Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Surrey CentreMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	131,670	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	120,172	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	9.6	...	...	9.6	...	...
Total private dwellings²	47,638	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	44,940	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3,264.1	...	...	3,264.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	40.34	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	131,670	67,250	64,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19,400	10,015	9,385	14.7	14.9	14.6
0 to 4 years	6,275	3,180	3,100	4.8	4.7	4.8
5 to 9 years	6,375	3,295	3,085	4.8	4.9	4.8
10 to 14 years	6,740	3,545	3,200	5.1	5.3	5.0
15 to 64 years	94,930	48,900	46,030	72.1	72.7	71.4
15 to 19 years	7,545	3,975	3,575	5.7	5.9	5.5
20 to 24 years	13,230	6,985	6,245	10.0	10.4	9.7
25 to 29 years	12,630	6,560	6,070	9.6	9.8	9.4
30 to 34 years	11,325	5,975	5,350	8.6	8.9	8.3
35 to 39 years	9,635	4,895	4,745	7.3	7.3	7.4
40 to 44 years	8,630	4,365	4,275	6.6	6.5	6.6
45 to 49 years	7,815	3,825	3,990	5.9	5.7	6.2
50 to 54 years	8,065	4,085	3,985	6.1	6.1	6.2
55 to 59 years	8,495	4,410	4,085	6.5	6.6	6.3
60 to 64 years	7,555	3,835	3,715	5.7	5.7	5.8
65 years and over	17,340	8,335	9,010	13.2	12.4	14.0
65 to 69 years	5,890	3,000	2,890	4.5	4.5	4.5
70 to 74 years	4,595	2,240	2,350	3.5	3.3	3.6
75 to 79 years	2,920	1,370	1,550	2.2	2.0	2.4
80 to 84 years	2,060	945	1,115	1.6	1.4	1.7
85 years and over	1,880	775	1,105	1.4	1.2	1.7
85 to 89 years	1,195	535	665	0.9	0.8	1.0
90 to 94 years	510	195	315	0.4	0.3	0.5
95 to 99 years	135	40	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
100 years and over	35	5	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.7	14.9	14.6	14.7	14.9	14.6
15 to 64 years	72.1	72.7	71.4	72.1	72.7	71.4
65 years and over	13.2	12.4	14.0	13.2	12.4	14.0
85 years and over	1.4	1.2	1.7	1.4	1.2	1.7
Average age of the population	38.5	37.9	39.0	38.5	37.9	39.0
Median age of the population	36.0	35.2	36.8	36.0	35.2	36.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	44,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	8,925	...	...	19.9	...	...
Semi-detached house	560	...	...	1.2	...	...
Row house	2,790	...	...	6.2	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	10,970	...	...	24.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	13,750	...	...	30.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	7,835	...	...	17.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	30	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	80	...	...	0.2	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	44,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	11,405	...	...	25.4	...	...
2 persons	12,095	...	...	26.9	...	...
3 persons	7,150	...	...	15.9	...	...
4 persons	6,560	...	...	14.6	...	...
5 or more persons	7,725	...	...	17.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	130,005	66,240	63,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	112,270	57,230	55,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	58,645	29,430	29,210	52.2	51.4	53.1
Married	52,540	26,355	26,185	46.8	46.1	47.6
Living common-law	6,105	3,080	3,025	5.4	5.4	5.5
Living common law - Never married	4,680	2,360	2,320	4.2	4.1	4.2
Living common law - Separated	310	160	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	1,010	520	490	0.9	0.9	0.9
Living common law - Widowed	105	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	53,625	27,805	25,825	47.8	48.6	46.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	39,980	22,910	17,070	35.6	40.0	31.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,965	1,315	1,650	2.6	2.3	3.0
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,820	2,555	3,270	5.2	4.5	5.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,860	1,025	3,835	4.3	1.8	7.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	33,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	14,830	...	...	44.6	...	...
3 persons	7,625	...	...	22.9	...	...
4 persons	7,345	...	...	22.1	...	...
5 or more persons	3,465	...	...	10.4	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	33,260	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	27,470	...	...	82.6	...	...
Married couples	24,415	...	...	73.4	...	...
With children⁶	15,200	...	...	45.7	...	...
Without children	9,215	...	...	27.7	...	...
Common-law couples	3,050	...	...	9.2	...	...
With children⁶	1,075	...	...	3.2	...	...
Without children	1,975	...	...	5.9	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,800	...	...	17.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,550	...	...	13.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,250	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	130,005	66,240	63,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	100,600	50,255	50,350	77.4	75.9	79.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	54,935	27,510	27,425	42.3	41.5	43.0
Parents in one-parent families	5,795	1,245	4,550	4.5	1.9	7.1
Children⁶	39,870	21,495	18,375	30.7	32.5	28.8
In a two-parent family	31,045	16,655	14,395	23.9	25.1	22.6
In a one-parent family	8,825	4,840	3,985	6.8	7.3	6.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	29,405	15,985	13,420	22.6	24.1	21.0
Living alone	11,410	6,305	5,100	8.8	9.5	8.0
Living with other relatives⁷	7,020	3,030	3,990	5.4	4.6	6.3
Living with non-relatives only	10,980	6,645	4,330	8.4	10.0	6.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	44,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	22,070	...	...	49.1	...	...
Couple-family households	18,385	...	...	40.9	...	...
With children⁶	10,995	...	...	24.5	...	...
Without children	7,385	...	...	16.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,690	...	...	8.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	4,050	...	...	9.0	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	805	...	...	1.8	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,610	...	...	5.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,000	...	...	8.9	...	...
One-person households	11,410	...	...	25.4	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	110,615	56,230	54,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	106,080	54,040	52,040	95.9	96.1	95.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	38,000	31,400	34,400	38,000	31,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	106,135	54,070	52,070	95.9	96.2	95.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,000	34,800	29,600	32,000	34,800	29,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	88,885	46,760	42,125	80.4	83.2	77.4
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,000	36,000	24,200	30,000	36,000	24,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,865	42,190	36,680	71.3	75.0	67.4
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,400	38,000	27,000	32,400	38,000	27,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,690	46,625	48,065	85.6	82.9	88.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,600	6,900	10,200	8,600	6,900	10,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,980	5,360	6,620	10.8	9.5	12.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,560	5,480	5,480	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	38,030	19,175	18,855	34.4	34.1	34.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,500	8,000	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	110,575	56,085	54,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	105,990	53,835	52,155	95.9	96.0	95.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,440	45,320	35,360	40,440	45,320	35,360
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	106,060	53,870	52,190	95.9	96.1	95.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,880	39,480	32,160	35,880	39,480	32,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	88,540	46,450	42,090	80.1	82.8	77.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,000	43,000	30,400	37,000	43,000	30,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,725	41,885	36,840	71.2	74.7	67.6
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,320	43,960	31,920	38,320	43,960	31,920
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,235	46,280	47,955	85.2	82.5	88.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,690	9,590	11,760	10,690	9,590	11,760
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,870	5,340	6,530	10.7	9.5	12.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,470	5,795	7,030	6,470	5,795	7,030
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	37,450	18,725	18,725	33.9	33.4	34.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,070	8,890	9,250	9,070	8,890	9,250
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	110,570	56,085	54,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	32,920	19,385	13,535	29.8	34.6	24.8
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	53,200	57,600	48,000	53,200	57,600	48,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	57,700	62,600	50,680	57,700	62,600	50,680
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	33,750	16,460	17,290	30.5	29.3	31.7
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,000	22,000	16,800	19,000	22,000	16,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,600	29,280	22,120	25,600	29,280	22,120
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	76.4	81.8	69.4	76.4	81.8	69.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.4	75.4	63.7	70.4	75.4	63.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	23.5	18.2	30.6	23.5	18.2	30.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.8	1.3	2.5	1.8	1.3	2.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	9.7	8.2	11.8	9.7	8.2	11.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	7.9	6.8	9.4	7.9	6.8	9.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	110,615	56,230	54,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	4,535	2,185	2,345	4.1	3.9	4.3
With total income	106,085	54,040	52,045	95.9	96.1	95.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	11,360	5,200	6,165	10.7	9.6	11.8
$10,000 to $19,999	15,075	6,910	8,160	14.2	12.8	15.7
$20,000 to $29,999	19,355	8,915	10,440	18.2	16.5	20.1
$30,000 to $39,999	15,825	7,370	8,455	14.9	13.6	16.2
$40,000 to $49,999	13,170	6,405	6,770	12.4	11.9	13.0
$50,000 to $59,999	9,975	5,335	4,645	9.4	9.9	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	7,000	4,090	2,910	6.6	7.6	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	4,835	3,090	1,745	4.6	5.7	3.4
$80,000 to $89,999	3,140	2,115	1,030	3.0	3.9	2.0
$90,000 to $99,999	2,090	1,445	645	2.0	2.7	1.2
$100,000 and over	4,245	3,165	1,080	4.0	5.9	2.1
$100,000 to $149,999	3,400	2,490	915	3.2	4.6	1.8
$150,000 and over	840	680	165	0.8	1.3	0.3
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	110,615	56,230	54,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	4,480	2,155	2,320	4.1	3.8	4.3
With after-tax income	106,140	54,070	52,065	96.0	96.2	95.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	11,525	5,280	6,245	10.9	9.8	12.0
$10,000 to $19,999	15,475	7,115	8,355	14.6	13.2	16.0
$20,000 to $29,999	21,850	10,065	11,785	20.6	18.6	22.6
$30,000 to $39,999	18,420	8,770	9,655	17.4	16.2	18.5
$40,000 to $49,999	14,540	7,495	7,040	13.7	13.9	13.5
$50,000 to $59,999	9,810	5,640	4,165	9.2	10.4	8.0
$60,000 to $69,999	6,085	3,785	2,295	5.7	7.0	4.4
$70,000 to $79,999	3,505	2,350	1,160	3.3	4.3	2.2
$80,000 to $89,999	2,065	1,415	655	1.9	2.6	1.3
$90,000 to $99,999	1,155	815	340	1.1	1.5	0.7
$100,000 and over	1,710	1,340	375	1.6	2.5	0.7
$100,000 to $124,999	1,130	875	255	1.1	1.6	0.5
$125,000 and over	585	460	120	0.6	0.9	0.2
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	110,615	56,230	54,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	31,750	14,040	17,705	28.7	25.0	32.6
With employment income	78,865	42,185	36,675	71.3	75.0	67.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,185	4,440	4,745	11.6	10.5	12.9
$5,000 to $9,999	7,350	3,325	4,030	9.3	7.9	11.0
