Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Burnaby North--SeymourMore information: British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	108,794	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	102,486	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	46,177	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	43,817	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	949.6	...	...	949.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	114.56	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	108,790	53,925	54,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15,135	7,925	7,215	13.9	14.7	13.1
0 to 4 years	4,395	2,310	2,080	4.0	4.3	3.8
5 to 9 years	5,175	2,695	2,480	4.8	5.0	4.5
10 to 14 years	5,570	2,920	2,650	5.1	5.4	4.8
15 to 64 years	73,960	36,780	37,180	68.0	68.2	67.8
15 to 19 years	5,635	2,840	2,795	5.2	5.3	5.1
20 to 24 years	7,540	3,980	3,555	6.9	7.4	6.5
25 to 29 years	7,865	4,120	3,750	7.2	7.6	6.8
30 to 34 years	7,895	4,050	3,850	7.3	7.5	7.0
35 to 39 years	7,840	3,950	3,890	7.2	7.3	7.1
40 to 44 years	7,350	3,560	3,785	6.8	6.6	6.9
45 to 49 years	7,260	3,495	3,770	6.7	6.5	6.9
50 to 54 years	7,630	3,625	4,005	7.0	6.7	7.3
55 to 59 years	7,660	3,695	3,965	7.0	6.9	7.2
60 to 64 years	7,285	3,470	3,810	6.7	6.4	6.9
65 years and over	19,690	9,220	10,470	18.1	17.1	19.1
65 to 69 years	6,115	2,960	3,150	5.6	5.5	5.7
70 to 74 years	5,060	2,410	2,655	4.7	4.5	4.8
75 to 79 years	3,445	1,615	1,835	3.2	3.0	3.3
80 to 84 years	2,605	1,155	1,445	2.4	2.1	2.6
85 years and over	2,465	1,080	1,390	2.3	2.0	2.5
85 to 89 years	1,580	715	870	1.5	1.3	1.6
90 to 94 years	695	310	385	0.6	0.6	0.7
95 to 99 years	175	50	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.9	14.7	13.1	13.9	14.7	13.1
15 to 64 years	68.0	68.2	67.8	68.0	68.2	67.8
65 years and over	18.1	17.1	19.1	18.1	17.1	19.1
85 years and over	2.3	2.0	2.5	2.3	2.0	2.5
Average age of the population	42.2	41.2	43.1	42.2	41.2	43.1
Median age of the population	41.6	40.0	43.2	41.6	40.0	43.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	43,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	12,780	...	...	29.2	...	...
Semi-detached house	810	...	...	1.8	...	...
Row house	4,930	...	...	11.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,375	...	...	16.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	7,720	...	...	17.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	10,130	...	...	23.1	...	...
Other single-attached house	55	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	43,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	12,020	...	...	27.4	...	...
2 persons	14,570	...	...	33.3	...	...
3 persons	7,425	...	...	16.9	...	...
4 persons	6,530	...	...	14.9	...	...
5 or more persons	3,270	...	...	7.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	107,585	53,355	54,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	93,655	46,000	47,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	53,685	26,740	26,945	57.3	58.1	56.5
Married	46,105	22,940	23,165	49.2	49.9	48.6
Living common-law	7,580	3,800	3,780	8.1	8.3	7.9
Living common law - Never married	5,980	3,005	2,975	6.4	6.5	6.2
Living common law - Separated	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	1,280	635	650	1.4	1.4	1.4
Living common law - Widowed	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	39,965	19,260	20,710	42.7	41.9	43.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	28,430	15,545	12,885	30.4	33.8	27.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,095	850	1,240	2.2	1.8	2.6
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,275	2,005	3,270	5.6	4.4	6.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,165	855	3,310	4.4	1.9	6.9
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	30,550	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,165	...	...	49.6	...	...
3 persons	7,235	...	...	23.7	...	...
4 persons	6,530	...	...	21.4	...	...
5 or more persons	1,620	...	...	5.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	30,550	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	26,080	...	...	85.4	...	...
Married couples	22,290	...	...	73.0	...	...
With children⁶	12,815	...	...	41.9	...	...
Without children	9,475	...	...	31.0	...	...
Common-law couples	3,790	...	...	12.4	...	...
With children⁶	1,020	...	...	3.3	...	...
Without children	2,765	...	...	9.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,470	...	...	14.6	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,560	...	...	11.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	915	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	107,585	53,355	54,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	86,555	42,985	43,575	80.5	80.6	80.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	52,160	26,075	26,080	48.5	48.9	48.1
Parents in one-parent families	4,470	910	3,555	4.2	1.7	6.6
Children⁶	29,925	15,995	13,935	27.8	30.0	25.7
In a two-parent family	23,580	12,465	11,115	21.9	23.4	20.5
In a one-parent family	6,345	3,525	2,815	5.9	6.6	5.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	21,030	10,370	10,665	19.5	19.4	19.7
Living alone	12,020	5,715	6,305	11.2	10.7	11.6
Living with other relatives⁷	2,890	1,105	1,785	2.7	2.1	3.3
Living with non-relatives only	6,125	3,550	2,575	5.7	6.7	4.7
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	43,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	25,770	...	...	58.8	...	...
