Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Cloverdale--Langley CityMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	130,665	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	117,640	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	11.1	...	...	11.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	48,570	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	46,569	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,198.9	...	...	2,198.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	59.42	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	130,665	64,105	66,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	24,860	12,825	12,040	19.0	20.0	18.1
0 to 4 years	7,740	3,945	3,800	5.9	6.2	5.7
5 to 9 years	8,570	4,420	4,150	6.6	6.9	6.2
10 to 14 years	8,545	4,455	4,090	6.5	6.9	6.1
15 to 64 years	87,545	43,145	44,400	67.0	67.3	66.7
15 to 19 years	7,525	3,800	3,725	5.8	5.9	5.6
20 to 24 years	7,600	4,005	3,590	5.8	6.2	5.4
25 to 29 years	8,365	4,140	4,225	6.4	6.5	6.3
30 to 34 years	9,960	4,790	5,165	7.6	7.5	7.8
35 to 39 years	11,205	5,400	5,805	8.6	8.4	8.7
40 to 44 years	10,175	4,980	5,195	7.8	7.8	7.8
45 to 49 years	9,315	4,595	4,725	7.1	7.2	7.1
50 to 54 years	8,450	4,195	4,260	6.5	6.5	6.4
55 to 59 years	7,920	3,920	4,000	6.1	6.1	6.0
60 to 64 years	7,035	3,330	3,705	5.4	5.2	5.6
65 years and over	18,260	8,135	10,125	14.0	12.7	15.2
65 to 69 years	6,080	2,775	3,305	4.7	4.3	5.0
70 to 74 years	4,940	2,255	2,685	3.8	3.5	4.0
75 to 79 years	3,260	1,480	1,780	2.5	2.3	2.7
80 to 84 years	2,035	890	1,140	1.6	1.4	1.7
85 years and over	1,950	735	1,220	1.5	1.1	1.8
85 to 89 years	1,170	495	675	0.9	0.8	1.0
90 to 94 years	570	185	385	0.4	0.3	0.6
95 to 99 years	180	50	135	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	30	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19.0	20.0	18.1	19.0	20.0	18.1
15 to 64 years	67.0	67.3	66.7	67.0	67.3	66.7
65 years and over	14.0	12.7	15.2	14.0	12.7	15.2
85 years and over	1.5	1.1	1.8	1.5	1.1	1.8
Average age of the population	38.6	37.6	39.5	38.6	37.6	39.5
Median age of the population	38.0	37.2	38.8	38.0	37.2	38.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	46,570	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	15,830	...	...	34.0	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,215	...	...	2.6	...	...
Row house	9,530	...	...	20.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	8,250	...	...	17.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	10,995	...	...	23.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	690	...	...	1.5	...	...
Other single-attached house	50	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	46,570	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	11,145	...	...	23.9	...	...
2 persons	13,290	...	...	28.5	...	...
3 persons	7,640	...	...	16.4	...	...
4 persons	8,425	...	...	18.1	...	...
5 or more persons	6,075	...	...	13.0	...	...
Number of persons in private households	129,245	63,510	65,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	105,805	51,280	54,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	63,440	31,685	31,755	60.0	61.8	58.2
Married	55,010	27,475	27,535	52.0	53.6	50.5
Living common-law	8,430	4,210	4,220	8.0	8.2	7.7
Living common law - Never married	6,055	3,055	3,000	5.7	6.0	5.5
Living common law - Separated	420	215	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	1,795	875	920	1.7	1.7	1.7
Living common law - Widowed	160	65	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	42,365	19,595	22,770	40.0	38.2	41.8
Not married and not living common law - Never married	28,175	15,095	13,075	26.6	29.4	24.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,880	1,135	1,740	2.7	2.2	3.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,510	2,385	4,125	6.2	4.7	7.6
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,800	975	3,830	4.5	1.9	7.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	36,195	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,580	...	...	43.0	...	...
3 persons	8,280	...	...	22.9	...	...
4 persons	9,110	...	...	25.2	...	...
5 or more persons	3,220	...	...	8.9	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	36,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	30,745	...	...	85.0	...	...
Married couples	26,535	...	...	73.3	...	...
With children⁶	16,835	...	...	46.5	...	...
Without children	9,700	...	...	26.8	...	...
Common-law couples	4,215	...	...	11.6	...	...
With children⁶	1,605	...	...	4.4	...	...
Without children	2,610	...	...	7.2	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,445	...	...	15.0	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,220	...	...	11.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,225	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	129,240	63,510	65,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	109,425	54,435	54,990	84.7	85.7	83.7
Married spouses or common-law partners	61,495	30,710	30,785	47.6	48.4	46.8
Parents in one-parent families	5,450	1,230	4,220	4.2	1.9	6.4
Children⁶	42,485	22,500	19,985	32.9	35.4	30.4
In a two-parent family	34,230	18,005	16,230	26.5	28.3	24.7
In a one-parent family	8,255	4,500	3,755	6.4	7.1	5.7
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	19,815	9,075	10,745	15.3	14.3	16.3
Living alone	11,145	4,990	6,155	8.6	7.9	9.4
Living with other relatives⁷	4,040	1,520	2,525	3.1	2.4	3.8
Living with non-relatives only	4,635	2,565	2,070	3.6	4.0	3.1
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	46,565	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	28,060	...	...	60.3	...	...
Couple-family households	24,060	...	...	51.7	...	...
With children⁶	14,545	...	...	31.2	...	...
Without children	9,515	...	...	20.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,000	...	...	8.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,805	...	...	6.0	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	695	...	...	1.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,120	...	...	4.6	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,745	...	...	3.7	...	...