$10,000 to $19,999	11,635	5,400	6,235	14.8	12.8	17.0
$20,000 to $29,999	8,880	4,245	4,635	11.3	10.1	12.6
$30,000 to $39,999	9,160	4,565	4,590	11.6	10.8	12.5
$40,000 to $49,999	8,735	4,640	4,095	11.1	11.0	11.2
$50,000 to $59,999	7,310	4,195	3,110	9.3	9.9	8.5
$60,000 to $69,999	5,300	3,325	1,975	6.7	7.9	5.4
$70,000 to $79,999	3,710	2,505	1,205	4.7	5.9	3.3
$80,000 to $89,999	2,515	1,780	735	3.2	4.2	2.0
$90,000 to $99,999	1,730	1,200	535	2.2	2.8	1.5
$100,000 and over	3,360	2,565	790	4.3	6.1	2.2
$100,000 to $124,999	2,030	1,495	540	2.6	3.5	1.5
$125,000 and over	1,325	1,075	250	1.7	2.5	0.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	110,615	56,230	54,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	101,705	51,620	50,090	91.9	91.8	92.1
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,800	34,800	25,800	29,800	34,800	25,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	101,885	51,660	50,230	92.1	91.9	92.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	27,800	31,600	24,600	27,800	31,600	24,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,165	45,815	41,345	78.8	81.5	76.0
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,800	36,400	25,800	30,800	36,400	25,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	78,550	41,775	36,775	71.0	74.3	67.6
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	37,600	27,800	32,400	37,600	27,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	75,650	34,820	40,830	68.4	61.9	75.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,340	1,170	4,480	2,340	1,170	4,480
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,220	3,085	4,135	6.5	5.5	7.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,400	5,120	5,560	5,400	5,120	5,560
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	110,575	56,085	54,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	101,670	51,550	50,120	91.9	91.9	92.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,560	42,000	30,920	36,560	42,000	30,920
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	101,865	51,580	50,285	92.1	92.0	92.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,040	36,200	27,800	32,040	36,200	27,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,875	45,705	41,165	78.6	81.5	75.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	42,760	30,160	36,800	42,760	30,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	78,460	41,680	36,780	71.0	74.3	67.5
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,560	43,200	31,160	37,560	43,200	31,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	75,525	34,615	40,910	68.3	61.7	75.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,880	6,115	7,520	6,880	6,115	7,520
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,260	3,150	4,115	6.6	5.6	7.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,710	6,060	7,210	6,710	6,060	7,210
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	110,570	56,085	54,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	32,390	19,065	13,320	29.3	34.0	24.4
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	48,400	53,600	42,800	48,400	53,600	42,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	52,600	57,600	45,480	52,600	57,600	45,480
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	31,120	15,240	15,880	28.1	27.2	29.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,800	28,000	20,600	23,800	28,000	20,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,800	34,280	25,480	29,800	34,280	25,480
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.0	90.2	80.2	86.0	90.2	80.2
Employment income (%)	79.4	83.2	74.0	79.4	83.2	74.0
Government transfers (%)	14.0	9.8	19.8	14.0	9.8	19.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.9	1.9	1.3	0.9	1.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	44,940	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	73,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	11,410	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,000	...	...	40,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,800	...	...	36,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	33,530	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	44,910	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	95,400	...	...	95,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	84,700	...	...	84,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	11,370	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,200	...	...	47,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,240	...	...	41,240	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	33,535	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,700	...	...	111,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,500	...	...	99,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	44,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	725	...	...	1.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	250	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	435	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	945	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,685	...	...	3.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,360	...	...	3.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,440	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,720	...	...	3.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,620	...	...	3.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,645	...	...	3.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,425	...	...	7.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,400	...	...	7.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,380	...	...	7.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,020	...	...	6.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,765	...	...	6.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,125	...	...	38.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,580	...	...	12.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,030	...	...	9.0	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,375	...	...	9.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,140	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	44,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	755	...	...	1.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	255	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	445	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	970	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,795	...	...	4.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,505	...	...	3.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,700	...	...	3.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,940	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,870	...	...	4.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,950	...	...	4.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,980	...	...	8.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,875	...	...	8.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,695	...	...	8.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,275	...	...	7.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,840	...	...	6.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,095	...	...	31.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,475	...	...	12.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,445	...	...	7.7	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,170	...	...	11.5	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	31,070	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.5	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	8,080	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...	70,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	16,060	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.5	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,780	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...	65,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	22,385	12,955	9,430	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,800	34,800	30,200	32,800	34,800	30,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,000	32,800	29,200	31,000	32,800	29,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	30,960	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,700	...	...	109,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,400	...	...	97,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,105	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	74,800	...	...	74,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	16,120	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	131,800	...	...	131,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,700	...	...	116,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,695	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,900	...	...	79,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,400	...	...	72,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	22,510	12,905	9,605	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,440	42,320	35,600	39,440	42,320	35,600
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,160	37,200	32,360	35,160	37,200	32,360
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	130,005	66,240	63,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	23,485	12,185	11,300	18.1	18.4	17.7
0 to 5 years	7,540	3,825	3,715	5.8	5.8	5.8
18 to 64 years	89,970	46,100	43,870	69.2	69.6	68.8
65 years and over	16,550	7,955	8,595	12.7	12.0	13.5
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	14,215	7,060	7,155	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,220	1,665	1,555	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,085	545	540	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	8,440	4,280	4,160	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,555	1,115	1,445	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.9	10.7	11.2	10.9	10.7	11.2
0 to 17 years (%)	13.7	13.7	13.8	13.7	13.7	13.8
0 to 5 years (%)	14.4	14.3	14.6	14.4	14.3	14.6
18 to 64 years (%)	9.4	9.3	9.5	9.4	9.3	9.5
65 years and over (%)	15.4	14.0	16.8	15.4	14.0	16.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	130,005	66,240	63,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	23,485	12,185	11,300	18.1	18.4	17.7
0 to 5 years	7,540	3,825	3,715	5.8	5.8	5.8
18 to 64 years	89,970	46,105	43,865	69.2	69.6	68.8
65 years and over	16,550	7,955	8,600	12.7	12.0	13.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	10,835	5,860	4,980	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,455	750	710	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	505	260	250	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	8,275	4,585	3,685	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,105	525	585	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.3	8.8	7.8	8.3	8.8	7.8
0 to 17 years (%)	6.2	6.2	6.3	6.2	6.2	6.3
0 to 5 years (%)	6.7	6.8	6.7	6.7	6.8	6.7
18 to 64 years (%)	9.2	9.9	8.4	9.2	9.9	8.4
65 years and over (%)	6.7	6.6	6.8	6.7	6.6	6.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	130,005	66,240	63,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	72,600	36,715	35,890	55.8	55.4	56.3
In bottom decile	15,735	8,145	7,590	12.1	12.3	11.9
In second decile	14,160	7,010	7,145	10.9	10.6	11.2
In third decile	13,865	6,970	6,900	10.7	10.5	10.8
In fourth decile	14,070	7,100	6,965	10.8	10.7	10.9
In fifth decile	14,765	7,475	7,290	11.4	11.3	11.4
In top half of the distribution	57,400	29,525	27,875	44.2	44.6	43.7
In sixth decile	13,440	6,825	6,610	10.3	10.3	10.4
In seventh decile	13,460	6,960	6,495	10.4	10.5	10.2
In eighth decile	13,270	6,830	6,440	10.2	10.3	10.1
In ninth decile	10,945	5,675	5,270	8.4	8.6	8.3
In top decile	6,295	3,235	3,055	4.8	4.9	4.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	130,005	...	...	130,005	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.274	...	...	0.274	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.390	...	...	0.390	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.251	...	...	0.251	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	130,200	66,320	63,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	115,920	60,030	55,890	89.0	90.5	87.5
