Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Richmond CentreMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	107,707	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	98,396	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	9.5	...	...	9.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	45,126	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	42,776	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,504.9	...	...	2,504.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	43.00	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	107,710	51,055	56,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13,930	7,010	6,920	12.9	13.7	12.2
0 to 4 years	4,380	2,180	2,200	4.1	4.3	3.9
5 to 9 years	4,890	2,450	2,440	4.5	4.8	4.3
10 to 14 years	4,665	2,380	2,285	4.3	4.7	4.0
15 to 64 years	71,795	33,945	37,850	66.7	66.5	66.8
15 to 19 years	5,085	2,640	2,450	4.7	5.2	4.3
20 to 24 years	6,880	3,490	3,380	6.4	6.8	6.0
25 to 29 years	8,405	4,140	4,265	7.8	8.1	7.5
30 to 34 years	8,315	4,145	4,175	7.7	8.1	7.4
35 to 39 years	7,240	3,525	3,715	6.7	6.9	6.6
40 to 44 years	6,080	2,880	3,200	5.6	5.6	5.6
45 to 49 years	6,570	2,825	3,745	6.1	5.5	6.6
50 to 54 years	7,555	3,250	4,305	7.0	6.4	7.6
55 to 59 years	8,015	3,605	4,410	7.4	7.1	7.8
60 to 64 years	7,650	3,440	4,210	7.1	6.7	7.4
65 years and over	21,975	10,100	11,875	20.4	19.8	21.0
65 to 69 years	7,015	3,265	3,750	6.5	6.4	6.6
70 to 74 years	6,015	2,845	3,175	5.6	5.6	5.6
75 to 79 years	3,465	1,625	1,840	3.2	3.2	3.2
80 to 84 years	2,630	1,200	1,430	2.4	2.4	2.5
85 years and over	2,850	1,170	1,680	2.6	2.3	3.0
85 to 89 years	1,720	795	925	1.6	1.6	1.6
90 to 94 years	900	315	585	0.8	0.6	1.0
95 to 99 years	190	55	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	40	5	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	12.9	13.7	12.2	12.9	13.7	12.2
15 to 64 years	66.7	66.5	66.8	66.7	66.5	66.8
65 years and over	20.4	19.8	21.0	20.4	19.8	21.0
85 years and over	2.6	2.3	3.0	2.6	2.3	3.0
Average age of the population	43.5	42.4	44.4	43.5	42.4	44.4
Median age of the population	43.2	40.8	45.2	43.2	40.8	45.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	42,780	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	13,525	...	...	31.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	750	...	...	1.8	...	...
Row house	5,775	...	...	13.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,970	...	...	4.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	9,520	...	...	22.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	11,220	...	...	26.2	...	...
Other single-attached house	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	42,775	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	11,135	...	...	26.0	...	...
2 persons	14,320	...	...	33.5	...	...
3 persons	7,965	...	...	18.6	...	...
4 persons	5,930	...	...	13.9	...	...
5 or more persons	3,425	...	...	8.0	...	...
Number of persons in private households	106,810	50,730	56,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	93,775	44,045	49,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	55,220	27,160	28,060	58.9	61.7	56.4
Married	50,580	24,840	25,740	53.9	56.4	51.8
Living common-law	4,645	2,320	2,320	5.0	5.3	4.7
Living common law - Never married	3,535	1,750	1,785	3.8	4.0	3.6
Living common law - Separated	205	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	820	410	415	0.9	0.9	0.8
Living common law - Widowed	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	38,555	16,885	21,665	41.1	38.3	43.6
Not married and not living common law - Never married	26,585	13,685	12,900	28.3	31.1	25.9
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,105	745	1,360	2.2	1.7	2.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,490	1,665	3,825	5.9	3.8	7.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,370	785	3,585	4.7	1.8	7.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	31,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,630	...	...	49.9	...	...
3 persons	8,245	...	...	26.3	...	...
4 persons	5,905	...	...	18.9	...	...
5 or more persons	1,525	...	...	4.9	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	31,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	25,945	...	...	82.9	...	...
Married couples	23,625	...	...	75.5	...	...
With children⁶	13,410	...	...	42.8	...	...
Without children	10,215	...	...	32.6	...	...
Common-law couples	2,320	...	...	7.4	...	...
With children⁶	535	...	...	1.7	...	...
Without children	1,785	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,365	...	...	17.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,475	...	...	14.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	890	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	106,810	50,735	56,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	87,605	42,575	45,035	82.0	83.9	80.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	51,890	25,925	25,965	48.6	51.1	46.3
Parents in one-parent families	5,365	890	4,470	5.0	1.8	8.0
Children⁶	30,350	15,750	14,595	28.4	31.0	26.0
In a two-parent family	22,875	11,840	11,035	21.4	23.3	19.7
In a one-parent family	7,480	3,915	3,560	7.0	7.7	6.3
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	19,205	8,160	11,045	18.0	16.1	19.7
Living alone	11,135	4,625	6,510	10.4	9.1	11.6
Living with other relatives⁷	3,655	1,250	2,405	3.4	2.5	4.3
Living with non-relatives only	4,415	2,290	2,130	4.1	4.5	3.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	42,780	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	25,455	...	...	59.5	...	...
Couple-family households	21,375	...	...	50.0	...	...
With children⁶	11,555	...	...	27.0	...	...
Without children	9,825	...	...	23.0	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,080	...	...	9.5	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,110	...	...	4.9	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	485	...	...	1.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,505	...	...	3.5	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,085	...	...	4.9	...	...