One-person households	11,145	...	...	23.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	104,390	50,695	53,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	100,740	48,915	51,825	96.5	96.5	96.5
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	53,600	38,400	44,800	53,600	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	100,830	48,965	51,865	96.6	96.6	96.6
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	47,200	35,200	40,400	47,200	35,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	91,140	45,270	45,875	87.3	89.3	85.4
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	52,000	31,600	40,800	52,000	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,345	39,890	38,455	75.1	78.7	71.6
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	54,400	35,200	44,000	54,400	35,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	82,505	36,660	45,845	79.0	72.3	85.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,400	6,500	9,600	8,400	6,500	9,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,035	4,005	6,020	9.6	7.9	11.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,000	5,800	5,480	5,000	5,800
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	28,700	13,130	15,570	27.5	25.9	29.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	104,820	50,985	53,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	101,055	49,180	51,880	96.4	96.5	96.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,050	62,100	44,440	53,050	62,100	44,440
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	101,175	49,220	51,955	96.5	96.5	96.5
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,440	52,000	39,200	45,440	52,000	39,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	91,360	45,640	45,720	87.2	89.5	84.9
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,240	59,350	39,120	49,240	59,350	39,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,575	40,230	38,345	75.0	78.9	71.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,600	60,000	40,760	50,600	60,000	40,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	82,815	36,850	45,965	79.0	72.3	85.4
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,400	9,320	11,270	10,400	9,320	11,270
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,410	4,300	6,110	9.9	8.4	11.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,560	5,345	7,410	6,560	5,345	7,410
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	28,675	13,105	15,570	27.4	25.7	28.9
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,900	8,660	9,110	8,900	8,660	9,110
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	104,815	50,985	53,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	40,285	23,520	16,765	38.4	46.1	31.1
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000	73,000	57,200	66,000	73,000	57,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	73,100	80,600	62,500	73,100	80,600	62,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	29,345	12,580	16,770	28.0	24.7	31.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,800	22,400	18,000	19,800	22,400	18,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,480	33,120	25,000	28,480	33,120	25,000
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.0	88.8	77.6	84.0	88.8	77.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	74.2	79.0	67.8	74.2	79.0	67.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.1	11.2	22.5	16.1	11.2	22.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.8	2.0	1.3	0.8	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.9	4.5	7.8	5.9	4.5	7.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.8	3.7	6.2	4.8	3.7	6.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	104,395	50,690	53,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,650	1,775	1,875	3.5	3.5	3.5
With total income	100,740	48,915	51,830	96.5	96.5	96.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,585	3,465	5,125	8.5	7.1	9.9
$10,000 to $19,999	10,285	4,090	6,200	10.2	8.4	12.0
$20,000 to $29,999	13,825	5,380	8,445	13.7	11.0	16.3
$30,000 to $39,999	12,220	5,000	7,225	12.1	10.2	13.9
$40,000 to $49,999	11,405	4,815	6,595	11.3	9.8	12.7
$50,000 to $59,999	9,915	4,625	5,290	9.8	9.5	10.2
$60,000 to $69,999	8,125	4,255	3,865	8.1	8.7	7.5
$70,000 to $79,999	6,580	3,875	2,705	6.5	7.9	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	5,075	3,165	1,910	5.0	6.5	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	4,040	2,495	1,540	4.0	5.1	3.0
$100,000 and over	10,680	7,755	2,930	10.6	15.9	5.7
$100,000 to $149,999	8,060	5,665	2,400	8.0	11.6	4.6
$150,000 and over	2,615	2,085	530	2.6	4.3	1.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	104,395	50,690	53,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,565	1,730	1,835	3.4	3.4	3.4
With after-tax income	100,830	48,965	51,865	96.6	96.6	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,865	3,570	5,300	8.8	7.3	10.2
$10,000 to $19,999	10,635	4,225	6,415	10.5	8.6	12.4
$20,000 to $29,999	15,730	6,215	9,515	15.6	12.7	18.3
$30,000 to $39,999	14,510	6,040	8,470	14.4	12.3	16.3
$40,000 to $49,999	13,440	6,060	7,380	13.3	12.4	14.2
$50,000 to $59,999	11,050	5,670	5,380	11.0	11.6	10.4
$60,000 to $69,999	8,450	4,965	3,490	8.4	10.1	6.7
$70,000 to $79,999	6,065	3,755	2,315	6.0	7.7	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	4,295	2,750	1,540	4.3	5.6	3.0
$90,000 to $99,999	2,710	1,845	865	2.7	3.8	1.7
$100,000 and over	5,070	3,880	1,195	5.0	7.9	2.3
$100,000 to $124,999	3,085	2,310	780	3.1	4.7	1.5
$125,000 and over	1,980	1,565	410	2.0	3.2	0.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	104,395	50,690	53,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	26,045	10,800	15,245	24.9	21.3	28.4
With employment income	78,345	39,890	38,455	75.0	78.7	71.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,635	3,655	4,975	11.0	9.2	12.9
$5,000 to $9,999	5,540	2,150	3,395	7.1	5.4	8.8
$10,000 to $19,999	8,290	3,320	4,965	10.6	8.3	12.9
$20,000 to $29,999	6,680	2,815	3,865	8.5	7.1	10.1
$30,000 to $39,999	7,115	3,030	4,085	9.1	7.6	10.6
$40,000 to $49,999	7,240	3,340	3,900	9.2	8.4	10.1
$50,000 to $59,999	7,305	3,525	3,785	9.3	8.8	9.8
$60,000 to $69,999	6,040	3,405	2,635	7.7	8.5	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	5,150	3,220	1,935	6.6	8.1	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	4,155	2,675	1,475	5.3	6.7	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	3,430	2,175	1,260	4.4	5.5	3.3
$100,000 and over	8,760	6,575	2,185	11.2	16.5	5.7
$100,000 to $124,999	4,735	3,375	1,355	6.0	8.5	3.5
$125,000 and over	4,025	3,200	825	5.1	8.0	2.1
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	104,390	50,695	53,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	97,910	47,445	50,465	93.8	93.6	94.0
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	52,400	35,200	42,400	52,400	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	98,110	47,480	50,630	94.0	93.7	94.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	45,600	31,800	38,000	45,600	31,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	90,195	44,615	45,580	86.4	88.0	84.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	52,400	32,400	41,200	52,400	32,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,475	40,135	39,340	76.1	79.2	73.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	54,000	34,800	42,800	54,000	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,355	24,855	38,500	60.7	49.0	71.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,680	2,400	5,760	4,680	2,400	5,760
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,195	2,590	4,605	6.9	5.1	8.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520	4,440	6,240	5,520	4,440	6,240
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	104,820	50,985	53,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	98,150	47,655	50,500	93.6	93.5	93.8
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,640	60,400	41,440	50,640	60,400	41,440
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	98,350	47,680	50,670	93.8	93.5	94.1
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,800	50,000	36,000	42,800	50,000	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	90,565	44,955	45,610	86.4	88.2	84.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,360	59,900	38,920	49,360	59,900	38,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,030	40,455	39,570	76.3	79.3	73.5
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,680	59,600	39,560	49,680	59,600	39,560
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,750	25,030	38,720	60.8	49.1	71.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,860	7,380	8,180	7,860	7,380	8,180
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,265	2,610	4,655	6.9	5.1	8.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,620	5,540	8,790	7,620	5,540	8,790
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	104,815	50,985	53,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	39,990	23,325	16,665	38.2	45.7	31.0
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	70,000	52,800	62,000	70,000	52,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	69,000	77,200	57,600	69,000	77,200	57,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,660	11,715	15,950	26.4	23.0	29.6
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,400	31,000	24,200	26,400	31,000	24,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,120	40,440	29,480	34,120	40,440	29,480
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.0	93.6	84.8	90.0	93.6	84.8
Employment income (%)	80.0	83.8	74.8	80.0	83.8	74.8
Government transfers (%)	10.1	6.4	15.1	10.1	6.4	15.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.5	2.0	1.1	0.5	2.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	46,570	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	11,145	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,800	...	...	46,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,000	...	...	42,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	35,425	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...	122,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	46,645	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	114,900	...	...	114,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	98,500	...	...	98,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	11,145	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,250	...	...	55,250	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,280	...	...	47,280	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	35,500	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	133,600	...	...	133,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,600	...	...	114,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	46,570	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	380	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	135	...	...	0.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	250	...	...	0.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	640	...	...	1.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,335	...	...	2.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,075	...	...	2.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,070	...	...	2.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,210	...	...	2.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,375	...	...	3.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,380	...	...	3.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,865	...	...	6.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,890	...	...	6.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,820	...	...	6.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,830	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,660	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	23,645	...	...	50.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,200	...	...	13.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,295	...	...	11.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,695	...	...	14.4	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,460	...	...	11.7	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	46,570	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	415	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	150	...	...	0.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	260	...	...	0.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	645	...	...	1.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,395	...	...	3.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,250	...	...	2.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,300	...	...	2.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,495	...	...	3.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,610	...	...	3.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,660	...	...	3.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,445	...	...	7.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,395	...	...	7.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,325	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,245	...	...	7.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,100	...	...	6.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,890	...	...	42.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,950	...	...	14.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,955	...	...	10.6	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,985	...	...	17.1	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	34,475	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,050	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	18,360	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,000	...	...	144,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...	124,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,800	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	15,780	7,560	8,220	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,000	48,000	41,200	44,000	48,000	41,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	42,800	37,600	39,600	42,800	37,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	34,460	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...	132,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,050	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	109,900	...	...	109,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	18,345	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	155,400	...	...	155,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	132,400	...	...	132,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,720	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,100	...	...	87,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,900	...	...	76,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	15,915	7,520	8,395	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,120	55,750	46,960	51,120	55,750	46,960
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,080	47,240	41,280	44,080	47,240	41,280
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	129,245	63,510	65,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	29,445	15,135	14,310	22.8	23.8	21.8
0 to 5 years	9,365	4,780	4,585	7.2	7.5	7.0
18 to 64 years	82,560	40,610	41,950	63.9	63.9	63.8
65 years and over	17,240	7,765	9,475	13.3	12.2	14.4
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	8,740	3,940	4,795	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,200	1,110	1,090	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	685	325	360	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,555	2,135	2,425	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,980	700	1,285	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	6.8	6.2	7.3	6.8	6.2	7.3
0 to 17 years (%)	7.5	7.3	7.6	7.5	7.3	7.6
0 to 5 years (%)	7.3	6.8	7.9	7.3	6.8	7.9
18 to 64 years (%)	5.5	5.3	5.8	5.5	5.3	5.8
65 years and over (%)	11.5	9.0	13.6	11.5	9.0	13.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	129,245	63,510	65,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	29,445	15,135	14,310	22.8	23.8	21.8
0 to 5 years	9,360	4,780	4,580	7.2	7.5	7.0
18 to 64 years	82,560	40,610	41,950	63.9	63.9	63.8
65 years and over	17,240	7,760	9,475	13.3	12.2	14.4
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,370	2,620	2,750	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,095	560	535	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	305	150	155	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,565	1,810	1,760	...	...	...