French only	80	30	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and French	4,175	2,010	2,165	3.2	3.0	3.4
Neither English nor French	10,030	4,245	5,780	7.7	6.4	9.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	130,200	66,320	63,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	118,800	61,375	57,425	91.2	92.5	89.9
French	800	420	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and French	725	340	385	0.6	0.5	0.6
Neither English nor French	9,870	4,180	5,695	7.6	6.3	8.9
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	130,200	66,320	63,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	119,965	61,160	58,805	92.1	92.2	92.1
Official languages	46,135	24,635	21,495	35.4	37.1	33.6
English	45,480	24,275	21,205	34.9	36.6	33.2
French	650	355	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official languages	73,830	36,525	37,305	56.7	55.1	58.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	73,805	36,520	37,290	56.7	55.1	58.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,835	2,515	2,320	3.7	3.8	3.6
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	280	140	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	230	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,545	2,365	2,180	3.5	3.6	3.4
Amharic	180	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	3,080	1,625	1,455	2.4	2.5	2.3
Aramaic languages	780	395	390	0.6	0.6	0.6
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	240	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	470	230	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Aramaic, n.o.s.	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	480	245	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,405	1,080	1,325	1.8	1.6	2.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	200	90	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Vietnamese	2,200	995	1,210	1.7	1.5	1.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	8,415	3,720	4,690	6.5	5.6	7.3
Bikol	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	170	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	315	140	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Fijian	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hiligaynon	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	560	245	315	0.4	0.4	0.5
Indonesian	180	75	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kankanaey	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,695	2,940	3,750	5.1	4.4	5.9
Waray-Waray	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Creole languages	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	965	530	435	0.7	0.8	0.7
Kannada	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	355	200	155	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tamil	320	165	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	245	145	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	47,045	23,865	23,185	36.1	36.0	36.3
Albanian	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,785	890	890	1.4	1.3	1.4
Baltic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,770	885	885	1.4	1.3	1.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	620	315	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian	515	255	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	320	165	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	115	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	165	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	650	320	330	0.5	0.5	0.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	430	220	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
German	420	215	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	140	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	41,075	20,855	20,220	31.5	31.4	31.7
Indo-Aryan languages	39,715	20,145	19,570	30.5	30.4	30.6
Assamese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	465	250	220	0.4	0.4	0.3
Gujarati	630	345	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hindi	4,705	2,360	2,340	3.6	3.6	3.7
Kacchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	320	160	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	31,915	16,175	15,740	24.5	24.4	24.6
Rohingya	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	175	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,180	600	575	0.9	0.9	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	1,360	715	650	1.0	1.1	1.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	155	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	150	85	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	1,035	540	500	0.8	0.8	0.8
Dari	620	305	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian Persian	230	135	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	185	95	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,320	1,675	1,645	2.5	2.5	2.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	160	90	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	580	280	300	0.4	0.4	0.5
Romanian	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	2,420	1,240	1,185	1.9	1.9	1.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	265	85	180	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korean	1,665	780	885	1.3	1.2	1.4
Mongolian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	615	330	285	0.5	0.5	0.4
Akan (Twi)	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	130	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	65	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dinka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,800	3,225	3,570	5.2	4.9	5.6
Chinese languages	6,155	2,895	3,255	4.7	4.4	5.1
Hakka	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,655	1,700	1,960	2.8	2.6	3.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	200	90	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,140	1,030	1,105	1.6	1.6	1.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	625	320	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Burmese	205	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	145	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
S'gaw Karen	210	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	210	85	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	90	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	175	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	90	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	175	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,240	5,160	5,075	7.9	7.8	7.9
English and French	260	140	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	8,775	4,435	4,340	6.7	6.7	6.8
French and non-official language(s)	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	975	460	515	0.7	0.7	0.8
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	130,200	66,320	63,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	47,880	25,345	22,530	36.8	38.2	35.3
French	125	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	29,105	14,405	14,700	22.4	21.7	23.0
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	29,100	14,405	14,700	22.4	21.7	23.0
English and French	560	295	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	49,135	24,580	24,560	37.7	37.1	38.4
French and non-official language(s)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	740	345	400	0.6	0.5	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	2,590	1,245	1,345	2.0	1.9	2.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	130,200	66,320	63,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	117,105	59,790	57,315	89.9	90.2	89.7
Official languages	63,590	33,030	30,560	48.8	49.8	47.8
English	63,370	32,910	30,460	48.7	49.6	47.7
French	220	120	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official languages	53,510	26,760	26,755	41.1	40.3	41.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	53,505	26,760	26,750	41.1	40.3	41.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,825	1,965	1,860	2.9	3.0	2.9
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	195	100	95	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	170	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,625	1,860	1,760	2.8	2.8	2.8
Amharic	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	2,520	1,310	1,210	1.9	2.0	1.9
Aramaic languages	635	320	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	200	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	365	175	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic, n.o.s.	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	370	190	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,645	730	915	1.3	1.1	1.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	140	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,500	665	840	1.2	1.0	1.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,935	2,330	2,600	3.8	3.5	4.1
Bikol	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	185	90	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	290	135	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	70	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,125	1,940	2,185	3.2	2.9	3.4
Waray-Waray	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	635	330	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kannada	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	245	135	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	210	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	160	90	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	35,015	17,860	17,155	26.9	26.9	26.9
Albanian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	875	435	435	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	875	435	435	0.7	0.7	0.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	300	155	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	320	160	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	31,985	16,325	15,665	24.6	24.6	24.5
Indo-Aryan languages	31,080	15,855	15,225	23.9	23.9	23.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	280	140	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	455	250	210	0.3	0.4	0.3
Hindi	2,950	1,505	1,440	2.3	2.3	2.3
Kacchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	245	135	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	26,085	13,305	12,785	20.0	20.1	20.0
Rohingya	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	790	385	405	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	905	465	440	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	720	360	355	0.6	0.5	0.6
Dari	455	220	235	0.3	0.3	0.4
Iranian Persian	150	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,005	1,020	985	1.5	1.5	1.5
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	385	175	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	1,505	790	715	1.2	1.2	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,370	635	735	1.1	1.0	1.2
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	320	165	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,245	2,490	2,760	4.0	3.8	4.3
Chinese languages	4,705	2,210	2,495	3.6	3.3	3.9
Hakka	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,865	1,365	1,505	2.2	2.1	2.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,630	750	875	1.3	1.1	1.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	525	270	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Burmese	180	95	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages	185	95	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	175	90	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	65	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	65	35	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	13,095	6,530	6,565	10.1	9.8	10.3
English and French	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	12,505	6,280	6,225	9.6	9.5	9.7
French and non-official language(s)	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	345	145	205	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	130,200	66,320	63,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	87,505	45,035	42,465	67.2	67.9	66.5