One-person households	11,135	...	...	26.0	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	92,880	43,725	49,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,715	42,165	47,550	96.6	96.4	96.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	36,000	30,800	32,800	36,000	30,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,735	42,175	47,560	96.6	96.5	96.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,800	33,200	29,200	30,800	33,200	29,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,800	37,350	41,450	84.8	85.4	84.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	26,400	31,800	22,200	26,400	31,800	22,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	58,850	29,065	29,780	63.4	66.5	60.6
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,400	36,400	27,200	31,400	36,400	27,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,115	34,710	42,410	83.0	79.4	86.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,300	7,300	9,000	8,300	7,300	9,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,085	3,020	4,060	7.6	6.9	8.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	27,400	12,990	14,410	29.5	29.7	29.3
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,500	10,000	11,000	10,500	10,000	11,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	92,795	43,620	49,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,730	42,100	47,625	96.7	96.5	96.8
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,480	51,300	40,360	45,480	51,300	40,360
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,740	42,105	47,635	96.7	96.5	96.9
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,840	42,840	35,320	38,840	42,840	35,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,540	37,130	41,410	84.6	85.1	84.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,960	49,240	35,400	41,960	49,240	35,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	58,740	29,040	29,700	63.3	66.6	60.4
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,360	51,250	37,600	44,360	51,250	37,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,125	34,635	42,490	83.1	79.4	86.4
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,200	9,560	10,720	10,200	9,560	10,720
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,990	2,950	4,040	7.5	6.8	8.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,560	5,830	7,090	6,560	5,830	7,090
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	27,830	13,200	14,630	30.0	30.3	29.7
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,220	10,090	10,330	10,220	10,090	10,330
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	92,795	43,620	49,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	24,220	13,365	10,850	26.1	30.6	22.1
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,800	65,500	57,200	60,800	65,500	57,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	73,800	80,300	65,900	73,800	80,300	65,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,310	11,435	13,875	27.3	26.2	28.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,300	17,000	14,100	15,300	17,000	14,100
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,960	28,600	21,960	24,960	28,600	21,960
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	80.8	84.6	76.4	80.8	84.6	76.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	63.8	69.0	58.1	63.8	69.0	58.1
Government transfers (%)²⁰	19.3	15.3	23.7	19.3	15.3	23.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.5	1.1	0.8	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	8.5	7.4	9.8	8.5	7.4	9.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	7.0	6.2	7.9	7.0	6.2	7.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	92,885	43,725	49,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,165	1,555	1,605	3.4	3.6	3.3
With total income	89,720	42,170	47,555	96.6	96.4	96.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	13,655	6,020	7,635	15.2	14.3	16.1
$10,000 to $19,999	12,475	5,620	6,860	13.9	13.3	14.4
$20,000 to $29,999	15,175	6,565	8,610	16.9	15.6	18.1
$30,000 to $39,999	11,165	4,730	6,435	12.4	11.2	13.5
$40,000 to $49,999	8,680	3,885	4,795	9.7	9.2	10.1
$50,000 to $59,999	6,770	3,165	3,610	7.5	7.5	7.6
$60,000 to $69,999	5,155	2,560	2,595	5.7	6.1	5.5
$70,000 to $79,999	3,850	2,010	1,840	4.3	4.8	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	3,035	1,625	1,415	3.4	3.9	3.0
$90,000 to $99,999	2,300	1,295	1,005	2.6	3.1	2.1
$100,000 and over	7,460	4,700	2,760	8.3	11.1	5.8
$100,000 to $149,999	4,965	2,965	2,000	5.5	7.0	4.2
$150,000 and over	2,495	1,735	760	2.8	4.1	1.6
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	92,885	43,725	49,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,150	1,550	1,605	3.4	3.5	3.3
With after-tax income	89,730	42,175	47,555	96.6	96.5	96.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	14,010	6,170	7,840	15.6	14.6	16.5
$10,000 to $19,999	12,870	5,825	7,050	14.3	13.8	14.8
$20,000 to $29,999	16,800	7,255	9,540	18.7	17.2	20.1
$30,000 to $39,999	12,415	5,375	7,040	13.8	12.7	14.8
$40,000 to $49,999	9,665	4,400	5,265	10.8	10.4	11.1
$50,000 to $59,999	7,040	3,425	3,610	7.8	8.1	7.6
$60,000 to $69,999	5,035	2,640	2,390	5.6	6.3	5.0
$70,000 to $79,999	3,495	1,915	1,575	3.9	4.5	3.3
$80,000 to $89,999	2,565	1,440	1,130	2.9	3.4	2.4
$90,000 to $99,999	1,685	970	710	1.9	2.3	1.5
$100,000 and over	4,155	2,760	1,400	4.6	6.5	2.9
$100,000 to $124,999	2,070	1,300	775	2.3	3.1	1.6
$125,000 and over	2,085	1,455	625	2.3	3.4	1.3
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	92,885	43,725	49,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	34,035	14,655	19,380	36.6	33.5	39.4
With employment income	58,850	29,070	29,780	63.4	66.5	60.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,235	4,135	5,105	15.7	14.2	17.1
$5,000 to $9,999	6,255	2,790	3,460	10.6	9.6	11.6
$10,000 to $19,999	7,775	3,570	4,210	13.2	12.3	14.1
$20,000 to $29,999	5,345	2,455	2,890	9.1	8.4	9.7
$30,000 to $39,999	5,270	2,415	2,855	9.0	8.3	9.6
$40,000 to $49,999	4,885	2,285	2,600	8.3	7.9	8.7
$50,000 to $59,999	4,435	2,185	2,250	7.5	7.5	7.6
$60,000 to $69,999	3,580	1,860	1,715	6.1	6.4	5.8
$70,000 to $79,999	2,615	1,460	1,150	4.4	5.0	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	2,190	1,225	965	3.7	4.2	3.2
$90,000 to $99,999	1,810	1,045	770	3.1	3.6	2.6
$100,000 and over	5,450	3,645	1,810	9.3	12.5	6.1
$100,000 to $124,999	2,555	1,565	995	4.3	5.4	3.3
$125,000 and over	2,900	2,075	820	4.9	7.1	2.8
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	92,880	43,725	49,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	86,490	40,540	45,950	93.1	92.7	93.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,800	34,000	26,800	29,800	34,000	26,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	86,635	40,590	46,045	93.3	92.8	93.7
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	27,800	31,400	25,400	27,800	31,400	25,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	77,970	36,920	41,050	83.9	84.4	83.5
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,800	35,200	25,600	29,800	35,200	25,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	60,110	29,490	30,625	64.7	67.4	62.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	38,000	29,200	33,200	38,000	29,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	62,415	26,685	35,730	67.2	61.0	72.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,820	1,010	3,020	1,820	1,010	3,020
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	3,330	1,255	2,080	3.6	2.9	4.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,680	4,960	6,240	5,680	4,960	6,240
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	92,795	43,620	49,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,495	40,420	46,075	93.2	92.7	93.7
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,920	49,280	37,320	42,920	49,280	37,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,620	40,460	46,160	93.3	92.8	93.9
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,960	32,400	36,400	40,960	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,620	36,590	41,030	83.6	83.9	83.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	50,320	36,080	42,800	50,320	36,080
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	59,990	29,265	30,720	64.6	67.1	62.5
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,200	51,600	37,160	44,200	51,600	37,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	62,615	26,690	35,920	67.5	61.2	73.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,215	5,635	6,640	6,215	5,635	6,640
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,280	1,245	2,035	3.5	2.9	4.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,370	6,330	8,000	7,370	6,330	8,000
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	92,795	43,620	49,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	24,020	13,270	10,755	25.9	30.4	21.9
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,800	61,600	52,000	56,800	61,600	52,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,800	75,400	60,600	68,800	75,400	60,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,560	10,495	13,060	25.4	24.1	26.6
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	25,600	21,600	23,600	25,600	21,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,760	36,800	27,680	31,760	36,800	27,680
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.6	92.4	86.2	89.6	92.4	86.2
Employment income (%)	71.4	75.8	66.4	71.4	75.8	66.4
Government transfers (%)	10.5	7.6	13.9	10.5	7.6	13.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.0	0.7	0.4	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	42,775	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...	74,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...	67,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	11,135	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200	...	...	37,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,400	...	...	34,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	31,640	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	42,740	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	95,500	...	...	95,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	81,600	...	...	81,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	11,125	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,400	...	...	47,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...	39,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	31,615	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,400	...	...	112,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,500	...	...	96,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	42,775	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,555	...	...	3.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	650	...	...	1.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	690	...	...	1.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,020	...	...	2.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,035	...	...	4.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,480	...	...	3.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,630	...	...	3.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,910	...	...	4.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,660	...	...	3.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,640	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,015	...	...	7.0	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,960	...	...	6.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,690	...	...	6.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,470	...	...	5.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,225	...	...	5.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	15,140	...	...	35.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,510	...	...	10.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,145	...	...	7.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,755	...	...	8.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,730	...	...	8.7	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	42,775	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,690	...	...	4.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	660	...	...	1.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	695	...	...	1.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,075	...	...	2.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,120	...	...	5.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,625	...	