Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	South Surrey--White RockMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	119,672	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	104,051	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	15.0	...	...	15.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	49,925	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	47,406	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	829.4	...	...	829.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	144.29	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	119,670	56,750	62,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17,700	9,100	8,600	14.8	16.0	13.7
0 to 4 years	5,030	2,590	2,440	4.2	4.6	3.9
5 to 9 years	6,085	3,150	2,935	5.1	5.6	4.7
10 to 14 years	6,580	3,360	3,225	5.5	5.9	5.1
15 to 64 years	71,535	34,220	37,320	59.8	60.3	59.3
15 to 19 years	6,430	3,345	3,085	5.4	5.9	4.9
20 to 24 years	5,680	2,925	2,760	4.7	5.2	4.4
25 to 29 years	5,255	2,625	2,630	4.4	4.6	4.2
30 to 34 years	6,325	3,045	3,285	5.3	5.4	5.2
35 to 39 years	6,875	3,190	3,680	5.7	5.6	5.8
40 to 44 years	7,235	3,265	3,975	6.0	5.8	6.3
45 to 49 years	8,125	3,780	4,345	6.8	6.7	6.9
50 to 54 years	8,415	3,975	4,440	7.0	7.0	7.1
55 to 59 years	8,725	4,105	4,620	7.3	7.2	7.3
60 to 64 years	8,470	3,970	4,500	7.1	7.0	7.2
65 years and over	30,435	13,430	17,005	25.4	23.7	27.0
65 to 69 years	8,260	3,760	4,505	6.9	6.6	7.2
70 to 74 years	7,805	3,485	4,320	6.5	6.1	6.9
75 to 79 years	5,775	2,685	3,090	4.8	4.7	4.9
80 to 84 years	4,015	1,770	2,245	3.4	3.1	3.6
85 years and over	4,575	1,735	2,840	3.8	3.1	4.5
85 to 89 years	2,575	1,065	1,510	2.2	1.9	2.4
90 to 94 years	1,450	525	925	1.2	0.9	1.5
95 to 99 years	460	115	345	0.4	0.2	0.5
100 years and over	90	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.8	16.0	13.7	14.8	16.0	13.7
15 to 64 years	59.8	60.3	59.3	59.8	60.3	59.3
65 years and over	25.4	23.7	27.0	25.4	23.7	27.0
85 years and over	3.8	3.1	4.5	3.8	3.1	4.5
Average age of the population	45.7	44.3	47.0	45.7	44.3	47.0
Median age of the population	47.6	46.4	49.2	47.6	46.4	49.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	47,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	20,985	...	...	44.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,690	...	...	3.6	...	...
Row house	7,670	...	...	16.2	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	5,105	...	...	10.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	10,040	...	...	21.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,810	...	...	3.8	...	...
Other single-attached house	50	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	60	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	47,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	12,975	...	...	27.4	...	...
2 persons	16,650	...	...	35.1	...	...
3 persons	7,030	...	...	14.8	...	...
4 persons	6,845	...	...	14.4	...	...
5 or more persons	3,900	...	...	8.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	116,810	55,710	61,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	101,970	47,650	54,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	62,505	31,010	31,495	61.3	65.1	58.0
Married	55,655	27,585	28,070	54.6	57.9	51.7
Living common-law	6,850	3,430	3,420	6.7	7.2	6.3
Living common law - Never married	4,160	2,090	2,070	4.1	4.4	3.8
Living common law - Separated	310	180	130	0.3	0.4	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	2,120	1,040	1,085	2.1	2.2	2.0
Living common law - Widowed	260	120	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	39,465	16,640	22,830	38.7	34.9	42.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	22,650	11,825	10,825	22.2	24.8	19.9
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,455	950	1,500	2.4	2.0	2.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,465	2,435	5,035	7.3	5.1	9.3
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,895	1,425	5,470	6.8	3.0	10.1
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	34,850	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	18,345	...	...	52.6	...	...
3 persons	7,370	...	...	21.1	...	...
4 persons	6,935	...	...	19.9	...	...
5 or more persons	2,205	...	...	6.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	34,850	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	29,960	...	...	86.0	...	...
Married couples	26,535	...	...	76.1	...	...
With children⁶	13,730	...	...	39.4	...	...
Without children	12,805	...	...	36.7	...	...
Common-law couples	3,425	...	...	9.8	...	...
With children⁶	1,030	...	...	3.0	...	...
Without children	2,390	...	...	6.9	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,890	...	...	14.0	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,925	...	...	11.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	970	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	116,815	55,715	61,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	98,055	48,390	49,665	83.9	86.9	81.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	59,920	29,955	29,960	51.3	53.8	49.0
Parents in one-parent families	4,890	970	3,920	4.2	1.7	6.4
Children⁶	33,240	17,470	15,775	28.5	31.4	25.8
In a two-parent family	26,235	13,780	12,455	22.5	24.7	20.4
In a one-parent family	7,010	3,685	3,320	6.0	6.6	5.4
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	18,760	7,325	11,440	16.1	13.1	18.7
Living alone	12,975	4,735	8,245	11.1	8.5	13.5
Living with other relatives⁷	2,480	870	1,610	2.1	1.6	2.6
Living with non-relatives only	3,305	1,715	1,590	2.8	3.1	2.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	47,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	29,465	...	...	62.2	...	...
Couple-family households	25,650	...	...	54.1	...	...
With children⁶	12,455	...	...	26.3	...	...
Without children	13,190	...	...	27.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,815	...	...	8.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,855	...	...	3.9	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	475	...	...	1.0	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,420	...	...	3.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,210	...	...	2.6	...	...