English	18,160	9,210	8,955	13.9	13.9	14.0
French	560	295	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official language	17,495	8,475	9,025	13.4	12.8	14.1
Indigenous³⁹	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	17,480	8,465	9,010	13.4	12.8	14.1
English and French	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	3,925	2,005	1,925	3.0	3.0	3.0
French and non-official language(s)	285	135	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,090	1,085	1,010	1.6	1.6	1.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	130,010	66,250	63,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	119,645	61,845	57,800	92.0	93.4	90.7
English	119,555	61,815	57,745	92.0	93.3	90.6
French	4,325	2,065	2,265	3.3	3.1	3.6
Non-official languages	91,340	45,455	45,885	70.3	68.6	72.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	60	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	91,280	45,440	45,840	70.2	68.6	71.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,985	3,280	2,705	4.6	5.0	4.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	385	210	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	350	195	155	0.3	0.3	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	5,710	3,145	2,565	4.4	4.7	4.0
Amharic	355	180	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Arabic	4,510	2,515	1,995	3.5	3.8	3.1
Aramaic languages	1,220	635	585	0.9	1.0	0.9
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	445	260	185	0.3	0.4	0.3
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	680	330	350	0.5	0.5	0.5
Aramaic, n.o.s.	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	105	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	595	320	270	0.5	0.5	0.4
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,265	1,475	1,795	2.5	2.2	2.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	320	160	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	2,985	1,340	1,645	2.3	2.0	2.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	11,655	5,165	6,490	9.0	7.8	10.2
Bikol	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	540	255	285	0.4	0.4	0.4
Fijian	175	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hiligaynon	295	140	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ilocano	1,095	460	630	0.8	0.7	1.0
Indonesian	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,910	4,805	6,110	8.4	7.3	9.6
Waray-Waray	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	265	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages	290	150	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	120	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	70	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dravidian languages	1,480	800	680	1.1	1.2	1.1
Kannada	135	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	495	255	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamil	670	370	300	0.5	0.6	0.5
Telugu	360	220	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tulu	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	58,715	30,160	28,555	45.2	45.5	44.8
Albanian	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	55	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,355	1,235	1,115	1.8	1.9	1.7
Baltic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,340	1,230	1,110	1.8	1.9	1.7
Belarusian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	115	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	830	465	360	0.6	0.7	0.6
Russian	865	475	390	0.7	0.7	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	445	235	210	0.3	0.4	0.3
Bosnian	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	240	120	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	210	125	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	270	115	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,010	495	515	0.8	0.7	0.8
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	745	365	380	0.6	0.6	0.6
German	730	355	375	0.6	0.5	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	195	90	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Afrikaans	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	150	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	50,805	26,105	24,700	39.1	39.4	38.7
Indo-Aryan languages	49,490	25,415	24,070	38.1	38.4	37.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	555	280	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	815	415	400	0.6	0.6	0.6
Hindi	17,220	8,585	8,630	13.2	13.0	13.5
Kacchi	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	210	115	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Nepali	330	165	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Oriya languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	40,170	20,630	19,540	30.9	31.1	30.6
Rohingya	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	380	210	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Urdu	2,430	1,365	1,060	1.9	2.1	1.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	230	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages	1,495	800	695	1.1	1.2	1.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	255	150	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	240	145	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Persian languages	1,145	605	545	0.9	0.9	0.9
Dari	720	360	365	0.6	0.5	0.6
Iranian Persian	295	170	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	165	90	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,935	2,560	2,375	3.8	3.9	3.7
Catalan	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	390	215	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	810	420	390	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	175	70	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Spanish	3,765	1,955	1,805	2.9	3.0	2.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	665	310	360	0.5	0.5	0.6
Korean	1,780	775	1,000	1.4	1.2	1.6
Mongolian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,135	575	560	0.9	0.9	0.9
Akan (Twi)	195	90	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	270	160	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	185	105	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	215	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	70	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	175	95	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	165	90	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,020	3,790	4,235	6.2	5.7	6.6
Chinese languages	7,170	3,370	3,800	5.5	5.1	6.0
Hakka	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	5,190	2,350	2,835	4.0	3.5	4.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	400	180	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	3,030	1,440	1,585	2.3	2.2	2.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	885	435	440	0.7	0.7	0.7
Burmese	530	280	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kuki-Chin languages	170	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages	290	130	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
S'gaw Karen	265	105	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	260	125	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	315	200	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	240	165	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	265	120	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	245	110	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	130,010	66,255	63,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,660	1,890	1,775	2.8	2.9	2.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,540	1,820	1,725	2.7	2.7	2.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,150	1,135	1,015	1.7	1.7	1.6
Métis	1,330	665	665	1.0	1.0	1.0
Inuk (Inuit)	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	126,350	64,365	61,985	97.2	97.1	97.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	130,010	66,255	63,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,475	735	745	1.1	1.1	1.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	128,535	65,520	63,015	98.9	98.9	98.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	44,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	23,750	...	...	52.9	...	...
Renter	21,160	...	...	47.1	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	44,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	15,030	...	...	33.5	...	...
Not condominium	29,875	...	...	66.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	44,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	900	...	...	2.0	...	...
1 bedroom	10,795	...	...	24.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	14,575	...	...	32.5	...	...
3 bedrooms	8,390	...	...	18.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	10,245	...	...	22.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	44,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	24,780	...	...	55.2	...	...
5 rooms	5,705	...	...	12.7	...	...
6 rooms	3,975	...	...	8.9	...	...
7 rooms	2,930	...	...	6.5	...	...
8 or more rooms	7,520	...	...	16.7	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.9	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	44,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	40,100	...	...	89.3	...	...
More than one person per room	4,805	...	...	10.7	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	44,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	36,370	...	...	81.0	...	...
Not suitable	8,540	...	...	19.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	44,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	4,525	...	...	10.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	11,875	...	...	26.4	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,470	...	...	14.4	...	...
1991 to 2000	6,585	...	...	14.7	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,485	...	...	5.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,970	...	...	8.8	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,420	...	...	7.6	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	5,560	...	...	12.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	44,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	42,220	...	...	94.0	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,690	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	44,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	20,670	...	...	46.0	...	...
Two-maintainer household	17,505	...	...	39.0	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	6,730	...	...	15.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	44,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,340	...	...	5.2	...	...
25 to 34 years	8,245	...	...	18.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,475	...	...	18.9	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,390	...	...	18.7	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,860	...	...	19.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,455	...	...	12.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,385	...	...	5.3	...	...
85 years and over	755	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	44,740	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	31,775	...	...	71.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	12,965	...	...	29.0	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,630	...	...	26.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	44,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	21,475	...	...	47.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	10,755	...	...	23.9	...	...
Not suitable only	6,665	...	...	14.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,450	...	...	3.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,365	...	...	3.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	730	...	...	1.6	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	395	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	115	...	...	0.3	...	...
Acceptable housing	23,435	...	...	52.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	43,400	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	9,225	...	...	21.3	...	...