65 years and over	710	255	455	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.2	4.1	4.2	4.2	4.1	4.2
0 to 17 years (%)	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7
0 to 5 years (%)	3.3	3.1	3.5	3.3	3.1	3.5
18 to 64 years (%)	4.3	4.5	4.2	4.3	4.5	4.2
65 years and over (%)	4.1	3.2	4.8	4.1	3.2	4.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	129,245	63,510	65,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	51,255	24,280	26,975	39.7	38.2	41.0
In bottom decile	8,245	3,805	4,440	6.4	6.0	6.8
In second decile	8,780	3,995	4,780	6.8	6.3	7.3
In third decile	9,980	4,790	5,190	7.7	7.5	7.9
In fourth decile	11,435	5,485	5,955	8.8	8.6	9.1
In fifth decile	12,815	6,205	6,610	9.9	9.8	10.1
In top half of the distribution	77,990	39,230	38,760	60.3	61.8	59.0
In sixth decile	14,405	7,080	7,325	11.1	11.1	11.1
In seventh decile	16,055	7,970	8,085	12.4	12.5	12.3
In eighth decile	17,380	8,770	8,610	13.4	13.8	13.1
In ninth decile	17,540	8,875	8,665	13.6	14.0	13.2
In top decile	12,610	6,535	6,080	9.8	10.3	9.2
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	129,245	...	...	129,245	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.272	...	...	0.272	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.358	...	...	0.358	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.245	...	...	0.245	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	129,470	63,600	65,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	120,005	59,545	60,455	92.7	93.6	91.8
French only	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	5,725	2,470	3,255	4.4	3.9	4.9
Neither English nor French	3,695	1,555	2,135	2.9	2.4	3.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	129,470	63,600	65,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	124,550	61,430	63,120	96.2	96.6	95.8
French	890	440	450	0.7	0.7	0.7
English and French	415	215	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Neither English nor French	3,620	1,520	2,095	2.8	2.4	3.2
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	129,470	63,600	65,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	123,100	60,530	62,570	95.1	95.2	95.0
Official languages	85,465	42,605	42,865	66.0	67.0	65.1
English	84,585	42,170	42,410	65.3	66.3	64.4
French	885	435	450	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official languages	37,635	17,930	19,710	29.1	28.2	29.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	37,625	17,920	19,700	29.1	28.2	29.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	995	535	465	0.8	0.8	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	980	520	460	0.8	0.8	0.7
Amharic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	850	445	405	0.7	0.7	0.6
Aramaic languages	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,080	475	605	0.8	0.7	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	955	420	535	0.7	0.7	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,040	1,765	2,270	3.1	2.8	3.4
Bikol	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ilocano	235	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,300	1,430	1,870	2.5	2.2	2.8
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	65	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	575	275	300	0.4	0.4	0.5
Kannada	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	260	125	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	195	90	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Telugu	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	24,130	11,780	12,350	18.6	18.5	18.7
Albanian	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,675	780	890	1.3	1.2	1.4
Baltic languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,650	770	880	1.3	1.2	1.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	390	180	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	530	230	300	0.4	0.4	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	360	185	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	140	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	160	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	170	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,440	660	775	1.1	1.0	1.2
Frisian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	820	365	455	0.6	0.6	0.7
German	795	350	445	0.6	0.6	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	480	230	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afrikaans	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	360	175	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	125	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	65	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Icelandic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	150	85	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	17,730	8,780	8,950	13.7	13.8	13.6
Indo-Aryan languages	16,975	8,390	8,590	13.1	13.2	13.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	275	145	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	1,820	895	925	1.4	1.4	1.4
Kacchi	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	13,670	6,750	6,925	10.6	10.6	10.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	175	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	690	340	350	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	755	395	365	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Parsi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	630	315	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	315	150	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Iranian Persian	245	135	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,025	1,430	1,595	2.3	2.2	2.4
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	290	140	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	515	225	290	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	2,005	965	1,045	1.5	1.5	1.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	280	100	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	2,045	960	1,090	1.6	1.5	1.7
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	250	115	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,625	1,645	1,980	2.8	2.6	3.0
Chinese languages	3,320	1,500	1,820	2.6	2.4	2.8
Hakka	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,030	910	1,120	1.6	1.4	1.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	185	85	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,030	475	560	0.8	0.7	0.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	305	140	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burmese	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	250	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
S'gaw Karen	230	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	125	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	65	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Thai	60	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	275	125	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	215	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,370	3,070	3,300	4.9	4.8	5.0
English and French	340	140	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	5,415	2,630	2,780	4.2	4.1	4.2
French and non-official language(s)	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	455	210	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	129,470	63,600	65,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	87,590	43,445	44,145	67.7	68.3	67.0
French	160	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	11,805	5,705	6,100	9.1	9.0	9.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	11,800	5,705	6,095	9.1	9.0	9.3
English and French	670	280	385	0.5	0.4	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	27,875	13,455	14,420	21.5	21.2	21.9
French and non-official language(s)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	530	235	295	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	815	390	430	0.6	0.6	0.7
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	129,470	63,600	65,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	122,805	60,400	62,400	94.9	95.0	94.7
Official languages	99,775	49,120	50,655	77.1	77.2	76.9
English	99,535	49,005	50,525	76.9	77.1	76.7
French	245	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official languages	23,030	11,285	11,745	17.8	17.7	17.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	23,030	11,285	11,740	17.8	17.7	17.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	630	330	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	620	320	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Amharic	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	550	285	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Aramaic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	685	310	365	0.5	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	600	270	330	0.5	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,130	1,005	1,125	1.6	1.6	1.7
Bikol	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	145	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,755	830	925	1.4	1.3	1.4
Waray-Waray	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	390	185	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	65	30	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	14,515	7,200	7,315	11.2	11.3	11.1
Albanian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	705	345	355	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baltic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	695	345	350	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	340	165	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
German	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	65	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Afrikaans	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	12,205	6,070	6,135	9.4	9.5	9.3
Indo-Aryan languages	11,790	5,855	5,935	9.1	9.2	9.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	175	90	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	960	470	495	0.7	0.7	0.8
Kacchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	9,885	4,930	4,955	7.6	7.8	7.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	490	240	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	410	210	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	345	175	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	190	95	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,375	670	700	1.1	1.1	1.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	215	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	1,035	515	520	0.8	0.8	0.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,705	820	880	1.3	1.3	1.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	90	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,490	1,195	1,295	1.9	1.9	2.0
Chinese languages	2,315	1,100	1,215	1.8	1.7	1.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,560	750	815	1.2	1.2	1.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	595	280	315	0.5	0.4	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	175	90	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
S'gaw Karen	140	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,665	3,195	3,470	5.1	5.0	5.3
English and French	125	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	6,300	3,015	3,285	4.9	4.7	5.0