One-person households	12,975	...	...	27.4	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	99,135	46,620	52,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,835	45,000	50,835	96.7	96.5	96.8
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	53,200	38,000	44,000	53,200	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	95,955	45,065	50,890	96.8	96.7	96.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	47,200	34,800	39,600	47,200	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	88,185	41,810	46,370	89.0	89.7	88.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	48,800	28,800	36,800	48,800	28,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	63,065	31,530	31,540	63.6	67.6	60.1
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	50,400	31,000	39,200	50,400	31,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	76,905	33,405	43,505	77.6	71.7	82.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,200	10,600	11,500	11,200	10,600	11,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	5,920	2,315	3,600	6.0	5.0	6.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,360	5,840	5,560	5,360	5,840
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	23,825	10,875	12,955	24.0	23.3	24.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,500	8,000	8,000	8,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	99,005	46,540	52,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	95,680	44,805	50,875	96.6	96.3	97.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	63,600	78,300	50,600	63,600	78,300	50,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	95,800	44,880	50,925	96.8	96.4	97.1
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,450	61,400	42,680	51,450	61,400	42,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	88,255	41,725	46,530	89.1	89.7	88.7
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,050	75,500	44,320	59,050	75,500	44,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	63,015	31,535	31,475	63.6	67.8	60.0
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,450	70,700	44,160	57,450	70,700	44,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	76,720	33,115	43,600	77.5	71.2	83.1
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,370	10,870	11,760	11,370	10,870	11,760
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	5,805	2,200	3,600	5.9	4.7	6.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,000	5,590	7,860	7,000	5,590	7,860
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	23,790	10,840	12,950	24.0	23.3	24.7
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,400	9,160	9,610	9,400	9,160	9,610
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	99,005	46,540	52,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,585	16,315	12,275	28.9	35.1	23.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	73,000	82,000	63,600	73,000	82,000	63,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,700	103,400	73,800	90,700	103,400	73,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,155	10,835	14,320	25.4	23.3	27.3
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,800	20,200	16,000	17,800	20,200	16,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,360	41,760	27,000	33,360	41,760	27,000
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.6	89.8	80.0	85.6	89.8	80.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	59.5	63.6	54.0	59.5	63.6	54.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	14.3	10.3	19.9	14.3	10.3	19.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.1	0.7	0.4	1.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.5	3.4	6.1	4.5	3.4	6.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.7	2.8	4.8	3.7	2.8	4.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	99,135	46,625	52,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,300	1,625	1,680	3.3	3.5	3.2
With total income	95,830	45,000	50,835	96.7	96.5	96.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,575	4,050	5,520	10.0	9.0	10.9
$10,000 to $19,999	10,560	4,160	6,400	11.0	9.2	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	13,745	5,355	8,395	14.3	11.9	16.5
$30,000 to $39,999	10,405	4,065	6,340	10.9	9.0	12.5
$40,000 to $49,999	9,195	3,780	5,415	9.6	8.4	10.7
$50,000 to $59,999	7,800	3,350	4,450	8.1	7.4	8.8
$60,000 to $69,999	6,405	3,110	3,290	6.7	6.9	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	5,185	2,670	2,515	5.4	5.9	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	4,360	2,455	1,905	4.5	5.5	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	3,605	2,005	1,605	3.8	4.5	3.2
$100,000 and over	15,000	10,005	5,000	15.7	22.2	9.8
$100,000 to $149,999	8,750	5,465	3,285	9.1	12.1	6.5
$150,000 and over	6,250	4,540	1,710	6.5	10.1	3.4
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	99,135	46,625	52,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,180	1,560	1,625	3.2	3.3	3.1
With after-tax income	95,960	45,070	50,890	96.8	96.7	96.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,335	4,330	6,005	10.8	9.6	11.8
$10,000 to $19,999	11,060	4,340	6,720	11.5	9.6	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	15,050	5,920	9,130	15.7	13.1	17.9
$30,000 to $39,999	11,930	4,745	7,185	12.4	10.5	14.1
$40,000 to $49,999	10,615	4,440	6,170	11.1	9.9	12.1
$50,000 to $59,999	8,610	4,075	4,535	9.0	9.0	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	6,700	3,540	3,155	7.0	7.9	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	5,205	2,880	2,325	5.4	6.4	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	4,065	2,380	1,685	4.2	5.3	3.3
$90,000 to $99,999	2,820	1,760	1,060	2.9	3.9	2.1
$100,000 and over	9,570	6,655	2,915	10.0	14.8	5.7
$100,000 to $124,999	4,245	2,780	1,465	4.4	6.2	2.9
$125,000 and over	5,320	3,870	1,450	5.5	8.6	2.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	99,135	46,625	52,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	36,070	15,095	20,975	36.4	32.4	39.9
With employment income	63,070	31,530	31,540	63.6	67.6	60.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,215	4,660	5,560	16.2	14.8	17.6
$5,000 to $9,999	5,270	2,220	3,050	8.4	7.0	9.7
$10,000 to $19,999	6,875	2,900	3,975	10.9	9.2	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	5,015	2,140	2,875	8.0	6.8	9.1
$30,000 to $39,999	4,450	1,815	2,640	7.1	5.8	8.4
$40,000 to $49,999	4,405	1,955	2,455	7.0	6.2	7.8
$50,000 to $59,999	4,445	2,020	2,425	7.0	6.4	7.7
$60,000 to $69,999	3,765	1,900	1,865	6.0	6.0	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	3,090	1,660	1,430	4.9	5.3	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	2,775	1,605	1,175	4.4	5.1	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	2,550	1,435	1,115	4.0	4.6	3.5
$100,000 and over	10,215	7,225	2,995	16.2	22.9	9.5
$100,000 to $124,999	3,945	2,530	1,410	6.3	8.0	4.5
$125,000 and over	6,270	4,690	1,580	9.9	14.9	5.0
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	99,135	46,620	52,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	92,965	43,535	49,430	93.8	93.4	94.1
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	53,200	35,600	42,400	53,200	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	93,205	43,575	49,630	94.0	93.5	94.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	46,400	32,000	38,000	46,400	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	86,905	41,110	45,795	87.7	88.2	87.2
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	50,400	30,600	38,800	50,400	30,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	65,820	32,500	33,320	66.4	69.7	63.5
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	48,800	30,200	37,600	48,800	30,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	62,165	25,295	36,865	62.7	54.3	70.2
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,700	7,800	7,650	7,700	7,800	7,650
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,965	1,415	2,555	4.0	3.0	4.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,800	4,920	6,600	5,800	4,920	6,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	99,005	46,540	52,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	93,005	43,585	49,420	93.9	93.7	94.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	62,500	78,300	48,560	62,500	78,300	48,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	93,265	43,630	49,630	94.2	93.7	94.6
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,360	61,450	40,640	50,360	61,450	40,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,925	41,155	45,770	87.8	88.4	87.2
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,500	77,500	45,240	60,500	77,500	45,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	65,850	32,510	33,340	66.5	69.9	63.5
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,900	69,300	42,840	55,900	69,300	42,840
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	62,280	25,260	37,015	62.9	54.3	70.6
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,910	8,870	8,940	8,910	8,870	8,940
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,930	1,405	2,525	4.0	3.0	4.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,820	6,335	8,650	7,820	6,335	8,650
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	99,005	46,540	52,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,360	16,175	12,185	28.6	34.8	23.2
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,000	77,500	59,200	69,000	77,500	59,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	86,300	98,600	69,900	86,300	98,600	69,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,730	10,210	13,515	24.0	21.9	25.8
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,800	27,400	22,000	23,800	27,400	22,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	39,800	49,400	32,560	39,800	49,400	32,560
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.4	93.4	86.2	90.4	93.4	86.2
Employment income (%)	63.3	66.0	59.5	63.3	66.0	59.5
Government transfers (%)	9.5	6.6	13.8	9.5	6.6	13.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.5	0.3	0.9	0.5	0.3	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	47,410	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	12,975	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,000	...	...	48,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,800	...	...	42,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	34,430	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	47,365	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	128,400	...	...	128,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	104,100	...	...	104,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	12,950	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	65,900	...	...	65,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,200	...	...	53,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	34,415	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	152,000	...	...	152,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,200	...	...	123,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	47,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	600	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	285	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	400	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	785	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,605	...	...	3.4	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,460	...	...	3.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,320	...	...	2.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,495	...	...	3.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,570	...	...	3.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,515	...	...	3.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,045	...	...	6.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,005	...	...	6.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,835	...	...	6.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,635	...	...	5.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,470	...	...	5.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,380	...	...	47.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,075	...	...	10.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,115	...	...	8.7	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,590	...	...	11.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,600	...	...	16.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	47,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	825	...	...	1.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	295	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	435	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	815	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,685	...	...	3.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,610	...	...	3.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,520	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,735	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,855	...	...	3.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,770	...	...	3.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,555	...	...	7.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,475	...	...	7.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,220	...	...	6.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,960	...	...	6.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,675	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,980	...	...	40.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,515	...	...	11.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,140	...	...	8.7	...	...