Not in core need	34,180	...	...	78.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	23,745	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	71.4	...	...	71.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	27.0	...	...	27.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	13.6	...	...	13.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,700	...	...	1,700	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,884	...	...	1,884	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	880,000	...	...	880,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	916,000	...	...	916,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	21,160	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.9	...	...	8.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	31.2	...	...	31.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	30.0	...	...	30.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	...	...	1,300	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,334	...	...	1,334	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	130,015	66,255	63,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,455	705	745	1.1	1.1	1.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,370	685	685	1.1	1.0	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	995	500	500	0.8	0.8	0.8
Métis single ancestry	355	185	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuit single ancestry	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	80	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	75	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,405	1,245	1,155	1.8	1.9	1.8
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,315	1,200	1,110	1.8	1.8	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,675	880	795	1.3	1.3	1.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	610	305	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	126,155	64,295	61,855	97.0	97.0	97.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	130,015	66,255	63,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	94,985	48,750	46,235	73.1	73.6	72.5
Canadian citizens aged under 18	20,015	10,505	9,515	15.4	15.9	14.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	74,970	38,245	36,720	57.7	57.7	57.6
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	35,030	17,500	17,525	26.9	26.4	27.5
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	130,015	66,255	63,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	53,300	28,315	24,975	41.0	42.7	39.2
Immigrants⁸¹	64,090	31,250	32,835	49.3	47.2	51.5
Before 1980	5,015	2,645	2,380	3.9	4.0	3.7
1980 to 1990	6,320	3,030	3,295	4.9	4.6	5.2
1991 to 2000	13,085	6,310	6,780	10.1	9.5	10.6
2001 to 2010	17,010	8,175	8,835	13.1	12.3	13.9
2011 to 2021⁸²	22,650	11,105	11,545	17.4	16.8	18.1
2011 to 2015	9,590	4,650	4,940	7.4	7.0	7.7
2016 to 2021	13,060	6,450	6,610	10.0	9.7	10.4
Non-permanent residents⁸³	12,630	6,685	5,940	9.7	10.1	9.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	64,085	31,250	32,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,955	2,070	1,885	6.2	6.6	5.7
5 to 14 years	8,840	4,680	4,160	13.8	15.0	12.7
15 to 24 years	15,145	7,010	8,135	23.6	22.4	24.8
25 to 44 years	26,985	13,355	13,630	42.1	42.7	41.5
45 years and over	9,165	4,135	5,025	14.3	13.2	15.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	64,085	31,250	32,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,180	1,590	1,595	5.0	5.1	4.9
Brazil	195	85	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	400	195	205	0.6	0.6	0.6
El Salvador	475	265	210	0.7	0.8	0.6
Guyana	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	285	115	170	0.4	0.4	0.5
Mexico	275	125	150	0.4	0.4	0.5
Peru	100	70	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Trinidad and Tobago	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	515	225	290	0.8	0.7	0.9
Other places of birth in Americas	810	450	365	1.3	1.4	1.1
Europe	4,245	2,200	2,050	6.6	7.0	6.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	95	50	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Croatia	115	55	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	350	150	195	0.5	0.5	0.6
Greece	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	145	65	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italy	175	100	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
Netherlands	100	55	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Poland	670	345	320	1.0	1.1	1.0
Portugal	200	95	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romania	130	60	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	230	110	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbia⁸⁶	110	60	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	200	105	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	950	505	450	1.5	1.6	1.4
Other places of birth in Europe	620	355	270	1.0	1.1	0.8
Africa	2,900	1,515	1,385	4.5	4.8	4.2
Algeria	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Egypt	135	80	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	465	265	205	0.7	0.8	0.6
Ethiopia	205	100	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Morocco	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	390	215	175	0.6	0.7	0.5
Somalia	145	70	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	1,295	660	635	2.0	2.1	1.9
Asia	50,705	24,470	26,235	79.1	78.3	79.9
Afghanistan	640	310	330	1.0	1.0	1.0
Iran⁸⁸	275	175	100	0.4	0.6	0.3
Iraq	2,035	1,095	940	3.2	3.5	2.9
Lebanon	245	140	110	0.4	0.4	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	1,040	640	400	1.6	2.0	1.2
Turkey	55	50	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
China⁹⁰	3,645	1,690	1,955	5.7	5.4	6.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	600	325	280	0.9	1.0	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	1,375	605	765	2.1	1.9	2.3
Taiwan	715	295	420	1.1	0.9	1.3
Philippines	10,550	4,670	5,885	16.5	14.9	17.9
Viet Nam	2,040	895	1,145	3.2	2.9	3.5
Bangladesh	320	155	160	0.5	0.5	0.5
India	22,650	11,225	11,430	35.3	35.9	34.8
Pakistan	1,155	625	530	1.8	2.0	1.6
Sri Lanka	335	165	170	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other places of birth in Asia	3,025	1,420	1,605	4.7	4.5	4.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	3,055	1,480	1,575	4.8	4.7	4.8
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	13,060	6,450	6,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	680	305	380	5.2	4.7	5.7
Brazil	140	65	80	1.1	1.0	1.2
Colombia	115	80	30	0.9	1.2	0.5
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	140	40	100	1.1	0.6	1.5
Mexico	50	20	30	0.4	0.3	0.5
United States of America	115	35	75	0.9	0.5	1.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	115	60	55	0.9	0.9	0.8
Europe	380	225	155	2.9	3.5	2.3
France	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	25	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Italy	60	40	20	0.5	0.6	0.3
Russian Federation	40	25	15	0.3	0.4	0.2
Ukraine	55	20	30	0.4	0.3	0.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	60	45	15	0.5	0.7	0.2
Other places of birth in Europe	135	70	70	1.0	1.1	1.1
Africa	1,020	545	475	7.8	8.4	7.2
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	35	15	15	0.3	0.2	0.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Egypt	30	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eritrea	260	140	115	2.0	2.2	1.7
Ethiopia	45	25	20	0.3	0.4	0.3
Morocco	25	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	240	130	110	1.8	2.0	1.7
Somalia	40	25	15	0.3	0.4	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	10	0.1	0.2	0.2
Sudan⁹⁷	30	15	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	270	135	135	2.1	2.1	2.0
Asia	10,880	5,320	5,565	83.3	82.5	84.2
Afghanistan	195	105	90	1.5	1.6	1.4
Bangladesh	85	50	30	0.7	0.8	0.5
China⁹⁰	580	230	345	4.4	3.6	5.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.2
India	5,350	2,650	2,705	41.0	41.1	40.9
Iran⁸⁸	45	20	25	0.3	0.3	0.4
Iraq	550	315	235	4.2	4.9	3.6
Israel	30	20	10	0.2	0.3	0.2
Japan	60	15	45	0.5	0.2	0.7
Jordan	80	35	40	0.6	0.5	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	230	80	150	1.8	1.2	2.3
Lebanon	75	30	45	0.6	0.5	0.7
Nepal	55	30	30	0.4	0.5	0.5
Pakistan	255	140	115	2.0	2.2	1.7
Philippines	1,750	745	1,005	13.4	11.6	15.2
Saudi Arabia	50	25	20	0.4	0.4	0.3
Sri Lanka	45	15	30	0.3	0.2	0.5
Syria⁸⁹	885	555	330	6.8	8.6	5.0
Turkey	25	25	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
United Arab Emirates	60	30	25	0.5	0.5	0.4
Viet Nam	145	35	110	1.1	0.5	1.7
Other places of birth in Asia	300	140	155	2.3	2.2	2.3
Oceania and other⁹³	95	55	40	0.7	0.9	0.6
Australia	40	30	15	0.3	0.5	0.2
Other places of birth⁹⁸	50	25	25	0.4	0.4	0.4
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	130,010	66,255	63,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	77,670	38,380	39,290	59.7	57.9	61.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	30,175	15,905	14,265	23.2	24.0	22.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	22,170	11,970	10,205	17.1	18.1	16.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	59,065	28,610	30,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	24,760	12,190	12,570	41.9	42.6	41.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	11,005	5,985	5,020	18.6	20.9	16.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	13,755	6,205	7,555	23.3	21.7	24.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	23,990	10,785	13,200	40.6	37.7	43.3
Refugees¹⁰⁸	9,970	5,455	4,515	16.9	19.1	14.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	350	180	175	0.6	0.6	0.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	59,065	28,610	30,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,850	1,160	690	3.1	4.1	2.3
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	5,660	2,180	3,485	9.6	7.6	11.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	885	500	390	1.5	1.7	1.3
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,905	1,630	1,270	4.9	5.7	4.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	225	115	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	47,540	23,020	24,515	80.5	80.5	80.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	130,010	66,255	63,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	97,505	48,920	48,590	75.0	73.8	76.2
South Asian	52,060	26,910	25,145	40.0	40.6	39.4
Chinese	7,315	3,450	3,860	5.6	5.2	6.1
Black	4,545	2,310	2,235	3.5	3.5	3.5
Filipino	13,365	6,115	7,250	10.3	9.2	11.4
Arab	3,620	2,000	1,625	2.8	3.0	2.5
Latin American	2,955	1,480	1,475	2.3	2.2	2.3
Southeast Asian	5,435	2,535	2,905	4.2	3.8	4.6
West Asian	1,800	955	845	1.4	1.4	1.3
Korean	1,780	780	995	1.4	1.2	1.6
Japanese	585	235	355	0.4	0.4	0.6
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,450	805	645	1.1	1.2	1.0
Multiple visible minorities	2,600	1,345	1,255	2.0	2.0	2.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	32,505	17,335	15,170	25.0	26.2	23.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	130,015	66,250	63,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	7,310	4,025	3,285	5.6	6.1	5.2
English	8,125	4,120	4,000	6.2	6.2	6.3
Irish	5,915	2,975	2,940	4.5	4.5	4.6
Scottish	6,615	3,335	3,280	5.1	5.0	5.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	3,140	1,580	1,560	2.4	2.4	2.4
German	4,785	2,405	2,380	3.7	3.6	3.7
Chinese	7,835	3,700	4,140	6.0	5.6	6.5
Italian	1,385	745	640	1.1	1.1	1.0
Indian (India)	28,900	14,835	14,065	22.2	22.4	22.1
Ukrainian	2,030	1,085	945	1.6	1.6	1.5
Dutch	1,485	805	680	1.1	1.2	1.1
Polish	1,790	1,000	795	1.4	1.5	1.2