...	3.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,765	...	...	4.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,135	...	...	5.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,870	...	...	4.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,875	...	...	4.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,465	...	...	8.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,355	...	...	7.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,950	...	...	6.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,730	...	...	6.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,330	...	...	5.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	12,445	...	...	29.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,395	...	...	10.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,895	...	...	6.8	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,150	...	...	12.0	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	30,415	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,190	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...	75,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,005	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...	114,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,825	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...	64,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,000	...	...	60,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	15,550	6,910	8,640	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,600	35,600	32,400	33,600	35,600	32,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,600	32,800	30,800	31,600	32,800	30,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	30,370	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,200	...	...	112,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,100	...	...	96,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,130	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,700	...	...	92,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,200	...	...	79,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,010	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,600	...	...	138,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,700	...	...	117,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,795	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,300	...	...	77,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,800	...	...	68,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	15,455	6,810	8,645	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,560	46,280	41,400	43,560	46,280	41,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,680	37,280	36,240	36,680	37,280	36,240
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	106,810	50,730	56,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	16,900	8,580	8,320	15.8	16.9	14.8
0 to 5 years	5,310	2,675	2,630	5.0	5.3	4.7
18 to 64 years	68,725	32,335	36,395	64.3	63.7	64.9
65 years and over	21,185	9,820	11,370	19.8	19.4	20.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	19,680	8,965	10,715	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,350	1,735	1,615	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,045	555	485	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	11,920	5,390	6,530	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,405	1,840	2,565	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	18.4	17.7	19.1	18.4	17.7	19.1
0 to 17 years (%)	19.8	20.2	19.4	19.8	20.2	19.4
0 to 5 years (%)	19.7	20.8	18.5	19.7	20.8	18.5
18 to 64 years (%)	17.3	16.7	17.9	17.3	16.7	17.9
65 years and over (%)	20.8	18.7	22.6	20.8	18.7	22.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	106,810	50,735	56,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	16,900	8,585	8,315	15.8	16.9	14.8
0 to 5 years	5,310	2,675	2,635	5.0	5.3	4.7
18 to 64 years	68,730	32,335	36,390	64.3	63.7	64.9
65 years and over	21,180	9,815	11,370	19.8	19.3	20.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	13,105	6,190	6,915	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,105	1,135	975	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	630	345	290	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	8,980	4,190	4,790	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,015	865	1,150	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	12.3	12.2	12.3	12.3	12.2	12.3
0 to 17 years (%)	12.5	13.2	11.7	12.5	13.2	11.7
0 to 5 years (%)	11.9	12.8	11.0	11.9	12.8	11.0
18 to 64 years (%)	13.1	13.0	13.2	13.1	13.0	13.2
65 years and over (%)	9.5	8.8	10.1	9.5	8.8	10.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	106,810	50,730	56,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	59,300	27,545	31,755	55.5	54.3	56.6
In bottom decile	18,155	8,420	9,735	17.0	16.6	17.4
In second decile	11,930	5,390	6,545	11.2	10.6	11.7
In third decile	10,225	4,760	5,460	9.6	9.4	9.7
In fourth decile	9,555	4,495	5,060	8.9	8.9	9.0
In fifth decile	9,430	4,480	4,950	8.8	8.8	8.8
In top half of the distribution	47,510	23,185	24,325	44.5	45.7	43.4
In sixth decile	9,000	4,285	4,720	8.4	8.4	8.4
In seventh decile	9,205	4,445	4,755	8.6	8.8	8.5
In eighth decile	9,365	4,560	4,805	8.8	9.0	8.6
In ninth decile	9,550	4,700	4,855	8.9	9.3	8.7
In top decile	10,395	5,200	5,190	9.7	10.3	9.3
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	106,810	...	...	106,810	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.373	...	...	0.373	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.484	...	...	0.484	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.337	...	...	0.337	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.0	...	...	5.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	107,055	50,800	56,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	90,650	43,810	46,840	84.7	86.2	83.3
French only	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	4,365	2,035	2,330	4.1	4.0	4.1
Neither English nor French	11,995	4,935	7,065	11.2	9.7	12.6
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	107,055	50,800	56,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	94,035	45,360	48,675	87.8	89.3	86.5
French	560	295	260	0.5	0.6	0.5
English and French	615	285	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Neither English nor French	11,845	4,860	6,990	11.1	9.6	12.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	107,055	50,800	56,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	100,180	47,550	52,625	93.6	93.6	93.5
Official languages	31,000	16,105	14,890	29.0	31.7	26.5
English	30,505	15,845	14,655	28.5	31.2	26.1
French	500	260	235	0.5	0.5	0.4
Non-official languages	69,180	31,450	37,730	64.6	61.9	67.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	69,175	31,445	37,730	64.6	61.9	67.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	970	515	450	0.9	1.0	0.8
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	885	470	415	0.8	0.9	0.7
Amharic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	700	370	330	0.7	0.7	0.6
Aramaic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	125	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	445	195	255	0.4	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	440	190	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,255	1,830	2,425	4.0	3.6	4.3
Bikol	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	110	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	200	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	185	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pangasinan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,455	1,480	1,975	3.2	2.9	3.5
Waray-Waray	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	5	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	325	170	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	6,980	3,345	3,630	6.5	6.6	6.5
Albanian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,720	790	930	1.6	1.6	1.7
Baltic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,710	785	930	1.6	1.5	1.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	125	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	1,045	470	580	1.0	0.9	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	240	125	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	115	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	170	70	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	625	330	295	0.6	0.6	0.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	405	210	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
German	385	200	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	135	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	115	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	105	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	2,895	1,390	1,505	2.7	2.7	2.7
Indo-Aryan languages	2,325	1,115	1,205	2.2	2.2	2.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	180	75	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Hindi	430	205	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,045	515	535	1.0	1.0	1.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	385	190	195	0.4	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	575	270	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	530	250	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	400	195	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,550	745	805	1.4	1.5	1.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	335	165	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	1,000	470	530	0.9	0.9	0.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,130	420	710	1.1	0.8	1.3
Korean	875	390	490	0.8	0.8	0.9
Mongolian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	53,625	24,300	29,325	50.1	47.8	52.1
Chinese languages	53,545	24,260	29,285	50.0	47.8	52.1
Hakka	180	80	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mandarin	27,170	12,195	14,980	25.4	24.0	26.6
Min Dong	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,390	615	775	1.3	1.2	1.4
Wu (Shanghainese)	490	205	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Yue (Cantonese)	24,090	11,055	13,035	22.5	21.8	23.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	195	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	115	35	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	220	125	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	180	105	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	70	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,880	3,245	3,635	6.4	6.4	6.5
English and French	185	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	5,730	2,725	3,005	5.4	5.4	5.3
French and non-official language(s)	55	25	25	0.1	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	835	365	475	0.8	0.7	0.8
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	107,055	50,800	56,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	33,315	17,010	16,300	31.1	33.5	29.0
French	115	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	29,925	13,395	16,530	28.0	26.4	29.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	29,925	13,395	16,530	28.0	26.4	29.4
English and French	425	210	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	39,145	18,360	20,780	36.6	36.1	36.9
French and non-official language(s)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	690	315	375	0.6	0.6	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	3,410	1,430	1,980	3.2	2.8	3.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	107,055	50,800	56,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	98,595	46,870	51,730	92.1	92.3	92.0
Official languages	46,270	23,150	23,115	43.2	45.6	41.1
English	46,085	23,055	23,035	43.0	45.4	40.9
French	190	100	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official languages	52,325	23,715	28,610	48.9	46.7	50.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	52,325	23,715	28,610	48.9	46.7	50.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	550	275	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	505	250	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Amharic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	415	205	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Aramaic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	190	80	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	190	80	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,380	1,090	1,295	2.2	2.1	2.3
Bikol	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,035	925	1,110	1.9	1.8	2.0
