Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Vancouver CentreMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	126,995	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	116,443	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	9.1	...	...	9.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	82,461	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	75,486	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	11,334.2	...	...	11,334.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	11.20	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	126,995	65,125	61,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	8,515	4,390	4,125	6.7	6.7	6.7
0 to 4 years	3,865	1,960	1,905	3.0	3.0	3.1
5 to 9 years	2,640	1,355	1,290	2.1	2.1	2.1
10 to 14 years	2,005	1,070	935	1.6	1.6	1.5
15 to 64 years	99,485	51,395	48,090	78.3	78.9	77.7
15 to 19 years	1,990	985	1,005	1.6	1.5	1.6
20 to 24 years	6,580	3,000	3,580	5.2	4.6	5.8
25 to 29 years	16,600	7,875	8,730	13.1	12.1	14.1
30 to 34 years	19,375	9,920	9,455	15.3	15.2	15.3
35 to 39 years	15,025	8,065	6,960	11.8	12.4	11.2
40 to 44 years	10,025	5,435	4,585	7.9	8.3	7.4
45 to 49 years	7,690	4,220	3,475	6.1	6.5	5.6
50 to 54 years	7,665	4,090	3,575	6.0	6.3	5.8
55 to 59 years	7,630	4,180	3,455	6.0	6.4	5.6
60 to 64 years	6,910	3,630	3,275	5.4	5.6	5.3
65 years and over	18,995	9,345	9,655	15.0	14.3	15.6
65 to 69 years	6,260	3,120	3,135	4.9	4.8	5.1
70 to 74 years	5,475	2,695	2,785	4.3	4.1	4.5
75 to 79 years	3,535	1,765	1,765	2.8	2.7	2.9
80 to 84 years	2,135	1,065	1,070	1.7	1.6	1.7
85 years and over	1,590	700	900	1.3	1.1	1.5
85 to 89 years	1,035	460	580	0.8	0.7	0.9
90 to 94 years	435	195	240	0.3	0.3	0.4
95 to 99 years	115	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
100 years and over	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.7
15 to 64 years	78.3	78.9	77.7	78.3	78.9	77.7
65 years and over	15.0	14.3	15.6	15.0	14.3	15.6
85 years and over	1.3	1.1	1.5	1.3	1.1	1.5
Average age of the population	42.2	42.4	42.0	42.2	42.4	42.0
Median age of the population	38.4	38.8	37.6	38.4	38.8	37.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	75,485	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	185	...	...	0.2	...	...
Semi-detached house	325	...	...	0.4	...	...
Row house	1,385	...	...	1.8	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	175	...	...	0.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	10,525	...	...	13.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	62,845	...	...	83.3	...	...
Other single-attached house	30	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	75,485	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	39,550	...	...	52.4	...	...
2 persons	27,045	...	...	35.8	...	...
3 persons	5,680	...	...	7.5	...	...
4 persons	2,435	...	...	3.2	...	...
5 or more persons	770	...	...	1.0	...	...
Number of persons in private households	124,515	63,395	61,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	118,480	60,740	57,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	57,470	30,070	27,400	48.5	49.5	47.4
Married	37,630	19,285	18,340	31.8	31.8	31.8
Living common-law	19,840	10,785	9,055	16.7	17.8	15.7
Living common law - Never married	17,430	9,490	7,940	14.7	15.6	13.8
Living common law - Separated	245	150	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	2,040	1,085	960	1.7	1.8	1.7
Living common law - Widowed	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	61,015	30,665	30,350	51.5	50.5	52.6
Not married and not living common law - Never married	45,720	24,775	20,950	38.6	40.8	36.3
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,930	1,420	1,515	2.5	2.3	2.6
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	9,315	3,760	5,550	7.9	6.2	9.6
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,045	705	2,335	2.6	1.2	4.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	30,645	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	23,235	...	...	75.8	...	...
3 persons	4,740	...	...	15.5	...	...
4 persons	2,190	...	...	7.1	...	...
5 or more persons	475	...	...	1.6	...	...
Average size of census families	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.4	...	...	1.4	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	30,640	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	27,545	...	...	89.9	...	...
Married couples	17,630	...	...	57.5	...	...
With children⁶	5,950	...	...	19.4	...	...
Without children	11,680	...	...	38.1	...	...
Common-law couples	9,920	...	...	32.4	...	...
With children⁶	810	...	...	2.6	...	...
Without children	9,110	...	...	29.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	3,095	...	...	10.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	2,495	...	...	8.1	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	600	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	124,515	63,400	61,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	71,910	36,600	35,310	57.8	57.7	57.8
Married spouses or common-law partners	55,095	28,940	26,160	44.2	45.6	42.8
Parents in one-parent families	3,095	600	2,495	2.5	0.9	4.1
Children⁶	13,715	7,065	6,650	11.0	11.1	10.9
In a two-parent family	9,885	5,070	4,815	7.9	8.0	7.9
In a one-parent family	3,830	1,990	1,835	3.1	3.1	3.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	52,610	26,800	25,810	42.3	42.3	42.2
Living alone	39,550	19,985	19,565	31.8	31.5	32.0
Living with other relatives⁷	2,310	1,005	1,300	1.9	1.6	2.1
Living with non-relatives only	10,750	5,810	4,940	8.6	9.2	8.1
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	75,485	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	29,225	...	...	38.7	...	...
Couple-family households	26,410	...	...	35.0	...	...
With children⁶	6,415	...	...	8.5	...	...
Without children	19,990	...	...	26.5	...	...
One-parent-family households	2,815	...	...	3.7	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	300	...	...	0.4	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	110	...	...	0.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	740	...	...	1.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,565	...	...	7.4	...	...
One-person households	39,550	...	...	52.4	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	116,020	59,020	57,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	113,470	57,905	55,565	97.8	98.1	97.5
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,600	55,600	44,800	49,600	55,600	44,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	113,520	57,925	55,590	97.8	98.1	97.5
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	48,400	40,400	44,000	48,400	40,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	103,805	53,055	50,750	89.5	89.9	89.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,400	56,000	42,000	48,400	56,000	42,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	87,640	45,715	41,930	75.5	77.5	73.6
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,000	56,800	43,200	50,000	56,800	43,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,475	41,755	44,730	74.5	70.7	78.5
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,350	7,250	7,400	7,350	7,250	7,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,635	4,685	4,950	8.3	7.9	8.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,440	5,480	5,480	5,440	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	33,045	16,450	16,595	28.5	27.9	29.1
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	116,120	58,965	57,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	113,680	57,935	55,750	97.9	98.3	97.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	70,300	81,700	58,350	70,300	81,700	58,350
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	113,755	57,965	55,790	98.0	98.3	97.6
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,650	62,900	48,120	55,650	62,900	48,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	104,030	53,190	50,845	89.6	90.2	89.0
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	69,100	81,800	55,750	69,100	81,800	55,750
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,665	45,825	41,840	75.5	77.7	73.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	66,800	78,000	54,500	66,800	78,000	54,500
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,610	41,605	45,005	74.6	70.6	78.7
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,260	9,190	9,320	9,260	9,190	9,320
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,575	4,600	4,975	8.2	7.8	8.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,360	5,975	6,720	6,360	5,975	6,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	33,050	16,425	16,625	28.5	27.9	29.1
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,790	9,840	9,740	9,790	9,840	9,740
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	116,120	58,970	57,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	44,715	25,290	19,425	38.5	42.9	34.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	76,500	83,000	69,000	76,500	83,000	69,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	96,500	108,500	80,900	96,500	108,500	80,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	34,460	16,310	18,155	29.7	27.7	31.8
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,000	25,200	21,400	23,000	25,200	21,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	37,680	42,720	33,120	37,680	42,720	33,120
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	90.0	92.0	87.2	90.0	92.0	87.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	73.4	75.6	70.0	73.4	75.6	70.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	10.0	8.1	12.9	10.0	8.1	12.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.6	1.0	0.8	0.6	1.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.7	3.9	5.9	4.7	3.9	5.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.1	3.4	5.0	4.1	3.4	5.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	116,025	59,025	57,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	2,555	1,120	1,430	2.2	1.9	2.5