Couple-family households	22,235	...	...	50.7	...	...
With children⁶	11,885	...	...	27.1	...	...
Without children	10,355	...	...	23.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,530	...	...	8.1	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,485	...	...	3.4	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	415	...	...	0.9	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,640	...	...	3.7	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,485	...	...	5.7	...	...
One-person households	12,015	...	...	27.4	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	92,475	45,445	47,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,645	44,075	45,570	96.9	97.0	96.9
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,800	49,600	38,400	42,800	49,600	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,680	44,100	45,580	97.0	97.0	96.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	44,400	35,200	39,200	44,400	35,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	81,790	40,600	41,190	88.4	89.3	87.6
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	47,200	31,600	38,800	47,200	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	64,710	33,045	31,655	70.0	72.7	67.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,800	50,800	36,000	42,800	50,800	36,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,610	32,925	38,685	77.4	72.5	82.2
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	9,000	8,500	8,000	9,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,085	3,110	3,975	7.7	6.8	8.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,680	5,520	5,480	5,680
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	24,445	11,995	12,450	26.4	26.4	26.5
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	8,000	9,000	8,500	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	92,390	45,465	46,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,450	44,020	45,430	96.8	96.8	96.8
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,600	71,100	50,400	60,600	71,100	50,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,490	44,050	45,440	96.9	96.9	96.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,640	56,800	42,680	49,640	56,800	42,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	81,525	40,465	41,055	88.2	89.0	87.5
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	57,500	69,300	45,840	57,500	69,300	45,840
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	64,585	33,010	31,575	69.9	72.6	67.3
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	58,300	68,700	47,400	58,300	68,700	47,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,360	32,885	38,475	77.2	72.3	82.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,250	9,850	10,590	10,250	9,850	10,590
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,065	3,160	3,900	7.6	7.0	8.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,640	5,940	7,200	6,640	5,940	7,200
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	24,580	12,075	12,500	26.6	26.6	26.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,460	9,340	9,570	9,460	9,340	9,570
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	92,390	45,465	46,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	30,875	17,505	13,370	33.4	38.5	28.5
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	73,000	79,000	65,000	73,000	79,000	65,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,900	101,500	77,200	90,900	101,500	77,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,870	11,750	14,115	28.0	25.8	30.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,400	20,000	17,000	18,400	20,000	17,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,440	34,120	27,360	30,440	34,120	27,360
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.6	89.6	82.2	86.6	89.6	82.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.4	72.4	65.4	69.4	72.4	65.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	13.5	10.4	17.8	13.5	10.4	17.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.2	0.9	0.6	1.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.2	4.3	6.5	5.2	4.3	6.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.3	3.6	5.2	4.3	3.6	5.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	92,475	45,440	47,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	2,825	1,365	1,460	3.1	3.0	3.1
With total income	89,650	44,075	45,575	96.9	97.0	96.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,970	4,510	5,455	11.1	10.2	12.0
$10,000 to $19,999	9,655	4,185	5,475	10.8	9.5	12.0
$20,000 to $29,999	12,605	5,425	7,185	14.1	12.3	15.8
$30,000 to $39,999	9,845	4,240	5,610	11.0	9.6	12.3
$40,000 to $49,999	8,520	3,865	4,650	9.5	8.8	10.2
$50,000 to $59,999	7,535	3,410	4,125	8.4	7.7	9.1
$60,000 to $69,999	6,055	3,040	3,015	6.8	6.9	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	4,945	2,710	2,240	5.5	6.1	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	4,025	2,225	1,800	4.5	5.0	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	3,295	1,840	1,450	3.7	4.2	3.2
$100,000 and over	13,200	8,630	4,570	14.7	19.6	10.0
$100,000 to $149,999	8,065	4,960	3,110	9.0	11.3	6.8
$150,000 and over	5,130	3,670	1,465	5.7	8.3	3.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	92,475	45,440	47,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	2,795	1,340	1,450	3.0	2.9	3.1
With after-tax income	89,675	44,095	45,580	97.0	97.0	96.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,320	4,655	5,665	11.5	10.6	12.4
$10,000 to $19,999	10,025	4,345	5,685	11.2	9.9	12.5
$20,000 to $29,999	14,110	6,070	8,040	15.7	13.8	17.6
$30,000 to $39,999	11,295	5,015	6,285	12.6	11.4	13.8
$40,000 to $49,999	10,035	4,505	5,530	11.2	10.2	12.1
$50,000 to $59,999	8,250	4,070	4,185	9.2	9.2	9.2
$60,000 to $69,999	6,340	3,470	2,865	7.1	7.9	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	4,795	2,660	2,135	5.3	6.0	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	3,775	2,185	1,585	4.2	5.0	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	2,645	1,595	1,055	2.9	3.6	2.3
$100,000 and over	8,080	5,525	2,555	9.0	12.5	5.6
$100,000 to $124,999	3,810	2,455	1,355	4.2	5.6	3.0
$125,000 and over	4,270	3,070	1,200	4.8	7.0	2.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	92,475	45,440	47,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	27,770	12,395	15,375	30.0	27.3	32.7
With employment income	64,705	33,050	31,660	70.0	72.7	67.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,755	4,055	4,700	13.5	12.3	14.8
$5,000 to $9,999	5,270	2,275	2,995	8.1	6.9	9.5
$10,000 to $19,999	6,845	3,115	3,725	10.6	9.4	11.8
$20,000 to $29,999	5,135	2,335	2,800	7.9	7.1	8.8
$30,000 to $39,999	4,830	2,215	2,610	7.5	6.7	8.2
$40,000 to $49,999	5,020	2,335	2,690	7.8	7.1	8.5
$50,000 to $59,999	5,000	2,340	2,660	7.7	7.1	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	4,295	2,260	2,035	6.6	6.8	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	3,585	1,935	1,650	5.5	5.9	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	3,080	1,720	1,360	4.8	5.2	4.3
