	85.4
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,700	59,800	45,760	52,700	59,800	45,760
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	74,960	37,815	37,140	73.9	74.9	72.8
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,900	60,050	47,560	53,900	60,050	47,560
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	81,800	38,570	43,235	80.6	76.4	84.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,040	10,880	11,180	11,040	10,880	11,180
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,420	4,840	5,580	10.3	9.6	10.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,440	5,965	6,850	6,440	5,965	6,850
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	33,190	16,340	16,850	32.7	32.4	33.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,870	9,830	9,910	9,870	9,830	9,910
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	101,475	50,480	50,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	34,385	18,570	15,815	33.9	36.8	31.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,000	72,000	65,500	69,000	72,000	65,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,100	89,200	73,700	82,100	89,200	73,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	32,835	15,375	17,465	32.4	30.5	34.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,000	22,200	19,800	21,000	22,200	19,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,520	34,200	29,160	31,520	34,200	29,160
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.4	86.0	80.4	83.4	86.0	80.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	74.0	76.2	71.4	74.0	76.2	71.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.6	14.1	19.5	16.6	14.1	19.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	1.0	1.5	1.2	1.0	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.1	6.3	8.2	7.1	6.3	8.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.0	5.4	6.7	6.0	5.4	6.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	101,695	50,635	51,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	2,230	1,115	1,110	2.2	2.2	2.2
With total income	99,470	49,520	49,950	97.8	97.8	97.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,350	3,490	3,865	7.4	7.0	7.7
$10,000 to $19,999	11,350	5,605	5,750	11.4	11.3	11.5
$20,000 to $29,999	17,595	8,160	9,440	17.7	16.5	18.9
$30,000 to $39,999	12,870	6,235	6,635	12.9	12.6	13.3
$40,000 to $49,999	10,280	4,745	5,530	10.3	9.6	11.1
$50,000 to $59,999	8,445	3,930	4,515	8.5	7.9	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	6,725	3,415	3,310	6.8	6.9	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	5,420	2,690	2,725	5.4	5.4	5.5
$80,000 to $89,999	4,255	2,240	2,020	4.3	4.5	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	3,365	1,730	1,640	3.4	3.5	3.3
$100,000 and over	11,810	7,285	4,530	11.9	14.7	9.1
$100,000 to $149,999	7,670	4,480	3,185	7.7	9.0	6.4
$150,000 and over	4,145	2,805	1,340	4.2	5.7	2.7
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	101,695	50,635	51,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	2,140	1,070	1,070	2.1	2.1	2.1
With after-tax income	99,555	49,565	49,990	97.9	97.9	97.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,640	3,640	4,005	7.7	7.3	8.0
$10,000 to $19,999	11,705	5,790	5,915	11.8	11.7	11.8
$20,000 to $29,999	19,810	9,275	10,530	19.9	18.7	21.1
$30,000 to $39,999	14,660	7,080	7,585	14.7	14.3	15.2
$40,000 to $49,999	11,685	5,440	6,240	11.7	11.0	12.5
$50,000 to $59,999	9,155	4,510	4,645	9.2	9.1	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	6,900	3,445	3,455	6.9	7.0	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	5,130	2,660	2,470	5.2	5.4	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	3,725	2,000	1,730	3.7	4.0	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	2,515	1,440	1,070	2.5	2.9	2.1
$100,000 and over	6,635	4,295	2,335	6.7	8.7	4.7
$100,000 to $124,999	3,355	2,090	1,270	3.4	4.2	2.5
$125,000 and over	3,275	2,205	1,070	3.3	4.4	2.1
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	101,695	50,635	51,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	26,590	12,790	13,795	26.1	25.3	27.0
With employment income	75,110	37,840	37,265	73.9	74.7	73.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,795	4,220	4,575	11.7	11.2	12.3
$5,000 to $9,999	5,920	2,670	3,250	7.9	7.1	8.7
$10,000 to $19,999	8,645	4,070	4,570	11.5	10.8	12.3
$20,000 to $29,999	6,540	3,055	3,480	8.7	8.1	9.3
$30,000 to $39,999	6,340	3,095	3,245	8.4	8.2	8.7
$40,000 to $49,999	6,565	3,145	3,420	8.7	8.3	9.2
$50,000 to $59,999	6,315	3,010	3,305	8.4	8.0	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	5,380	2,805	2,575	7.2	7.4	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	4,340	2,165	2,175	5.8	5.7	5.8
$80,000 to $89,999	3,580	1,935	1,645	4.8	5.1	4.4
$90,000 to $99,999	2,930	1,525	1,410	3.9	4.0	3.8
$100,000 and over	9,765	6,150	3,615	13.0	16.3	9.7
$100,000 to $124,999	4,325	2,495	1,825	5.8	6.6	4.9
$125,000 and over	5,440	3,650	1,785	7.2	9.6	4.8
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	101,700	50,635	51,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	97,090	48,235	48,860	95.5	95.3	95.7
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,000	34,400	36,800	40,000	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	97,185	48,270	48,915	95.6	95.3	95.8
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	35,600	31,600	33,600	35,600	31,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,995	42,690	43,300	84.6	84.3	84.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	43,600	35,600	39,200	43,600	35,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	75,770	38,085	37,680	74.5	75.2	73.8
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	45,200	38,000	41,600	45,200	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,710	29,265	35,445	63.6	57.8	69.4
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,040	1,700	2,780	2,040	1,700	2,780
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,820	2,605	3,220	5.7	5.1	6.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,320	4,880	5,920	5,320	4,880	5,920
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	101,475	50,480	50,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	96,755	48,010	48,745	95.3	95.1	95.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,880	56,100	45,760	50,880	56,100	45,760
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	96,825	48,035	48,790	95.4	95.2	95.7
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,520	45,960	39,120	42,520	45,960	39,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,785	42,440	43,350	84.5	84.1	85.0
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,150	58,750	45,680	52,150	58,750	45,680
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	75,865	38,055	37,815	74.8	75.4	74.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,300	58,150	46,480	52,300	58,150	46,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,480	29,080	35,395	63.5	57.6	69.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,000	6,860	7,120	7,000	6,860	7,120
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,835	2,620	3,215	5.8	5.2	6.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,110	5,950	8,050	7,110	5,950	8,050
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	101,475	50,480	50,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	34,070	18,380	15,690	33.6	36.4	30.8
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,400	66,500	58,400	62,400	66,500	58,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,500	81,200	66,600	74,500	81,200	66,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	31,245	14,530	16,720	30.8	28.8	32.8
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,200	31,200	26,200	28,200	31,200	26,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	37,720	41,040	34,800	37,720	41,040	34,800
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.8	92.6	88.8	90.8	92.6	88.8
Employment income (%)	80.6	82.2	78.8	80.6	82.2	78.8
Government transfers (%)	9.2	7.4	11.3	9.2	7.4	11.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.6	1.2	0.8	0.6	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	57,175	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...	72,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...	64,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	25,305	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	...	...	38,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,600	...	...	35,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	31,870	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	57,160	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	95,500	...	...	95,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,100	...	...	80,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	25,405	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,400	...	...	52,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,560	...	...	44,560	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	31,760	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...	130,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,500	...	...	108,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	57,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	905	...	...	1.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	455	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	860	...	...	1.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,240	...	...	3.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,065	...	...	7.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,480	...	...	4.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,385	...	...	4.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,590	...	...	4.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,160	...	...	3.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,050	...	...	3.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,140	...	...	7.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,620	...	...	6.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,415	...	...	6.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,115	...	...	5.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,750	...	...	4.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,945	...	...	34.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,540	...	...	9.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,990	...	...	7.0	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,085	...	...	8.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,330	...	...	9.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	57,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,010	...	...	1.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	460	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	865	...	...	1.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,330	...	...	4.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,260	...	...	7.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,830	...	...	5.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,680	...	...	4.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,925	...	...	5.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,465	...	...	4.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,415	...	...	4.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,710	...	...	8.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,155	...	...	7.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,770	...	...	6.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,295	...	...	5.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,805	...	...	4.9	...	...