With total income	113,465	57,900	55,570	97.8	98.1	97.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,205	4,610	5,600	9.0	8.0	10.1
$10,000 to $19,999	9,750	4,675	5,075	8.6	8.1	9.1
$20,000 to $29,999	14,460	6,740	7,725	12.7	11.6	13.9
$30,000 to $39,999	12,345	5,730	6,615	10.9	9.9	11.9
$40,000 to $49,999	10,535	4,825	5,710	9.3	8.3	10.3
$50,000 to $59,999	9,345	4,355	4,995	8.2	7.5	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	7,950	3,860	4,085	7.0	6.7	7.4
$70,000 to $79,999	7,060	3,695	3,365	6.2	6.4	6.1
$80,000 to $89,999	5,760	3,040	2,720	5.1	5.3	4.9
$90,000 to $99,999	4,740	2,580	2,160	4.2	4.5	3.9
$100,000 and over	21,320	13,790	7,535	18.8	23.8	13.6
$100,000 to $149,999	12,085	7,360	4,720	10.7	12.7	8.5
$150,000 and over	9,235	6,430	2,810	8.1	11.1	5.1
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	116,025	59,025	57,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	2,505	1,095	1,410	2.2	1.9	2.5
With after-tax income	113,520	57,930	55,595	97.8	98.1	97.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,770	4,905	5,860	9.5	8.5	10.5
$10,000 to $19,999	10,165	4,875	5,290	9.0	8.4	9.5
$20,000 to $29,999	16,485	7,690	8,795	14.5	13.3	15.8
$30,000 to $39,999	14,330	6,645	7,680	12.6	11.5	13.8
$40,000 to $49,999	12,560	5,825	6,735	11.1	10.1	12.1
$50,000 to $59,999	10,740	5,170	5,570	9.5	8.9	10.0
$60,000 to $69,999	8,875	4,655	4,220	7.8	8.0	7.6
$70,000 to $79,999	6,995	3,800	3,195	6.2	6.6	5.7
$80,000 to $89,999	5,375	3,020	2,355	4.7	5.2	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	3,835	2,305	1,530	3.4	4.0	2.8
$100,000 and over	13,390	9,030	4,360	11.8	15.6	7.8
$100,000 to $124,999	5,895	3,795	2,100	5.2	6.6	3.8
$125,000 and over	7,495	5,240	2,260	6.6	9.0	4.1
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	116,025	59,025	57,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	28,380	13,310	15,075	24.5	22.5	26.4
With employment income	87,640	45,710	41,925	75.5	77.4	73.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,165	4,405	4,760	10.5	9.6	11.4
$5,000 to $9,999	5,780	2,685	3,095	6.6	5.9	7.4
$10,000 to $19,999	9,165	4,180	4,985	10.5	9.1	11.9
$20,000 to $29,999	6,925	3,305	3,615	7.9	7.2	8.6
$30,000 to $39,999	6,215	2,920	3,295	7.1	6.4	7.9
$40,000 to $49,999	6,575	3,055	3,515	7.5	6.7	8.4
$50,000 to $59,999	6,855	3,220	3,635	7.8	7.0	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	6,035	3,020	3,010	6.9	6.6	7.2
$70,000 to $79,999	5,425	2,925	2,500	6.2	6.4	6.0
$80,000 to $89,999	4,670	2,530	2,140	5.3	5.5	5.1
$90,000 to $99,999	3,955	2,210	1,745	4.5	4.8	4.2
$100,000 and over	16,880	11,255	5,625	19.3	24.6	13.4
$100,000 to $124,999	6,455	3,920	2,540	7.4	8.6	6.1
$125,000 and over	10,425	7,340	3,085	11.9	16.1	7.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	116,020	59,020	57,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	109,290	55,660	53,630	94.2	94.3	94.1
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,400	52,400	41,200	46,400	52,400	41,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	109,550	55,735	53,815	94.4	94.4	94.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	45,200	36,800	40,800	45,200	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	101,335	51,715	49,625	87.3	87.6	87.1
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,600	54,400	41,600	47,600	54,400	41,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	86,350	44,785	41,565	74.4	75.9	72.9
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,000	54,800	42,000	48,000	54,800	42,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	65,285	30,600	34,690	56.3	51.8	60.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	970	870	1,100	970	870	1,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,360	2,060	2,300	3.8	3.5	4.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	4,960	6,400	5,640	4,960	6,400
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	116,120	58,965	57,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	109,350	55,580	53,770	94.2	94.3	94.1
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	68,500	80,500	56,200	68,500	80,500	56,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	109,565	55,625	53,945	94.4	94.3	94.4
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,800	61,700	45,640	53,800	61,700	45,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	101,265	51,660	49,605	87.2	87.6	86.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	70,400	83,300	56,850	70,400	83,300	56,850
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,460	44,840	41,620	74.5	76.0	72.8
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	64,600	76,400	51,800	64,600	76,400	51,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	65,455	30,575	34,875	56.4	51.9	61.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,630	5,490	5,750	5,630	5,490	5,750
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,345	2,045	2,295	3.7	3.5	4.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,230	6,220	8,140	7,230	6,220	8,140
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	116,120	58,970	57,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	43,415	24,560	18,855	37.4	41.6	33.0
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,500	75,500	61,600	68,500	75,500	61,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	87,100	98,400	72,400	87,100	98,400	72,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	31,915	15,065	16,850	27.5	25.5	29.5
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,400	33,200	28,000	30,400	33,200	28,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	45,800	54,050	38,400	45,800	54,050	38,400
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	95.0	96.2	93.4	95.0	96.2	93.4
Employment income (%)	74.4	76.6	71.4	74.4	76.6	71.4
Government transfers (%)	4.9	3.8	6.6	4.9	3.8	6.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.4	0.3	0.6	0.4	0.3	0.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	75,490	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	39,550	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,400	...	...	52,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,000	...	...	46,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	35,940	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	75,515	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	105,800	...	...	105,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	83,800	...	...	83,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	39,495	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	70,900	...	...	70,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	56,000	...	...	56,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	36,020	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	144,000	...	...	144,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,300	...	...	114,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	75,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,720	...	...	3.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	935	...	...	1.2	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,180	...	...	1.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,370	...	...	3.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,715	...	...	4.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,825	...	...	3.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,735	...	...	3.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,860	...	...	3.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,645	...	...	3.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,530	...	...	3.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,245	...	...	6.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,000	...	...	6.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,790	...	...	6.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,360	...	...	5.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,820	...	...	5.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	27,750	...	...	36.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,560	...	...	10.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,335	...	...	7.1	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,620	...	...	8.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	8,240	...	...	10.9	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	75,490	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,960	...	...	3.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	955	...	...	1.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,210	...	...	1.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,505	...	...	3.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,975	...	...	5.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,250	...	...	4.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,160	...	...	4.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,330	...	...	4.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,080	...	...	4.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,250	...	...	4.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	6,395	...	...	8.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,905	...	...	7.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,380	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,595	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,945	...	...	5.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,590	...	...	28.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,310	...	...	9.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,895	...	...	6.5	...	...