$90,000 to $99,999	2,615	1,500	1,120	4.0	4.5	3.5
$100,000 and over	10,270	6,960	3,310	15.9	21.1	10.5
$100,000 to $124,999	4,095	2,550	1,550	6.3	7.7	4.9
$125,000 and over	6,180	4,415	1,765	9.6	13.4	5.6
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	92,475	45,445	47,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	86,625	42,540	44,090	93.7	93.6	93.7
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	48,400	36,000	41,600	48,400	36,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	86,785	42,585	44,205	93.8	93.7	94.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	42,400	32,800	37,200	42,400	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,605	40,070	40,535	87.2	88.2	86.2
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	47,600	33,600	40,000	47,600	33,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	66,250	33,680	32,570	71.6	74.1	69.2
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	48,800	35,600	41,600	48,800	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	55,950	24,270	31,680	60.5	53.4	67.4
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,040	1,700	4,160	3,040	1,700	4,160
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,170	1,730	2,440	4.5	3.8	5.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520	4,560	6,320	5,520	4,560	6,320
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	92,390	45,465	46,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,365	42,440	43,925	93.5	93.3	93.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,750	68,000	47,840	57,750	68,000	47,840
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,520	42,475	44,045	93.6	93.4	93.9
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,960	54,100	40,040	46,960	54,100	40,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,235	39,850	40,395	86.8	87.6	86.1
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,150	68,200	46,240	57,150	68,200	46,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	66,130	33,595	32,540	71.6	73.9	69.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,600	67,000	45,920	56,600	67,000	45,920
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	55,475	24,085	31,390	60.0	53.0	66.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,230	7,000	7,400	7,230	7,000	7,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,905	1,585	2,330	4.2	3.5	5.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,540	5,990	8,590	7,540	5,990	8,590
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	92,390	45,465	46,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	30,545	17,285	13,260	33.1	38.0	28.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,000	75,000	60,000	68,000	75,000	60,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	84,700	94,900	71,300	84,700	94,900	71,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,405	11,125	13,280	26.4	24.5	28.3
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,400	28,400	23,400	25,400	28,400	23,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	37,960	43,880	33,000	37,960	43,880	33,000
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	92.0	94.2	89.0	92.0	94.2	89.0
Employment income (%)	75.0	78.0	71.2	75.0	78.0	71.2
Government transfers (%)	8.0	5.8	11.1	8.0	5.8	11.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.3	1.0	0.6	0.3	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	43,820	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	12,015	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,600	...	...	47,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,800	...	...	42,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	31,800	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	43,840	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	123,600	...	...	123,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	101,300	...	...	101,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	12,130	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	57,750	...	...	57,750	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,360	...	...	48,360	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	31,705	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	148,800	...	...	148,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	121,600	...	...	121,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	43,820	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,040	...	...	2.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	395	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	430	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	740	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,470	...	...	3.4	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,145	...	...	2.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,100	...	...	2.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,350	...	...	3.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,425	...	...	3.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,305	...	...	3.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,740	...	...	6.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,630	...	...	6.0	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,600	...	...	5.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,475	...	...	5.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,320	...	...	5.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	20,660	...	...	47.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,840	...	...	11.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,910	...	...	8.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,220	...	...	11.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	6,685	...	...	15.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	43,820	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,140	...	...	2.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	405	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	445	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	765	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,545	...	...	3.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,290	...	...	2.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,275	...	...	2.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,625	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,625	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,605	...	...	3.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,150	...	...	7.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,130	...	...	7.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,985	...	...	6.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,805	...	...	6.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,570	...	...	5.9	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,465	...	...	39.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,150	...	...	11.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,820	...	...	8.7	...	...