$100,000 and over	16,190	...	...	28.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,470	...	...	9.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,825	...	...	6.7	...	...
$150,000 and over	6,895	...	...	12.1	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	27,890	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	12,635	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	9,790	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	142,000	...	...	142,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...	124,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,290	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...	66,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,400	...	...	62,400	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	36,880	19,315	17,560	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	37,200	36,800	37,200	37,200	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,400	34,000	34,400	34,400	34,000	34,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	27,950	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	131,600	...	...	131,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,660	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	122,800	...	...	122,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,100	...	...	101,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,765	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	167,400	...	...	167,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,400	...	...	137,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,245	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,300	...	...	80,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,400	...	...	70,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	36,395	19,135	17,265	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,960	50,200	47,600	48,960	50,200	47,600
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,080	42,760	41,320	42,080	42,760	41,320
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	114,030	56,900	57,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	14,570	7,445	7,130	12.8	13.1	12.5
0 to 5 years	5,245	2,640	2,610	4.6	4.6	4.6
18 to 64 years	82,895	41,575	41,320	72.7	73.1	72.3
65 years and over	16,565	7,885	8,680	14.5	13.9	15.2
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	16,440	8,335	8,100	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,850	950	895	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	590	280	305	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	9,955	5,210	4,745	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,635	2,170	2,460	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.4	14.7	14.2	14.4	14.7	14.2
0 to 17 years (%)	12.7	12.8	12.6	12.7	12.8	12.6
0 to 5 years (%)	11.2	10.6	11.8	11.2	10.6	11.8
18 to 64 years (%)	12.0	12.5	11.5	12.0	12.5	11.5
65 years and over (%)	28.0	27.6	28.3	28.0	27.6	28.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	114,035	56,905	57,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	14,570	7,440	7,125	12.8	13.1	12.5
0 to 5 years	5,245	2,635	2,605	4.6	4.6	4.6
18 to 64 years	82,900	41,580	41,320	72.7	73.1	72.3
65 years and over	16,565	7,885	8,680	14.5	13.9	15.2
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	11,300	6,040	5,260	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	920	470	455	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	285	135	145	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	8,505	4,605	3,900	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,875	965	910	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.9	10.6	9.2	9.9	10.6	9.2
0 to 17 years (%)	6.3	6.3	6.3	6.3	6.3	6.3
0 to 5 years (%)	5.4	5.2	5.7	5.4	5.2	5.7
18 to 64 years (%)	10.3	11.1	9.4	10.3	11.1	9.4
65 years and over (%)	11.3	12.3	10.5	11.3	12.3	10.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	114,030	56,900	57,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	57,940	28,730	29,205	50.8	50.5	51.1
In bottom decile	16,570	8,455	8,115	14.5	14.9	14.2
In second decile	12,305	6,035	6,275	10.8	10.6	11.0
In third decile	10,155	5,015	5,145	8.9	8.8	9.0
In fourth decile	9,525	4,655	4,870	8.4	8.2	8.5
In fifth decile	9,385	4,580	4,805	8.2	8.0	8.4
In top half of the distribution	56,095	28,170	27,925	49.2	49.5	48.9
In sixth decile	9,345	4,610	4,735	8.2	8.1	8.3
In seventh decile	9,755	4,765	4,985	8.6	8.4	8.7
In eighth decile	10,645	5,280	5,365	9.3	9.3	9.4
In ninth decile	11,965	6,060	5,900	10.5	10.7	10.3
In top decile	14,390	7,455	6,940	12.6	13.1	12.1
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	114,035	...	...	114,035	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.364	...	...	0.364	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.482	...	...	0.482	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.322	...	...	0.322	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.6	...	...	4.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	115,830	58,195	57,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	96,185	49,510	46,675	83.0	85.1	81.0
French only	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
English and French	12,370	5,800	6,575	10.7	10.0	11.4
Neither English nor French	7,220	2,860	4,360	6.2	4.9	7.6
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	115,830	58,195	57,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	106,200	54,040	52,165	91.7	92.9	90.5
French	2,055	1,105	945	1.8	1.9	1.6
English and French	455	230	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Neither English nor French	7,125	2,820	4,305	6.2	4.8	7.5
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	115,830	58,195	57,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	110,575	55,690	54,885	95.5	95.7	95.2
Official languages	72,745	38,430	34,315	62.8	66.0	59.5
English	70,730	37,325	33,400	61.1	64.1	58.0
French	2,015	1,100	910	1.7	1.9	1.6
Non-official languages	37,825	17,260	20,570	32.7	29.7	35.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	37,665	17,185	20,485	32.5	29.5	35.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	870	445	420	0.8	0.8	0.7
Berber languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	785	400	385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Amharic	70	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Arabic	520	255	265	0.4	0.4	0.5
Aramaic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,740	1,270	1,475	2.4	2.2	2.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	2,690	1,240	1,445	2.3	2.1	2.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,985	1,120	1,870	2.6	1.9	3.2
Bikol	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	100	30	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	215	80	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,345	870	1,475	2.0	1.5	2.6
Waray-Waray	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	210	120	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	30	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	11,415	5,755	5,655	9.9	9.9	9.8
Albanian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,035	925	1,115	1.8	1.6	1.9
Baltic languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,000	905	1,095	1.7	1.6	1.9
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	440	205	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	555	230	330	0.5	0.4	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	535	250	280	0.5	0.4	0.5
Bosnian	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	245	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	230	100	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	120	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,100	585	520	0.9	1.0	0.9
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	715	375	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
German	660	350	310	0.6	0.6	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	240	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	185	100	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	150	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	55	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	190	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	2,235	1,180	1,050	1.9	2.0	1.8
Indo-Aryan languages	1,305	660	645	1.1	1.1	1.1
Assamese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	335	180	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	505	225	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	145	85	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	930	525	410	0.8	0.9	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	780	440	345	0.7	0.8	0.6
Dari	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	565	325	245	0.5	0.6	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	110	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,765	2,910	2,855	5.0	5.0	5.0
Catalan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,550	735	810	1.3	1.3	1.4
Portuguese	915	445	475	0.8	0.8	0.8
Romanian	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	3,155	1,655	1,500	2.7	2.8	2.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	935	290	645	0.8	0.5	1.1
Korean	810	315	500	0.7	0.5	0.9
Mongolian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	16,855	7,465	9,395	14.6	12.8	16.3
Chinese languages	16,785	7,435	9,355	14.5	12.8	16.2
Hakka	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	2,425	975	1,450	2.1	1.7	2.5
Min Dong	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	235	95	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	13,690	6,150	7,540	11.8	10.6	13.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	200	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	165	55	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	110	25	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	205	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	180	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	165	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,260	2,510	2,750	4.5	4.3	4.8
English and French	645	310	330	0.6	0.5	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	3,950	1,895	2,050	3.4	3.3	3.6
French and non-official language(s)	110	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	475	205	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	115,830	58,195	57,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	76,065	39,925	36,140	65.7	68.6	62.7
French	400	225	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
Non-official language	12,950	5,635	7,320	11.2	9.7	12.7
Indigenous³⁹	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,915	5,610	7,305	11.1	9.6	12.7
English and French	1,820	885	930	1.6	1.5	1.6
English and non-official language(s)	22,485	10,555	11,930	19.4	18.1	20.7