$150,000 and over	9,330	...	...	19.7	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	33,680	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	13,550	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,780	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...	150,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...	128,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,465	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...	72,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	16,280	6,450	9,835	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,200	48,400	43,600	45,200	48,400	43,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800	43,200	39,600	40,800	43,200	39,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	33,760	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	150,800	...	...	150,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	122,100	...	...	122,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,585	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	137,400	...	...	137,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,900	...	...	110,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,760	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	182,200	...	...	182,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	146,400	...	...	146,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,530	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,100	...	...	87,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...	74,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	15,975	6,295	9,685	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	62,050	71,200	56,050	62,050	71,200	56,050
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,520	54,700	47,840	50,520	54,700	47,840
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	116,815	55,710	61,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,565	11,130	10,435	18.5	20.0	17.1
0 to 5 years	6,175	3,175	3,000	5.3	5.7	4.9
18 to 64 years	67,295	31,960	35,335	57.6	57.4	57.8
65 years and over	27,955	12,620	15,340	23.9	22.7	25.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	12,960	5,725	7,235	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,875	1,495	1,380	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	720	365	355	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	7,255	3,195	4,060	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,825	1,030	1,800	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.1	10.3	11.8	11.1	10.3	11.8
0 to 17 years (%)	13.3	13.5	13.2	13.3	13.5	13.2
0 to 5 years (%)	11.7	11.5	11.8	11.7	11.5	11.8
18 to 64 years (%)	10.8	10.0	11.5	10.8	10.0	11.5
65 years and over (%)	10.1	8.1	11.7	10.1	8.1	11.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	116,745	55,675	61,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,550	11,130	10,425	18.5	20.0	17.1
0 to 5 years	6,170	3,170	2,995	5.3	5.7	4.9
18 to 64 years	67,255	31,940	35,315	57.6	57.4	57.8
65 years and over	27,940	12,615	15,325	23.9	22.7	25.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,155	2,905	3,250	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,430	740	685	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	310	165	150	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,070	1,885	2,180	...	...	...
65 years and over	660	275	385	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.3	5.2	5.3	5.3	5.2	5.3
0 to 17 years (%)	6.6	6.7	6.6	6.6	6.7	6.6
0 to 5 years (%)	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1	5.1
18 to 64 years (%)	6.1	5.9	6.2	6.1	5.9	6.2
65 years and over (%)	2.4	2.2	2.5	2.4	2.2	2.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	116,815	55,710	61,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	47,305	21,430	25,875	40.5	38.5	42.3
In bottom decile	11,765	5,355	6,405	10.1	9.6	10.5
In second decile	9,140	3,985	5,155	7.8	7.2	8.4
In third decile	8,460	3,815	4,645	7.2	6.8	7.6
In fourth decile	8,685	3,990	4,695	7.4	7.2	7.7
In fifth decile	9,260	4,285	4,975	7.9	7.7	8.1
In top half of the distribution	69,505	34,280	35,225	59.5	61.5	57.6
In sixth decile	9,750	4,630	5,120	8.3	8.3	8.4
In seventh decile	11,235	5,440	5,800	9.6	9.8	9.5
In eighth decile	12,110	5,935	6,170	10.4	10.7	10.1
In ninth decile	14,845	7,385	7,460	12.7	13.3	12.2
In top decile	21,570	10,895	10,680	18.5	19.6	17.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	116,815	...	...	116,815	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.386	...	...	0.386	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.473	...	...	0.473	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.341	...	...	0.341	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.7	...	...	4.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	117,520	56,015	61,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	105,165	50,700	54,465	89.5	90.5	88.5
French only	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	8,145	3,500	4,650	6.9	6.2	7.6
Neither English nor French	4,180	1,805	2,375	3.6	3.2	3.9
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	117,520	56,015	61,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	111,820	53,545	58,275	95.1	95.6	94.7
French	1,090	465	620	0.9	0.8	1.0
English and French	520	245	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
Neither English nor French	4,100	1,765	2,330	3.5	3.2	3.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	117,520	56,015	61,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	113,070	53,915	59,155	96.2	96.3	96.2
Official languages	77,245	37,470	39,770	65.7	66.9	64.7
English	76,140	36,995	39,145	64.8	66.0	63.6
French	1,100	480	620	0.9	0.9	1.0
Non-official languages	35,825	16,440	19,385	30.5	29.3	31.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	35,810	16,435	19,375	30.5	29.3	31.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	440	215	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	430	210	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	375	180	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	205	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	200	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,125	380	750	1.0	0.7	1.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	915	305	610	0.8	0.5	1.0
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	180	95	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kannada	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tamil	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	15,565	7,290	8,280	13.2	13.0	13.5
Albanian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,270	970	1,300	1.9	1.7	2.1
Baltic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,250	965	1,280	1.9	1.7	2.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	200	75	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Macedonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	430	185	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	745	310	430	0.6	0.6	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	440	220	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	200	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	210	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	280	105	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,455	1,075	1,375	2.1	1.9	2.2
Frisian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,570	685	885	1.3	1.2	1.4
German	1,530	675	860	1.3	1.2	1.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	585	265	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afrikaans	105	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	445	205	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	290	125	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Danish	170	85	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Swedish	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	165	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	8,450	4,105	4,340	7.2	7.3	7.1
Indo-Aryan languages	8,085	3,935	4,155	6.9	7.0	6.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	715	335	380	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kacchi	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,540	3,200	3,340	5.6	5.7	5.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	480	235	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	360	170	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	315	150	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	75	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	220	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,150	1,010	1,140	1.8	1.8	1.9
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	400	225	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Portuguese	370	170	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	210	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	1,170	520	650	1.0	0.9	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	345	115	225	0.3	0.2	0.4
Korean	1,470	650	820	1.3	1.2	1.3
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	15,745	7,290	8,455	13.4	13.0	13.7
Chinese languages	15,710	7,275	8,435	13.4	13.0	13.7
Hakka	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	13,410	6,165	7,240	11.4	11.0	11.8
Min Dong	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	475	225	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Wu (Shanghainese)	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,625	785	840	1.4	1.4	1.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	375	160	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	240	105	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,455	2,100	2,355	3.8	3.7	3.8
English and French	325	150	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	3,580	1,725	1,855	3.0	3.1	3.0
French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	420	175	250	0.4	0.3	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	117,520	56,015	61,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	80,045	38,605	41,440	68.1	68.9	67.4
French	160	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	12,490	5,750	6,745	10.6	10.3	11.0
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,490	5,745	6,745	10.6	10.3	11.0
English and French	925	385	535	0.8	0.7	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	22,470	10,555	11,915	19.1	18.8	19.4
French and non-official language(s)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	635	260	375	0.5	0.5	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	785	385	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	117,520	56,015	61,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	112,840	53,800	59,040	96.0	96.0	96.0
Official languages	90,795	43,475	47,325	77.3	77.6	76.9
English	90,545	43,360	47,175	77.0	77.4	76.7
French	255	110	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official languages	22,040	10,325	11,715	18.8	18.4	19.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	22,040	10,325	11,715	18.8	18.4	19.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	180	80	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	180	80	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	165	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Aramaic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	410	180	230	0.3	0.3	0.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	350	150	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	90	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	7,015	3,350	3,665	6.0	6.0	6.0