Québécois	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,675	910	760	1.3	1.4	1.2
Filipino	12,455	5,690	6,765	9.6	8.6	10.6
French Canadian	445	240	200	0.3	0.4	0.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,070	565	505	0.8	0.9	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,405	750	655	1.1	1.1	1.0
Métis	1,130	555	575	0.9	0.8	0.9
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,230	660	570	0.9	1.0	0.9
Russian	1,170	575	595	0.9	0.9	0.9
Norwegian	1,120	615	500	0.9	0.9	0.8
Welsh	840	435	410	0.6	0.7	0.6
Portuguese	860	425	435	0.7	0.6	0.7
American	650	335	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Spanish	1,470	660	815	1.1	1.0	1.3
Swedish	875	395	480	0.7	0.6	0.8
Hungarian	675	345	330	0.5	0.5	0.5
Acadian	65	45	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pakistani	1,495	825	675	1.1	1.2	1.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	850	465	385	0.7	0.7	0.6
Jewish	275	155	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Punjabi	11,475	5,860	5,615	8.8	8.8	8.8
Vietnamese	3,300	1,500	1,800	2.5	2.3	2.8
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,335	735	600	1.0	1.1	0.9
Greek	265	120	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaican	415	195	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,870	860	1,010	1.4	1.3	1.6
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	360	145	215	0.3	0.2	0.3
Korean	1,740	765	970	1.3	1.2	1.5
Romanian	325	160	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Lebanese	240	140	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iranian	295	160	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	950	485	465	0.7	0.7	0.7
Danish	430	280	150	0.3	0.4	0.2
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	350	190	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sikh	8,480	4,560	3,920	6.5	6.9	6.1
Austrian	395	225	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Belgian	150	95	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	2,440	1,200	1,235	1.9	1.8	1.9
Mexican	510	235	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mennonite	155	105	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Swiss	190	95	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Finnish	265	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lankan	430	230	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatian	340	160	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Japanese	815	330	485	0.6	0.5	0.8
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,025	1,040	980	1.6	1.6	1.5
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	65	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	265	145	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	745	410	330	0.6	0.6	0.5
Egyptian	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	490	245	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamil	280	150	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	245	125	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombian	490	240	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Moroccan	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Czech	210	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	865	480	385	0.7	0.7	0.6
Guyanese	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Afghan	915	450	465	0.7	0.7	0.7
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	280	120	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Serbian	205	115	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ojibway	40	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Newfoundlander	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	275	160	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ontarian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	185	110	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Turkish	175	110	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	350	180	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algerian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	315	160	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	420	205	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Armenian	90	70	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovak	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	200	90	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Somali	370	200	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Taiwanese	665	315	355	0.5	0.5	0.6
Iraqi	1,075	570	500	0.8	0.9	0.8
Salvadorean	495	270	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
African Caribbean	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	600	335	270	0.5	0.5	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	235	125	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	135	95	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	245	145	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	115	40	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	250	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	160	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	345	195	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Berber	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	65	50	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	90	65	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
New Brunswicker	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	185	70	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Eritrean	515	270	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
African Canadian	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	125	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
African American	60	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	90	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	80	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Venezuelan	40	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	50	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bengali	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	270	145	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	245	105	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Laotian	190	95	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	465	195	265	0.4	0.3	0.4
Northern Irish	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	220	120	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ecuadorian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	145	95	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	2,570	1,275	1,295	2.0	1.9	2.0
Jatt	1,025	530	490	0.8	0.8	0.8
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	70	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Thai	135	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	285	135	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	175	100	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Igbo	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	145	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	65	50	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	115	80	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nicaraguan	150	95	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	100	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Manitoban	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	420	215	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sinhalese	170	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	150	90	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	85	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cherokee	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	170	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Burmese	480	245	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	80	30	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	60	35	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Singaporean	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	325	175	150	0.2	0.3	0.2
Edo	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tajik	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	130,010	66,255	63,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,895	1,340	1,555	2.2	2.0	2.4
Christian	39,560	18,940	20,620	30.4	28.6	32.3
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	11,105	5,535	5,570	8.5	8.4	8.7
Anabaptist	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	1,450	665	785	1.1	1.0	1.2
Baptist	1,470	650	820	1.1	1.0	1.3
Catholic	17,590	8,440	9,145	13.5	12.7	14.3
Christian Orthodox	1,160	630	530	0.9	1.0	0.8
Jehovah's Witness	500	240	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latter Day Saints	215	95	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lutheran	510	205	305	0.4	0.3	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,580	690	890	1.2	1.0	1.4
Presbyterian	420	165	255	0.3	0.2	0.4
Reformed	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Church	775	305	470	0.6	0.5	0.7
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,470	1,170	1,305	1.9	1.8	2.0
Hindu	9,315	4,795	4,520	7.2	7.2	7.1
Jewish	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	9,440	5,020	4,425	7.3	7.6	6.9
Sikh	36,070	18,380	17,695	27.7	27.7	27.8
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	680	300	380	0.5	0.5	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	31,860	17,390	14,475	24.5	26.2	22.7
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	128,705	65,645	63,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	108,105	55,130	52,970	84.0	84.0	84.0
Movers	20,600	10,515	10,085	16.0	16.0	16.0
Non-migrants	12,875	6,500	6,370	10.0	9.9	10.1
Migrants	7,725	4,015	3,715	6.0	6.1	5.9
Internal migrants	5,000	2,645	2,360	3.9	4.0	3.7
Intraprovincial migrants	3,635	1,895	1,740	2.8	2.9	2.8
Interprovincial migrants	1,370	745	620	1.1	1.1	1.0
External migrants	2,725	1,370	1,360	2.1	2.1	2.2
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	123,465	62,930	60,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	63,650	32,185	31,465	51.6	51.1	52.0
Movers	59,820	30,745	29,075	48.5	48.9	48.0
Non-migrants	26,045	13,245	12,800	21.1	21.0	21.1
Migrants	33,775	17,500	16,275	27.4	27.8	26.9
Internal migrants	15,220	7,935	7,280	12.3	12.6	12.0
Intraprovincial migrants	12,010	6,220	5,795	9.7	9.9	9.6
Interprovincial migrants	3,205	1,715	1,490	2.6	2.7	2.5
External migrants	18,555	9,565	8,995	15.0	15.2	14.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	110,575	56,085	54,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	23,920	12,320	11,605	21.6	22.0	21.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	86,655	43,770	42,885	78.4	78.0	78.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	73,285	37,305	35,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	12,565	6,860	5,705	17.1	18.4	15.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	60,720	30,440	30,280	82.9	81.6	84.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	110,575	56,085	54,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	22,260	11,280	10,975	20.1	20.1	20.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	35,615	18,905	16,710	32.2	33.7	30.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	52,700	25,900	26,800	47.7	46.2	49.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,250	13,910	13,335	24.6	24.8	24.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,475	4,695	1,780	5.9	8.4	3.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,255	2,090	1,160	2.9	3.7	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,220	2,600	620	2.9	4.6	1.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,790	6,950	8,840	14.3	12.4	16.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,985	2,275	2,715	4.5	4.1	5.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	25,450	11,985	13,465	23.0	21.4	24.7