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	650	320	330	0.6	0.5	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	1,435	640	800	1.2	1.1	1.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	115,830	58,195	57,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	111,025	55,905	55,115	95.9	96.1	95.6
Official languages	89,500	46,325	43,175	77.3	79.6	74.9
English	88,815	45,970	42,845	76.7	79.0	74.3
French	690	355	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Non-official languages	21,520	9,585	11,940	18.6	16.5	20.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	21,485	9,560	11,920	18.5	16.4	20.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	420	190	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	370	165	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Amharic	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	270	115	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,835	860	975	1.6	1.5	1.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,820	850	965	1.6	1.5	1.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,600	610	995	1.4	1.0	1.7
Bikol	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,320	485	830	1.1	0.8	1.4
Waray-Waray	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	4,460	2,125	2,335	3.9	3.7	4.1
Albanian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	660	315	345	0.6	0.5	0.6
Baltic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	655	315	345	0.6	0.5	0.6
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	230	100	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	175	85	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bosnian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	110	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	950	455	495	0.8	0.8	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages	510	245	270	0.4	0.4	0.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	125	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	190	80	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	440	215	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	360	175	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iranian Persian	245	130	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,660	1,250	1,405	2.3	2.1	2.4
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	630	250	380	0.5	0.4	0.7
Portuguese	480	215	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Romanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	1,505	760	745	1.3	1.3	1.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	400	155	245	0.3	0.3	0.4
Korean	380	160	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	12,010	5,290	6,720	10.4	9.1	11.7
Chinese languages	11,970	5,275	6,695	10.3	9.1	11.6
Hakka	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,590	690	895	1.4	1.2	1.6
Min Dong	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	9,985	4,390	5,595	8.6	7.5	9.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	165	90	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,810	2,290	2,520	4.2	3.9	4.4
English and French	355	190	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	4,275	2,020	2,250	3.7	3.5	3.9
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	115,830	58,200	57,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	93,525	47,730	45,790	80.7	82.0	79.5
English	6,560	3,045	3,515	5.7	5.2	6.1
French	1,315	635	685	1.1	1.1	1.2
Non-official language	11,870	5,560	6,310	10.2	9.6	10.9
Indigenous³⁹	145	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	11,725	5,495	6,230	10.1	9.4	10.8
English and French	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	910	410	495	0.8	0.7	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	410	205	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,180	585	600	1.0	1.0	1.0
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	113,810	56,745	57,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	106,715	53,985	52,730	93.8	95.1	92.4
English	106,655	53,950	52,705	93.7	95.1	92.4
French	12,300	5,655	6,645	10.8	10.0	11.6
Non-official languages	49,945	22,990	26,955	43.9	40.5	47.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	305	150	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algonquian languages	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	25	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	49,660	22,855	26,805	43.6	40.3	47.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,350	695	655	1.2	1.2	1.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	95	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	50	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,280	665	620	1.1	1.2	1.1
Amharic	100	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	920	470	450	0.8	0.8	0.8
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	215	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,335	1,605	1,725	2.9	2.8	3.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	3,275	1,585	1,690	2.9	2.8	3.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,530	1,795	2,730	4.0	3.2	4.8
Bikol	30	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	175	70	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Fijian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	90	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	460	185	280	0.4	0.3	0.5
Indonesian	235	135	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	55	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	110	75	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pangasinan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,015	1,500	2,510	3.5	2.6	4.4
Waray-Waray	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	75	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Haitian Creole	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	35	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	345	180	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	190	80	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Telugu	110	75	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,680	9,120	9,565	16.4	16.1	16.8
Albanian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,530	1,195	1,335	2.2	2.1	2.3
Baltic languages	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Latvian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,495	1,175	1,320	2.2	2.1	2.3
Belarusian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	180	70	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Macedonian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	540	255	290	0.5	0.4	0.5
Russian	860	375	485	0.8	0.7	0.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	670	345	320	0.6	0.6	0.6
Bosnian	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	345	190	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	365	200	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	115	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Irish	130	40	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	40	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,355	1,190	1,165	2.1	2.1	2.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,785	910	875	1.6	1.6	1.5
German	1,745	880	865	1.5	1.6	1.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	75	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yiddish	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	390	205	185	0.3	0.4	0.3
Afrikaans	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	260	140	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	280	145	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Danish	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Swedish	140	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	330	165	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	3,480	1,775	1,710	3.1	3.1	3.0
Indo-Aryan languages	2,375	1,180	1,195	2.1	2.1	2.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	360	195	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	1,115	560	555	1.0	1.0	1.0
Kacchi	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	860	395	460	0.8	0.7	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Urdu	350	225	130	0.3	0.4	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,140	615	530	1.0	1.1	0.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	235	135	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Parsi	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	910	485	425	0.8	0.9	0.7
Dari	105	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	700	380	320	0.6	0.7	0.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	10,495	5,055	5,435	9.2	8.9	9.5
Catalan	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italian	2,335	1,050	1,285	2.1	1.9	2.3
Portuguese	1,385	705	680	1.2	1.2	1.2
Romanian	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	7,285	3,560	3,730	6.4	6.3	6.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,670	710	955	1.5	1.3	1.7
Korean	1,020	405	610	0.9	0.7	1.1
Mongolian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	275	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	125	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	170	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	155	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	19,600	8,820	10,780	17.2	15.5	18.9
Chinese languages	19,540	8,785	10,750	17.2	15.5	18.8
Hakka	130	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	6,350	2,705	3,645	5.6	4.8	6.4
Min Dong	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	360	145	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Wu (Shanghainese)	215	80	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	16,430	7,415	9,015	14.4	13.1	15.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	300	115	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Lao	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	245	90	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	320	165	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	315	165	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	330	170	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	230	125	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	113,805	56,745	57,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	5,940	2,895	3,045	5.2	5.1	5.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	5,700	2,805	2,895	5.0	4.9	5.1
First Nations (North American Indian)	4,305	2,125	2,175	3.8	3.7	3.8
Métis	1,345	650	700	1.2	1.1	1.2
Inuk (Inuit)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	145	45	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-Indigenous identity	107,870	53,855	54,015	94.8	94.9	94.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	113,805	56,745	57,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,435	1,640	1,795	3.0	2.9	3.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	110,375	55,105	55,265	97.0	97.1	96.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	57,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	22,515	...	...	39.4	...	...