Waray-Waray	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	190	100	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tamil	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	3,745	1,755	1,990	3.5	3.5	3.5
Albanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,015	470	545	0.9	0.9	1.0
Baltic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,010	465	540	0.9	0.9	1.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	750	345	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,695	795	905	1.6	1.6	1.6
Indo-Aryan languages	1,320	620	705	1.2	1.2	1.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	200	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	610	275	330	0.6	0.5	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	275	130	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	375	175	200	0.4	0.3	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	345	160	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	255	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	875	420	455	0.8	0.8	0.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	215	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	595	285	305	0.6	0.6	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	585	250	335	0.5	0.5	0.6
Korean	580	270	310	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	43,825	19,750	24,075	40.9	38.9	42.8
Chinese languages	43,775	19,730	24,050	40.9	38.8	42.8
Hakka	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	22,975	10,380	12,590	21.5	20.4	22.4
Min Dong	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	820	370	450	0.8	0.7	0.8
Wu (Shanghainese)	295	130	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yue (Cantonese)	19,510	8,750	10,760	18.2	17.2	19.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Burmese	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,460	3,930	4,525	7.9	7.7	8.0
English and French	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	7,910	3,680	4,230	7.4	7.2	7.5
French and non-official language(s)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	425	185	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	107,055	50,795	56,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	70,105	33,620	36,490	65.5	66.2	64.9
English	16,370	7,690	8,680	15.3	15.1	15.4
French	455	210	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official language	14,920	6,915	8,010	13.9	13.6	14.2
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14,920	6,910	8,010	13.9	13.6	14.2
English and French	115	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,955	1,345	1,605	2.8	2.6	2.9
French and non-official language(s)	370	160	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,740	790	955	1.6	1.6	1.7
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	106,690	50,665	56,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	94,730	45,775	48,950	88.8	90.3	87.4
English	94,690	45,765	48,935	88.8	90.3	87.3
French	4,385	2,080	2,305	4.1	4.1	4.1
Non-official languages	82,370	37,905	44,460	77.2	74.8	79.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	82,360	37,905	44,455	77.2	74.8	79.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,765	875	890	1.7	1.7	1.6
Berber languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	110	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	105	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,665	810	855	1.6	1.6	1.5
Amharic	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,160	585	570	1.1	1.2	1.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	465	210	255	0.4	0.4	0.5
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	620	285	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	585	275	315	0.5	0.5	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	6,675	2,950	3,725	6.3	5.8	6.6
Bikol	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	225	90	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	365	165	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Indonesian	375	180	195	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kankanaey	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	185	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	95	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,015	2,660	3,355	5.6	5.3	6.0
Waray-Waray	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	435	210	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	240	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	10,840	5,065	5,780	10.2	10.0	10.3
Albanian	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Armenian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,260	1,005	1,260	2.1	2.0	2.2
Baltic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,260	1,005	1,260	2.1	2.0	2.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	185	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	1,495	660	835	1.4	1.3	1.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	375	175	195	0.4	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	210	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	180	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	345	140	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,135	525	605	1.1	1.0	1.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	805	360	435	0.8	0.7	0.8
German	770	360	410	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	230	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	200	70	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	4,610	2,230	2,375	4.3	4.4	4.2
Indo-Aryan languages	3,795	1,835	1,965	3.6	3.6	3.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	190	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	395	160	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Hindi	1,530	765	765	1.4	1.5	1.4
Kacchi	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,750	870	890	1.6	1.7	1.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	80	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	750	370	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	820	400	420	0.8	0.8	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Parsi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	770	390	385	0.7	0.8	0.7
Dari	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	630	330	300	0.6	0.7	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,880	1,345	1,535	2.7	2.7	2.7
Catalan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	315	145	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	425	200	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	2,215	1,045	1,160	2.1	2.1	2.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,215	990	1,225	2.1	2.0	2.2
Korean	1,110	445	665	1.0	0.9	1.2
Mongolian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	260	135	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Akan (Twi)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	170	100	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	60,955	28,045	32,910	57.1	55.4	58.7
Chinese languages	60,845	28,005	32,840	57.0	55.3	58.6
Hakka	295	135	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mandarin	40,930	18,550	22,380	38.4	36.6	39.9
Min Dong	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,800	1,235	1,565	2.6	2.4	2.8
Wu (Shanghainese)	705	300	405	0.7	0.6	0.7
Yue (Cantonese)	30,535	13,960	16,575	28.6	27.6	29.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	185	80	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	145	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Burmese	140	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	180	65	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	150	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	350	180	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Azerbaijani	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	315	165	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	106,690	50,665	56,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	820	390	430	0.8	0.8	0.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	775	380	395	0.7	0.8	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	455	240	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Métis	320	140	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	105,870	50,270	55,595	99.2	99.2	99.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	106,690	50,665	56,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	320	155	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	106,370	50,510	55,855	99.7	99.7	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	42,745	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	30,115	...	...	70.5	...	...
Renter	12,625	...	...	29.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	42,745	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	20,645	...	...	48.3	...	...
Not condominium	22,095	...	...	51.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	42,745	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	300	...	...	0.7	...	...
1 bedroom	7,695	...	...	18.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	13,410	...	...	31.4	...	...
3 bedrooms	10,025	...	...	23.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	11,305	...	...	26.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	42,745	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	21,440	...	...	50.2	...	...
5 rooms	6,250	...	...	14.6	...	...
6 rooms	4,450	...	...	10.4	...	...
7 rooms	3,550	...	...	8.3	...	...
8 or more rooms	7,055	...	...	16.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.0	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	42,745	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	40,945	...	...	95.8	...	...
More than one person per room	1,795	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	42,745	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	39,550	...	...	92.5	...	...
Not suitable	3,190	...	...	7.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	42,745	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	1,430	...	...	3.3	...	...
1961 to 1980	9,780	...	...	22.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,585	...	...	17.7	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,110	...	...	16.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,970	...	...	4.6	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,530	...	...	8.3	...	...
2011 to 2015	4,730	...	...	11.1	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,595	...	...	15.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	42,745	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	40,680	...	...	95.2	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,060	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	42,745	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	21,690	...	...	50.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	17,860	...	...	41.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,190	...	...	7.5	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	42,745	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,400	...	...	3.3	...	...
25 to 34 years	6,465	...	...	15.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,375	...	...	14.9	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,520	...	...	17.6	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,805	...	...	20.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,310	...	...	17.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,375	...	...	7.9	...	...
85 years and over	1,490	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	42,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	26,225	...	...	61.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	16,355	...	...	38.4	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,955	...	...	28.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	42,740	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	19,935	...	...	46.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	14,885	...	...	34.8	...	...
Not suitable only	2,150	...	...	5.0	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,270	...	...	3.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	840	...	...	2.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	590	...	...	1.4	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	165	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	40	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	22,805	...	...	53.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	38,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	8,215	...	...	21.5	...	...