Bachelor's degree	17,150	7,990	9,155	15.5	14.2	16.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,845	840	1,005	1.7	1.5	1.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	570	250	320	0.5	0.4	0.6
Master's degree	5,425	2,585	2,840	4.9	4.6	5.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	455	315	140	0.4	0.6	0.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	73,285	37,300	35,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	11,460	6,195	5,265	15.6	16.6	14.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	21,040	11,445	9,595	28.7	30.7	26.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	40,785	19,660	21,125	55.7	52.7	58.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,175	9,615	9,560	26.2	25.8	26.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,555	3,295	1,260	6.2	8.8	3.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,325	1,480	845	3.2	4.0	2.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,225	1,810	415	3.0	4.9	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,280	4,840	6,440	15.4	13.0	17.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,340	1,480	1,855	4.6	4.0	5.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	21,615	10,055	11,565	29.5	27.0	32.1
Bachelor's degree	14,325	6,635	7,685	19.5	17.8	21.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,490	660	830	2.0	1.8	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	500	215	290	0.7	0.6	0.8
Master's degree	4,940	2,290	2,645	6.7	6.1	7.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	360	250	110	0.5	0.7	0.3
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	110,575	56,085	54,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	57,875	30,190	27,685	52.3	53.8	50.8
Education	2,305	520	1,780	2.1	0.9	3.3
13. Education	2,305	520	1,780	2.1	0.9	3.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,615	735	880	1.5	1.3	1.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	235	130	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,375	605	775	1.2	1.1	1.4
Humanities	4,505	1,945	2,560	4.1	3.5	4.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	335	100	230	0.3	0.2	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	630	205	425	0.6	0.4	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,820	1,240	1,575	2.6	2.2	2.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	150	85	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	250	175	75	0.2	0.3	0.1
54. History	255	105	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,930	1,755	3,180	4.5	3.1	5.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	65	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	505	225	280	0.5	0.4	0.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	830	105	730	0.8	0.2	1.3
22. Legal professions and studies	685	195	490	0.6	0.3	0.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	740	180	555	0.7	0.3	1.0
45. Social sciences	1,990	975	1,025	1.8	1.7	1.9
Business, management and public administration	11,850	5,360	6,490	10.7	9.6	11.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	420	120	300	0.4	0.2	0.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,410	5,240	6,175	10.3	9.3	11.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,215	955	1,260	2.0	1.7	2.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	745	300	450	0.7	0.5	0.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	890	375	520	0.8	0.7	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	410	240	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	155	40	120	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,675	2,255	1,425	3.3	4.0	2.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,210	2,070	1,135	2.9	3.7	2.1
25. Library science	90	0	90	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	330	150	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,410	9,270	1,140	9.4	16.5	2.1
04. Architecture and related services	235	135	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
14. Engineering	3,350	2,755	590	3.0	4.9	1.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,910	1,680	235	1.7	3.0	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,035	1,925	105	1.8	3.4	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,900	1,845	55	1.7	3.3	0.1
48. Precision production	980	925	55	0.9	1.6	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	780	400	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	610	295	315	0.6	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	170	105	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Health and related fields	8,145	1,550	6,590	7.4	2.8	12.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	340	180	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,710	1,340	6,370	7.0	2.4	11.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,265	1,150	1,115	2.0	2.1	2.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,355	420	935	1.2	0.7	1.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	330	235	95	0.3	0.4	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	580	495	90	0.5	0.9	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	73,290	37,300	35,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	32,500	17,635	14,860	44.3	47.3	41.3
Education	1,710	360	1,355	2.3	1.0	3.8
13. Education	1,710	360	1,355	2.3	1.0	3.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,235	540	695	1.7	1.4	1.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	165	90	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,075	450	620	1.5	1.2	1.7
Humanities	3,125	1,265	1,860	4.3	3.4	5.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	250	75	180	0.3	0.2	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	525	145	380	0.7	0.4	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,790	735	1,050	2.4	2.0	2.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	130	75	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	190	140	50	0.3	0.4	0.1
54. History	185	65	115	0.3	0.2	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,860	1,405	2,445	5.3	3.8	6.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	390	175	215	0.5	0.5	0.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	640	85	555	0.9	0.2	1.5
22. Legal professions and studies	525	140	380	0.7	0.4	1.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	565	145	420	0.8	0.4	1.2
45. Social sciences	1,595	795	795	2.2	2.1	2.2
Business, management and public administration	9,200	4,070	5,130	12.6	10.9	14.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	350	100	250	0.5	0.3	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,830	3,960	4,870	12.0	10.6	13.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,540	685	860	2.1	1.8	2.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	550	215	335	0.8	0.6	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	555	240	315	0.8	0.6	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	320	200	120	0.4	0.5	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	100	20	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,100	1,890	1,210	4.2	5.1	3.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,710	1,740	970	3.7	4.7	2.7
25. Library science	65	0	65	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	275	125	155	0.4	0.3	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,945	6,965	985	10.8	18.7	2.7
04. Architecture and related services	195	105	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
14. Engineering	2,840	2,300	540	3.9	6.2	1.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,420	1,235	180	1.9	3.3	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,455	1,365	90	2.0	3.7	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,365	1,325	35	1.9	3.6	0.1
48. Precision production	680	635	50	0.9	1.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	630	310	320	0.9	0.8	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	505	230	270	0.7	0.6	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	125	75	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Health and related fields	6,695	1,290	5,405	9.1	3.5	15.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	240	130	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,365	1,130	5,235	8.7	3.0	14.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	70	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,740	890	850	2.4	2.4	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,050	325	725	1.4	0.9	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	230	150	75	0.3	0.4	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	470	415	50	0.6	1.1	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	73,290	37,300	35,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	32,500	17,635	14,860	44.3	47.3	41.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	40,790	19,665	21,125	55.7	52.7	58.7
Location of study inside Canada	21,980	10,865	11,115	30.0	29.1	30.9
Same as province or territory of residence	19,470	9,460	10,010	26.6	25.4	27.8
Different than province or territory of residence	2,510	1,405	1,105	3.4	3.8	3.1
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	18,805	8,795	10,010	25.7	23.6	27.8
Americas	1,425	765	660	1.9	2.1	1.8
United States of America	695	405	290	0.9	1.1	0.8
Mexico	165	70	90	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cuba	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazil	190	85	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
Colombia	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	160	95	70	0.2	0.3	0.2
Europe	1,210	680	530	1.7	1.8	1.5
Belgium	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	30	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	120	70	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Romania	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	120	70	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	370	230	130	0.5	0.6	0.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	555	315	235	0.8	0.8	0.7
Nigeria	155	75	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algeria	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	50	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	275	165	110	0.4	0.4	0.3
Asia	15,120	6,720	8,400	20.6	18.0	23.3
Iran⁸⁸	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	260	135	125	0.4	0.4	0.3
Israel	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	100	70	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Turkey	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,025	485	545	1.4	1.3	1.5
Taiwan	150	35	115	0.2	0.1	0.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	60	20	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	115	35	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	425	165	260	0.6	0.4	0.7
Philippines	4,375	1,745	2,635	6.0	4.7	7.3
Viet Nam	60	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	135	50	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Sri Lanka	145	70	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	7,225	3,385	3,835	9.9	9.1	10.7
Pakistan	400	215	190	0.5	0.6	0.5
Other locations of study in Asia	490	235	255	0.7	0.6	0.7
Oceania	495	310	180	0.7	0.8	0.5
Australia	230	145	85	0.3	0.4	0.2
New Zealand	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	205	130	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	110,575	56,085	54,490	...	...	...