Renter	34,645	...	...	60.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	57,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	16,790	...	...	29.4	...	...
Not condominium	40,375	...	...	70.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	57,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	4,280	...	...	7.5	...	...
1 bedroom	23,290	...	...	40.7	...	...
2 bedrooms	14,080	...	...	24.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	8,015	...	...	14.0	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	7,490	...	...	13.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	57,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	38,030	...	...	66.5	...	...
5 rooms	6,525	...	...	11.4	...	...
6 rooms	4,080	...	...	7.1	...	...
7 rooms	2,645	...	...	4.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	5,875	...	...	10.3	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	57,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	55,735	...	...	97.5	...	...
More than one person per room	1,420	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	57,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	53,085	...	...	92.9	...	...
Not suitable	4,080	...	...	7.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	57,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	15,550	...	...	27.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	14,425	...	...	25.2	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,720	...	...	11.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	6,805	...	...	11.9	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,320	...	...	4.1	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,895	...	...	6.8	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,970	...	...	5.2	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,485	...	...	7.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	57,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	52,125	...	...	91.2	...	...
Major repairs needed	5,035	...	...	8.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	57,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	33,335	...	...	58.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,555	...	...	36.0	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,270	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	57,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,775	...	...	3.1	...	...
25 to 34 years	13,250	...	...	23.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	11,965	...	...	20.9	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,425	...	...	16.5	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,345	...	...	16.3	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,730	...	...	11.8	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,990	...	...	5.2	...	...
85 years and over	1,670	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	56,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	39,660	...	...	69.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	17,240	...	...	30.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	15,120	...	...	26.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	57,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	23,655	...	...	41.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	14,970	...	...	26.2	...	...
Not suitable only	2,840	...	...	5.0	...	...
Major repairs needed only	3,240	...	...	5.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	815	...	...	1.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,370	...	...	2.4	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	345	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	85	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	33,500	...	...	58.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	54,775	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	11,895	...	...	21.7	...	...
Not in core need	42,885	...	...	78.3	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	22,515	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	58.8	...	...	58.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.3	...	...	23.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.2	...	...	11.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,520	...	...	1,520	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,868	...	...	1,868	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,240,000	...	...	1,240,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,243,000	...	...	1,243,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	34,645	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	22.7	...	...	22.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.9	...	...	34.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	28.7	...	...	28.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,270	...	...	1,270	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,342	...	...	1,342	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	113,810	56,745	57,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	2,865	1,330	1,535	2.5	2.3	2.7
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	2,835	1,315	1,520	2.5	2.3	2.7
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	2,610	1,220	1,395	2.3	2.1	2.4
Métis single ancestry	195	80	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,530	1,810	1,720	3.1	3.2	3.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,445	1,765	1,675	3.0	3.1	2.9
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,550	1,310	1,235	2.2	2.3	2.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	865	435	430	0.8	0.8	0.8
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	107,415	53,610	53,810	94.4	94.5	94.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	113,810	56,745	57,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	100,290	50,150	50,145	88.1	88.4	87.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	13,925	7,140	6,785	12.2	12.6	11.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	86,370	43,010	43,355	75.9	75.8	76.0
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	13,515	6,595	6,920	11.9	11.6	12.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	113,810	56,745	57,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	70,885	36,430	34,455	62.3	64.2	60.4
Immigrants⁸¹	38,350	18,025	20,325	33.7	31.8	35.6
Before 1980	7,080	3,480	3,595	6.2	6.1	6.3
1980 to 1990	6,815	3,245	3,575	6.0	5.7	6.3
1991 to 2000	9,700	4,320	5,380	8.5	7.6	9.4
2001 to 2010	6,480	2,920	3,560	5.7	5.1	6.2
2011 to 2021⁸²	8,265	4,060	4,205	7.3	7.2	7.4
2011 to 2015	3,165	1,545	1,615	2.8	2.7	2.8
2016 to 2021	5,110	2,515	2,590	4.5	4.4	4.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	4,575	2,285	2,285	4.0	4.0	4.0
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	38,350	18,025	20,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,865	1,375	1,490	7.5	7.6	7.3
5 to 14 years	5,475	2,855	2,615	14.3	15.8	12.9
15 to 24 years	6,865	3,260	3,610	17.9	18.1	17.8
25 to 44 years	18,445	8,665	9,785	48.1	48.1	48.1
45 years and over	4,690	1,870	2,820	12.2	10.4	13.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	38,350	18,025	20,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,755	2,550	2,205	12.4	14.1	10.8
Brazil	360	175	180	0.9	1.0	0.9
Colombia	235	120	115	0.6	0.7	0.6
El Salvador	290	165	125	0.8	0.9	0.6
Guyana	75	45	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
Haiti	20	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jamaica	80	55	20	0.2	0.3	0.1
Mexico	705	430	280	1.8	2.4	1.4
Peru	160	90	70	0.4	0.5	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	85	35	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
United States of America	1,915	1,020	900	5.0	5.7	4.4
Other places of birth in Americas	835	405	430	2.2	2.2	2.1
Europe	7,315	3,810	3,510	19.1	21.1	17.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	150	90	60	0.4	0.5	0.3
Croatia	155	70	85	0.4	0.4	0.4
France	435	245	195	1.1	1.4	1.0
Germany	420	180	245	1.1	1.0	1.2
Greece	115	70	45	0.3	0.4	0.2
Hungary	130	65	60	0.3	0.4	0.3
Italy	1,065	450	620	2.8	2.5	3.1
Netherlands	80	55	20	0.2	0.3	0.1
Poland	360	165	200	0.9	0.9	1.0
Portugal	240	125	115	0.6	0.7	0.6
Romania	130	65	65	0.3	0.4	0.3
Russian Federation	335	115	220	0.9	0.6	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	135	65	70	0.4	0.4	0.3
Ukraine	180	80	100	0.5	0.4	0.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,070	1,235	835	5.4	6.9	4.1
Other places of birth in Europe	1,300	740	565	3.4	4.1	2.8
Africa	1,115	590	520	2.9	3.3	2.6
Algeria	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	65	35	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Eritrea	60	40	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ethiopia	90	45	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	30	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	35	25	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	325	150	170	0.8	0.8	0.8
Other places of birth in Africa	425	225	205	1.1	1.2	1.0
Asia	24,350	10,655	13,690	63.5	59.1	67.4
Afghanistan	75	30	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	530	300	225	1.4	1.7	1.1
Iraq	100	60	45	0.3	0.3	0.2
Lebanon	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	310	125	180	0.8	0.7	0.9
Turkey	95	50	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	9,145	3,940	5,205	23.8	21.9	25.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,500	1,170	1,330	6.5	6.5	6.5
Korea, South⁹²	585	200	390	1.5	1.1	1.9
Taiwan	455	170	285	1.2	0.9	1.4
Philippines	3,995	1,525	2,470	10.4	8.5	12.2