Not in core need	29,960	...	...	78.5	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	30,120	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	53.4	...	...	53.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	34.1	...	...	34.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	17.7	...	...	17.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	...	...	1,300	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,842	...	...	1,842	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,000,000	...	...	1,000,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,229,000	...	...	1,229,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	12,620	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.8	...	...	12.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	48.7	...	...	48.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	30.9	...	...	30.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,700	...	...	1,700	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,720	...	...	1,720	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	106,690	50,665	56,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	215	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	205	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	180	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Métis single ancestry	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	605	285	320	0.6	0.6	0.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	585	270	315	0.5	0.5	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	440	220	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	105,865	50,270	55,595	99.2	99.2	99.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	106,685	50,665	56,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	84,065	40,265	43,795	78.8	79.5	78.2
Canadian citizens aged under 18	14,775	7,590	7,180	13.8	15.0	12.8
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	69,285	32,680	36,610	64.9	64.5	65.3
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	22,630	10,400	12,230	21.2	20.5	21.8
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	106,685	50,665	56,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	34,460	17,850	16,605	32.3	35.2	29.6
Immigrants⁸¹	66,770	30,185	36,585	62.6	59.6	65.3
Before 1980	6,135	2,960	3,170	5.8	5.8	5.7
1980 to 1990	7,620	3,620	3,995	7.1	7.1	7.1
1991 to 2000	20,595	9,310	11,285	19.3	18.4	20.1
2001 to 2010	16,825	7,425	9,405	15.8	14.7	16.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	15,590	6,865	8,725	14.6	13.5	15.6
2011 to 2015	7,790	3,445	4,340	7.3	6.8	7.7
2016 to 2021	7,805	3,415	4,385	7.3	6.7	7.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,460	2,630	2,830	5.1	5.2	5.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	66,770	30,180	36,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,735	2,595	2,145	7.1	8.6	5.9
5 to 14 years	9,880	5,060	4,825	14.8	16.8	13.2
15 to 24 years	10,405	4,805	5,605	15.6	15.9	15.3
25 to 44 years	32,045	13,400	18,645	48.0	44.4	51.0
45 years and over	9,705	4,330	5,370	14.5	14.3	14.7
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	66,770	30,180	36,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,110	1,010	1,105	3.2	3.3	3.0
Brazil	165	60	105	0.2	0.2	0.3
Colombia	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
El Salvador	100	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Guyana	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexico	250	105	145	0.4	0.3	0.4
Peru	170	60	105	0.3	0.2	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	90	50	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
United States of America	780	425	355	1.2	1.4	1.0
Other places of birth in Americas	440	220	215	0.7	0.7	0.6
Europe	3,635	1,765	1,870	5.4	5.8	5.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Croatia	95	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
France	110	70	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Germany	245	145	105	0.4	0.5	0.3
Greece	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	120	45	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Portugal	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	120	50	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	430	190	235	0.6	0.6	0.6
Serbia⁸⁶	85	50	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	430	190	235	0.6	0.6	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,005	495	510	1.5	1.6	1.4
Other places of birth in Europe	665	325	340	1.0	1.1	0.9
Africa	1,260	620	640	1.9	2.1	1.7
Algeria	30	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Egypt	160	85	80	0.2	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	40	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nigeria	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	200	85	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Africa	655	325	325	1.0	1.1	0.9
Asia	59,410	26,625	32,790	89.0	88.2	89.6
Afghanistan	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	510	255	250	0.8	0.8	0.7
Iraq	175	95	85	0.3	0.3	0.2
Lebanon	40	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	100	55	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Turkey	120	50	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	27,380	11,785	15,590	41.0	39.0	42.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	13,360	6,340	7,015	20.0	21.0	19.2
Korea, South⁹²	685	275	415	1.0	0.9	1.1
Taiwan	4,450	2,000	2,450	6.7	6.6	6.7
Philippines	6,155	2,745	3,405	9.2	9.1	9.3
Viet Nam	580	270	315	0.9	0.9	0.9
Bangladesh	120	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	1,625	810	815	2.4	2.7	2.2
Pakistan	430	215	220	0.6	0.7	0.6
Sri Lanka	180	70	115	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	3,405	1,535	1,870	5.1	5.1	5.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	355	170	185	0.5	0.6	0.5
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	7,800	3,415	4,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	395	200	200	5.1	5.9	4.6
Brazil	115	50	65	1.5	1.5	1.5
Colombia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	65	30	35	0.8	0.9	0.8
United States of America	130	65	70	1.7	1.9	1.6
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	75	50	30	1.0	1.5	0.7
Europe	205	110	95	2.6	3.2	2.2
France	15	10	10	0.2	0.3	0.2
Germany	15	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	25	15	15	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ukraine	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	35	25	10	0.4	0.7	0.2
Other places of birth in Europe	90	40	45	1.2	1.2	1.0
Africa	165	85	80	2.1	2.5	1.8
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	35	20	15	0.4	0.6	0.3
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	35	15	20	0.4	0.4	0.5
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	20	15	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	40	25	10	0.5	0.7	0.2
Asia	7,005	3,000	4,005	89.8	87.8	91.2
Afghanistan	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	40	20	15	0.5	0.6	0.3
China⁹⁰	4,385	1,780	2,605	56.2	52.1	59.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	475	220	255	6.1	6.4	5.8
India	385	200	180	4.9	5.9	4.1
Iran⁸⁸	90	55	40	1.2	1.6	0.9
Iraq	20	15	10	0.3	0.4	0.2
Israel	15	15	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Japan	65	10	55	0.8	0.3	1.3
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	135	40	100	1.7	1.2	2.3
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	50	25	20	0.6	0.7	0.5
Philippines	845	400	440	10.8	11.7	10.0
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	75	45	30	1.0	1.3	0.7
Turkey	15	10	10	0.2	0.3	0.2
United Arab Emirates	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Viet Nam	55	20	40	0.7	0.6	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	310	130	175	4.0	3.8	4.0
Oceania and other⁹³	30	15	10	0.4	0.4	0.2
Australia	20	15	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	10	10	0.2	0.3	0.2
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	106,690	50,665	56,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	73,735	33,655	40,075	69.1	66.4	71.5
Second generation¹⁰¹	21,970	11,290	10,680	20.6	22.3	19.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	10,985	5,720	5,265	10.3	11.3	9.4
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	60,635	27,220	33,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	43,050	20,235	22,815	71.0	74.3	68.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	15,865	9,130	6,735	26.2	33.5	20.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	27,190	11,105	16,080	44.8	40.8	48.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	14,040	5,270	8,775	23.2	19.4	26.3
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,960	1,040	920	3.2	3.8	2.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,585	680	905	2.6	2.5	2.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	60,635	27,220	33,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	855	495	360	1.4	1.8	1.1
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,510	1,280	2,235	5.8	4.7	6.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	2,870	1,400	1,480	4.7	5.1	4.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,270	1,830	2,440	7.0	6.7	7.3
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	135	60	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	48,990	22,155	26,835	80.8	81.4	80.3
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	106,690	50,665	56,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	87,515	40,945	46,570	82.0	80.8	83.1
South Asian	5,240	2,575	2,665	4.9	5.1	4.8
Chinese	64,085	29,795	34,290	60.1	58.8	61.2
Black	780	365	410	0.7	0.7	0.7
Filipino	6,495	2,975	3,520	6.1	5.9	6.3
Arab	1,080	555	520	1.0	1.1	0.9
Latin American	1,150	550	605	1.1	1.1	1.1
Southeast Asian	1,380	645	735	1.3	1.3	1.3
West Asian	870	435	435	0.8	0.9	0.8
Korean	1,115	490	630	1.0	1.0	1.1
Japanese	1,930	865	1,065	1.8	1.7	1.9
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	265	115	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	3,115	1,580	1,540	2.9	3.1	2.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	19,175	9,725	9,450	18.0	19.2	16.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	106,690	50,665	56,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	3,745	2,015	1,725	3.5	4.0	3.1
English	5,450	2,855	2,600	5.1	5.6	4.6
Irish	3,640	1,725	1,910	3.4	3.4	3.4
Scottish	4,450	2,255	2,195	4.2	4.5	3.9
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,560	825	740	1.5	1.6	1.3
German	2,995	1,520	1,480	2.8	3.0	2.6
Chinese	56,290	26,220	30,070	52.8	51.8	53.7
Italian	900	475	425	0.8	0.9	0.8
Indian (India)	3,065	1,505	1,555	2.9	3.0	2.8