$150,000 and over	9,385	...	...	12.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	31,270	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	20,320	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	6,780	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...	133,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.5	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,005	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...	66,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,800	...	...	60,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	50,300	25,790	24,510	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,400	50,800	46,400	48,400	50,800	46,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,200	44,800	41,600	43,200	44,800	41,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	31,295	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	149,000	...	...	149,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,400	...	...	117,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	20,400	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	151,400	...	...	151,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	119,100	...	...	119,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,685	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	175,800	...	...	175,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,200	...	...	136,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,060	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	92,400	...	...	92,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,100	...	...	76,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	50,450	25,775	24,670	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	65,800	71,600	59,800	65,800	71,600	59,800
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,650	56,100	49,080	52,650	56,100	49,080
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	124,515	63,395	61,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	9,570	4,945	4,625	7.7	7.8	7.6
0 to 5 years	4,520	2,305	2,210	3.6	3.6	3.6
18 to 64 years	96,670	49,555	47,115	77.6	78.2	77.1
65 years and over	18,280	8,900	9,380	14.7	14.0	15.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	20,190	10,040	10,150	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,500	805	690	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	590	325	275	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	14,825	7,420	7,400	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,860	1,805	2,055	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	16.2	15.8	16.6	16.2	15.8	16.6
0 to 17 years (%)	15.7	16.4	15.0	15.7	16.4	15.0
0 to 5 years (%)	13.2	14.0	12.3	13.2	14.0	12.3
18 to 64 years (%)	15.3	15.0	15.7	15.3	15.0	15.7
65 years and over (%)	21.1	20.3	21.9	21.1	20.3	21.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	124,515	63,395	61,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	9,565	4,940	4,625	7.7	7.8	7.6
0 to 5 years	4,515	2,310	2,210	3.6	3.6	3.6
18 to 64 years	96,670	49,550	47,115	77.6	78.2	77.1
65 years and over	18,280	8,905	9,375	14.7	14.0	15.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	15,250	7,815	7,440	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	980	535	445	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	375	210	170	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	12,535	6,430	6,105	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,740	850	885	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	12.3	12.3	12.2	12.3	12.3	12.2
0 to 17 years (%)	10.2	10.8	9.6	10.2	10.8	9.6
0 to 5 years (%)	8.3	9.0	7.6	8.3	9.0	7.6
18 to 64 years (%)	13.0	13.0	13.0	13.0	13.0	13.0
65 years and over (%)	9.5	9.6	9.5	9.5	9.6	9.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	124,515	63,395	61,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	57,975	28,355	29,620	46.6	44.7	48.5
In bottom decile	19,565	9,860	9,705	15.7	15.6	15.9
In second decile	10,830	5,215	5,620	8.7	8.2	9.2
In third decile	9,775	4,675	5,100	7.9	7.4	8.3
In fourth decile	8,860	4,255	4,605	7.1	6.7	7.5
In fifth decile	8,945	4,355	4,590	7.2	6.9	7.5
In top half of the distribution	66,540	35,045	31,500	53.4	55.3	51.5
In sixth decile	9,260	4,525	4,740	7.4	7.1	7.8
In seventh decile	9,585	4,885	4,700	7.7	7.7	7.7
In eighth decile	10,965	5,665	5,300	8.8	8.9	8.7
In ninth decile	13,670	7,275	6,400	11.0	11.5	10.5
In top decile	23,060	12,695	10,365	18.5	20.0	17.0
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	124,515	...	...	124,515	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.443	...	...	0.443	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.518	...	...	0.518	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.392	...	...	0.392	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	6.1	...	...	6.1	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	125,880	64,400	61,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	109,365	56,510	52,855	86.9	87.7	86.0
French only	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	14,070	6,895	7,170	11.2	10.7	11.7
Neither English nor French	2,350	950	1,400	1.9	1.5	2.3
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	125,880	64,400	61,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	119,300	61,270	58,025	94.8	95.1	94.4
French	3,245	1,775	1,475	2.6	2.8	2.4
English and French	1,030	430	605	0.8	0.7	1.0
Neither English nor French	2,300	930	1,375	1.8	1.4	2.2
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	125,880	64,400	61,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	119,690	61,335	58,355	95.1	95.2	94.9
Official languages	72,640	39,585	33,060	57.7	61.5	53.8
English	69,500	37,840	31,660	55.2	58.8	51.5
French	3,135	1,740	1,400	2.5	2.7	2.3
Non-official languages	47,050	21,750	25,295	37.4	33.8	41.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,965	21,705	25,260	37.3	33.7	41.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,345	805	540	1.1	1.3	0.9
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,305	785	520	1.0	1.2	0.8
Amharic	65	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Arabic	990	610	385	0.8	0.9	0.6
Aramaic languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	210	120	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Maltese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	545	210	340	0.4	0.3	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	520	195	320	0.4	0.3	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,500	600	905	1.2	0.9	1.5
Bikol	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	250	105	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,110	435	670	0.9	0.7	1.1
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	320	185	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kannada	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tamil	115	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	25,930	12,965	12,970	20.6	20.1	21.1
Albanian	65	30	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
Armenian	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	6,130	2,775	3,355	4.9	4.3	5.5
Baltic languages	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	65	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages	6,025	2,740	3,285	4.8	4.3	5.3
Belarusian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	185	75	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
Czech	400	205	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Macedonian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	765	350	410	0.6	0.5	0.7
Russian	2,385	1,040	1,345	1.9	1.6	2.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,590	760	825	1.3	1.2	1.3
Bosnian	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	290	125	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Serbian	1,115	555	560	0.9	0.9	0.9
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	305	135	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	330	145	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,040	1,115	930	1.6	1.7	1.5
Frisian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,335	695	640	1.1	1.1	1.0
German	1,260	655	605	1.0	1.0	1.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	450	275	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
Afrikaans	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	335	205	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	245	140	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	85	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	175	100	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	8,990	4,475	4,515	7.1	6.9	7.3
Indo-Aryan languages	2,230	1,195	1,035	1.8	1.9	1.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	135	85	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	710	385	320	0.6	0.6	0.5
Kacchi	75	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	595	295	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	235	145	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	6,760	3,280	3,480	5.4	5.1	5.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	6,585	3,185	3,405	5.2	4.9	5.5
Dari	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	5,825	2,810	3,015	4.6	4.4	4.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	645	320	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,425	4,400	4,030	6.7	6.8	6.6
Catalan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	575	345	230	0.5	0.5	0.4
Portuguese	2,300	1,140	1,160	1.8	1.8	1.9
Romanian	470	220	250	0.4	0.3	0.4
Spanish	5,055	2,680	2,375	4.0	4.2	3.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,080	685	1,400	1.7	1.1	2.3
Korean	3,150	1,225	1,925	2.5	1.9	3.1
Mongolian	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	10,440	4,235	6,205	8.3	6.6	10.1
Chinese languages	10,415	4,220	6,200	8.3	6.6	10.1
Hakka	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	6,095	2,395	3,695	4.8	3.7	6.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	320	130	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	3,705	1,565	2,135	2.9	2.4	3.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	140	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	255	80	170	0.2	0.1	0.3
Lao	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	240	80	165	0.2	0.1	0.3
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	760	410	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Azerbaijani	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	615	335	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Uyghur	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	370	175	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	300	145	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,190	3,070	3,125	4.9	4.8	5.1
English and French	695	350	340	0.6	0.5	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	4,610	2,295	2,320	3.7	3.6	3.8
French and non-official language(s)	140	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	175	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	580	270	310	0.5	0.4	0.5
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	125,880	64,400	61,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	78,305	41,955	36,345	62.2	65.1	59.1
French	855	425	425	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official language	11,650	5,240	6,410	9.3	8.1	10.4
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	11,640	5,235	6,410	9.2	8.1	10.4
English and French	2,075	1,070	1,005	1.6	1.7	1.6
English and non-official language(s)	30,905	14,755	16,150	24.6	22.9	26.3
French and non-official language(s)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,235	615	625	1.0	1.0	1.0
Multiple non-official languages	805	315	490	0.6	0.5	0.8
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	125,880	64,400	61,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	120,030	61,715	58,315	95.4	95.8	94.9
Official languages	96,800	51,085	45,715	76.9	79.3	74.4
English	95,495	50,440	45,050	75.9	78.3	73.3
French	1,310	640	665	1.0	1.0	1.1
Non-official languages	23,230	10,635	12,600	18.5	16.5	20.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	23,225	10,630	12,600	18.5	16.5	20.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	475	260	215	0.4	0.4	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	465	250	210	0.4	0.4	0.3
Amharic	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	335	185	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	180	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	410	170	235	0.3	0.3	0.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	325	140	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,655	6,145	6,505	10.1	9.5	10.6
Albanian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,815	1,320	1,505	2.2	2.0	2.4
Baltic languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,790	1,305	1,480	2.2	2.0	2.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	230	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	1,265	575	690	1.0	0.9	1.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	805	385	415	0.6	0.6	0.7
Bosnian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Croatian	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	645	315	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	330	175	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	210	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	200	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	75	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Afrikaans	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	5,050	2,385	2,660	4.0	3.7	4.3