Viet Nam	3,035	1,455	1,580	7.9	8.1	7.8
Bangladesh	200	95	105	0.5	0.5	0.5
India	850	460	395	2.2	2.6	1.9
Pakistan	140	95	45	0.4	0.5	0.2
Sri Lanka	165	75	90	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	2,130	885	1,245	5.6	4.9	6.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	815	420	395	2.1	2.3	1.9
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,105	2,515	2,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,190	600	590	23.3	23.9	22.8
Brazil	230	115	115	4.5	4.6	4.4
Colombia	45	25	25	0.9	1.0	1.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	200	115	80	3.9	4.6	3.1
United States of America	555	275	280	10.9	10.9	10.8
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	0	25	0.6	0.0	1.0
Other places of birth in Americas	130	60	70	2.5	2.4	2.7
Europe	1,275	665	605	25.0	26.4	23.4
France	145	80	65	2.8	3.2	2.5
Germany	95	40	55	1.9	1.6	2.1
Ireland⁹⁶	195	130	65	3.8	5.2	2.5
Italy	35	10	30	0.7	0.4	1.2
Russian Federation	95	25	70	1.9	1.0	2.7
Ukraine	40	10	30	0.8	0.4	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	440	265	175	8.6	10.5	6.8
Other places of birth in Europe	230	110	120	4.5	4.4	4.6
Africa	235	140	95	4.6	5.6	3.7
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Eritrea	20	10	0	0.4	0.4	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	40	10	30	0.8	0.4	1.2
Sudan⁹⁷	30	15	15	0.6	0.6	0.6
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	65	35	30	1.3	1.4	1.2
Asia	2,135	945	1,195	41.8	37.6	46.1
Afghanistan	30	15	10	0.6	0.6	0.4
Bangladesh	25	10	15	0.5	0.4	0.6
China⁹⁰	350	125	225	6.9	5.0	8.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	30	20	10	0.6	0.8	0.4
India	260	160	100	5.1	6.4	3.9
Iran⁸⁸	60	25	35	1.2	1.0	1.4
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	125	35	95	2.4	1.4	3.7
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	130	45	90	2.5	1.8	3.5
Lebanon	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	30	20	10	0.6	0.8	0.4
Philippines	385	165	225	7.5	6.6	8.7
Saudi Arabia	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	55	15	35	1.1	0.6	1.4
Syria⁸⁹	275	120	160	5.4	4.8	6.2
Turkey	40	25	10	0.8	1.0	0.4
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	115	50	70	2.3	2.0	2.7
Other places of birth in Asia	190	95	90	3.7	3.8	3.5
Oceania and other⁹³	275	170	110	5.4	6.8	4.2
Australia	195	120	70	3.8	4.8	2.7
Other places of birth⁹⁸	85	45	35	1.7	1.8	1.4
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	113,805	56,745	57,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	44,665	21,125	23,540	39.2	37.2	41.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	30,100	15,305	14,785	26.4	27.0	25.9
Third generation or more¹⁰²	39,050	20,310	18,735	34.3	35.8	32.8
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	31,270	14,545	16,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	15,005	7,205	7,795	48.0	49.5	46.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,475	3,910	3,565	23.9	26.9	21.3
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	7,525	3,290	4,235	24.1	22.6	25.3
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	11,635	4,795	6,830	37.2	33.0	40.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,055	2,270	1,785	13.0	15.6	10.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	575	270	310	1.8	1.9	1.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	31,270	14,545	16,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,245	735	505	4.0	5.1	3.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,110	2,295	2,815	16.3	15.8	16.8
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	900	440	465	2.9	3.0	2.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,245	1,020	1,225	7.2	7.0	7.3
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	100	70	25	0.3	0.5	0.1
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	21,670	9,990	11,685	69.3	68.7	69.9
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	113,805	56,745	57,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	49,250	23,215	26,035	43.3	40.9	45.6
South Asian	3,850	1,885	1,965	3.4	3.3	3.4
Chinese	22,790	10,620	12,165	20.0	18.7	21.3
Black	2,165	1,150	1,015	1.9	2.0	1.8
Filipino	5,170	2,165	3,005	4.5	3.8	5.3
Arab	765	380	385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Latin American	3,330	1,820	1,510	2.9	3.2	2.6
Southeast Asian	4,100	1,975	2,125	3.6	3.5	3.7
West Asian	945	500	445	0.8	0.9	0.8
Korean	1,150	455	695	1.0	0.8	1.2
Japanese	1,660	645	1,015	1.5	1.1	1.8
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	610	330	280	0.5	0.6	0.5
Multiple visible minorities	2,710	1,290	1,420	2.4	2.3	2.5
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	64,560	33,530	31,030	56.7	59.1	54.4
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	113,810	56,745	57,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	6,870	3,720	3,145	6.0	6.6	5.5
English	18,395	9,440	8,950	16.2	16.6	15.7
Irish	14,735	7,470	7,270	12.9	13.2	12.7
Scottish	16,345	8,315	8,025	14.4	14.7	14.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	7,285	3,715	3,570	6.4	6.5	6.3
German	10,445	4,885	5,555	9.2	8.6	9.7
Chinese	23,115	10,765	12,355	20.3	19.0	21.7
Italian	5,965	2,865	3,100	5.2	5.0	5.4
Indian (India)	2,325	1,125	1,195	2.0	2.0	2.1
Ukrainian	4,460	2,110	2,350	3.9	3.7	4.1
Dutch	3,140	1,675	1,465	2.8	3.0	2.6
Polish	3,320	1,530	1,785	2.9	2.7	3.1
Québécois	210	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	4,625	2,265	2,360	4.1	4.0	4.1
Filipino	5,630	2,380	3,245	4.9	4.2	5.7
French Canadian	935	470	465	0.8	0.8	0.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,210	1,190	1,025	1.9	2.1	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,280	1,105	1,175	2.0	1.9	2.1
Métis	1,170	575	595	1.0	1.0	1.0
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,760	1,440	1,320	2.4	2.5	2.3
Russian	2,705	1,255	1,455	2.4	2.2	2.5
Norwegian	2,385	1,195	1,190	2.1	2.1	2.1
Welsh	2,200	1,085	1,115	1.9	1.9	2.0
Portuguese	1,330	655	670	1.2	1.2	1.2
American	1,485	755	740	1.3	1.3	1.3
Spanish	1,975	1,010	960	1.7	1.8	1.7
Swedish	2,005	960	1,045	1.8	1.7	1.8
Hungarian	1,200	610	585	1.1	1.1	1.0
Acadian	310	135	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Pakistani	295	185	115	0.3	0.3	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	630	315	320	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jewish	1,920	1,000	915	1.7	1.8	1.6
Punjabi	315	150	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Vietnamese	3,780	1,820	1,965	3.3	3.2	3.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	290	185	105	0.3	0.3	0.2
Greek	780	415	365	0.7	0.7	0.6
Jamaican	360	205	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,495	740	750	1.3	1.3	1.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	600	285	320	0.5	0.5	0.6
Korean	1,220	500	720	1.1	0.9	1.3
Romanian	610	295	315	0.5	0.5	0.6
Lebanese	235	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	720	380	340	0.6	0.7	0.6
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	265	130	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	1,055	460	595	0.9	0.8	1.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	810	395	420	0.7	0.7	0.7
Sikh	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	895	455	435	0.8	0.8	0.8
Belgian	495	245	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hindu	255	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexican	1,405	700	705	1.2	1.2	1.2
Mennonite	565	290	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Swiss	635	275	360	0.6	0.5	0.6
Finnish	750	380	370	0.7	0.7	0.6
Sri Lankan	265	100	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Croatian	840	410	425	0.7	0.7	0.7
Japanese	1,995	790	1,205	1.8	1.4	2.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	250	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	640	325	310	0.6	0.6	0.5
Muslim	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	170	90	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	530	305	225	0.5	0.5	0.4
Tamil	100	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	605	285	320	0.5	0.5	0.6
Colombian	320	180	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Moroccan	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	555	245	310	0.5	0.4	0.5
Syrian	275	105	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Guyanese	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	160	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	170	105	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbian	380	170	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Ojibway	165	100	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Newfoundlander	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	830	350	480	0.7	0.6	0.8
Ontarian	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	335	175	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkish	410	215	195	0.4	0.4	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	230	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algerian	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Brazilian	490	235	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigerian	100	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	125	80	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	305	165	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	400	165	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Somali	55	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Taiwanese	510	240	270	0.4	0.4	0.5