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	129,470	63,600	65,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	104,955	51,815	53,135	81.1	81.5	80.7
English	8,950	4,445	4,505	6.9	7.0	6.8
French	595	245	355	0.5	0.4	0.5
Non-official language	11,825	5,550	6,270	9.1	8.7	9.5
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	11,820	5,550	6,270	9.1	8.7	9.5
English and French	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,605	820	780	1.2	1.3	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	245	105	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,200	580	620	0.9	0.9	0.9
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	129,605	63,805	65,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	125,880	62,250	63,635	97.1	97.6	96.7
English	125,840	62,225	63,620	97.1	97.5	96.7
French	5,625	2,415	3,205	4.3	3.8	4.9
Non-official languages	50,240	24,160	26,080	38.8	37.9	39.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	50,185	24,140	26,045	38.7	37.8	39.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,480	845	645	1.1	1.3	1.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,455	820	640	1.1	1.3	1.0
Amharic	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,290	725	565	1.0	1.1	0.9
Aramaic languages	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,270	595	675	1.0	0.9	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	175	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,095	510	580	0.8	0.8	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,825	2,565	3,260	4.5	4.0	5.0
Bikol	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	205	70	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Fijian	50	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hiligaynon	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	420	170	245	0.3	0.3	0.4
Indonesian	105	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	130	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	60	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	5,485	2,410	3,075	4.2	3.8	4.7
Waray-Waray	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	190	95	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	840	375	460	0.6	0.6	0.7
Kannada	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	315	140	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Tamil	420	215	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	195	75	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	33,345	16,395	16,955	25.7	25.7	25.8
Albanian	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,130	980	1,150	1.6	1.5	1.7
Baltic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,120	980	1,140	1.6	1.5	1.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Czech	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	445	185	260	0.3	0.3	0.4
Russian	875	405	470	0.7	0.6	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	490	245	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	55	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Croatian	235	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	245	125	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	95	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	285	120	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,440	1,135	1,305	1.9	1.8	2.0
Frisian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,445	695	745	1.1	1.1	1.1
German	1,415	685	730	1.1	1.1	1.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	805	365	435	0.6	0.6	0.7
Afrikaans	265	145	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	505	210	290	0.4	0.3	0.4
Low German, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	245	100	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Swedish	80	30	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	190	110	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	24,440	12,180	12,260	18.9	19.1	18.6
Indo-Aryan languages	23,510	11,695	11,815	18.1	18.3	18.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	260	150	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	535	300	230	0.4	0.5	0.3
Hindi	7,515	3,760	3,755	5.8	5.9	5.7
Kacchi	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	85	60	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nepali	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	19,115	9,515	9,600	14.7	14.9	14.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	310	135	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Urdu	1,275	645	630	1.0	1.0	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	1,030	525	505	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Parsi	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	910	465	445	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dari	470	215	250	0.4	0.3	0.4
Iranian Persian	395	225	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,525	2,175	2,345	3.5	3.4	3.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	515	265	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Portuguese	805	395	410	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	260	135	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	3,170	1,515	1,655	2.4	2.4	2.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	510	215	295	0.4	0.3	0.4
Korean	2,415	1,085	1,320	1.9	1.7	2.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	710	385	330	0.5	0.6	0.5
Akan (Twi)	150	85	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	255	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	120	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	190	80	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	175	70	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,170	1,920	2,250	3.2	3.0	3.4
Chinese languages	3,890	1,785	2,105	3.0	2.8	3.2
Hakka	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,770	1,255	1,515	2.1	2.0	2.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	320	145	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,480	655	835	1.1	1.0	1.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	290	140	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burmese	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	235	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
S'gaw Karen	235	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	220	90	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	145	50	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	340	165	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	270	140	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	129,610	63,805	65,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	4,750	2,250	2,495	3.7	3.5	3.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	4,475	2,095	2,380	3.5	3.3	3.6
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,230	1,045	1,185	1.7	1.6	1.8
Métis	2,210	1,040	1,170	1.7	1.6	1.8
Inuk (Inuit)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	180	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	100	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	124,855	61,555	63,300	96.3	96.5	96.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	129,610	63,805	65,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,200	615	580	0.9	1.0	0.9
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	128,410	63,190	65,220	99.1	99.0	99.1
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	46,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	34,390	...	...	73.7	...	...
Renter	12,255	...	...	26.3	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	46,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	11,185	...	...	24.0	...	...
Not condominium	35,460	...	...	76.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	46,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	285	...	...	0.6	...	...
1 bedroom	6,165	...	...	13.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	12,425	...	...	26.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,965	...	...	27.8	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	14,805	...	...	31.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	46,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	15,800	...	...	33.9	...	...
5 rooms	7,090	...	...	15.2	...	...
6 rooms	5,880	...	...	12.6	...	...
7 rooms	4,905	...	...	10.5	...	...
8 or more rooms	12,960	...	...	27.8	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.1	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	46,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	44,865	...	...	96.2	...	...
More than one person per room	1,785	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	46,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	43,610	...	...	93.5	...	...
Not suitable	3,040	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	46,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	1,165	...	...	2.5	...	...
1961 to 1980	7,505	...	...	16.1	...	...
1981 to 1990	5,590	...	...	12.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	7,620	...	...	16.3	...	...
2001 to 2005	5,570	...	...	11.9	...	...
2006 to 2010	8,745	...	...	18.7	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,830	...	...	12.5	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,620	...	...	9.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	46,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	45,065	...	...	96.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,585	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	46,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	20,365	...	...	43.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	22,315	...	...	47.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,975	...	...	8.5	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	46,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	860	...	...	1.8	...	...
25 to 34 years	6,790	...	...	14.6	...	...
35 to 44 years	10,625	...	...	22.8	...	...
45 to 54 years	10,205	...	...	21.9	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,290	...	...	17.8	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,975	...	...	12.8	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,910	...	...	6.2	...	...
85 years and over	985	...	...	2.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	46,500	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	35,405	...	...	76.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,095	...	...	23.9	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,160	...	...	21.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	46,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	14,650	...	...	31.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	10,125	...	...	21.7	...	...
Not suitable only	2,435	...	...	5.2	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,050	...	...	2.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	505	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	435	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	70	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	30	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	32,000	...	...	68.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	45,570	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,565	...	...	14.4	...	...