Indo-Aryan languages	730	380	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	320	170	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	4,315	2,010	2,310	3.4	3.1	3.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	4,220	1,965	2,250	3.4	3.1	3.7
Dari	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	3,830	1,780	2,050	3.0	2.8	3.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	335	160	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,380	2,230	2,150	3.5	3.5	3.5
Catalan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	135	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	1,445	705	735	1.1	1.1	1.2
Romanian	165	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	2,620	1,375	1,250	2.1	2.1	2.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,185	505	675	0.9	0.8	1.1
Korean	1,935	785	1,150	1.5	1.2	1.9
Mongolian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,695	2,330	3,370	4.5	3.6	5.5
Chinese languages	5,690	2,325	3,365	4.5	3.6	5.5
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,725	1,510	2,220	3.0	2.3	3.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,705	695	1,005	1.4	1.1	1.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	340	170	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	285	145	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,845	2,685	3,165	4.6	4.2	5.1
English and French	415	220	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	5,200	2,365	2,840	4.1	3.7	4.6
French and non-official language(s)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	90	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	115	40	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	125,880	64,400	61,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	95,625	49,820	45,810	76.0	77.4	74.5
English	10,020	4,705	5,310	8.0	7.3	8.6
French	1,460	750	705	1.2	1.2	1.1
Non-official language	14,690	7,085	7,610	11.7	11.0	12.4
Indigenous³⁹	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14,645	7,060	7,585	11.6	11.0	12.3
English and French	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,105	520	585	0.9	0.8	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	730	365	360	0.6	0.6	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,055	1,060	995	1.6	1.6	1.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	124,475	63,370	61,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	122,150	62,420	59,725	98.1	98.5	97.7
English	122,050	62,375	59,675	98.1	98.4	97.7
French	13,890	6,840	7,050	11.2	10.8	11.5
Non-official languages	61,995	29,495	32,500	49.8	46.5	53.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	95	30	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	61,905	29,470	32,440	49.7	46.5	53.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,120	1,230	885	1.7	1.9	1.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,085	1,200	885	1.7	1.9	1.4
Amharic	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,395	855	545	1.1	1.3	0.9
Aramaic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	615	290	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Maltese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	650	285	360	0.5	0.4	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	625	270	350	0.5	0.4	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,345	940	1,405	1.9	1.5	2.3
Bikol	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	325	155	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	190	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,780	665	1,115	1.4	1.0	1.8
Waray-Waray	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	85	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Haitian Creole	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	605	350	255	0.5	0.6	0.4
Kannada	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	250	150	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	170	105	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	36,840	18,540	18,300	29.6	29.3	29.9
Albanian	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	120	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	7,620	3,565	4,055	6.1	5.6	6.6
Baltic languages	125	25	100	0.1	0.0	0.2
Latvian	55	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	65	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages	7,525	3,550	3,970	6.0	5.6	6.5
Belarusian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	200	80	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Czech	580	325	260	0.5	0.5	0.4
Macedonian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,030	500	525	0.8	0.8	0.9
Russian	3,555	1,615	1,940	2.9	2.5	3.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,985	920	1,065	1.6	1.5	1.7
Bosnian	330	130	200	0.3	0.2	0.3
Croatian	695	275	415	0.6	0.4	0.7
Serbian	1,520	735	790	1.2	1.2	1.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	420	195	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	875	395	480	0.7	0.6	0.8
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	405	195	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Irish	355	165	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	4,670	2,420	2,250	3.8	3.8	3.7
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,385	1,725	1,660	2.7	2.7	2.7
German	3,275	1,665	1,605	2.6	2.6	2.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yiddish	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	900	535	365	0.7	0.8	0.6
Afrikaans	320	200	115	0.3	0.3	0.2
Dutch	560	320	240	0.4	0.5	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	565	275	290	0.5	0.4	0.5
Danish	175	100	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Icelandic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	290	140	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	325	200	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	11,860	5,975	5,890	9.5	9.4	9.6
Indo-Aryan languages	4,270	2,220	2,050	3.4	3.5	3.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	185	115	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	565	245	315	0.5	0.4	0.5
Hindi	2,550	1,365	1,190	2.0	2.2	1.9
Kacchi	195	55	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Kashmiri	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	335	195	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Nepali	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,205	600	605	1.0	0.9	1.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Urdu	695	425	270	0.6	0.7	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	7,665	3,800	3,860	6.2	6.0	6.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	200	120	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	7,595	3,760	3,835	6.1	5.9	6.3
Dari	225	90	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iranian Persian	6,770	3,365	3,405	5.4	5.3	5.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	630	315	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	14,030	7,245	6,785	11.3	11.4	11.1
Catalan	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italian	1,740	910	830	1.4	1.4	1.4
Portuguese	2,830	1,410	1,425	2.3	2.2	2.3
Romanian	575	260	320	0.5	0.4	0.5
Spanish	10,340	5,415	4,920	8.3	8.5	8.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	3,345	1,390	1,950	2.7	2.2	3.2
Korean	3,755	1,505	2,250	3.0	2.4	3.7
Mongolian	80	30	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Niger-Congo languages	340	190	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Akan (Twi)	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	160	90	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	40	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	90	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	13,115	5,640	7,475	10.5	8.9	12.2
Chinese languages	13,090	5,620	7,470	10.5	8.9	12.2
Hakka	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	9,195	3,870	5,320	7.4	6.1	8.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	715	255	460	0.6	0.4	0.8
Wu (Shanghainese)	255	100	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Yue (Cantonese)	5,655	2,510	3,145	4.5	4.0	5.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	125	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	390	145	245	0.3	0.2	0.4
Lao	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	365	140	230	0.3	0.2	0.4
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,420	730	695	1.1	1.2	1.1
Azerbaijani	280	150	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kazakh	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Turkish	1,265	650	615	1.0	1.0	1.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	395	210	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	325	175	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	124,475	63,370	61,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,615	1,385	1,230	2.1	2.2	2.0
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,455	1,305	1,150	2.0	2.1	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,440	745	695	1.2	1.2	1.1
Métis	995	560	435	0.8	0.9	0.7
Inuk (Inuit)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	121,865	61,980	59,875	97.9	97.8	98.0
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	124,475	63,370	61,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	970	510	460	0.8	0.8	0.8
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	123,505	62,860	60,650	99.2	99.2	99.3
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	75,515	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	24,485	...	...	32.4	...	...
Renter	51,030	...	...	67.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	75,515	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	48,465	...	...	64.2	...	...
Not condominium	27,055	...	...	35.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	75,515	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	5,470	...	...	7.2	...	...
1 bedroom	42,025	...	...	55.7	...	...
2 bedrooms	23,850	...	...	31.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	3,720	...	...	4.9	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	450	...	...	0.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	75,515	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	62,220	...	...	82.4	...	...
5 rooms	8,045	...	...	10.7	...	...
6 rooms	3,230	...	...	4.3	...	...
7 rooms	1,330	...	...	1.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	690	...	...	0.9	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	75,515	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	73,595	...	...	97.5	...	...
More than one person per room	1,915	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	75,515	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	69,350	...	...	91.8	...	...
Not suitable	6,170	...	...	8.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	75,515	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	7,930	...	...	10.5	...	...
1961 to 1980	17,775	...	...	23.5	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,745	...	...	10.3	...	...
1991 to 2000	13,575	...	...	18.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	7,180	...	...	9.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	9,155	...	...	12.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	6,620	...	...	8.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	5,540	...	...	7.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	75,515	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	71,340	...	...	94.5	...	...
Major repairs needed	4,180	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	75,515	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	48,855	...	...	64.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	25,170	...	...	33.3	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,490	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	75,515	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,330	...	...	4.4	...	...
25 to 34 years	21,770	...	...	28.8	...	...
35 to 44 years	16,250	...	...	21.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	10,400	...	...	13.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,165	...	...	13.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	8,355	...	...	11.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,080	...	...	5.4	...	...
85 years and over	1,155	...	...	1.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	74,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	44,490	...	...	59.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	30,470	...	...	40.7	...	...
30% to less than 100%	23,890	...	...	31.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	75,515	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	36,740	...	...	48.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	26,735	...	...	35.4	...	...
Not suitable only	3,600	...	...	4.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,410	...	...	3.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	2,225	...	...	2.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,430	...	...	1.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	265	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	80	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	38,775	...	...	51.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	68,375	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	14,660	...	...	21.4	...	...