Iraqi	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Salvadorean	275	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	365	145	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	170	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	95	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	220	85	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
South African	290	125	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Australian	530	270	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Palestinian	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	305	170	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Congolese	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nova Scotian	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	270	115	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Peruvian	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	60	50	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovenian	150	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	320	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Brunswicker	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	50	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Eritrean	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
African Canadian	60	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Israeli	130	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	165	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ghanaian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
African American	235	140	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	195	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	85	65	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bosnian	140	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cameroonian	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	325	150	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Laotian	80	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	90	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	275	140	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Columbian	255	155	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ecuadorian	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	115	40	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	150	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	215	120	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	255	100	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	70	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	190	70	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Dominican	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
New Zealander	305	175	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Sudanese	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	260	110	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Plains Cree	50	45	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Buddhist	160	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	90	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	55	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Azorean	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	50	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yemeni	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uruguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Costa Rican	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	155	90	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	113,805	56,750	57,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	4,615	1,865	2,745	4.1	3.3	4.8
Christian	29,880	14,045	15,830	26.3	24.7	27.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	6,665	3,055	3,605	5.9	5.4	6.3
Anabaptist	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Anglican	1,535	795	745	1.3	1.4	1.3
Baptist	700	305	395	0.6	0.5	0.7
Catholic	15,660	7,480	8,175	13.8	13.2	14.3
Christian Orthodox	1,035	490	540	0.9	0.9	0.9
Jehovah's Witness	315	155	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latter Day Saints	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	440	200	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	570	270	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Presbyterian	230	85	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Reformed	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Church	980	375	605	0.9	0.7	1.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,300	625	675	1.1	1.1	1.2
Hindu	1,000	460	540	0.9	0.8	0.9
Jewish	1,335	640	690	1.2	1.1	1.2
Muslim	2,375	1,185	1,190	2.1	2.1	2.1
Sikh	610	290	325	0.5	0.5	0.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	255	110	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,710	755	950	1.5	1.3	1.7
No religion and secular perspectives	72,030	37,395	34,635	63.3	65.9	60.7
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	112,815	56,260	56,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	93,585	46,895	46,690	83.0	83.4	82.5
Movers	19,235	9,365	9,870	17.1	16.6	17.5
Non-migrants	13,630	6,560	7,075	12.1	11.7	12.5
Migrants	5,600	2,810	2,795	5.0	5.0	4.9
Internal migrants	4,085	2,030	2,055	3.6	3.6	3.6
Intraprovincial migrants	2,725	1,355	1,370	2.4	2.4	2.4
Interprovincial migrants	1,360	675	690	1.2	1.2	1.2
External migrants	1,520	780	740	1.3	1.4	1.3
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	109,520	54,665	54,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	60,565	30,015	30,555	55.3	54.9	55.7
Movers	48,955	24,650	24,305	44.7	45.1	44.3
Non-migrants	26,175	13,235	12,940	23.9	24.2	23.6
Migrants	22,785	11,415	11,365	20.8	20.9	20.7
Internal migrants	15,325	7,640	7,685	14.0	14.0	14.0
Intraprovincial migrants	10,060	4,965	5,100	9.2	9.1	9.3
Interprovincial migrants	5,260	2,675	2,590	4.8	4.9	4.7
External migrants	7,460	3,780	3,680	6.8	6.9	6.7
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	101,475	50,480	50,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	15,330	7,735	7,595	15.1	15.3	14.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	86,145	42,745	43,400	84.9	84.7	85.1
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	75,000	37,465	37,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,660	3,700	2,960	8.9	9.9	7.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	68,345	33,765	34,585	91.1	90.1	92.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	101,475	50,475	51,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	14,045	6,980	7,065	13.8	13.8	13.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	25,005	13,580	11,430	24.6	26.9	22.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	62,420	29,920	32,500	61.5	59.3	63.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	23,505	12,095	11,415	23.2	24.0	22.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,360	3,635	1,725	5.3	7.2	3.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,810	1,570	1,240	2.8	3.1	2.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,545	2,065	480	2.5	4.1	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,795	6,980	7,815	14.6	13.8	15.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,355	1,480	1,875	3.3	2.9	3.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	38,915	17,825	21,095	38.3	35.3	41.4
Bachelor's degree	25,480	11,975	13,505	25.1	23.7	26.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,485	1,030	1,455	2.4	2.0	2.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	695	325	370	0.7	0.6	0.7
Master's degree	8,860	3,725	5,130	8.7	7.4	10.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,395	765	635	1.4	1.5	1.2
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	75,005	37,460	37,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,815	3,225	2,585	7.8	8.6	6.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	15,915	8,975	6,940	21.2	24.0	18.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	53,265	25,260	28,010	71.0	67.4	74.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,710	9,550	9,160	24.9	25.5	24.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,105	2,705	1,405	5.5	7.2	3.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,175	1,150	1,025	2.9	3.1	2.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,930	1,555	380	2.6	4.2	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,040	5,735	6,305	16.1	15.3	16.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,560	1,110	1,450	3.4	3.0	3.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	34,555	15,705	18,855	46.1	41.9	50.2
Bachelor's degree	22,520	10,545	11,975	30.0	28.2	31.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,175	900	1,275	2.9	2.4	3.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	620	270	350	0.8	0.7	0.9
Master's degree	8,030	3,330	4,705	10.7	8.9	12.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,205	660	550	1.6	1.8	1.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	101,475	50,480	50,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	39,055	20,555	18,490	38.5	40.7	36.3
Education	2,915	815	2,100	2.9	1.6	4.1
13. Education	2,915	815	2,100	2.9	1.6	4.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,765	3,775	3,985	7.7	7.5	7.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	835	595	240	0.8	1.2	0.5
50. Visual and performing arts	6,930	3,180	3,745	6.8	6.3	7.3
Humanities	4,715	1,975	2,735	4.6	3.9	5.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	470	125	345	0.5	0.2	0.7