Ukrainian	1,510	635	875	1.4	1.3	1.6
Dutch	810	405	405	0.8	0.8	0.7
Polish	915	435	480	0.9	0.9	0.9
Québécois	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,335	730	610	1.3	1.4	1.1
Filipino	6,780	3,195	3,585	6.4	6.3	6.4
French Canadian	285	145	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	620	330	285	0.6	0.7	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	315	180	135	0.3	0.4	0.2
Métis	195	80	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	675	330	345	0.6	0.7	0.6
Russian	1,555	745	815	1.5	1.5	1.5
Norwegian	635	305	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Welsh	600	255	345	0.6	0.5	0.6
Portuguese	375	135	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
American	435	225	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	1,200	580	615	1.1	1.1	1.1
Swedish	480	225	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Hungarian	405	225	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Acadian	40	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pakistani	540	275	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	225	85	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jewish	1,175	520	655	1.1	1.0	1.2
Punjabi	465	225	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vietnamese	885	445	440	0.8	0.9	0.8
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	525	260	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Greek	370	180	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jamaican	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	3,525	1,580	1,940	3.3	3.1	3.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,205	545	660	1.1	1.1	1.2
Romanian	290	135	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lebanese	110	80	25	0.1	0.2	0.0
Iranian	515	265	250	0.5	0.5	0.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	310	150	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	335	170	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	370	190	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Austrian	345	180	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Belgian	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	130	45	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mexican	425	225	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mennonite	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	185	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	115	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	250	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	2,395	1,075	1,320	2.2	2.1	2.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	515	290	225	0.5	0.6	0.4
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	205	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	195	85	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	195	110	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	220	115	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	80	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Icelandic	165	80	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombian	100	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moroccan	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Czech	190	100	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	75	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbian	195	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	5,130	2,495	2,635	4.8	4.9	4.7
Ontarian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	245	115	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Turkish	360	200	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	155	80	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Algerian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	180	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	175	95	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Somali	135	95	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Taiwanese	3,825	1,740	2,085	3.6	3.4	3.7
Iraqi	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	480	195	290	0.4	0.4	0.5
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	230	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	155	85	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Congolese	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	85	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Peruvian	215	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	70	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Berber	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
New Brunswicker	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	195	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	45	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bulgarian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	60	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tunisian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	50	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	295	135	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Laotian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	170	80	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ecuadorian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Estonian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jatt	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	180	65	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Dominican	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	80	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	265	130	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	240	100	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kenyan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	35	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Honduran	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sicilian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	155	55	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mongolian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	106,690	50,665	56,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	6,045	2,360	3,685	5.7	4.7	6.6
Christian	32,025	14,190	17,840	30.0	28.0	31.8
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	10,465	4,635	5,835	9.8	9.1	10.4
Anabaptist	160	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Anglican	1,260	580	680	1.2	1.1	1.2
Baptist	1,170	495	670	1.1	1.0	1.2
Catholic	13,375	6,010	7,365	12.5	11.9	13.1
Christian Orthodox	840	365	475	0.8	0.7	0.8
Jehovah's Witness	280	95	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Latter Day Saints	40	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	435	150	285	0.4	0.3	0.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	450	195	255	0.4	0.4	0.5
Presbyterian	385	190	195	0.4	0.4	0.3
Reformed	250	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Church	1,190	490	700	1.1	1.0	1.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,635	740	895	1.5	1.5	1.6
Hindu	1,045	495	555	1.0	1.0	1.0
Jewish	1,415	635	780	1.3	1.3	1.4
Muslim	3,530	1,705	1,825	3.3	3.4	3.3
Sikh	1,700	865	835	1.6	1.7	1.5
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	800	345	460	0.7	0.7	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	60,090	30,060	30,035	56.3	59.3	53.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	105,915	50,295	55,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	90,675	42,905	47,770	85.6	85.3	85.9
Movers	15,245	7,390	7,855	14.4	14.7	14.1
Non-migrants	8,205	3,965	4,245	7.7	7.9	7.6
Migrants	7,040	3,425	3,610	6.6	6.8	6.5
Internal migrants	4,105	2,040	2,065	3.9	4.1	3.7
Intraprovincial migrants	3,135	1,535	1,600	3.0	3.1	2.9
Interprovincial migrants	970	505	465	0.9	1.0	0.8
External migrants	2,935	1,390	1,545	2.8	2.8	2.8
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	102,305	48,510	53,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	59,585	27,810	31,770	58.2	57.3	59.1
Movers	42,720	20,700	22,025	41.8	42.7	40.9
Non-migrants	19,100	9,080	10,025	18.7	18.7	18.6
Migrants	23,620	11,620	12,000	23.1	24.0	22.3
Internal migrants	14,105	6,990	7,115	13.8	14.4	13.2
Intraprovincial migrants	10,975	5,400	5,575	10.7	11.1	10.4
Interprovincial migrants	3,135	1,590	1,545	3.1	3.3	2.9
External migrants	9,515	4,630	4,885	9.3	9.5	9.1
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	92,795	43,620	49,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,805	5,060	5,740	11.6	11.6	11.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	81,990	38,555	43,440	88.4	88.4	88.3
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,700	27,760	31,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,630	1,775	1,855	6.1	6.4	5.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	56,065	25,980	30,085	93.9	93.6	94.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	92,800	43,615	49,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,265	4,720	5,540	11.1	10.8	11.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	25,825	12,235	13,590	27.8	28.1	27.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	56,710	26,660	30,050	61.1	61.1	61.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,455	9,415	11,035	22.0	21.6	22.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,270	2,135	1,135	3.5	4.9	2.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,750	1,015	735	1.9	2.3	1.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,520	1,120	400	1.6	2.6	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,325	5,085	7,235	13.3	11.7	14.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,865	2,195	2,660	5.2	5.0	5.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	36,255	17,235	19,020	39.1	39.5	38.7
Bachelor's degree	25,575	11,745	13,830	27.6	26.9	28.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,020	900	1,120	2.2	2.1	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	685	390	290	0.7	0.9	0.6
Master's degree	7,075	3,620	3,445	7.6	8.3	7.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	905	575	330	1.0	1.3	0.7
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,705	27,760	31,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,360	1,615	1,740	5.6	5.8	5.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,990	6,325	6,665	21.8	22.8	20.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	43,350	19,815	23,535	72.6	71.4	73.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,355	6,405	7,955	24.0	23.1	24.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,045	1,310	740	3.4	4.7	2.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,125	655	470	1.9	2.4	1.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	925	650	270	1.5	2.3	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	8,730	3,495	5,230	14.6	12.6	16.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,585	1,600	1,985	6.0	5.8	6.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,995	13,410	15,585	48.6	48.3	48.8