Not in core need	53,715	...	...	78.6	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	24,485	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	54.6	...	...	54.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	31.0	...	...	31.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	13.2	...	...	13.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,700	...	...	1,700	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,106	...	...	2,106	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	...	...	900,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,244,000	...	...	1,244,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	51,035	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.4	...	...	10.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	45.3	...	...	45.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	25.4	...	...	25.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,760	...	...	1,760	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,850	...	...	1,850	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	124,475	63,365	61,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	700	360	335	0.6	0.6	0.5
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	685	345	335	0.6	0.5	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	545	260	285	0.4	0.4	0.5
Métis single ancestry	130	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,380	1,215	1,165	1.9	1.9	1.9
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,290	1,175	1,115	1.8	1.9	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,720	905	815	1.4	1.4	1.3
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	560	265	295	0.4	0.4	0.5
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	121,395	61,795	59,605	97.5	97.5	97.5
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	124,480	63,365	61,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	95,170	48,905	46,270	76.5	77.2	75.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	8,645	4,535	4,110	6.9	7.2	6.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	86,520	44,365	42,160	69.5	70.0	69.0
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	29,305	14,465	14,840	23.5	22.8	24.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	124,480	63,365	61,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	62,195	32,780	29,415	50.0	51.7	48.1
Immigrants⁸¹	49,420	24,095	25,320	39.7	38.0	41.4
Before 1980	6,495	3,290	3,205	5.2	5.2	5.2
1980 to 1990	4,450	2,175	2,270	3.6	3.4	3.7
1991 to 2000	10,020	4,760	5,260	8.0	7.5	8.6
2001 to 2010	10,570	5,055	5,520	8.5	8.0	9.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	17,885	8,820	9,070	14.4	13.9	14.8
2011 to 2015	5,940	2,955	2,980	4.8	4.7	4.9
2016 to 2021	11,950	5,865	6,085	9.6	9.3	10.0
Non-permanent residents⁸³	12,860	6,490	6,370	10.3	10.2	10.4
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	49,420	24,095	25,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,125	1,635	1,490	6.3	6.8	5.9
5 to 14 years	7,235	4,010	3,225	14.6	16.6	12.7
15 to 24 years	7,625	3,770	3,855	15.4	15.6	15.2
25 to 44 years	26,635	12,395	14,245	53.9	51.4	56.3
45 years and over	4,795	2,290	2,505	9.7	9.5	9.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	49,420	24,095	25,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	6,800	3,510	3,285	13.8	14.6	13.0
Brazil	1,160	555	600	2.3	2.3	2.4
Colombia	370	200	175	0.7	0.8	0.7
El Salvador	110	55	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyana	45	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.2
Haiti	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	105	60	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexico	1,305	650	655	2.6	2.7	2.6
Peru	190	95	100	0.4	0.4	0.4
Trinidad and Tobago	100	50	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
United States of America	2,440	1,315	1,125	4.9	5.5	4.4
Other places of birth in Americas	960	515	445	1.9	2.1	1.8
Europe	13,460	7,010	6,455	27.2	29.1	25.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	505	240	270	1.0	1.0	1.1
Croatia	220	95	130	0.4	0.4	0.5
France	625	355	270	1.3	1.5	1.1
Germany	800	390	410	1.6	1.6	1.6
Greece	80	55	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hungary	190	105	85	0.4	0.4	0.3
Italy	465	275	185	0.9	1.1	0.7
Netherlands	245	150	95	0.5	0.6	0.4
Poland	620	300	315	1.3	1.2	1.2
Portugal	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	465	195	265	0.9	0.8	1.0
Russian Federation	1,160	500	655	2.3	2.1	2.6
Serbia⁸⁶	615	280	330	1.2	1.2	1.3
Ukraine	810	375	435	1.6	1.6	1.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	3,480	1,980	1,495	7.0	8.2	5.9
Other places of birth in Europe	3,135	1,685	1,445	6.3	7.0	5.7
Africa	1,985	1,105	880	4.0	4.6	3.5
Algeria	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Egypt	195	140	60	0.4	0.6	0.2
Eritrea	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	80	40	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	605	360	240	1.2	1.5	0.9
Other places of birth in Africa	885	465	420	1.8	1.9	1.7
Asia	26,225	11,945	14,280	53.1	49.6	56.4
Afghanistan	150	70	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	5,745	2,910	2,835	11.6	12.1	11.2
Iraq	125	85	45	0.3	0.4	0.2
Lebanon	220	165	55	0.4	0.7	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	85	45	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkey	450	245	205	0.9	1.0	0.8
China⁹⁰	5,115	1,945	3,170	10.4	8.1	12.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,175	1,000	1,180	4.4	4.2	4.7
Korea, South⁹²	2,365	980	1,380	4.8	4.1	5.5
Taiwan	1,495	680	815	3.0	2.8	3.2
Philippines	1,930	775	1,155	3.9	3.2	4.6
Viet Nam	380	175	205	0.8	0.7	0.8
Bangladesh	50	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	1,880	1,060	820	3.8	4.4	3.2
Pakistan	305	180	130	0.6	0.7	0.5
Sri Lanka	135	75	60	0.3	0.3	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	3,630	1,525	2,110	7.3	6.3	8.3
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	945	525	420	1.9	2.2	1.7
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	11,950	5,865	6,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,490	1,220	1,265	20.8	20.8	20.8
Brazil	910	420	485	7.6	7.2	8.0
Colombia	120	65	55	1.0	1.1	0.9
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	455	235	225	3.8	4.0	3.7
United States of America	595	300	300	5.0	5.1	4.9
Venezuela⁹⁵	100	55	50	0.8	0.9	0.8
Other places of birth in Americas	300	145	160	2.5	2.5	2.6
Europe	3,510	1,945	1,570	29.4	33.2	25.8
France	345	215	135	2.9	3.7	2.2
Germany	160	85	80	1.3	1.4	1.3
Ireland⁹⁶	700	405	295	5.9	6.9	4.8
Italy	115	85	25	1.0	1.4	0.4
Russian Federation	340	145	190	2.8	2.5	3.1
Ukraine	280	105	175	2.3	1.8	2.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	700	425	275	5.9	7.2	4.5
Other places of birth in Europe	870	470	395	7.3	8.0	6.5
Africa	315	195	120	2.6	3.3	2.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	35	30	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Morocco	15	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Nigeria	30	20	15	0.3	0.3	0.2
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	150	95	55	1.3	1.6	0.9
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	50	25	25	0.4	0.4	0.4
Asia	5,215	2,285	2,935	43.6	39.0	48.2
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,025	325	700	8.6	5.5	11.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	80	20	60	0.7	0.3	1.0
India	1,080	630	450	9.0	10.7	7.4
Iran⁸⁸	805	365	435	6.7	6.2	7.1
Iraq	30	20	0	0.3	0.3	0.0
Israel	95	55	45	0.8	0.9	0.7
Japan	320	90	230	2.7	1.5	3.8
Jordan	25	15	10	0.2	0.3	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	580	210	370	4.9	3.6	6.1
Lebanon	25	20	10	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	95	70	30	0.8	1.2	0.5
Philippines	170	65	110	1.4	1.1	1.8
Saudi Arabia	40	20	20	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lanka	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	35	15	15	0.3	0.3	0.2
Turkey	185	110	70	1.5	1.9	1.2
United Arab Emirates	15	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.2
Viet Nam	100	35	65	0.8	0.6	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	480	190	290	4.0	3.2	4.8
Oceania and other⁹³	420	220	200	3.5	3.8	3.3
Australia	315	180	140	2.6	3.1	2.3
Other places of birth⁹⁸	105	45	60	0.9	0.8	1.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	124,475	63,370	61,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	64,110	31,600	32,505	51.5	49.9	53.2
Second generation¹⁰¹	24,985	12,640	12,345	20.1	19.9	20.2
Third generation or more¹⁰²	35,385	19,125	16,260	28.4	30.2	26.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	42,925	20,805	22,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	30,775	15,505	15,270	71.7	74.5	69.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	15,660	9,055	6,605	36.5	43.5	29.9
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	15,115	6,450	8,665	35.2	31.0	39.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,365	3,235	5,135	19.5	15.5	23.2
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,290	1,830	1,460	7.7	8.8	6.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	495	240	255	1.2	1.2	1.2
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	42,925	20,805	22,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,345	745	600	3.1	3.6	2.7
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	8,275	4,365	3,910	19.3	21.0	17.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,910	860	1,050	4.4	4.1	4.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	5,615	2,485	3,135	13.1	11.9	14.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	90	40	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	25,685	12,320	13,365	59.8	59.2	60.4
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	124,475	63,370	61,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	51,190	24,185	27,005	41.1	38.2	44.2
South Asian	6,275	3,275	3,000	5.0	5.2	4.9
Chinese	15,165	6,720	8,440	12.2	10.6	13.8
Black	1,730	1,040	690	1.4	1.6	1.1
Filipino	2,525	1,070	1,455	2.0	1.7	2.4
Arab	1,190	735	450	1.0	1.2	0.7
Latin American	5,650	2,920	2,730	4.5	4.6	4.5
Southeast Asian	1,740	760	985	1.4	1.2	1.6
West Asian	7,265	3,575	3,695	5.8	5.6	6.0
Korean	3,815	1,560	2,260	3.1	2.5	3.7
Japanese	3,005	1,230	1,775	2.4	1.9	2.9
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	735	375	360	0.6	0.6	0.6
Multiple visible minorities	2,090	925	1,160	1.7	1.5	1.9
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	73,290	39,185	34,105	58.9	61.8	55.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	124,480	63,365	61,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	6,490	3,525	2,970	5.2	5.6	4.9
English	18,835	10,080	8,755	15.1	15.9	14.3
Irish	15,445	8,065	7,375	12.4	12.7	12.1
Scottish	14,700	7,690	7,010	11.8	12.1	11.5
French, n.o.s.¹²²	7,475	4,035	3,440	6.0	6.4	5.6
German	10,630	5,645	4,985	8.5	8.9	8.2
Chinese	14,395	6,325	8,075	11.6	10.0	13.2
Italian	5,025	2,555	2,480	4.0	4.0	4.1
Indian (India)	4,520	2,295	2,230	3.6	3.6	3.6
Ukrainian	5,615	2,930	2,685	4.5	4.6	4.4
Dutch	2,920	1,540	1,375	2.3	2.4	2.3
Polish	4,125	2,135	1,990	3.3	3.4	3.3
Québécois	250	155	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	5,095	2,790	2,310	4.1	4.4	3.8
Filipino	2,815	1,190	1,620	2.3	1.9	2.7
French Canadian	960	520	440	0.8	0.8	0.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	3,015	1,745	1,265	2.4	2.8	2.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,065	540	525	0.9	0.9	0.9
Métis	790	395	395	0.6	0.6	0.6
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,130	1,650	1,485	2.5	2.6	2.4
Russian	4,075	1,905	2,170	3.3	3.0	3.6
Norwegian	2,270	1,200	1,065	1.8	1.9	1.7
Welsh	2,115	935	1,185	1.7	1.5	1.9
Portuguese	1,305	595	705	1.0	0.9	1.2
American	1,820	1,025	795	1.5	1.6	1.3
Spanish	2,930	1,385	1,550	2.4	2.2	2.5