23. English language and literature/letters	1,645	580	1,065	1.6	1.1	2.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,175	485	690	1.2	1.0	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	385	215	165	0.4	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	275	155	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	585	350	235	0.6	0.7	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	80	20	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	10,440	4,100	6,340	10.3	8.1	12.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	325	75	250	0.3	0.1	0.5
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,925	770	1,150	1.9	1.5	2.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	790	105	690	0.8	0.2	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	1,520	735	785	1.5	1.5	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	360	140	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
42. Psychology	1,735	510	1,220	1.7	1.0	2.4
45. Social sciences	3,785	1,765	2,015	3.7	3.5	4.0
Business, management and public administration	11,085	4,820	6,270	10.9	9.5	12.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	895	235	660	0.9	0.5	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,175	4,575	5,600	10.0	9.1	11.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,060	1,540	1,520	3.0	3.1	3.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,435	615	820	1.4	1.2	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	650	275	375	0.6	0.5	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	75	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	820	580	240	0.8	1.1	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,955	2,065	885	2.9	4.1	1.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,240	1,765	470	2.2	3.5	0.9
25. Library science	280	45	235	0.3	0.1	0.5
27. Mathematics and statistics	345	205	135	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,720	7,245	1,480	8.6	14.4	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	1,190	665	525	1.2	1.3	1.0
14. Engineering	2,955	2,365	585	2.9	4.7	1.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,480	1,305	170	1.5	2.6	0.3
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,600	1,500	105	1.6	3.0	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	905	865	40	0.9	1.7	0.1
48. Precision production	590	545	50	0.6	1.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,260	600	660	1.2	1.2	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	635	305	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	630	295	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Health and related fields	6,665	1,650	5,015	6.6	3.3	9.8
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	720	375	350	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,665	1,135	4,535	5.6	2.2	8.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	250	135	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,805	1,330	1,480	2.8	2.6	2.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,260	910	1,350	2.2	1.8	2.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	240	155	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	300	260	40	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	75,000	37,460	37,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	21,735	12,205	9,530	29.0	32.6	25.4
Education	2,290	670	1,625	3.1	1.8	4.3
13. Education	2,290	670	1,625	3.1	1.8	4.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,940	3,370	3,570	9.3	9.0	9.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	720	525	195	1.0	1.4	0.5
50. Visual and performing arts	6,220	2,845	3,380	8.3	7.6	9.0
Humanities	3,970	1,655	2,310	5.3	4.4	6.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	340	85	255	0.5	0.2	0.7
23. English language and literature/letters	1,410	500	910	1.9	1.3	2.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,025	420	605	1.4	1.1	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	320	175	145	0.4	0.5	0.4
39. Theology and religious vocations	210	120	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
54. History	500	300	200	0.7	0.8	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	70	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,160	3,470	5,690	12.2	9.3	15.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	285	65	220	0.4	0.2	0.6
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,795	705	1,090	2.4	1.9	2.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	605	65	540	0.8	0.2	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	1,385	660	730	1.8	1.8	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	325	115	205	0.4	0.3	0.5
42. Psychology	1,550	420	1,130	2.1	1.1	3.0
45. Social sciences	3,215	1,435	1,780	4.3	3.8	4.7
Business, management and public administration	9,630	4,145	5,485	12.8	11.1	14.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	775	195	580	1.0	0.5	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,840	3,945	4,895	11.8	10.5	13.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,640	1,350	1,285	3.5	3.6	3.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,265	540	730	1.7	1.4	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	540	245	295	0.7	0.7	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	70	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	705	510	200	0.9	1.4	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,560	1,840	720	3.4	4.9	1.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,985	1,580	400	2.6	4.2	1.1
25. Library science	205	45	160	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	285	170	115	0.4	0.5	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,100	5,785	1,310	9.5	15.4	3.5
04. Architecture and related services	1,070	585	485	1.4	1.6	1.3
14. Engineering	2,535	2,025	510	3.4	5.4	1.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,220	1,075	145	1.6	2.9	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,275	1,185	90	1.7	3.2	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	645	605	40	0.9	1.6	0.1
48. Precision production	350	310	35	0.5	0.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,080	495	590	1.4	1.3	1.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	535	245	290	0.7	0.7	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	550	250	300	0.7	0.7	0.8
Health and related fields	5,560	1,420	4,135	7.4	3.8	11.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	615	330	280	0.8	0.9	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,715	975	3,735	6.3	2.6	9.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	210	110	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,305	1,055	1,255	3.1	2.8	3.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,855	735	1,120	2.5	2.0	3.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	215	125	90	0.3	0.3	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	230	195	40	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	75,000	37,460	37,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	21,735	12,205	9,530	29.0	32.6	25.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	53,270	25,255	28,010	71.0	67.4	74.6
Location of study inside Canada	41,330	19,630	21,705	55.1	52.4	57.8
Same as province or territory of residence	31,235	14,630	16,610	41.6	39.1	44.2
Different than province or territory of residence	10,090	5,000	5,095	13.5	13.3	13.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	11,940	5,630	6,305	15.9	15.0	16.8
Americas	3,310	1,670	1,640	4.4	4.5	4.4
United States of America	1,990	1,040	955	2.7	2.8	2.5
Mexico	585	315	270	0.8	0.8	0.7
Cuba	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	400	185	215	0.5	0.5	0.6
Colombia	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	195	70	125	0.3	0.2	0.3
Europe	3,775	1,945	1,835	5.0	5.2	4.9
Belgium	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	360	210	150	0.5	0.6	0.4
Germany	190	70	120	0.3	0.2	0.3
Netherlands	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	40	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungary	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Russian Federation	150	60	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	430	245	190	0.6	0.7	0.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,695	910	785	2.3	2.4	2.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	385	175	205	0.5	0.5	0.5
Africa	235	130	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigeria	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	110	60	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	3,875	1,490	2,385	5.2	4.0	6.4
Iran⁸⁸	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iraq	25	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Israel	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Turkey	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	680	285	400	0.9	0.8	1.1
Taiwan	75	10	65	0.1	0.0	0.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	130	70	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Japan	335	115	225	0.4	0.3	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	265	60	205	0.4	0.2	0.5
Philippines	1,295	430	875	1.7	1.1	2.3
Viet Nam	125	45	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bangladesh	70	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	285	155	130	0.4	0.4	0.3
Pakistan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	245	130	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Oceania	745	395	345	1.0	1.1	0.9
Australia	525	275	255	0.7	0.7	0.7
New Zealand	215	120	90	0.3	0.3	0.2
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	101,475	50,475	51,000	...	...	...
In the labour force	71,755	36,650	35,110	...	...	...
Employed	64,760	32,990	31,770	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,990	3,655	3,340	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	29,720	13,835	15,890	...	...	...