Albanian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	890	405	490	0.8	0.7	0.8
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	890	400	490	0.8	0.7	0.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	450	200	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	155	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	220	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	140	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	4,945	2,405	2,545	4.2	4.3	4.1
Indo-Aryan languages	4,765	2,315	2,450	4.1	4.1	4.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	335	160	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,945	1,940	2,010	3.4	3.5	3.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	360	165	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	165	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	885	415	465	0.8	0.7	0.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	560	270	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	150	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,135	515	620	1.0	0.9	1.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	12,665	5,900	6,765	10.8	10.5	11.0
Chinese languages	12,655	5,895	6,755	10.8	10.5	11.0
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	11,265	5,225	6,040	9.6	9.3	9.8
Min Dong	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	290	140	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	970	470	500	0.8	0.8	0.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,685	2,215	2,470	4.0	4.0	4.0
English and French	140	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	4,330	2,065	2,265	3.7	3.7	3.7
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	117,520	56,015	61,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	96,685	46,330	50,350	82.3	82.7	81.9
English	7,945	3,810	4,135	6.8	6.8	6.7
French	840	355	485	0.7	0.6	0.8
Non-official language	9,665	4,435	5,230	8.2	7.9	8.5
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,655	4,435	5,220	8.2	7.9	8.5
English and French	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	975	450	530	0.8	0.8	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	345	145	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	975	450	525	0.8	0.8	0.9
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	116,610	55,565	61,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	112,595	53,850	58,745	96.6	96.9	96.2
English	112,575	53,845	58,725	96.5	96.9	96.2
French	8,220	3,425	4,795	7.0	6.2	7.9
Non-official languages	45,580	20,895	24,685	39.1	37.6	40.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	45,565	20,885	24,680	39.1	37.6	40.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	830	415	420	0.7	0.7	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	815	400	415	0.7	0.7	0.7
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	675	340	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Aramaic languages	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	105	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	230	95	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	220	95	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,745	615	1,130	1.5	1.1	1.9
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	75	20	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,570	545	1,025	1.3	1.0	1.7
Waray-Waray	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	295	155	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kannada	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	22,325	10,425	11,905	19.1	18.8	19.5
Albanian	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,795	1,220	1,575	2.4	2.2	2.6
Baltic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,790	1,220	1,570	2.4	2.2	2.6
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Czech	285	105	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Macedonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	490	190	300	0.4	0.3	0.5
Russian	1,190	525	660	1.0	0.9	1.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	550	270	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bosnian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	330	180	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Serbian	285	125	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	75	20	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	385	170	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,505	1,590	1,915	3.0	2.9	3.1
Frisian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,275	1,065	1,215	2.0	1.9	2.0
German	2,245	1,050	1,200	1.9	1.9	2.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	845	385	460	0.7	0.7	0.8
Afrikaans	285	145	140	0.2	0.3	0.2
Dutch	535	235	300	0.5	0.4	0.5
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	495	205	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
Danish	225	90	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Swedish	215	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	290	145	145	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	11,685	5,725	5,960	10.0	10.3	9.8
Indo-Aryan languages	11,365	5,550	5,815	9.7	10.0	9.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	115	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	340	170	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	3,190	1,485	1,700	2.7	2.7	2.8
Kacchi	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	9,215	4,535	4,685	7.9	8.2	7.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	830	425	410	0.7	0.8	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages	375	200	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	345	185	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian Persian	250	135	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,530	2,020	2,510	3.9	3.6	4.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	885	435	450	0.8	0.8	0.7
Portuguese	590	260	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	320	125	200	0.3	0.2	0.3
Spanish	3,000	1,330	1,670	2.6	2.4	2.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	665	295	375	0.6	0.5	0.6
Korean	1,650	750	905	1.4	1.3	1.5
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	255	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	160	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	17,820	8,195	9,620	15.3	14.7	15.8
Chinese languages	17,790	8,185	9,605	15.3	14.7	15.7
Hakka	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	16,425	7,540	8,885	14.1	13.6	14.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	930	425	500	0.8	0.8	0.8
Wu (Shanghainese)	170	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	2,435	1,070	1,365	2.1	1.9	2.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	170	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	460	190	265	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	315	125	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	116,610	55,570	61,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,475	1,195	1,280	2.1	2.2	2.1
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,385	1,150	1,235	2.0	2.1	2.0
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,135	595	545	1.0	1.1	0.9
Métis	1,215	545	665	1.0	1.0	1.1
Inuk (Inuit)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	114,135	54,370	59,765	97.9	97.8	97.9
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	116,610	55,570	61,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	655	315	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	115,950	55,250	60,705	99.4	99.4	99.4
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	36,285	...	...	76.6	...	...
Renter	11,065	...	...	23.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	13,180	...	...	27.8	...	...
Not condominium	34,190	...	...	72.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	150	...	...	0.3	...	...
1 bedroom	4,965	...	...	10.5	...	...
2 bedrooms	13,675	...	...	28.9	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,900	...	...	27.2	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	15,675	...	...	33.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	13,430	...	...	28.4	...	...
5 rooms	7,600	...	...	16.0	...	...
6 rooms	6,390	...	...	13.5	...	...
7 rooms	5,450	...	...	11.5	...	...
8 or more rooms	14,485	...	...	30.6	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.4	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	46,630	...	...	98.4	...	...
More than one person per room	740	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	45,770	...	...	96.6	...	...
Not suitable	1,600	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	2,170	...	...	4.6	...	...
1961 to 1980	8,375	...	...	17.7	...	...
1981 to 1990	9,230	...	...	19.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,240	...	...	15.3	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,555	...	...	7.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,735	...	...	10.0	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,080	...	...	10.7	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,985	...	...	14.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	45,800	...	...	96.7	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,565	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	22,920	...	...	48.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	21,965	...	...	46.4	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,480	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	475	...	...	1.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,950	...	...	8.3	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,760	...	...	14.3	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,180	...	...	19.4	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,690	...	...	20.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	9,335	...	...	19.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	5,710	...	...	12.1	...	...
85 years and over	2,270	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	47,020	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	33,590	...	...	71.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	13,430	...	...	28.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,060	...	...	23.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	47,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	15,625	...	...	33.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	12,530	...	...	26.5	...	...
Not suitable only	1,155	...	...	2.4	...	...
Major repairs needed only	980	...	...	2.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	370	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	515	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	60	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	31,745	...	...	67.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	44,645	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,495	...	...	14.5	...	...