Swedish	1,715	895	820	1.4	1.4	1.3
Hungarian	1,265	665	595	1.0	1.0	1.0
Acadian	170	120	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Pakistani	480	310	170	0.4	0.5	0.3
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	670	380	290	0.5	0.6	0.5
Jewish	2,210	1,090	1,120	1.8	1.7	1.8
Punjabi	515	250	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vietnamese	900	385	520	0.7	0.6	0.9
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	545	285	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Greek	835	445	395	0.7	0.7	0.6
Jamaican	280	150	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,265	585	675	1.0	0.9	1.1
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	315	165	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Korean	3,830	1,550	2,280	3.1	2.4	3.7
Romanian	990	460	530	0.8	0.7	0.9
Lebanese	620	340	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian	5,620	2,750	2,870	4.5	4.3	4.7
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	295	130	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Danish	1,140	620	515	0.9	1.0	0.8
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	295	145	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	165	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Austrian	1,125	525	595	0.9	0.8	1.0
Belgian	510	250	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	365	220	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mexican	2,540	1,355	1,185	2.0	2.1	1.9
Mennonite	325	145	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Swiss	685	395	285	0.6	0.6	0.5
Finnish	500	245	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lankan	175	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	895	475	420	0.7	0.7	0.7
Japanese	3,380	1,420	1,970	2.7	2.2	3.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	475	235	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	665	335	330	0.5	0.5	0.5
Muslim	235	140	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	335	200	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	920	490	430	0.7	0.8	0.7
Tamil	135	95	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	565	275	290	0.5	0.4	0.5
Colombian	595	285	305	0.5	0.4	0.5
Moroccan	145	85	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	765	395	370	0.6	0.6	0.6
Syrian	150	90	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	125	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	190	90	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	170	110	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbian	1,300	660	645	1.0	1.0	1.1
Ojibway	65	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Newfoundlander	120	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	805	400	405	0.6	0.6	0.7
Ontarian	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian	2,065	1,020	1,045	1.7	1.6	1.7
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	225	130	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkish	935	515	425	0.8	0.8	0.7
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	65	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algerian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	1,475	710	765	1.2	1.1	1.3
Nigerian	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	235	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	620	270	350	0.5	0.4	0.6
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	420	180	240	0.3	0.3	0.4
Somali	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	1,350	595	755	1.1	0.9	1.2
Iraqi	120	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	80	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	290	145	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	380	195	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algonquin	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	90	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	330	155	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
South African	410	245	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Australian	645	350	295	0.5	0.6	0.5
Palestinian	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	285	155	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ethiopian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	325	150	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Peruvian	275	155	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	35	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	70	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Albanian	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	100	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovenian	180	90	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	190	90	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
New Brunswicker	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	65	30	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Israeli	325	170	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mohawk	60	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	150	95	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	245	100	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	35	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
African American	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	230	95	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Tunisian	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	380	225	150	0.3	0.4	0.2
Cuban	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	255	110	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Venezuelan	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	220	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	55	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	265	115	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Laotian	75	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	190	75	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
British Columbian	200	90	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ecuadorian	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	160	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Estonian	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	230	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	130	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jatt	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	360	140	220	0.3	0.2	0.4
Dominican	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	130	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	295	165	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Sudanese	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	230	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Plains Cree	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	60	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cherokee	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	70	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
United Empire Loyalist	55	45	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sicilian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	65	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Burmese	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	45	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Yemeni	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Basque	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	55	45	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	155	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	124,475	63,370	61,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,370	945	1,425	1.9	1.5	2.3
Christian	35,040	16,790	18,245	28.2	26.5	29.9
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,550	3,595	3,955	6.1	5.7	6.5
Anabaptist	190	90	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Anglican	2,620	1,250	1,370	2.1	2.0	2.2
Baptist	620	270	355	0.5	0.4	0.6
Catholic	15,980	7,905	8,085	12.8	12.5	13.2
Christian Orthodox	2,625	1,155	1,470	2.1	1.8	2.4
Jehovah's Witness	240	105	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latter Day Saints	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	650	330	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	115	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	305	120	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Presbyterian	665	300	365	0.5	0.5	0.6
Reformed	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Church	1,935	810	1,130	1.6	1.3	1.8
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,365	700	670	1.1	1.1	1.1
Hindu	1,875	1,015	860	1.5	1.6	1.4
Jewish	2,225	1,090	1,135	1.8	1.7	1.9
Muslim	6,545	3,215	3,330	5.3	5.1	5.4
Sikh	895	380	515	0.7	0.6	0.8
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	95	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,860	850	1,005	1.5	1.3	1.6
No religion and secular perspectives	73,575	39,025	34,550	59.1	61.6	56.5
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	123,550	62,935	60,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	93,375	47,920	45,460	75.6	76.1	75.0
Movers	30,180	15,020	15,160	24.4	23.9	25.0
Non-migrants	19,120	9,485	9,630	15.5	15.1	15.9
Migrants	11,060	5,530	5,530	9.0	8.8	9.1
Internal migrants	6,715	3,300	3,420	5.4	5.2	5.6
Intraprovincial migrants	3,435	1,650	1,785	2.8	2.6	2.9
Interprovincial migrants	3,280	1,650	1,630	2.7	2.6	2.7
External migrants	4,345	2,235	2,115	3.5	3.6	3.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	120,620	61,345	59,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	50,825	26,145	24,680	42.1	42.6	41.6
Movers	69,790	35,200	34,595	57.9	57.4	58.4
Non-migrants	26,770	13,750	13,025	22.2	22.4	22.0
Migrants	43,020	21,450	21,570	35.7	35.0	36.4
Internal migrants	23,745	11,905	11,835	19.7	19.4	20.0
Intraprovincial migrants	14,135	7,010	7,125	11.7	11.4	12.0
Interprovincial migrants	9,615	4,895	4,715	8.0	8.0	8.0
External migrants	19,275	9,550	9,730	16.0	15.6	16.4
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	116,120	58,965	57,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,660	3,195	2,465	4.9	5.4	4.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	110,460	55,775	54,685	95.1	94.6	95.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	89,220	46,230	42,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,700	1,715	980	3.0	3.7	2.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	86,520	44,510	42,010	97.0	96.3	97.7
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	116,115	58,965	57,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,750	2,675	2,075	4.1	4.5	3.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	20,520	11,355	9,160	17.7	19.3	16.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	90,850	44,930	45,915	78.2	76.2	80.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,735	12,795	12,940	22.2	21.7	22.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,335	2,765	1,575	3.7	4.7	2.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,375	1,290	1,085	2.0	2.2	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,960	1,470	490	1.7	2.5	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,705	8,000	8,705	14.4	13.6	15.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,695	2,035	2,665	4.0	3.5	4.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	65,115	32,135	32,975	56.1	54.5	57.7
Bachelor's degree	39,690	19,290	20,400	34.2	32.7	35.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,150	2,045	2,105	3.6	3.5	3.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,965	1,070	895	1.7	1.8	1.6
Master's degree	16,545	8,185	8,365	14.2	13.9	14.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,755	1,545	1,210	2.4	2.6	2.1