Participation rate	70.7	72.6	68.8	70.7	72.6	68.8
Employment rate	63.8	65.4	62.3	63.8	65.4	62.3
Unemployment rate	9.7	10.0	9.5	9.7	10.0	9.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	101,475	50,480	50,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	30,820	14,645	16,170	30.4	29.0	31.7
Worked	70,655	35,835	34,825	69.6	71.0	68.3
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	35,685	19,370	16,315	35.2	38.4	32.0
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	34,965	16,455	18,510	34.5	32.6	36.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.5	41.2	39.8	40.5	41.2	39.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	71,750	36,645	35,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,345	740	605	1.9	2.0	1.7
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	70,410	35,905	34,500	98.1	98.0	98.3
Employee	58,215	29,030	29,185	81.1	79.2	83.1
Permanent position	47,610	24,065	23,545	66.4	65.7	67.1
Temporary position	10,605	4,965	5,640	14.8	13.5	16.1
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,820	1,745	2,075	5.3	4.8	5.9
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,785	3,215	3,570	9.5	8.8	10.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	12,195	6,875	5,315	17.0	18.8	15.1
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	71,750	36,645	35,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,345	740	605	1.9	2.0	1.7
All occupations¹⁹¹	70,410	35,905	34,500	98.1	98.0	98.3
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	915	580	340	1.3	1.6	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,815	4,310	7,505	16.5	11.8	21.4
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,335	5,275	2,060	10.2	14.4	5.9
3 Health occupations	4,485	1,030	3,455	6.3	2.8	9.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	10,070	3,510	6,560	14.0	9.6	18.7
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	8,120	4,355	3,765	11.3	11.9	10.7
6 Sales and service occupations	17,035	8,200	8,835	23.7	22.4	25.2
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,905	6,990	915	11.0	19.1	2.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	875	630	245	1.2	1.7	0.7
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,855	1,030	825	2.6	2.8	2.3
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	71,750	36,645	35,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,345	740	605	1.9	2.0	1.7
All industries¹⁹¹	70,410	35,905	34,500	98.1	98.0	98.3
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	395	235	160	0.6	0.6	0.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	170	105	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
22 Utilities	240	150	90	0.3	0.4	0.3
23 Construction	4,410	3,780	625	6.1	10.3	1.8
31-33 Manufacturing	3,145	1,905	1,240	4.4	5.2	3.5
41 Wholesale trade	1,835	1,160	675	2.6	3.2	1.9
44-45 Retail trade	6,810	3,400	3,410	9.5	9.3	9.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,150	1,550	595	3.0	4.2	1.7
51 Information and cultural industries	5,325	3,145	2,185	7.4	8.6	6.2
52 Finance and insurance	2,255	1,120	1,135	3.1	3.1	3.2
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,540	820	725	2.1	2.2	2.1
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	9,950	5,640	4,310	13.9	15.4	12.3
55 Management of companies and enterprises	135	45	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,735	1,685	1,050	3.8	4.6	3.0
61 Educational services	6,105	2,425	3,680	8.5	6.6	10.5
62 Health care and social assistance	8,235	1,930	6,305	11.5	5.3	18.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,680	1,320	1,360	3.7	3.6	3.9
72 Accommodation and food services	5,870	2,920	2,945	8.2	8.0	8.4
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,480	1,225	2,255	4.9	3.3	6.4
91 Public administration	2,935	1,350	1,590	4.1	3.7	4.5
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	75,950	38,610	37,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	69,405	35,530	33,870	91.4	92.0	90.7
French	120	30	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	1,775	870	905	2.3	2.3	2.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,770	865	905	2.3	2.2	2.4
English and French	910	370	540	1.2	1.0	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	3,430	1,615	1,820	4.5	4.2	4.9
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	125	70	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	190	125	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	75,950	38,610	37,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	75,230	38,300	36,935	99.1	99.2	98.9
Official languages	72,545	36,925	35,620	95.5	95.6	95.4
English	72,275	36,840	35,435	95.2	95.4	94.9
French	275	85	185	0.4	0.2	0.5
Non-official languages	2,685	1,370	1,310	3.5	3.5	3.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,680	1,365	1,310	3.5	3.5	3.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	155	55	95	0.2	0.1	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	145	55	95	0.2	0.1	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	35	35	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	180	110	70	0.2	0.3	0.2
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	25	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	125	75	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	130	85	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Korean	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,075	1,045	1,030	2.7	2.7	2.8
Chinese languages	2,075	1,045	1,030	2.7	2.7	2.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	305	165	135	0.4	0.4	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,770	875	895	2.3	2.3	2.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	725	315	410	1.0	0.8	1.1
English and French	100	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	600	265	335	0.8	0.7	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	75,950	38,610	37,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	71,890	36,690	35,195	94.7	95.0	94.3
English	695	335	360	0.9	0.9	1.0
French	675	285	385	0.9	0.7	1.0
Non-official language	2,055	960	1,095	2.7	2.5	2.9
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,040	955	1,090	2.7	2.5	2.9
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	200	105	90	0.3	0.3	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	105	65	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	345	170	180	0.5	0.4	0.5
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	64,760	32,990	31,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	21,345	10,555	10,785	33.0	32.0	33.9
Worked outside Canada	175	110	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
No fixed workplace address	8,360	5,865	2,490	12.9	17.8	7.8
Usual place of work	34,885	16,460	18,425	53.9	49.9	58.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	34,885	16,460	18,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	24,025	10,380	13,640	68.9	63.1	74.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	10,445	5,855	4,585	29.9	35.6	24.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	325	155	170	0.9	0.9	0.9
Commute to a different province or territory	85	65	20	0.2	0.4	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	43,245	22,325	20,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	23,180	12,965	10,215	53.6	58.1	48.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	21,150	12,340	8,810	48.9	55.3	42.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,030	625	1,400	4.7	2.8	6.7
Public transit	9,755	4,140	5,620	22.6	18.5	26.9
Walked	5,380	2,485	2,895	12.4	11.1	13.8
Bicycle	3,735	2,110	1,625	8.6	9.5	7.8
Other method	1,190	625	565	2.8	2.8	2.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	43,245	22,325	20,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	9,040	4,605	4,440	20.9	20.6	21.2
15 to 29 minutes	16,935	8,515	8,415	39.2	38.1	40.2
30 to 44 minutes	11,560	6,190	5,375	26.7	27.7	25.7
45 to 59 minutes	3,250	1,635	1,610	7.5	7.3	7.7
60 minutes and over	2,460	1,385	1,075	5.7	6.2	5.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	43,245	22,325	20,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,815	1,265	545	4.2	5.7	2.6
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,060	3,805	2,260	14.0	17.0	10.8
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,810	5,095	4,715	22.7	22.8	22.5
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	10,975	4,925	6,055	25.4	22.1	29.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	8,725	4,070	4,655	20.2	18.2	22.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,850	3,165	2,685	13.5	14.2	12.8
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	14,850	7,585	7,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,205	615	585	8.1	8.1	8.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,645	6,965	6,680	91.9	91.8	91.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	10,130	5,215	4,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	825	420	400	8.1	8.1	8.1
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	495	250	245	4.9	4.8	5.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	330	175	155	3.3	3.4	3.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,310	4,795	4,520	91.9	91.9	92.0

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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