Not in core need	38,150	...	...	85.5	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	36,145	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	55.4	...	...	55.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.2	...	...	24.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.1	...	...	10.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,440	...	...	1,440	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,002	...	...	2,002	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,150,000	...	...	1,150,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,316,000	...	...	1,316,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	11,050	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.5	...	...	9.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	43.0	...	...	43.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	29.4	...	...	29.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,600	...	...	1,600	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,858	...	...	1,858	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	15	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	x	...	...	x	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	280	...	...	280	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	116,610	55,570	61,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	525	250	275	0.5	0.4	0.5
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	495	240	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	310	150	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis single ancestry	185	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,500	1,265	1,235	2.1	2.3	2.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,390	1,210	1,180	2.0	2.2	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,560	840	725	1.3	1.5	1.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	805	360	450	0.7	0.6	0.7
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	113,585	54,055	59,535	97.4	97.3	97.5
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	116,610	55,570	61,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	103,440	49,410	54,025	88.7	88.9	88.5
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,445	9,975	9,475	16.7	18.0	15.5
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	83,995	39,440	44,555	72.0	71.0	73.0
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	13,170	6,160	7,015	11.3	11.1	11.5
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	116,610	55,570	61,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	75,375	36,755	38,620	64.6	66.1	63.3
Immigrants⁸¹	39,060	17,775	21,280	33.5	32.0	34.9
Before 1980	8,960	4,055	4,905	7.7	7.3	8.0
1980 to 1990	3,700	1,670	2,030	3.2	3.0	3.3
1991 to 2000	6,450	2,970	3,480	5.5	5.3	5.7
2001 to 2010	9,405	4,250	5,155	8.1	7.6	8.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	10,545	4,830	5,715	9.0	8.7	9.4
2011 to 2015	5,400	2,495	2,910	4.6	4.5	4.8
2016 to 2021	5,140	2,335	2,805	4.4	4.2	4.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,175	1,035	1,135	1.9	1.9	1.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	39,060	17,775	21,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,415	1,630	1,785	8.7	9.2	8.4
5 to 14 years	6,800	3,385	3,410	17.4	19.0	16.0
15 to 24 years	7,060	3,005	4,050	18.1	16.9	19.0
25 to 44 years	17,325	7,625	9,695	44.4	42.9	45.5
45 years and over	4,460	2,120	2,345	11.4	11.9	11.0
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	39,060	17,775	21,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,195	1,465	1,730	8.2	8.2	8.1
Brazil	130	70	60	0.3	0.4	0.3
Colombia	145	55	90	0.4	0.3	0.4
El Salvador	105	40	60	0.3	0.2	0.3
Guyana	40	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	30	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jamaica	105	65	40	0.3	0.4	0.2
Mexico	400	190	210	1.0	1.1	1.0
Peru	70	40	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	105	45	60	0.3	0.3	0.3
United States of America	1,615	705	910	4.1	4.0	4.3
Other places of birth in Americas	435	215	220	1.1	1.2	1.0
Europe	9,735	4,520	5,215	24.9	25.4	24.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	70	45	25	0.2	0.3	0.1
Croatia	160	75	85	0.4	0.4	0.4
France	150	60	90	0.4	0.3	0.4
Germany	900	430	470	2.3	2.4	2.2
Greece	95	55	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hungary	170	60	115	0.4	0.3	0.5
Italy	320	170	150	0.8	1.0	0.7
Netherlands	415	215	200	1.1	1.2	0.9
Poland	365	150	220	0.9	0.8	1.0
Portugal	145	65	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romania	265	95	170	0.7	0.5	0.8
Russian Federation	430	165	265	1.1	0.9	1.2
Serbia⁸⁶	125	40	80	0.3	0.2	0.4
Ukraine	310	150	160	0.8	0.8	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,400	2,110	2,290	11.3	11.9	10.8
Other places of birth in Europe	1,410	635	775	3.6	3.6	3.6
Africa	1,370	685	685	3.5	3.9	3.2
Algeria	15	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Egypt	110	60	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	15	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nigeria	50	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	35	30	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	520	235	285	1.3	1.3	1.3
Other places of birth in Africa	595	305	290	1.5	1.7	1.4
Asia	24,155	10,835	13,315	61.8	61.0	62.6
Afghanistan	60	25	35	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	235	115	120	0.6	0.6	0.6
Iraq	140	70	70	0.4	0.4	0.3
Lebanon	70	30	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	85	30	55	0.2	0.2	0.3
Turkey	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	11,070	4,955	6,120	28.3	27.9	28.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	810	420	395	2.1	2.4	1.9
Korea, South⁹²	1,170	550	620	3.0	3.1	2.9
Taiwan	1,720	760	965	4.4	4.3	4.5
Philippines	1,530	550	980	3.9	3.1	4.6
Viet Nam	230	95	140	0.6	0.5	0.7
Bangladesh	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	5,355	2,520	2,835	13.7	14.2	13.3
Pakistan	415	195	225	1.1	1.1	1.1
Sri Lanka	85	55	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
Other places of birth in Asia	1,070	435	640	2.7	2.4	3.0
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	610	270	340	1.6	1.5	1.6
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,140	2,335	2,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	470	265	205	9.1	11.3	7.3
Brazil	65	35	30	1.3	1.5	1.1
Colombia	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Mexico	60	40	20	1.2	1.7	0.7
United States of America	275	160	120	5.4	6.9	4.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	35	15	25	0.7	0.6	0.9
Europe	420	205	215	8.2	8.8	7.7
France	20	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.4
Germany	15	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.5
Ireland⁹⁶	20	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.4
Italy	20	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.5
Russian Federation	70	20	45	1.4	0.9	1.6
Ukraine	65	40	25	1.3	1.7	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	105	65	40	2.0	2.8	1.4
Other places of birth in Europe	115	60	60	2.2	2.6	2.1
Africa	155	70	85	3.0	3.0	3.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	20	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.4
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	55	20	35	1.1	0.9	1.2
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	40	15	20	0.8	0.6	0.7
Asia	4,040	1,760	2,275	78.6	75.4	81.1
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	2,500	1,090	1,405	48.6	46.7	50.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	65	25	40	1.3	1.1	1.4
India	645	310	330	12.5	13.3	11.8
Iran⁸⁸	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Iraq	40	15	25	0.8	0.6	0.9
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	45	15	30	0.9	0.6	1.1
Jordan	15	10	10	0.3	0.4	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	135	60	75	2.6	2.6	2.7
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	30	15	15	0.6	0.6	0.5
Philippines	310	115	195	6.0	4.9	7.0
Saudi Arabia	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	30	0	20	0.6	0.0	0.7
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	25	15	15	0.5	0.6	0.5
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	120	40	75	2.3	1.7	2.7
Oceania and other⁹³	60	40	20	1.2	1.7	0.7
Australia	50	25	20	1.0	1.1	0.7
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	15	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	116,610	55,570	61,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	42,900	19,600	23,295	36.8	35.3	38.2
Second generation¹⁰¹	28,845	14,040	14,805	24.7	25.3	24.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	44,865	21,925	22,940	38.5	39.5	37.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	30,100	13,715	16,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	20,260	9,595	10,660	67.3	70.0	65.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,365	4,560	2,805	24.5	33.2	17.1
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	12,895	5,040	7,855	42.8	36.7	48.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,370	3,390	4,975	27.8	24.7	30.4
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,315	650	665	4.4	4.7	4.1
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	160	85	75	0.5	0.6	0.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	30,100	13,715	16,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	540	285	250	1.8	2.1	1.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,885	1,335	1,545	9.6	9.7	9.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,270	620	645	4.2	4.5	3.9
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,710	800	915	5.7	5.8	5.6
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	160	55	105	0.5	0.4	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	23,535	10,620	12,920	78.2	77.4	78.9
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	116,610	55,570	61,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	44,080	20,840	23,245	37.8	37.5	38.1
South Asian	14,095	7,005	7,090	12.1	12.6	11.6
Chinese	19,045	8,880	10,165	16.3	16.0	16.7
Black	1,325	700	625	1.1	1.3	1.0
Filipino	2,460	965	1,490	2.1	1.7	2.4
Arab	580	270	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Latin American	1,195	545	650	1.0	1.0	1.1
Southeast Asian	680	310	370	0.6	0.6	0.6
West Asian	400	190	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	1,755	800	950	1.5	1.4	1.6
Japanese	945	440	510	0.8	0.8	0.8
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	345	130	210	0.3	0.2	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	1,255	590	665	1.1	1.1	1.1
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	72,525	34,730	37,800	62.2	62.5	61.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	116,610	55,565	61,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	9,390	4,675	4,720	8.1	8.4	7.7
English	24,490	11,785	12,700	21.0	21.2	20.8
Irish	14,525	6,805	7,720	12.5	12.2	12.6