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	89,220	46,230	42,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,075	1,335	735	2.3	2.9	1.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,765	7,845	4,920	14.3	17.0	11.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	74,380	37,040	37,340	83.4	80.1	86.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,845	10,370	9,475	22.2	22.4	22.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,295	2,170	1,120	3.7	4.7	2.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,865	1,060	810	2.1	2.3	1.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,425	1,115	310	1.6	2.4	0.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,905	6,545	6,360	14.5	14.2	14.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,645	1,655	1,995	4.1	3.6	4.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	54,535	26,670	27,865	61.1	57.7	64.8
Bachelor's degree	33,350	16,245	17,105	37.4	35.1	39.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,390	1,620	1,775	3.8	3.5	4.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,585	825	765	1.8	1.8	1.8
Master's degree	14,200	6,940	7,255	15.9	15.0	16.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,010	1,040	970	2.3	2.2	2.3
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	116,120	58,965	57,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	25,270	14,035	11,235	21.8	23.8	19.7
Education	3,420	925	2,495	2.9	1.6	4.4
13. Education	3,420	925	2,495	2.9	1.6	4.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	8,180	3,895	4,275	7.0	6.6	7.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,310	920	385	1.1	1.6	0.7
50. Visual and performing arts	6,870	2,980	3,885	5.9	5.1	6.8
Humanities	6,050	2,010	4,040	5.2	3.4	7.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,035	180	855	0.9	0.3	1.5
23. English language and literature/letters	1,985	530	1,455	1.7	0.9	2.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,490	545	950	1.3	0.9	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	175	80	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	310	160	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	190	120	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	645	340	310	0.6	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	210	55	155	0.2	0.1	0.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	15,840	6,335	9,500	13.6	10.7	16.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	340	85	250	0.3	0.1	0.4
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,510	960	1,550	2.2	1.6	2.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	960	205	755	0.8	0.3	1.3
22. Legal professions and studies	2,875	1,220	1,655	2.5	2.1	2.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	390	130	260	0.3	0.2	0.5
42. Psychology	2,815	845	1,970	2.4	1.4	3.4
45. Social sciences	5,960	2,895	3,065	5.1	4.9	5.4
Business, management and public administration	21,345	10,440	10,910	18.4	17.7	19.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	880	260	620	0.8	0.4	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	20,460	10,175	10,285	17.6	17.3	18.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,440	2,400	2,040	3.8	4.1	3.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,025	920	1,110	1.7	1.6	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	890	470	425	0.8	0.8	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,360	955	405	1.2	1.6	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,305	4,425	1,880	5.4	7.5	3.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,065	3,750	1,310	4.4	6.4	2.3
25. Library science	260	40	220	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	705	430	275	0.6	0.7	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	270	200	75	0.2	0.3	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	12,295	9,435	2,855	10.6	16.0	5.0
04. Architecture and related services	1,640	955	685	1.4	1.6	1.2
14. Engineering	7,125	5,310	1,815	6.1	9.0	3.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,630	1,340	285	1.4	2.3	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,000	975	25	0.9	1.7	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	550	525	25	0.5	0.9	0.0
48. Precision production	340	330	15	0.3	0.6	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,095	535	560	0.9	0.9	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	570	240	325	0.5	0.4	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	525	295	235	0.5	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	9,010	3,050	5,960	7.8	5.2	10.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	875	520	350	0.8	0.9	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,415	2,105	5,310	6.4	3.6	9.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	670	410	260	0.6	0.7	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,845	1,455	1,390	2.5	2.5	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,175	910	1,265	1.9	1.5	2.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	210	150	60	0.2	0.3	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	445	385	60	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	89,220	46,230	42,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	14,840	9,185	5,655	16.6	19.9	13.2
Education	2,185	625	1,560	2.4	1.4	3.6
13. Education	2,185	625	1,560	2.4	1.4	3.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,985	3,460	3,530	7.8	7.5	8.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,215	865	355	1.4	1.9	0.8
50. Visual and performing arts	5,770	2,595	3,175	6.5	5.6	7.4
Humanities	4,570	1,435	3,135	5.1	3.1	7.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	845	125	715	0.9	0.3	1.7
23. English language and literature/letters	1,455	360	1,095	1.6	0.8	2.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,230	435	795	1.4	0.9	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	105	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	210	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	125	85	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	460	255	205	0.5	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	135	40	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	13,135	5,150	7,985	14.7	11.1	18.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	305	80	225	0.3	0.2	0.5
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,230	865	1,360	2.5	1.9	3.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	750	160	590	0.8	0.3	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	2,365	935	1,435	2.7	2.0	3.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	325	130	195	0.4	0.3	0.5
42. Psychology	2,245	650	1,600	2.5	1.4	3.7
45. Social sciences	4,920	2,335	2,585	5.5	5.1	6.0
Business, management and public administration	17,970	8,805	9,160	20.1	19.0	21.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	625	205	425	0.7	0.4	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	17,330	8,600	8,735	19.4	18.6	20.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,590	1,905	1,680	4.0	4.1	3.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,645	740	900	1.8	1.6	2.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	730	380	350	0.8	0.8	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
40. Physical sciences	1,085	740	345	1.2	1.6	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,555	3,970	1,585	6.2	8.6	3.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,625	3,445	1,180	5.2	7.5	2.7
25. Library science	165	30	130	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	550	330	215	0.6	0.7	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	225	160	65	0.3	0.3	0.2
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,100	7,590	2,505	11.3	16.4	5.8
04. Architecture and related services	1,365	735	630	1.5	1.6	1.5
14. Engineering	5,960	4,370	1,585	6.7	9.5	3.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,320	1,085	235	1.5	2.3	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	790	775	15	0.9	1.7	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	410	395	15	0.5	0.9	0.0
48. Precision production	245	230	10	0.3	0.5	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	895	430	465	1.0	0.9	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	475	215	260	0.5	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	425	220	205	0.5	0.5	0.5
Health and related fields	7,155	2,490	4,665	8.0	5.4	10.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	745	465	275	0.8	1.0	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,860	1,710	4,150	6.6	3.7	9.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	520	310	210	0.6	0.7	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,225	1,165	1,060	2.5	2.5	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,710	755	955	1.9	1.6	2.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	180	120	60	0.2	0.3	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	320	285	40	0.4	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	89,220	46,230	42,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	14,840	9,185	5,655	16.6	19.9	13.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	74,385	37,045	37,340	83.4	80.1	86.9
Location of study inside Canada	46,150	23,470	22,685	51.7	50.8	52.8
Same as province or territory of residence	31,525	15,590	15,925	35.3	33.7	37.0
Different than province or territory of residence	14,630	7,875	6,755	16.4	17.0	15.7
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	28,230	13,575	14,655	31.6	29.4	34.1
Americas	8,140	4,175	3,965	9.1	9.0	9.2
United States of America	4,490	2,385	2,105	5.0	5.2	4.9
Mexico	1,295	645	645	1.5	1.4	1.5
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	1,445	670	770	1.6	1.4	1.8
Colombia	295	125	170	0.3	0.3	0.4
Peru	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	440	265	180	0.5	0.6	0.4
Europe	9,475	4,955	4,525	10.6	10.7	10.5
Belgium	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	920	535	385	1.0	1.2	0.9
Germany	370	200	170	0.4	0.4	0.4
Netherlands	125	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
Switzerland	135	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungary	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	215	95	125	0.2	0.2	0.3
Romania	180	70	110	0.2	0.2	0.3
Russian Federation	650	300	350	0.7	0.6	0.8
Ukraine	455	165	295	0.5	0.4	0.7
Ireland⁹⁶	1,600	900	705	1.8	1.9	1.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,795	1,560	1,230	3.1	3.4	2.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	120	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Italy	260	150	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbia⁸⁶	330	155	175	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other locations of study in Europe	1,120	565	555	1.3	1.2	1.3
Africa	450	290	165	0.5	0.6	0.4
Nigeria	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	80	60	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	280	170	105	0.3	0.4	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	8,890	3,495	5,395	10.0	7.6	12.5
Iran⁸⁸	1,995	855	1,145	2.2	1.8	2.7
Iraq	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	160	90	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanon	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	315	170	145	0.4	0.4	0.3
China⁹⁰	1,365	505	865	1.5	1.1	2.0
Taiwan	245	60	185	0.3	0.1	0.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	190	60	130	0.2	0.1	0.3
Japan	1,030	285	745	1.2	0.6	1.7
Korea, South⁹²	1,275	425	850	1.4	0.9	2.0
Philippines	555	195	360	0.6	0.4	0.8
Viet Nam	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	840	440	405	0.9	1.0	0.9
Pakistan	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	670	295	375	0.8	0.6	0.9
Oceania	1,270	660	615	1.4	1.4	1.4
Australia	945	490	450	1.1	1.1	1.0
New Zealand	330	170	165	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	116,115	58,965	57,150	...	...	...