Bachelor's degree	20,255	9,105	11,150	33.9	32.8	34.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,545	685	860	2.6	2.5	2.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	460	230	230	0.8	0.8	0.7
Master's degree	6,025	2,970	3,060	10.1	10.7	9.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	705	425	280	1.2	1.5	0.9
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	92,795	43,615	49,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	36,085	16,960	19,130	38.9	38.9	38.9
Education	2,505	520	1,985	2.7	1.2	4.0
13. Education	2,505	520	1,985	2.7	1.2	4.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,575	960	1,620	2.8	2.2	3.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	255	170	90	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,320	790	1,530	2.5	1.8	3.1
Humanities	3,800	1,345	2,460	4.1	3.1	5.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	755	175	580	0.8	0.4	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	880	230	650	0.9	0.5	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,380	495	880	1.5	1.1	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	140	95	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	180	115	65	0.2	0.3	0.1
54. History	355	220	135	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	95	10	85	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,950	2,950	5,000	8.6	6.8	10.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	150	45	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	830	285	540	0.9	0.7	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	880	115	765	0.9	0.3	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	850	340	510	0.9	0.8	1.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	125	30	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,320	355	970	1.4	0.8	2.0
45. Social sciences	3,800	1,780	2,020	4.1	4.1	4.1
Business, management and public administration	15,880	6,675	9,205	17.1	15.3	18.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	305	90	210	0.3	0.2	0.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	15,565	6,580	8,985	16.8	15.1	18.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,935	1,500	1,440	3.2	3.4	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,160	520	640	1.3	1.2	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	745	350	395	0.8	0.8	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	945	600	350	1.0	1.4	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,930	2,605	1,325	4.2	6.0	2.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,975	2,120	860	3.2	4.9	1.7
25. Library science	100	20	75	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	735	400	335	0.8	0.9	0.7
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	120	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,485	7,025	1,455	9.1	16.1	3.0
04. Architecture and related services	420	255	165	0.5	0.6	0.3
14. Engineering	4,620	3,650	965	5.0	8.4	2.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,530	1,270	260	1.6	2.9	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	645	635	10	0.7	1.5	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	960	920	35	1.0	2.1	0.1
48. Precision production	315	295	20	0.3	0.7	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	865	455	410	0.9	1.0	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	500	245	250	0.5	0.6	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	365	205	155	0.4	0.5	0.3
Health and related fields	5,800	1,615	4,185	6.3	3.7	8.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	480	265	210	0.5	0.6	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,165	1,240	3,925	5.6	2.8	8.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	145	105	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,955	1,005	955	2.1	2.3	1.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,425	580	845	1.5	1.3	1.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	120	95	20	0.1	0.2	0.0
49. Transportation and materials moving	390	305	85	0.4	0.7	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	59,700	27,760	31,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	16,350	7,940	8,405	27.4	28.6	26.3
Education	1,590	335	1,255	2.7	1.2	3.9
13. Education	1,590	335	1,255	2.7	1.2	3.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,010	705	1,300	3.4	2.5	4.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	190	110	80	0.3	0.4	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	1,820	600	1,225	3.0	2.2	3.8
Humanities	2,820	945	1,870	4.7	3.4	5.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	545	95	450	0.9	0.3	1.4
23. English language and literature/letters	665	155	510	1.1	0.6	1.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,070	385	685	1.8	1.4	2.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	105	75	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	135	85	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	225	145	80	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	70	10	60	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,375	2,260	4,120	10.7	8.1	12.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	120	40	85	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	705	240	465	1.2	0.9	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	670	70	600	1.1	0.3	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	680	240	445	1.1	0.9	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	105	15	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	1,090	280	810	1.8	1.0	2.5
45. Social sciences	3,005	1,385	1,620	5.0	5.0	5.1
Business, management and public administration	12,920	5,335	7,585	21.6	19.2	23.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	200	75	125	0.3	0.3	0.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,710	5,255	7,455	21.3	18.9	23.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,100	995	1,105	3.5	3.6	3.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	880	405	475	1.5	1.5	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	560	250	310	0.9	0.9	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	50	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	590	325	260	1.0	1.2	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,275	2,170	1,095	5.5	7.8	3.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,585	1,840	745	4.3	6.6	2.3
25. Library science	60	15	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	535	265	265	0.9	1.0	0.8
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	95	50	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,000	4,840	1,165	10.1	17.4	3.6
04. Architecture and related services	295	165	125	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	3,455	2,685	770	5.8	9.7	2.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,020	810	215	1.7	2.9	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	390	390	0	0.7	1.4	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	640	610	30	1.1	2.2	0.1
48. Precision production	195	175	20	0.3	0.6	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	690	360	335	1.2	1.3	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	400	205	200	0.7	0.7	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	295	160	135	0.5	0.6	0.4
Health and related fields	4,180	1,200	2,990	7.0	4.3	9.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	350	200	150	0.6	0.7	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,740	950	2,790	6.3	3.4	8.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	90	50	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,370	660	710	2.3	2.4	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,055	420	630	1.8	1.5	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	70	55	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
49. Transportation and materials moving	245	180	65	0.4	0.6	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	59,700	27,760	31,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	16,350	7,940	8,405	27.4	28.6	26.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	43,350	19,815	23,535	72.6	71.4	73.7
Location of study inside Canada	24,765	11,830	12,935	41.5	42.6	40.5
Same as province or territory of residence	20,495	9,650	10,845	34.3	34.8	33.9
Different than province or territory of residence	4,270	2,185	2,090	7.2	7.9	6.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	18,590	7,985	10,600	31.1	28.8	33.2
Americas	2,105	1,030	1,070	3.5	3.7	3.3
United States of America	1,630	810	815	2.7	2.9	2.6
Mexico	130	60	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	155	80	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Peru	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	95	40	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Europe	1,725	855	870	2.9	3.1	2.7
Belgium	45	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	115	70	45	0.2	0.3	0.1
Germany	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Switzerland	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	195	80	115	0.3	0.3	0.4
Ukraine	190	90	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	30	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	735	365	370	1.2	1.3	1.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	35	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	130	75	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
Africa	240	120	120	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigeria	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	14,125	5,760	8,365	23.7	20.7	26.2
Iran⁸⁸	165	60	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
Iraq	40	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	80	45	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Lebanon	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	7,320	3,065	4,255	12.3	11.0	13.3
Taiwan	920	345	575	1.5	1.2	1.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,175	465	710	2.0	1.7	2.2
Japan	450	125	325	0.8	0.5	1.0
Korea, South⁹²	265	70	195	0.4	0.3	0.6
Philippines	2,415	995	1,415	4.0	3.6	4.4
Viet Nam	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	550	255	290	0.9	0.9	0.9
Pakistan	165	65	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other locations of study in Asia	430	175	255	0.7	0.6	0.8
Oceania	395	220	175	0.7	0.8	0.5
Australia	315	175	140	0.5	0.6	0.4
New Zealand	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	92,800	43,615	49,180	...	...	...
In the labour force	53,720	27,105	26,615	...	...	...