Scottish	17,395	8,270	9,115	14.9	14.9	14.9
French, n.o.s.¹²²	6,415	3,070	3,345	5.5	5.5	5.5
German	12,560	6,050	6,505	10.8	10.9	10.7
Chinese	17,185	7,950	9,230	14.7	14.3	15.1
Italian	3,385	1,610	1,770	2.9	2.9	2.9
Indian (India)	8,810	4,310	4,500	7.6	7.8	7.4
Ukrainian	5,320	2,600	2,725	4.6	4.7	4.5
Dutch	4,200	1,960	2,240	3.6	3.5	3.7
Polish	3,410	1,615	1,795	2.9	2.9	2.9
Québécois	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	5,655	2,680	2,970	4.8	4.8	4.9
Filipino	2,430	985	1,450	2.1	1.8	2.4
French Canadian	875	425	450	0.8	0.8	0.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,765	875	885	1.5	1.6	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	940	525	425	0.8	0.9	0.7
Métis	1,115	510	605	1.0	0.9	1.0
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,120	980	1,135	1.8	1.8	1.9
Russian	2,750	1,280	1,470	2.4	2.3	2.4
Norwegian	3,445	1,710	1,735	3.0	3.1	2.8
Welsh	2,365	1,040	1,325	2.0	1.9	2.2
Portuguese	885	475	410	0.8	0.9	0.7
American	1,585	775	810	1.4	1.4	1.3
Spanish	1,320	620	705	1.1	1.1	1.2
Swedish	2,525	1,065	1,460	2.2	1.9	2.4
Hungarian	1,155	540	615	1.0	1.0	1.0
Acadian	115	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	745	370	375	0.6	0.7	0.6
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	520	210	315	0.4	0.4	0.5
Jewish	655	335	320	0.6	0.6	0.5
Punjabi	2,820	1,360	1,460	2.4	2.4	2.4
Vietnamese	395	165	230	0.3	0.3	0.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	365	155	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Greek	740	380	360	0.6	0.7	0.6
Jamaican	350	165	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,400	670	725	1.2	1.2	1.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	240	90	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	1,730	805	925	1.5	1.4	1.5
Romanian	715	285	425	0.6	0.5	0.7
Lebanese	265	125	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	210	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	280	110	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Danish	1,230	585	640	1.1	1.1	1.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	320	170	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Sikh	2,070	1,030	1,040	1.8	1.9	1.7
Austrian	1,050	435	615	0.9	0.8	1.0
Belgian	420	190	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Haitian	70	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hindu	470	250	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mexican	770	370	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mennonite	550	250	295	0.5	0.4	0.5
Swiss	485	250	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	655	310	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Sri Lankan	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	705	375	330	0.6	0.7	0.5
Japanese	1,260	580	680	1.1	1.0	1.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	600	260	340	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	605	315	290	0.5	0.6	0.5
Muslim	210	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamil	45	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	745	355	385	0.6	0.6	0.6
Colombian	150	55	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Moroccan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	545	275	265	0.5	0.5	0.4
Syrian	80	15	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Guyanese	75	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Afghan	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	380	190	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ojibway	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	350	165	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ontarian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	205	125	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algerian	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	290	135	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	255	85	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Somali	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	1,705	830	875	1.5	1.5	1.4
Iraqi	110	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	165	50	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
African Caribbean	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	220	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Lithuanian	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	410	190	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Australian	450	205	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Palestinian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peruvian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	105	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	110	35	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mohawk	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	140	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Albertan	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ghanaian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	90	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	135	95	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	160	90	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Venezuelan	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	190	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Laotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	165	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	490	260	230	0.4	0.5	0.4
Ecuadorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	185	85	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kurdish	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	365	150	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Jatt	185	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	200	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	55	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Manitoban	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cape Bretoner	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
United Empire Loyalist	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	116,610	55,570	61,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,500	655	845	1.3	1.2	1.4
Christian	43,870	19,170	24,700	37.6	34.5	40.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	12,305	5,605	6,700	10.6	10.1	11.0
Anabaptist	295	155	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Anglican	3,950	1,660	2,290	3.4	3.0	3.8
Baptist	1,695	755	940	1.5	1.4	1.5
Catholic	13,400	5,860	7,545	11.5	10.5	12.4
Christian Orthodox	1,305	560	740	1.1	1.0	1.2
Jehovah's Witness	630	270	360	0.5	0.5	0.6
Latter Day Saints	180	65	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lutheran	1,465	630	835	1.3	1.1	1.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	645	265	375	0.6	0.5	0.6
Presbyterian	780	385	395	0.7	0.7	0.6
Reformed	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	4,140	1,605	2,535	3.6	2.9	4.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,860	1,250	1,610	2.5	2.2	2.6
Hindu	1,710	815	895	1.5	1.5	1.5
Jewish	555	235	310	0.5	0.4	0.5
Muslim	2,225	1,065	1,160	1.9	1.9	1.9
Sikh	9,410	4,700	4,705	8.1	8.5	7.7
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,010	425	585	0.9	0.8	1.0
No religion and secular perspectives	56,300	28,480	27,815	48.3	51.3	45.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	115,795	55,170	60,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	98,295	46,745	51,550	84.9	84.7	85.0
Movers	17,500	8,425	9,075	15.1	15.3	15.0
Non-migrants	9,905	4,835	5,065	8.6	8.8	8.4
Migrants	7,600	3,590	4,005	6.6	6.5	6.6
Internal migrants	5,955	2,785	3,170	5.1	5.0	5.2
Intraprovincial migrants	4,815	2,260	2,560	4.2	4.1	4.2
Interprovincial migrants	1,140	525	615	1.0	1.0	1.0
External migrants	1,640	805	840	1.4	1.5	1.4
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	111,690	53,020	58,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	59,015	27,835	31,180	52.8	52.5	53.1
Movers	52,680	25,190	27,490	47.2	47.5	46.9
Non-migrants	20,785	10,110	10,680	18.6	19.1	18.2
Migrants	31,890	15,080	16,810	28.6	28.4	28.7
Internal migrants	25,520	12,155	13,360	22.8	22.9	22.8
Intraprovincial migrants	21,300	10,150	11,150	19.1	19.1	19.0
Interprovincial migrants	4,220	2,005	2,210	3.8	3.8	3.8
External migrants	6,370	2,920	3,450	5.7	5.5	5.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	99,005	46,540	52,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	11,235	5,670	5,570	11.3	12.2	10.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	87,770	40,875	46,895	88.7	87.8	89.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,025	27,805	31,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,230	1,840	1,390	5.5	6.6	4.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	55,795	25,965	29,830	94.5	93.4	95.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	99,005	46,540	52,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,725	4,755	4,975	9.8	10.2	9.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	28,550	13,435	15,115	28.8	28.9	28.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	60,735	28,355	32,370	61.3	60.9	61.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,690	13,075	14,615	28.0	28.1	27.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,320	4,505	1,820	6.4	9.7	3.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,690	1,410	1,280	2.7	3.0	2.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,630	3,085	540	3.7	6.6	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,850	6,690	10,160	17.0	14.4	19.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,520	1,885	2,630	4.6	4.1	5.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,035	15,280	17,755	33.4	32.8	33.8
Bachelor's degree	20,630	9,405	11,225	20.8	20.2	21.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,830	1,150	1,680	2.9	2.5	3.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,200	660	535	1.2	1.4	1.0
Master's degree	7,385	3,490	3,900	7.5	7.5	7.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	990	575	415	1.0	1.2	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,030	27,805	31,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,605	1,465	1,140	4.4	5.3	3.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	13,725	6,915	6,805	23.3	24.9	21.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	42,705	19,425	23,275	72.3	69.9	74.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,990	8,495	9,495	30.5	30.6	30.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,850	2,775	1,075	6.5	10.0	3.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,670	895	780	2.8	3.2	2.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,175	1,880	300	3.7	6.8	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,970	4,380	6,595	18.6	15.8	21.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,170	1,345	1,820	5.4	4.8	5.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	24,710	10,930	13,780	41.9	39.3	44.1