In the labour force	86,630	45,860	40,775	...	...	...
Employed	79,335	42,260	37,075	...	...	...
Unemployed	7,300	3,605	3,695	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	29,490	13,105	16,380	...	...	...
Participation rate	74.6	77.8	71.3	74.6	77.8	71.3
Employment rate	68.3	71.7	64.9	68.3	71.7	64.9
Unemployment rate	8.4	7.9	9.1	8.4	7.9	9.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	116,120	58,965	57,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	31,265	14,040	17,225	26.9	23.8	30.1
Worked	84,850	44,930	39,925	73.1	76.2	69.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	47,115	26,825	20,295	40.6	45.5	35.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	37,740	18,105	19,630	32.5	30.7	34.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7	42.8	40.5	41.7	42.8	40.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	86,630	45,860	40,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,540	670	870	1.8	1.5	2.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	85,095	45,195	39,900	98.2	98.5	97.9
Employee	68,930	35,545	33,380	79.6	77.5	81.9
Permanent position	56,960	29,840	27,115	65.8	65.1	66.5
Temporary position	11,965	5,700	6,265	13.8	12.4	15.4
Fixed term (1 year or more)	5,570	2,695	2,880	6.4	5.9	7.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,395	3,005	3,390	7.4	6.6	8.3
Self-employed¹⁹²	16,165	9,650	6,520	18.7	21.0	16.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	86,630	45,860	40,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,540	670	870	1.8	1.5	2.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	85,095	45,195	39,900	98.2	98.5	97.9
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,780	1,265	515	2.1	2.8	1.3
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	19,820	7,980	11,840	22.9	17.4	29.0
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	12,620	9,195	3,425	14.6	20.1	8.4
3 Health occupations	5,370	1,880	3,490	6.2	4.1	8.6
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	10,195	4,195	6,005	11.8	9.1	14.7
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	8,550	4,685	3,865	9.9	10.2	9.5
6 Sales and service occupations	19,245	9,590	9,660	22.2	20.9	23.7
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,425	5,605	825	7.4	12.2	2.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	405	340	70	0.5	0.7	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	680	460	220	0.8	1.0	0.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	86,630	45,860	40,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,540	670	870	1.8	1.5	2.1
All industries¹⁹¹	85,095	45,195	39,900	98.2	98.5	97.9
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	280	150	125	0.3	0.3	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	455	290	165	0.5	0.6	0.4
22 Utilities	400	220	175	0.5	0.5	0.4
23 Construction	3,895	3,245	655	4.5	7.1	1.6
31-33 Manufacturing	2,340	1,500	840	2.7	3.3	2.1
41 Wholesale trade	2,565	1,595	970	3.0	3.5	2.4
44-45 Retail trade	7,810	3,790	4,020	9.0	8.3	9.9
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,555	1,865	685	2.9	4.1	1.7
51 Information and cultural industries	6,700	4,295	2,400	7.7	9.4	5.9
52 Finance and insurance	5,185	2,855	2,330	6.0	6.2	5.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,065	1,665	1,400	3.5	3.6	3.4
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	16,920	9,650	7,270	19.5	21.0	17.8
55 Management of companies and enterprises	375	195	180	0.4	0.4	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,675	1,450	1,225	3.1	3.2	3.0
61 Educational services	6,145	2,485	3,660	7.1	5.4	9.0
62 Health care and social assistance	8,315	2,630	5,685	9.6	5.7	13.9
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,610	1,400	1,210	3.0	3.1	3.0
72 Accommodation and food services	6,405	3,245	3,160	7.4	7.1	7.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,945	1,015	1,925	3.4	2.2	4.7
91 Public administration	3,465	1,640	1,825	4.0	3.6	4.5
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	90,575	47,925	42,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	82,715	44,210	38,505	91.3	92.2	90.3
French	135	45	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	1,015	500	510	1.1	1.0	1.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,015	500	510	1.1	1.0	1.2
English and French	1,410	665	740	1.6	1.4	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	4,995	2,320	2,675	5.5	4.8	6.3
French and non-official language(s)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	255	145	105	0.3	0.3	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	45	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	90,575	47,925	42,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	89,565	47,435	42,130	98.9	99.0	98.8
Official languages	87,490	46,475	41,020	96.6	97.0	96.2
English	87,165	46,340	40,830	96.2	96.7	95.7
French	320	135	190	0.4	0.3	0.4
Non-official languages	2,075	965	1,110	2.3	2.0	2.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,075	965	1,110	2.3	2.0	2.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	730	395	335	0.8	0.8	0.8
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	300	170	130	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	285	155	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	285	155	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	280	150	125	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	360	195	165	0.4	0.4	0.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	280	155	125	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	305	130	175	0.3	0.3	0.4
Korean	300	150	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	660	260	395	0.7	0.5	0.9
Chinese languages	660	260	395	0.7	0.5	0.9
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	535	180	350	0.6	0.4	0.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	115	75	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,010	490	525	1.1	1.0	1.2
English and French	165	75	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	805	380	425	0.9	0.8	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	25	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	90,575	47,925	42,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	84,750	45,180	39,570	93.6	94.3	92.8
English	1,140	505	635	1.3	1.1	1.5
French	1,095	520	575	1.2	1.1	1.3
Non-official language	2,855	1,335	1,520	3.2	2.8	3.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,855	1,335	1,520	3.2	2.8	3.6
English and French	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	205	120	85	0.2	0.3	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	445	225	220	0.5	0.5	0.5
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	79,335	42,255	37,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	34,480	18,470	16,010	43.5	43.7	43.2
Worked outside Canada	460	295	165	0.6	0.7	0.4
No fixed workplace address	6,745	4,590	2,160	8.5	10.9	5.8
Usual place of work	37,650	18,905	18,740	47.5	44.7	50.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	37,650	18,905	18,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	28,145	13,610	14,535	74.8	72.0	77.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	8,935	4,980	3,955	23.7	26.3	21.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	360	205	155	1.0	1.1	0.8
Commute to a different province or territory	205	110	95	0.5	0.6	0.5
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	44,395	23,495	20,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	17,580	10,575	7,005	39.6	45.0	33.5
Car, truck or van - as a driver	16,160	10,030	6,130	36.4	42.7	29.3
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,420	545	875	3.2	2.3	4.2
Public transit	8,590	3,935	4,655	19.3	16.7	22.3
Walked	14,540	6,880	7,660	32.8	29.3	36.6
Bicycle	2,165	1,285	885	4.9	5.5	4.2
Other method	1,525	825	700	3.4	3.5	3.3
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	44,395	23,495	20,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	11,205	5,845	5,365	25.2	24.9	25.7
15 to 29 minutes	17,650	9,125	8,530	39.8	38.8	40.8
30 to 44 minutes	9,845	5,265	4,580	22.2	22.4	21.9
45 to 59 minutes	3,305	1,860	1,450	7.4	7.9	6.9
60 minutes and over	2,380	1,395	985	5.4	5.9	4.7
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	44,395	23,495	20,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,435	990	450	3.2	4.2	2.2
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,275	3,350	1,920	11.9	14.3	9.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,730	5,050	4,680	21.9	21.5	22.4
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	12,240	6,070	6,170	27.6	25.8	29.5
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	10,320	5,065	5,255	23.2	21.6	25.1
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,400	2,975	2,420	12.2	12.7	11.6
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	9,695	5,020	4,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	910	460	450	9.4	9.2	9.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,780	4,560	4,225	90.6	90.8	90.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	5,585	2,935	2,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	565	285	280	10.1	9.7	10.6
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	365	180	185	6.5	6.1	7.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	200	105	95	3.6	3.6	3.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,020	2,650	2,370	89.9	90.3	89.4

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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