Not in core need	39,005	...	...	85.6	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	34,345	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	74.0	...	...	74.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	20.3	...	...	20.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	9.2	...	...	9.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,880	...	...	1,880	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,948	...	...	1,948	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	...	...	900,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	939,000	...	...	939,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	12,250	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.3	...	...	9.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.7	...	...	33.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	29.5	...	...	29.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,300	...	...	1,300	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,438	...	...	1,438	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	129,605	63,810	65,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,125	505	625	0.9	0.8	0.9
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,080	485	600	0.8	0.8	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	690	305	385	0.5	0.5	0.6
Métis single ancestry	395	180	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	4,125	1,985	2,140	3.2	3.1	3.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,975	1,915	2,060	3.1	3.0	3.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,380	1,135	1,245	1.8	1.8	1.9
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,560	765	790	1.2	1.2	1.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	150	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	124,360	61,320	63,035	96.0	96.1	95.8
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	129,605	63,805	65,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	115,145	56,990	58,155	88.8	89.3	88.4
Canadian citizens aged under 18	27,600	14,210	13,385	21.3	22.3	20.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	87,545	42,780	44,765	67.5	67.0	68.0
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	14,465	6,810	7,645	11.2	10.7	11.6
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	129,605	63,805	65,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	87,465	43,730	43,735	67.5	68.5	66.5
Immigrants⁸¹	39,230	18,595	20,635	30.3	29.1	31.4
Before 1980	5,995	2,870	3,125	4.6	4.5	4.7
1980 to 1990	4,220	2,005	2,220	3.3	3.1	3.4
1991 to 2000	6,955	3,210	3,745	5.4	5.0	5.7
2001 to 2010	10,045	4,720	5,330	7.8	7.4	8.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	12,010	5,790	6,220	9.3	9.1	9.5
2011 to 2015	5,760	2,860	2,895	4.4	4.5	4.4
2016 to 2021	6,250	2,930	3,325	4.8	4.6	5.1
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,905	1,485	1,425	2.2	2.3	2.2
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	39,230	18,590	20,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,510	1,690	1,815	8.9	9.1	8.8
5 to 14 years	6,895	3,555	3,340	17.6	19.1	16.2
15 to 24 years	8,225	3,635	4,585	21.0	19.6	22.2
25 to 44 years	16,555	7,890	8,665	42.2	42.4	42.0
45 years and over	4,050	1,820	2,225	10.3	9.8	10.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	39,230	18,590	20,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,440	1,525	1,920	8.8	8.2	9.3
Brazil	215	95	120	0.5	0.5	0.6
Colombia	240	110	130	0.6	0.6	0.6
El Salvador	275	145	130	0.7	0.8	0.6
Guyana	85	25	55	0.2	0.1	0.3
Haiti	20	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Jamaica	135	55	80	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mexico	340	150	195	0.9	0.8	0.9
Peru	115	35	75	0.3	0.2	0.4
Trinidad and Tobago	135	50	80	0.3	0.3	0.4
United States of America	1,085	465	625	2.8	2.5	3.0
Other places of birth in Americas	790	380	410	2.0	2.0	2.0
Europe	6,210	3,050	3,155	15.8	16.4	15.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	95	55	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
Croatia	85	35	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	55	30	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Germany	490	240	250	1.2	1.3	1.2
Greece	90	60	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
Hungary	145	85	65	0.4	0.5	0.3
Italy	195	105	95	0.5	0.6	0.5
Netherlands	375	185	195	1.0	1.0	0.9
Poland	315	145	165	0.8	0.8	0.8
Portugal	245	110	140	0.6	0.6	0.7
Romania	220	100	125	0.6	0.5	0.6
Russian Federation	275	120	150	0.7	0.6	0.7
Serbia⁸⁶	95	70	30	0.2	0.4	0.1
Ukraine	250	120	130	0.6	0.6	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,425	1,185	1,240	6.2	6.4	6.0
Other places of birth in Europe	845	415	430	2.2	2.2	2.1
Africa	1,775	930	840	4.5	5.0	4.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	85	50	35	0.2	0.3	0.2
Egypt	155	80	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
Eritrea	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	55	30	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Morocco	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigeria	235	130	100	0.6	0.7	0.5
Somalia	20	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	365	185	175	0.9	1.0	0.8
Other places of birth in Africa	800	410	390	2.0	2.2	1.9
Asia	26,700	12,580	14,125	68.1	67.7	68.4
Afghanistan	335	155	180	0.9	0.8	0.9
Iran⁸⁸	315	180	135	0.8	1.0	0.7
Iraq	270	160	115	0.7	0.9	0.6
Lebanon	95	60	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	255	135	120	0.7	0.7	0.6
Turkey	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,615	730	885	4.1	3.9	4.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	425	160	265	1.1	0.9	1.3
Korea, South⁹²	1,635	735	905	4.2	4.0	4.4
Taiwan	550	255	300	1.4	1.4	1.5
Philippines	5,500	2,420	3,080	14.0	13.0	14.9
Viet Nam	805	370	430	2.1	2.0	2.1
Bangladesh	120	65	55	0.3	0.3	0.3
India	11,750	5,760	5,985	30.0	31.0	29.0
Pakistan	680	320	365	1.7	1.7	1.8
Sri Lanka	275	130	150	0.7	0.7	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	2,025	925	1,105	5.2	5.0	5.4
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,100	505	600	2.8	2.7	2.9
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,250	2,930	3,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	600	245	355	9.6	8.4	10.7
Brazil	120	50	70	1.9	1.7	2.1
Colombia	55	15	40	0.9	0.5	1.2
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexico	85	35	55	1.4	1.2	1.7
United States of America	185	85	95	3.0	2.9	2.9
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	130	35	95	2.1	1.2	2.9
Europe	335	200	140	5.4	6.8	4.2
France	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	10	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	10	0.2	0.3	0.3
Italy	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian Federation	30	10	25	0.5	0.3	0.8
Ukraine	50	25	20	0.8	0.9	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	95	55	35	1.5	1.9	1.1
Other places of birth in Europe	110	75	30	1.8	2.6	0.9
Africa	465	220	245	7.4	7.5	7.4
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	40	20	20	0.6	0.7	0.6
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	30	10	20	0.5	0.3	0.6
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Morocco	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Nigeria	120	60	65	1.9	2.0	2.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	80	40	40	1.3	1.4	1.2
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	130	65	65	2.1	2.2	2.0
Asia	4,790	2,250	2,540	76.6	76.8	76.5
Afghanistan	35	20	15	0.6	0.7	0.5
Bangladesh	35	20	15	0.6	0.7	0.5
China⁹⁰	335	140	200	5.4	4.8	6.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	30	10	25	0.5	0.3	0.8
India	2,550	1,315	1,240	40.8	44.9	37.3
Iran⁸⁸	20	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.5
Iraq	45	25	20	0.7	0.9	0.6
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Jordan	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	325	155	175	5.2	5.3	5.3
Lebanon	20	0	20	0.3	0.0	0.6
Nepal	20	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.5
Pakistan	140	55	90	2.2	1.9	2.7
Philippines	650	255	390	10.4	8.7	11.7
Saudi Arabia	10	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Sri Lanka	55	30	25	0.9	1.0	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	170	85	90	2.7	2.9	2.7
Turkey	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	70	35	40	1.1	1.2	1.2
Viet Nam	55	15	35	0.9	0.5	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	190	75	110	3.0	2.6	3.3
Oceania and other⁹³	60	15	45	1.0	0.5	1.4
Australia	25	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.5
Other places of birth⁹⁸	35	10	25	0.6	0.3	0.8
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	129,610	63,805	65,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	43,300	20,700	22,605	33.4	32.4	34.4
Second generation¹⁰¹	32,790	16,560	16,225	25.3	26.0	24.7
Third generation or more¹⁰²	53,520	26,545	26,970	41.3	41.6	41.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	33,235	15,720	17,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	17,330	8,575	8,755	52.1	54.5	50.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	6,685	3,845	2,840	20.1	24.5	16.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	10,640	4,735	5,910	32.0	30.1	33.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	12,150	5,135	7,015	36.6	32.7	40.1
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,515	1,895	1,615	10.6	12.1	9.2
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	240	120	120	0.7	0.8	0.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	33,235	15,720	17,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,010	595	415	3.0	3.8	2.4
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,580	1,560	2,015	10.8	9.9	11.5
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	840	410	430	2.5	2.6	2.5
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,700	910	795	5.1	5.8	4.5
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	225	95	130	0.7	0.6	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	25,885	12,155	13,730	77.9	77.3	78.4
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	129,610	63,805	65,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	56,010	27,545	28,460	43.2	43.2	43.3
South Asian	27,555	13,870	13,685	21.3	21.7	20.8
Chinese	5,010	2,480	2,530	3.9	3.9	3.8
Black	2,785	1,380	1,410	2.1	2.2	2.1
Filipino	7,835	3,650	4,185	6.0	5.7	6.4
Arab	940	490	450	0.7	0.8	0.7
Latin American	2,230	1,095	1,135	1.7	1.7	1.7
Southeast Asian	2,500	1,195	1,305	1.9	1.9	2.0
West Asian	1,005	495	510	0.8	0.8	0.8
Korean	2,555	1,175	1,390	2.0	1.8	2.1
Japanese	835	395	440	0.6	0.6	0.7
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	725	350	370	0.6	0.5	0.6
Multiple visible minorities	2,035	970	1,065	1.6	1.5	1.6
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	73,600	36,260	37,340	56.8	56.8	56.7
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	129,605	63,805	65,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	13,070	6,610	6,455	10.1	10.4	9.8
English	24,370	11,900	12,475	18.8	18.7	19.0
Irish	14,720	6,900	7,820	11.4	10.8	11.9
Scottish	18,805	9,180	9,620	14.5	14.4	14.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	6,945	3,280	3,670	5.4	5.1	5.6
German	13,130	6,415	6,710	10.1	10.1	10.2
Chinese	5,775	2,800	2,975	4.5	4.4	4.5
Italian	4,260	2,145	2,115	3.3	3.4	3.2