Bachelor's degree	15,420	6,770	8,645	26.1	24.3	27.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,960	755	1,210	3.3	2.7	3.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	900	445	460	1.5	1.6	1.5
Master's degree	5,770	2,595	3,180	9.8	9.3	10.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	655	360	290	1.1	1.3	0.9
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	99,010	46,545	52,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	38,275	18,185	20,090	38.7	39.1	38.3
Education	5,085	1,030	4,060	5.1	2.2	7.7
13. Education	5,085	1,030	4,060	5.1	2.2	7.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,510	940	1,570	2.5	2.0	3.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	260	195	65	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,250	745	1,505	2.3	1.6	2.9
Humanities	3,870	1,445	2,415	3.9	3.1	4.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	505	90	420	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	980	285	695	1.0	0.6	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,395	545	855	1.4	1.2	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	85	60	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	170	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	235	125	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	390	240	145	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	105	15	95	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,490	2,720	4,775	7.6	5.8	9.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	95	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	760	275	490	0.8	0.6	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	705	50	655	0.7	0.1	1.2
22. Legal professions and studies	1,265	440	820	1.3	0.9	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	135	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	1,340	270	1,065	1.4	0.6	2.0
45. Social sciences	3,195	1,590	1,605	3.2	3.4	3.1
Business, management and public administration	14,450	6,535	7,920	14.6	14.0	15.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	460	70	395	0.5	0.2	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,975	6,460	7,515	14.1	13.9	14.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,550	1,330	1,220	2.6	2.9	2.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,010	440	565	1.0	0.9	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	690	345	345	0.7	0.7	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	690	480	215	0.7	1.0	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	95	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,490	1,570	920	2.5	3.4	1.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,895	1,295	605	1.9	2.8	1.2
25. Library science	165	10	160	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	375	240	130	0.4	0.5	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,880	8,745	1,135	10.0	18.8	2.2
04. Architecture and related services	395	255	140	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	3,395	2,765	630	3.4	5.9	1.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,830	1,575	260	1.8	3.4	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,130	2,090	35	2.2	4.5	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,300	1,275	25	1.3	2.7	0.0
48. Precision production	830	790	45	0.8	1.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,015	625	390	1.0	1.3	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	740	445	290	0.7	1.0	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	270	180	90	0.3	0.4	0.2
Health and related fields	8,620	2,030	6,590	8.7	4.4	12.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	670	330	335	0.7	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,595	1,500	6,095	7.7	3.2	11.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	335	190	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,770	1,390	1,375	2.8	3.0	2.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,530	335	1,195	1.5	0.7	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	500	360	135	0.5	0.8	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	720	675	40	0.7	1.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	59,025	27,805	31,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	16,325	8,380	7,945	27.7	30.1	25.4
Education	2,885	520	2,370	4.9	1.9	7.6
13. Education	2,885	520	2,370	4.9	1.9	7.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,895	685	1,205	3.2	2.5	3.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	165	110	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,725	575	1,150	2.9	2.1	3.7
Humanities	2,705	975	1,725	4.6	3.5	5.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	405	80	325	0.7	0.3	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	665	210	455	1.1	0.8	1.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,015	370	640	1.7	1.3	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	45	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	105	55	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	130	60	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	250	160	95	0.4	0.6	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	70	0	65	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,645	1,925	3,725	9.6	6.9	11.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	625	190	430	1.1	0.7	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	465	40	425	0.8	0.1	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	995	320	670	1.7	1.2	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	85	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,015	175	840	1.7	0.6	2.7
45. Social sciences	2,400	1,145	1,255	4.1	4.1	4.0
Business, management and public administration	10,805	4,670	6,135	18.3	16.8	19.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	325	50	265	0.6	0.2	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,475	4,615	5,855	17.7	16.6	18.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,750	875	875	3.0	3.1	2.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	730	315	415	1.2	1.1	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	460	215	250	0.8	0.8	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	460	295	165	0.8	1.1	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,950	1,235	715	3.3	4.4	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,620	1,085	540	2.7	3.9	1.7
25. Library science	60	0	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	240	135	105	0.4	0.5	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,650	5,715	930	11.3	20.6	3.0
04. Architecture and related services	300	180	110	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	2,535	1,995	540	4.3	7.2	1.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,125	935	190	1.9	3.4	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,425	1,390	35	2.4	5.0	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	770	745	25	1.3	2.7	0.1
48. Precision production	500	465	35	0.8	1.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	645	390	255	1.1	1.4	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	460	290	175	0.8	1.0	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	180	100	80	0.3	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	5,870	1,490	4,385	9.9	5.4	14.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	550	265	285	0.9	1.0	0.9
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,080	1,115	3,965	8.6	4.0	12.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	225	100	125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,895	945	955	3.2	3.4	3.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,015	225	790	1.7	0.8	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	405	285	125	0.7	1.0	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	475	435	40	0.8	1.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	59,025	27,805	31,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	16,325	8,380	7,945	27.7	30.1	25.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	42,700	19,425	23,280	72.3	69.9	74.6
Location of study inside Canada	28,925	13,230	15,695	49.0	47.6	50.3
Same as province or territory of residence	23,060	10,460	12,600	39.1	37.6	40.4
Different than province or territory of residence	5,865	2,765	3,095	9.9	9.9	9.9
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	13,775	6,190	7,580	23.3	22.3	24.3
Americas	2,500	1,265	1,235	4.2	4.5	4.0
United States of America	1,965	1,025	940	3.3	3.7	3.0
Mexico	200	70	125	0.3	0.3	0.4
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	105	55	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	60	15	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	115	65	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	2,185	1,105	1,080	3.7	4.0	3.5
Belgium	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	55	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Germany	110	55	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Netherlands	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	30	0	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Poland	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	110	55	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	200	105	95	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ukraine	175	80	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	960	505	450	1.6	1.8	1.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italy	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	215	110	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Africa	300	170	135	0.5	0.6	0.4
Nigeria	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.0
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	200	120	80	0.3	0.4	0.3
Other locations of study in Africa	45	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	8,490	3,490	4,995	14.4	12.6	16.0
Iran⁸⁸	80	25	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iraq	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Israel	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	35	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
China⁹⁰	4,715	2,020	2,695	8.0	7.3	8.6
Taiwan	475	145	320	0.8	0.5	1.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	105	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japan	135	30	100	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	470	165	310	0.8	0.6	1.0
Philippines	605	195	415	1.0	0.7	1.3
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,435	640	790	2.4	2.3	2.5
Pakistan	125	50	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	200	110	95	0.3	0.4	0.3
Oceania	300	155	145	0.5	0.6	0.5
Australia	250	120	130	0.4	0.4	0.4
New Zealand	35	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	99,005	46,540	52,465	...	...	...
In the labour force	57,545	29,550	27,995	...	...	...