In the labour force	73,645	39,920	33,730	...	...	...
Employed	66,640	36,370	30,270	...	...	...
Unemployed	7,010	3,550	3,460	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	36,925	16,165	20,760	...	...	...
Participation rate	66.6	71.2	61.9	66.6	71.2	61.9
Employment rate	60.3	64.8	55.6	60.3	64.8	55.6
Unemployment rate	9.5	8.9	10.3	9.5	8.9	10.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	110,575	56,085	54,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	40,450	18,270	22,180	36.6	32.6	40.7
Worked	70,125	37,815	32,310	63.4	67.4	59.3
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	34,095	20,110	13,985	30.8	35.9	25.7
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	36,030	17,705	18,320	32.6	31.6	33.6
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.0	41.1	38.7	40.0	41.1	38.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	73,650	39,920	33,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,000	950	1,050	2.7	2.4	3.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	71,650	38,970	32,675	97.3	97.6	96.9
Employee	63,150	32,800	30,350	85.7	82.2	90.0
Permanent position	52,095	27,680	24,415	70.7	69.3	72.4
Temporary position	11,055	5,120	5,935	15.0	12.8	17.6
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,835	1,820	2,015	5.2	4.6	6.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	7,220	3,300	3,920	9.8	8.3	11.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,500	6,175	2,330	11.5	15.5	6.9
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	73,650	39,920	33,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,000	950	1,050	2.7	2.4	3.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	71,650	38,970	32,675	97.3	97.6	96.9
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	205	130	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	10,425	3,455	6,965	14.2	8.7	20.6
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,255	3,410	845	5.8	8.5	2.5
3 Health occupations	5,035	840	4,195	6.8	2.1	12.4
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,130	1,540	3,590	7.0	3.9	10.6
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,310	705	600	1.8	1.8	1.8
6 Sales and service occupations	21,180	8,820	12,355	28.8	22.1	36.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	18,680	16,770	1,910	25.4	42.0	5.7
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,090	700	385	1.5	1.8	1.1
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	4,350	2,595	1,755	5.9	6.5	5.2
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	73,650	39,920	33,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,000	950	1,050	2.7	2.4	3.1
All industries¹⁹¹	71,650	38,970	32,675	97.3	97.6	96.9
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	815	360	455	1.1	0.9	1.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	100	75	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	270	185	85	0.4	0.5	0.3
23 Construction	7,930	7,065	870	10.8	17.7	2.6
31-33 Manufacturing	6,120	4,105	2,010	8.3	10.3	6.0
41 Wholesale trade	2,515	1,630	890	3.4	4.1	2.6
44-45 Retail trade	8,905	4,100	4,810	12.1	10.3	14.3
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	7,850	6,180	1,670	10.7	15.5	5.0
51 Information and cultural industries	1,260	800	460	1.7	2.0	1.4
52 Finance and insurance	2,090	825	1,260	2.8	2.1	3.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	915	575	345	1.2	1.4	1.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,390	2,470	1,925	6.0	6.2	5.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	80	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	5,215	3,070	2,145	7.1	7.7	6.4
61 Educational services	3,090	1,010	2,080	4.2	2.5	6.2
62 Health care and social assistance	8,110	1,370	6,740	11.0	3.4	20.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	900	485	415	1.2	1.2	1.2
72 Accommodation and food services	5,715	1,890	3,825	7.8	4.7	11.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,285	1,670	1,615	4.5	4.2	4.8
91 Public administration	2,080	1,060	1,020	2.8	2.7	3.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	78,155	42,085	36,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	65,560	34,985	30,580	83.9	83.1	84.8
French	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-official language	3,120	1,810	1,310	4.0	4.3	3.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,120	1,810	1,310	4.0	4.3	3.6
English and French	255	140	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	9,035	5,080	3,955	11.6	12.1	11.0
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	78,155	42,085	36,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	76,090	40,895	35,200	97.4	97.2	97.6
Official languages	70,645	37,670	32,980	90.4	89.5	91.4
English	70,575	37,635	32,940	90.3	89.4	91.3
French	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official languages	5,445	3,220	2,220	7.0	7.7	6.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	5,445	3,220	2,220	7.0	7.7	6.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	140	120	20	0.2	0.3	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	130	120	10	0.2	0.3	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	110	110	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	145	30	115	0.2	0.1	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	145	30	115	0.2	0.1	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	3,995	2,540	1,450	5.1	6.0	4.0
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	3,790	2,435	1,355	4.8	5.8	3.8
Indo-Aryan languages	3,760	2,415	1,345	4.8	5.7	3.7
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	120	75	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,630	2,340	1,295	4.6	5.6	3.6
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	160	95	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	135	75	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	135	30	100	0.2	0.1	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	940	450	495	1.2	1.1	1.4
Chinese languages	920	435	485	1.2	1.0	1.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	630	280	350	0.8	0.7	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	290	155	135	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,065	1,195	870	2.6	2.8	2.4
English and French	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	2,025	1,185	835	2.6	2.8	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	78,155	42,085	36,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	70,515	37,880	32,635	90.2	90.0	90.5
English	2,070	1,260	805	2.6	3.0	2.2
French	210	125	90	0.3	0.3	0.2
Non-official language	4,360	2,275	2,085	5.6	5.4	5.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,360	2,275	2,085	5.6	5.4	5.8
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	195	115	75	0.2	0.3	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	790	425	365	1.0	1.0	1.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	66,640	36,370	30,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	8,330	4,090	4,240	12.5	11.2	14.0
Worked outside Canada	230	160	70	0.3	0.4	0.2
No fixed workplace address	15,395	11,710	3,685	23.1	32.2	12.2
Usual place of work	42,685	20,410	22,275	64.1	56.1	73.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	42,690	20,410	22,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	17,325	7,435	9,895	40.6	36.4	44.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	24,605	12,500	12,105	57.6	61.2	54.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	665	425	245	1.6	2.1	1.1
Commute to a different province or territory	85	55	35	0.2	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	58,080	32,115	25,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	41,995	25,680	16,315	72.3	80.0	62.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	36,985	23,525	13,460	63.7	73.3	51.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	5,015	2,150	2,855	8.6	6.7	11.0
Public transit	13,360	5,265	8,095	23.0	16.4	31.2
Walked	1,730	605	1,120	3.0	1.9	4.3
Bicycle	150	120	30	0.3	0.4	0.1
Other method	840	445	400	1.4	1.4	1.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	58,080	32,115	25,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	8,630	3,865	4,760	14.9	12.0	18.3
15 to 29 minutes	16,725	9,345	7,380	28.8	29.1	28.4
30 to 44 minutes	17,215	10,570	6,640	29.6	32.9	25.6
45 to 59 minutes	7,120	4,010	3,110	12.3	12.5	12.0
60 minutes and over	8,395	4,325	4,070	14.5	13.5	15.7
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	58,080	32,115	25,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	5,205	3,595	1,605	9.0	11.2	6.2
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	10,200	6,205	4,000	17.6	19.3	15.4
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	11,555	6,270	5,280	19.9	19.5	20.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,705	5,120	4,585	16.7	15.9	17.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	8,840	4,125	4,715	15.2	12.8	18.2
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	12,575	6,800	5,775	21.7	21.2	22.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	23,980	12,465	11,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,300	675	630	5.4	5.4	5.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	22,675	11,790	10,890	94.6	94.6	94.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	17,275	9,065	8,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,070	555	515	6.2	6.1	6.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	725	370	355	4.2	4.1	4.3
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	350	185	165	2.0	2.0	2.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	16,205	8,520	7,690	93.8	94.0	93.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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