Indian (India)	15,460	7,780	7,685	11.9	12.2	11.7
Ukrainian	5,675	2,860	2,815	4.4	4.5	4.3
Dutch	5,095	2,625	2,465	3.9	4.1	3.7
Polish	3,105	1,360	1,740	2.4	2.1	2.6
Québécois	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,940	1,960	1,985	3.0	3.1	3.0
Filipino	7,715	3,615	4,100	6.0	5.7	6.2
French Canadian	1,035	525	505	0.8	0.8	0.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,065	1,085	980	1.6	1.7	1.5
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,590	790	805	1.2	1.2	1.2
Métis	2,135	1,025	1,110	1.6	1.6	1.7
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,540	1,265	1,275	2.0	2.0	1.9
Russian	2,680	1,230	1,450	2.1	1.9	2.2
Norwegian	3,270	1,595	1,685	2.5	2.5	2.6
Welsh	2,530	1,225	1,305	2.0	1.9	2.0
Portuguese	1,305	610	695	1.0	1.0	1.1
American	1,575	725	850	1.2	1.1	1.3
Spanish	1,805	830	975	1.4	1.3	1.5
Swedish	2,195	985	1,205	1.7	1.5	1.8
Hungarian	1,430	640	785	1.1	1.0	1.2
Acadian	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	1,065	515	545	0.8	0.8	0.8
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	650	320	330	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jewish	365	175	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Punjabi	5,820	2,895	2,920	4.5	4.5	4.4
Vietnamese	1,565	745	815	1.2	1.2	1.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	485	270	215	0.4	0.4	0.3
Greek	610	330	280	0.5	0.5	0.4
Jamaican	375	165	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,095	540	560	0.8	0.8	0.9
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	455	200	250	0.4	0.3	0.4
Korean	2,445	1,130	1,315	1.9	1.8	2.0
Romanian	715	335	380	0.6	0.5	0.6
Lebanese	275	150	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	430	240	190	0.3	0.4	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	480	280	200	0.4	0.4	0.3
Danish	1,335	670	665	1.0	1.1	1.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	370	130	240	0.3	0.2	0.4
Sikh	4,485	2,235	2,245	3.5	3.5	3.4
Austrian	1,120	615	505	0.9	1.0	0.8
Belgian	405	145	255	0.3	0.2	0.4
Haitian	65	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hindu	1,105	540	565	0.9	0.8	0.9
Mexican	765	425	340	0.6	0.7	0.5
Mennonite	385	210	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swiss	545	235	310	0.4	0.4	0.5
Finnish	890	450	440	0.7	0.7	0.7
Sri Lankan	225	95	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Croatian	685	300	380	0.5	0.5	0.6
Japanese	1,215	560	660	0.9	0.9	1.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	1,275	625	650	1.0	1.0	1.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	860	445	415	0.7	0.7	0.6
Muslim	270	145	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	225	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	570	270	300	0.4	0.4	0.5
Tamil	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	710	380	325	0.5	0.6	0.5
Colombian	240	125	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moroccan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	435	215	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syrian	225	140	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Guyanese	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	575	280	295	0.4	0.4	0.4
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	210	85	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Serbian	300	165	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ojibway	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	200	85	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ontarian	90	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	200	95	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	240	135	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkish	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	110	75	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	225	125	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	225	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	220	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	30	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	555	265	290	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iraqi	180	95	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	370	190	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Caribbean	80	60	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	475	245	230	0.4	0.4	0.3
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	175	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Algonquin	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	115	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	130	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	295	150	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	325	150	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Palestinian	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	190	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Congolese	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nova Scotian	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	200	90	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Peruvian	155	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	205	95	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Berber	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	170	65	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Maltese	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	155	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	235	100	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Brunswicker	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	30	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	185	70	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bulgarian	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Albertan	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	85	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
African American	210	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	155	55	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	180	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	125	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	185	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Northern Irish	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	385	190	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ecuadorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	120	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	1,200	585	620	0.9	0.9	0.9
Jatt	700	345	360	0.5	0.5	0.5
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	120	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	225	80	150	0.2	0.1	0.2
Dominican	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	145	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Byelorussian	40	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	225	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sudanese	65	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Breton	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	45	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	170	110	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	65	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kenyan	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	95	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	145	90	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	90	30	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Goan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	65	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	100	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Karen	320	155	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Edo	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	129,605	63,805	65,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,680	765	910	1.3	1.2	1.4
Christian	47,670	21,935	25,735	36.8	34.4	39.1
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	14,765	6,965	7,800	11.4	10.9	11.9
Anabaptist	410	190	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Anglican	2,225	920	1,305	1.7	1.4	2.0
Baptist	1,860	860	1,000	1.4	1.3	1.5
Catholic	16,650	7,870	8,785	12.8	12.3	13.4
Christian Orthodox	1,155	600	560	0.9	0.9	0.9
Jehovah's Witness	665	295	370	0.5	0.5	0.6
Latter Day Saints	275	135	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lutheran	1,215	475	740	0.9	0.7	1.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,755	750	1,000	1.4	1.2	1.5
Presbyterian	760	300	455	0.6	0.5	0.7
Reformed	640	330	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
United Church	2,440	965	1,475	1.9	1.5	2.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,725	1,225	1,505	2.1	1.9	2.3
Hindu	3,895	1,985	1,910	3.0	3.1	2.9
Jewish	210	85	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Muslim	4,170	2,025	2,145	3.2	3.2	3.3
Sikh	18,745	9,385	9,355	14.5	14.7	14.2
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	735	305	435	0.6	0.5	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	52,450	27,300	25,150	40.5	42.8	38.2
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	128,200	63,090	65,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	110,665	54,495	56,170	86.3	86.4	86.3
Movers	17,535	8,595	8,940	13.7	13.6	13.7
Non-migrants	10,290	5,045	5,240	8.0	8.0	8.0
Migrants	7,245	3,545	3,695	5.7	5.6	5.7
Internal migrants	6,340	3,100	3,240	4.9	4.9	5.0
Intraprovincial migrants	5,470	2,690	2,780	4.3	4.3	4.3
Interprovincial migrants	870	410	455	0.7	0.6	0.7
External migrants	905	440	460	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	121,745	59,810	61,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	66,700	32,815	33,890	54.8	54.9	54.7
Movers	55,045	26,990	28,050	45.2	45.1	45.3
Non-migrants	24,200	11,730	12,470	19.9	19.6	20.1
Migrants	30,845	15,265	15,580	25.3	25.5	25.2
Internal migrants	24,330	12,060	12,270	20.0	20.2	19.8
Intraprovincial migrants	21,310	10,565	10,740	17.5	17.7	17.3
Interprovincial migrants	3,020	1,495	1,525	2.5	2.5	2.5
External migrants	6,515	3,200	3,310	5.4	5.4	5.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	104,815	50,985	53,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	16,370	8,370	8,000	15.6	16.4	14.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	88,445	42,610	45,830	84.4	83.6	85.1
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	72,170	35,165	37,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,650	3,705	2,950	9.2	10.5	8.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	65,520	31,465	34,055	90.8	89.5	92.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	104,820	50,985	53,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	14,705	7,400	7,305	14.0	14.5	13.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	34,005	17,195	16,810	32.4	33.7	31.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	56,105	26,390	29,715	53.5	51.8	55.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	31,765	15,730	16,035	30.3	30.9	29.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	8,465	6,410	2,055	8.1	12.6	3.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,320	1,930	1,385	3.2	3.8	2.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,150	4,480	670	4.9	8.8	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	18,610	7,415	11,195	17.8	14.5	20.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,695	1,910	2,785	4.5	3.7	5.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	24,335	10,655	13,685	23.2	20.9	25.4