Employed	52,880	27,275	25,600	...	...	...
Unemployed	4,665	2,275	2,390	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	41,465	16,995	24,470	...	...	...
Participation rate	58.1	63.5	53.4	58.1	63.5	53.4
Employment rate	53.4	58.6	48.8	53.4	58.6	48.8
Unemployment rate	8.1	7.7	8.5	8.1	7.7	8.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	99,010	46,545	52,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	41,230	17,050	24,180	41.6	36.6	46.1
Worked	57,780	29,495	28,280	58.4	63.4	53.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	30,185	17,380	12,800	30.5	37.3	24.4
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,600	12,120	15,480	27.9	26.0	29.5
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.8	42.1	39.4	40.8	42.1	39.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	57,545	29,550	27,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,285	635	650	2.2	2.1	2.3
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	56,255	28,915	27,340	97.8	97.9	97.7
Employee	42,680	20,905	21,770	74.2	70.7	77.8
Permanent position	36,075	18,080	17,995	62.7	61.2	64.3
Temporary position	6,605	2,830	3,775	11.5	9.6	13.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,115	810	1,305	3.7	2.7	4.7
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,490	2,015	2,475	7.8	6.8	8.8
Self-employed¹⁹²	13,575	8,005	5,570	23.6	27.1	19.9
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	57,545	29,550	27,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,285	635	650	2.2	2.1	2.3
All occupations¹⁹¹	56,255	28,915	27,340	97.8	97.9	97.7
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,400	1,110	295	2.4	3.8	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,425	3,790	7,635	19.9	12.8	27.3
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,140	3,250	885	7.2	11.0	3.2
3 Health occupations	4,435	1,165	3,275	7.7	3.9	11.7
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,435	2,500	4,930	12.9	8.5	17.6
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,600	1,100	1,495	4.5	3.7	5.3
6 Sales and service occupations	13,950	6,525	7,425	24.2	22.1	26.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	8,600	7,780	820	14.9	26.3	2.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	955	710	245	1.7	2.4	0.9
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,320	985	340	2.3	3.3	1.2
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	57,545	29,550	27,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,285	635	650	2.2	2.1	2.3
All industries¹⁹¹	56,255	28,915	27,340	97.8	97.9	97.7
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	710	385	320	1.2	1.3	1.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	175	150	25	0.3	0.5	0.1
22 Utilities	340	220	120	0.6	0.7	0.4
23 Construction	4,945	4,115	825	8.6	13.9	2.9
31-33 Manufacturing	3,060	2,140	920	5.3	7.2	3.3
41 Wholesale trade	2,665	1,710	950	4.6	5.8	3.4
44-45 Retail trade	6,145	3,115	3,025	10.7	10.5	10.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,235	2,310	925	5.6	7.8	3.3
51 Information and cultural industries	1,305	865	440	2.3	2.9	1.6
52 Finance and insurance	2,870	1,340	1,525	5.0	4.5	5.4
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,015	1,025	990	3.5	3.5	3.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,010	3,390	2,625	10.4	11.5	9.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	175	95	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,070	1,110	955	3.6	3.8	3.4
61 Educational services	4,745	1,370	3,375	8.2	4.6	12.1
62 Health care and social assistance	6,410	1,345	5,060	11.1	4.6	18.1
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,390	660	735	2.4	2.2	2.6
72 Accommodation and food services	2,795	1,145	1,645	4.9	3.9	5.9
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,035	830	1,205	3.5	2.8	4.3
91 Public administration	3,170	1,595	1,570	5.5	5.4	5.6
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	62,380	31,665	30,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	55,390	28,200	27,190	88.8	89.1	88.5
French	75	10	65	0.1	0.0	0.2
Non-official language	1,400	725	680	2.2	2.3	2.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,400	725	680	2.2	2.3	2.2
English and French	465	140	325	0.7	0.4	1.1
English and non-official language(s)	4,960	2,535	2,425	8.0	8.0	7.9
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	62,380	31,665	30,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	61,335	31,115	30,220	98.3	98.3	98.4
Official languages	58,570	29,750	28,820	93.9	94.0	93.8
English	58,440	29,730	28,710	93.7	93.9	93.5
French	125	20	115	0.2	0.1	0.4
Non-official languages	2,770	1,370	1,395	4.4	4.3	4.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,770	1,370	1,395	4.4	4.3	4.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	430	230	200	0.7	0.7	0.7
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	350	200	150	0.6	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages	350	200	150	0.6	0.6	0.5
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	350	200	150	0.6	0.6	0.5
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	80	50	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,180	1,070	1,115	3.5	3.4	3.6
Chinese languages	2,180	1,070	1,115	3.5	3.4	3.6
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,050	1,005	1,045	3.3	3.2	3.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	105	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,050	545	500	1.7	1.7	1.6
English and French	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	980	520	455	1.6	1.6	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	62,380	31,665	30,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	57,815	29,445	28,370	92.7	93.0	92.4
English	1,205	555	655	1.9	1.8	2.1
French	360	125	235	0.6	0.4	0.8
Non-official language	2,415	1,280	1,140	3.9	4.0	3.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,410	1,280	1,135	3.9	4.0	3.7
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	165	70	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	385	180	205	0.6	0.6	0.7
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	52,880	27,275	25,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	14,890	7,070	7,825	28.2	25.9	30.6
Worked outside Canada	620	400	220	1.2	1.5	0.9
No fixed workplace address	6,945	5,155	1,790	13.1	18.9	7.0
Usual place of work	30,420	14,655	15,765	57.5	53.7	61.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	30,420	14,655	15,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	14,535	6,315	8,225	47.8	43.1	52.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	15,020	7,835	7,175	49.4	53.5	45.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	730	420	310	2.4	2.9	2.0
Commute to a different province or territory	130	80	50	0.4	0.5	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	37,360	19,805	17,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	32,825	17,840	14,980	87.9	90.1	85.3
Car, truck or van - as a driver	30,760	17,090	13,665	82.3	86.3	77.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,065	755	1,315	5.5	3.8	7.5
Public transit	1,710	765	950	4.6	3.9	5.4
Walked	1,690	640	1,050	4.5	3.2	6.0
Bicycle	160	115	45	0.4	0.6	0.3
Other method	975	445	530	2.6	2.2	3.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	37,360	19,805	17,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	9,550	3,760	5,785	25.6	19.0	33.0
15 to 29 minutes	10,770	5,650	5,125	28.8	28.5	29.2
30 to 44 minutes	10,265	6,290	3,975	27.5	31.8	22.6
45 to 59 minutes	3,860	2,300	1,560	10.3	11.6	8.9
60 minutes and over	2,915	1,800	1,115	7.8	9.1	6.4
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	37,360	19,805	17,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,405	1,800	605	6.4	9.1	3.4
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,545	3,680	1,865	14.8	18.6	10.6
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,070	4,540	4,535	24.3	22.9	25.8
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,475	4,000	4,480	22.7	20.2	25.5
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,960	3,130	3,835	18.6	15.8	21.8
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,900	2,665	2,230	13.1	13.5	12.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,020	11,360	10,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,390	710	680	6.3	6.3	6.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,630	10,645	9,985	93.7	93.7	93.7
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,590	8,560	8,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,145	590	560	6.9	6.9	7.0
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	660	325	340	4.0	3.8	4.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	485	265	220	2.9	3.1	2.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,445	7,975	7,470	93.1	93.2	93.0

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
x
suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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