Employed	47,905	24,425	23,475	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,815	2,680	3,135	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	39,070	16,505	22,565	...	...	...
Participation rate	57.9	62.1	54.1	57.9	62.1	54.1
Employment rate	51.6	56.0	47.7	51.6	56.0	47.7
Unemployment rate	10.8	9.9	11.8	10.8	9.9	11.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	92,795	43,615	49,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	40,005	17,090	22,915	43.1	39.2	46.6
Worked	52,795	26,525	26,270	56.9	60.8	53.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	25,315	14,020	11,295	27.3	32.1	23.0
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,485	12,505	14,975	29.6	28.7	30.4
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.1	40.2	38.0	39.1	40.2	38.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	53,720	27,110	26,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,860	845	1,020	3.5	3.1	3.8
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	51,865	26,265	25,595	96.5	96.9	96.2
Employee	42,015	20,335	21,675	78.2	75.0	81.4
Permanent position	34,180	16,835	17,350	63.6	62.1	65.2
Temporary position	7,835	3,510	4,325	14.6	12.9	16.3
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,380	1,475	1,905	6.3	5.4	7.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,455	2,030	2,420	8.3	7.5	9.1
Self-employed¹⁹²	9,845	5,930	3,920	18.3	21.9	14.7
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	53,720	27,110	26,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,860	845	1,020	3.5	3.1	3.8
All occupations¹⁹¹	51,865	26,265	25,595	96.5	96.9	96.2
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	630	475	160	1.2	1.8	0.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,970	4,320	7,650	22.3	15.9	28.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,275	4,025	1,240	9.8	14.8	4.7
3 Health occupations	3,195	930	2,260	5.9	3.4	8.5
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,145	1,675	3,465	9.6	6.2	13.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,050	965	1,085	3.8	3.6	4.1
6 Sales and service occupations	16,045	7,645	8,400	29.9	28.2	31.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,810	5,080	730	10.8	18.7	2.7
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	350	260	90	0.7	1.0	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,395	880	510	2.6	3.2	1.9
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	53,720	27,110	26,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,860	845	1,020	3.5	3.1	3.8
All industries¹⁹¹	51,865	26,265	25,595	96.5	96.9	96.2
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	205	115	90	0.4	0.4	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	110	55	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
22 Utilities	160	100	60	0.3	0.4	0.2
23 Construction	2,290	1,905	390	4.3	7.0	1.5
31-33 Manufacturing	2,890	1,820	1,070	5.4	6.7	4.0
41 Wholesale trade	2,515	1,480	1,040	4.7	5.5	3.9
44-45 Retail trade	6,830	3,255	3,570	12.7	12.0	13.4
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,490	2,410	1,075	6.5	8.9	4.0
51 Information and cultural industries	1,490	940	550	2.8	3.5	2.1
52 Finance and insurance	3,565	1,640	1,925	6.6	6.0	7.2
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,990	1,085	905	3.7	4.0	3.4
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,965	3,395	2,570	11.1	12.5	9.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	180	75	110	0.3	0.3	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,675	940	730	3.1	3.5	2.7
61 Educational services	3,880	1,305	2,570	7.2	4.8	9.7
62 Health care and social assistance	5,365	1,320	4,040	10.0	4.9	15.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	960	495	465	1.8	1.8	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	4,460	2,240	2,220	8.3	8.3	8.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,010	850	1,160	3.7	3.1	4.4
91 Public administration	1,840	845	995	3.4	3.1	3.7
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	57,785	29,010	28,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	41,260	21,140	20,120	71.4	72.9	69.9
French	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	4,220	2,185	2,035	7.3	7.5	7.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,220	2,185	2,035	7.3	7.5	7.1
English and French	280	105	180	0.5	0.4	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	11,245	5,210	6,040	19.5	18.0	21.0
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	645	310	335	1.1	1.1	1.2
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	57,785	29,010	28,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	55,000	27,720	27,275	95.2	95.6	94.8
Official languages	46,740	23,680	23,060	80.9	81.6	80.2
English	46,650	23,650	22,995	80.7	81.5	79.9
French	90	30	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-official languages	8,255	4,040	4,215	14.3	13.9	14.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	8,255	4,040	4,215	14.3	13.9	14.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	45	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	45	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	150	55	95	0.3	0.2	0.3
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	50	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	50	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	120	40	80	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korean	85	55	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,800	3,845	3,945	13.5	13.3	13.7
Chinese languages	7,800	3,845	3,945	13.5	13.3	13.7
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,955	2,415	2,545	8.6	8.3	8.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,825	1,430	1,395	4.9	4.9	4.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,790	1,290	1,500	4.8	4.4	5.2
English and French	30	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,630	1,205	1,430	4.6	4.2	5.0
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	120	75	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	57,785	29,010	28,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	47,620	24,340	23,280	82.4	83.9	80.9
English	2,750	1,285	1,465	4.8	4.4	5.1
French	215	90	125	0.4	0.3	0.4
Non-official language	4,930	2,365	2,570	8.5	8.2	8.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,930	2,365	2,570	8.5	8.2	8.9
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	800	325	475	1.4	1.1	1.7
French and non-official language(s)	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,395	570	820	2.4	2.0	2.9
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	47,905	24,425	23,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	13,685	6,850	6,840	28.6	28.0	29.1
Worked outside Canada	690	430	255	1.4	1.8	1.1
No fixed workplace address	4,760	3,400	1,365	9.9	13.9	5.8
Usual place of work	28,765	13,750	15,020	60.0	56.3	64.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	28,765	13,750	15,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	17,780	8,165	9,615	61.8	59.4	64.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	10,760	5,460	5,300	37.4	39.7	35.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	110	55	60	0.4	0.4	0.4
Commute to a different province or territory	120	75	45	0.4	0.5	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	33,530	17,145	16,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	26,080	14,105	11,975	77.8	82.3	73.1
Car, truck or van - as a driver	23,415	13,425	9,990	69.8	78.3	61.0
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,665	675	1,985	7.9	3.9	12.1
Public transit	4,715	1,890	2,830	14.1	11.0	17.3
Walked	1,790	665	1,125	5.3	3.9	6.9
Bicycle	375	260	110	1.1	1.5	0.7
Other method	570	225	340	1.7	1.3	2.1
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	33,530	17,145	16,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	8,050	3,600	4,450	24.0	21.0	27.2
15 to 29 minutes	12,765	6,640	6,120	38.1	38.7	37.4
30 to 44 minutes	8,130	4,425	3,700	24.2	25.8	22.6
45 to 59 minutes	2,540	1,445	1,095	7.6	8.4	6.7
60 minutes and over	2,045	1,040	1,010	6.1	6.1	6.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	33,530	17,145	16,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,395	955	440	4.2	5.6	2.7
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,320	1,955	1,365	9.9	11.4	8.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	5,800	2,855	2,945	17.3	16.7	18.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,730	3,575	4,150	23.1	20.9	25.3
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	10,010	4,925	5,085	29.9	28.7	31.0
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,270	2,880	2,395	15.7	16.8	14.6
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	17,260	8,770	8,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	785	395	385	4.5	4.5	4.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	16,475	8,375	8,100	95.5	95.5	95.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	12,550	6,410	6,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	655	335	325	5.2	5.2	5.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	425	210	215	3.4	3.3	3.5
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	230	125	110	1.8	2.0	1.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,895	6,080	5,815	94.8	94.9	94.8

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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