Bachelor's degree	16,620	7,280	9,340	15.9	14.3	17.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,885	755	1,130	1.8	1.5	2.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	475	220	250	0.5	0.4	0.5
Master's degree	4,910	2,155	2,755	4.7	4.2	5.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	450	250	205	0.4	0.5	0.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	72,170	35,165	37,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,690	3,180	2,510	7.9	9.0	6.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	20,900	10,915	9,990	29.0	31.0	27.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	45,575	21,075	24,505	63.1	59.9	66.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	24,630	12,080	12,550	34.1	34.4	33.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,195	4,740	1,455	8.6	13.5	3.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,345	1,365	980	3.2	3.9	2.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,855	3,380	480	5.3	9.6	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,820	5,895	8,925	20.5	16.8	24.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,615	1,440	2,170	5.0	4.1	5.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	20,950	8,990	11,955	29.0	25.6	32.3
Bachelor's degree	14,260	6,190	8,070	19.8	17.6	21.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,590	615	975	2.2	1.7	2.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	400	175	225	0.6	0.5	0.6
Master's degree	4,360	1,850	2,510	6.0	5.3	6.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	335	160	170	0.5	0.5	0.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	104,815	50,985	53,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	48,715	24,595	24,115	46.5	48.2	44.8
Education	3,640	705	2,940	3.5	1.4	5.5
13. Education	3,640	705	2,940	3.5	1.4	5.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,745	805	940	1.7	1.6	1.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	300	215	85	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,440	585	855	1.4	1.1	1.6
Humanities	3,495	1,380	2,110	3.3	2.7	3.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	285	45	245	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	740	205	535	0.7	0.4	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,565	660	905	1.5	1.3	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	165	115	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	315	180	135	0.3	0.4	0.3
54. History	310	160	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,570	1,995	4,580	6.3	3.9	8.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	570	165	405	0.5	0.3	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,165	90	1,070	1.1	0.2	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	1,050	245	805	1.0	0.5	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	135	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	1,100	270	825	1.0	0.5	1.5
45. Social sciences	2,490	1,130	1,360	2.4	2.2	2.5
Business, management and public administration	12,365	5,115	7,260	11.8	10.0	13.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	555	125	435	0.5	0.2	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,790	4,980	6,810	11.2	9.8	12.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,885	855	1,035	1.8	1.7	1.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	665	265	395	0.6	0.5	0.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	640	255	385	0.6	0.5	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	500	300	195	0.5	0.6	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,540	1,675	860	2.4	3.3	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,210	1,515	690	2.1	3.0	1.3
25. Library science	90	20	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	200	115	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,190	10,225	965	10.7	20.1	1.8
04. Architecture and related services	260	170	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
14. Engineering	2,540	2,085	460	2.4	4.1	0.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,950	1,735	215	1.9	3.4	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,730	2,665	65	2.6	5.2	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,335	2,280	60	2.2	4.5	0.1
48. Precision production	1,375	1,300	80	1.3	2.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	975	485	490	0.9	1.0	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	755	330	420	0.7	0.6	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	225	155	65	0.2	0.3	0.1
Health and related fields	8,700	1,675	7,020	8.3	3.3	13.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	620	300	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,955	1,290	6,660	7.6	2.5	12.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	120	80	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,000	1,465	1,535	2.9	2.9	2.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,865	525	1,345	1.8	1.0	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	510	380	125	0.5	0.7	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	615	550	65	0.6	1.1	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	72,170	35,165	37,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	26,595	14,095	12,500	36.9	40.1	33.8
Education	2,755	500	2,250	3.8	1.4	6.1
13. Education	2,755	500	2,250	3.8	1.4	6.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,455	630	835	2.0	1.8	2.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	240	160	80	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,220	465	755	1.7	1.3	2.0
Humanities	2,850	1,080	1,770	3.9	3.1	4.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	250	35	215	0.3	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	620	155	460	0.9	0.4	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,275	520	755	1.8	1.5	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	40	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	130	85	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	245	140	100	0.3	0.4	0.3
54. History	260	130	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,605	1,625	3,980	7.8	4.6	10.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	500	135	365	0.7	0.4	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	975	65	910	1.4	0.2	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	890	165	725	1.2	0.5	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	105	55	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
42. Psychology	935	225	715	1.3	0.6	1.9
45. Social sciences	2,160	970	1,190	3.0	2.8	3.2
Business, management and public administration	10,170	4,140	6,025	14.1	11.8	16.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	450	110	340	0.6	0.3	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,705	4,030	5,675	13.4	11.5	15.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,465	650	820	2.0	1.8	2.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	540	200	335	0.7	0.6	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	500	215	280	0.7	0.6	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	365	210	155	0.5	0.6	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,240	1,470	765	3.1	4.2	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,985	1,360	620	2.8	3.9	1.7
25. Library science	70	10	60	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	150	70	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	30	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,820	8,005	815	12.2	22.8	2.2
04. Architecture and related services	220	140	80	0.3	0.4	0.2
14. Engineering	2,125	1,705	415	2.9	4.8	1.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,530	1,355	175	2.1	3.9	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,100	2,055	50	2.9	5.8	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,760	1,725	40	2.4	4.9	0.1
48. Precision production	1,090	1,030	60	1.5	2.9	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	770	365	405	1.1	1.0	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	580	240	335	0.8	0.7	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	185	120	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
Health and related fields	7,085	1,450	5,635	9.8	4.1	15.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	525	260	265	0.7	0.7	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,450	1,120	5,330	8.9	3.2	14.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	105	70	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,355	1,160	1,195	3.3	3.3	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,440	400	1,035	2.0	1.1	2.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	420	320	100	0.6	0.9	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	490	430	55	0.7	1.2	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	72,170	35,165	37,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	26,595	14,095	12,500	36.9	40.1	33.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	45,575	21,070	24,505	63.1	59.9	66.2
Location of study inside Canada	33,045	15,265	17,780	45.8	43.4	48.0
Same as province or territory of residence	28,960	13,230	15,725	40.1	37.6	42.5
Different than province or territory of residence	4,085	2,030	2,055	5.7	5.8	5.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	12,535	5,810	6,725	17.4	16.5	18.2
Americas	1,550	755	800	2.1	2.1	2.2
United States of America	975	520	450	1.4	1.5	1.2
Mexico	175	70	105	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cuba	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Brazil	135	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Peru	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	135	55	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	1,555	870	685	2.2	2.5	1.9
Belgium	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	50	40	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hungary	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	120	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	110	30	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	725	420	305	1.0	1.2	0.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	35	20	20	0.0	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	160	90	75	0.2	0.3	0.2
Africa	460	230	225	0.6	0.7	0.6
Nigeria	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	130	70	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Africa	150	65	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asia	8,650	3,790	4,865	12.0	10.8	13.1
Iran⁸⁸	75	20	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	615	265	350	0.9	0.8	0.9
Taiwan	125	40	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	110	15	95	0.2	0.0	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	695	260	435	1.0	0.7	1.2
Philippines	2,355	985	1,370	3.3	2.8	3.7
Viet Nam	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	3,735	1,750	1,985	5.2	5.0	5.4
Pakistan	220	105	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other locations of study in Asia	375	180	200	0.5	0.5	0.5
Oceania	315	170	145	0.4	0.5	0.4
Australia	170	95	75	0.2	0.3	0.2
New Zealand	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	104,820	50,985	53,835	...	...	...
In the labour force	73,335	38,120	35,215	...	...	...
Employed	67,905	35,655	32,250	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,420	2,465	2,960	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	31,485	12,865	18,620	...	...	...
Participation rate	70.0	74.8	65.4	70.0	74.8	65.4
Employment rate	64.8	69.9	59.9	64.8	69.9	59.9
Unemployment rate	7.4	6.5	8.4	7.4	6.5	8.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	104,815	50,985	53,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	32,360	13,395	18,965	30.9	26.3	35.2
Worked	72,455	37,585	34,870	69.1	73.7	64.8
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	41,315	24,170	17,135	39.4	47.4	31.8
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	31,145	13,415	17,730	29.7	26.3	32.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.9	43.2	40.6	41.9	43.2	40.6
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	73,330	38,120	35,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,450	615	840	2.0	1.6	2.4
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	71,880	37,505	34,380	98.0	98.4	97.6
Employee	62,165	31,480	30,680	84.8	82.6	87.1
Permanent position	54,565	28,065	26,500	74.4	73.6	75.3
Temporary position	7,600	3,420	4,180	10.4	9.0	11.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,595	1,250	1,350	3.5	3.3	3.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,000	2,165	2,840	6.8	5.7	8.1
Self-employed¹⁹²	9,715	6,025	3,695	13.2	15.8	10.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	73,330	38,120	35,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,450	615	840	2.0	1.6	2.4
All occupations¹⁹¹	71,880	37,505	34,380	98.0	98.4	97.6
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	610	485	130	0.8	1.3	0.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	13,170	3,955	9,215	18.0	10.4	26.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	4,695	3,690	1,000	6.4	9.7	2.8
3 Health occupations	5,045	995	4,055	6.9	2.6	11.5
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	8,145	2,650	5,500	11.1	7.0	15.6
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,080	945	1,135	2.8	2.5	3.2
6 Sales and service occupations	18,310	7,600	10,710	25.0	19.9	30.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	15,360	13,990	1,375	20.9	36.7	3.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,340	955	390	1.8	2.5	1.1
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,120	2,260	865	4.3	5.9	2.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	73,330	38,120	35,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,450	615	840	2.0	1.6	2.4
All industries¹⁹¹	71,880	37,505	34,380	98.0	98.4	97.6
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,005	550	455	1.4	1.4	1.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	130	105	20	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	460	280	180	0.6	0.7	0.5
23 Construction	7,840	6,620	1,220	10.7	17.4	3.5
31-33 Manufacturing	5,750	4,095	1,660	7.8	10.7	4.7
41 Wholesale trade	3,385	2,195	1,190	4.6	5.8	3.4
44-45 Retail trade	8,625	3,945	4,685	11.8	10.3	13.3
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	5,450	4,070	1,380	7.4	10.7	3.9
51 Information and cultural industries	1,605	1,015	585	2.2	2.7	1.7
52 Finance and insurance	2,775	1,065	1,715	3.8	2.8	4.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,490	830	660	2.0	2.2	1.9
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,760	2,520	2,235	6.5	6.6	6.3
55 Management of companies and enterprises	140	50	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,810	1,530	1,285	3.8	4.0	3.6
61 Educational services	4,855	1,335	3,520	6.6	3.5	10.0
62 Health care and social assistance	8,280	1,465	6,810	11.3	3.8	19.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,335	655	680	1.8	1.7	1.9
72 Accommodation and food services	3,930	1,475	2,460	5.4	3.9	7.0
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,280	1,650	1,630	4.5	4.3	4.6
91 Public administration	3,965	2,045	1,915	5.4	5.4	5.4
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	77,775	40,235	37,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	71,470	36,805	34,665	91.9	91.5	92.3
French	40	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-official language	1,365	785	580	1.8	2.0	1.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,365	785	580	1.8	2.0	1.5
English and French	425	155	270	0.5	0.4	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	4,405	2,435	1,970	5.7	6.1	5.2
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	77,775	40,235	37,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	76,760	39,710	37,045	98.7	98.7	98.7
Official languages	74,470	38,385	36,085	95.8	95.4	96.1
English	74,385	38,360	36,025	95.6	95.3	96.0
French	85	20	60	0.1	0.0	0.2
Non-official languages	2,290	1,325	965	2.9	3.3	2.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,290	1,325	965	2.9	3.3	2.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,545	945	600	2.0	2.3	1.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,380	850	530	1.8	2.1	1.4
Indo-Aryan languages	1,380	845	530	1.8	2.1	1.4
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,340	840	500	1.7	2.1	1.3
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	135	85	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	130	85	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	300	155	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	295	160	130	0.4	0.4	0.3
Chinese languages	280	155	125	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	165	105	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,020	525	495	1.3	1.3	1.3
English and French	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	920	485	430	1.2	1.2	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	77,775	40,235	37,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	73,770	38,055	35,715	94.9	94.6	95.1
English	910	525	390	1.2	1.3	1.0
French	310	130	185	0.4	0.3	0.5
Non-official language	2,390	1,340	1,055	3.1	3.3	2.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,390	1,340	1,055	3.1	3.3	2.8
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	45	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	325	155	165	0.4	0.4	0.4
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	67,905	35,655	32,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	12,315	5,565	6,755	18.1	15.6	20.9
Worked outside Canada	210	135	75	0.3	0.4	0.2
No fixed workplace address	11,365	8,560	2,810	16.7	24.0	8.7
Usual place of work	44,015	21,395	22,615	64.8	60.0	70.1
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	44,015	21,400	22,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	17,160	7,405	9,755	39.0	34.6	43.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	25,430	13,200	12,230	57.8	61.7	54.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,305	715	590	3.0	3.3	2.6
Commute to a different province or territory	120	80	40	0.3	0.4	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	55,380	29,960	25,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	49,475	27,545	21,925	89.3	91.9	86.3
Car, truck or van - as a driver	45,620	25,995	19,620	82.4	86.8	77.2
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,855	1,550	2,300	7.0	5.2	9.0
Public transit	3,105	1,235	1,865	5.6	4.1	7.3
Walked	1,705	615	1,090	3.1	2.1	4.3
Bicycle	215	165	45	0.4	0.6	0.2
Other method	890	395	495	1.6	1.3	1.9
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	55,380	29,960	25,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	12,545	5,495	7,045	22.7	18.3	27.7
15 to 29 minutes	19,285	9,655	9,630	34.8	32.2	37.9
30 to 44 minutes	13,400	8,270	5,130	24.2	27.6	20.2
45 to 59 minutes	5,850	3,815	2,040	10.6	12.7	8.0
60 minutes and over	4,295	2,720	1,575	7.8	9.1	6.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	55,380	29,960	25,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	5,185	3,885	1,305	9.4	13.0	5.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	10,350	6,875	3,475	18.7	22.9	13.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	13,140	6,575	6,570	23.7	21.9	25.8
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	10,330	4,500	5,835	18.7	15.0	23.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,385	3,220	4,165	13.3	10.7	16.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	8,985	4,905	4,085	16.2	16.4	16.1
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	29,980	15,405	14,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,390	705	685	4.6	4.6	4.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	28,580	14,700	13,885	95.3	95.4	95.3
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	21,655	11,165	10,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,120	575	540	5.2	5.2	5.1
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	595	300	295	2.7	2.7	2.8
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	520	275	245	2.4	2.5	2.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,535	10,590	9,940	94.8	94.8	94.8

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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