$150,000 and over	8,495	...	...	19.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	30,065	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,875	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	13,905	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	153,000	...	...	153,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	131,000	...	...	131,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,115	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...	78,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	18,140	9,265	8,875	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800	42,400	39,200	40,800	42,400	39,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	38,800	36,000	37,200	38,800	36,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	30,005	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	150,200	...	...	150,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	122,200	...	...	122,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,825	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,500	...	...	101,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,910	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	189,800	...	...	189,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	152,200	...	...	152,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,130	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	93,900	...	...	93,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,300	...	...	81,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	18,145	9,290	8,860	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,280	52,200	48,240	50,280	52,200	48,240
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,720	43,840	41,520	42,720	43,840	41,520
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	107,590	53,350	54,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	18,370	9,570	8,800	17.1	17.9	16.2
0 to 5 years	5,405	2,820	2,585	5.0	5.3	4.8
18 to 64 years	70,105	34,790	35,315	65.2	65.2	65.1
65 years and over	19,115	8,995	10,115	17.8	16.9	18.7
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,485	5,530	5,950	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,855	980	870	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	530	275	255	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	7,205	3,535	3,670	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,425	1,010	1,415	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.7	10.4	11.0	10.7	10.4	11.0
0 to 17 years (%)	10.1	10.3	9.9	10.1	10.3	9.9
0 to 5 years (%)	9.8	9.7	9.9	9.8	9.7	9.9
18 to 64 years (%)	10.3	10.2	10.4	10.3	10.2	10.4
65 years and over (%)	12.7	11.2	14.0	12.7	11.2	14.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	105,115	52,220	52,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,935	9,335	8,600	17.1	17.9	16.3
0 to 5 years	5,235	2,740	2,495	5.0	5.2	4.7
18 to 64 years	68,470	34,060	34,410	65.1	65.2	65.1
65 years and over	18,710	8,830	9,880	17.8	16.9	18.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	8,275	4,210	4,065	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,150	605	540	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	300	150	145	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	6,125	3,160	2,960	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,005	440	565	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.9	8.1	7.7	7.9	8.1	7.7
0 to 17 years (%)	6.4	6.5	6.3	6.4	6.5	6.3
0 to 5 years (%)	5.7	5.5	5.9	5.7	5.5	5.9
18 to 64 years (%)	8.9	9.3	8.6	8.9	9.3	8.6
65 years and over (%)	5.4	5.0	5.7	5.4	5.0	5.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	107,590	53,350	54,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	44,000	21,355	22,645	40.9	40.0	41.8
In bottom decile	11,480	5,685	5,790	10.7	10.7	10.7
In second decile	8,100	3,790	4,315	7.5	7.1	8.0
In third decile	7,590	3,670	3,920	7.1	6.9	7.2
In fourth decile	8,085	3,930	4,160	7.5	7.4	7.7
In fifth decile	8,745	4,285	4,460	8.1	8.0	8.2
In top half of the distribution	63,585	32,000	31,590	59.1	60.0	58.2
In sixth decile	9,105	4,510	4,600	8.5	8.5	8.5
In seventh decile	10,325	5,170	5,155	9.6	9.7	9.5
In eighth decile	11,690	5,850	5,840	10.9	11.0	10.8
In ninth decile	13,880	6,995	6,890	12.9	13.1	12.7
In top decile	18,580	9,475	9,105	17.3	17.8	16.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	107,585	...	...	107,585	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.371	...	...	0.371	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.455	...	...	0.455	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.327	...	...	0.327	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.5	...	...	4.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	108,465	53,780	54,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	96,530	48,640	47,890	89.0	90.4	87.6
French only	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	7,595	3,385	4,210	7.0	6.3	7.7
Neither English nor French	4,305	1,745	2,565	4.0	3.2	4.7
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	108,465	53,780	54,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	102,660	51,320	51,340	94.6	95.4	93.9
French	1,015	495	520	0.9	0.9	1.0
English and French	550	260	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Neither English nor French	4,245	1,710	2,530	3.9	3.2	4.6
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	108,465	53,780	54,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	103,295	51,290	52,000	95.2	95.4	95.1
Official languages	59,840	30,940	28,900	55.2	57.5	52.8
English	58,885	30,475	28,415	54.3	56.7	52.0
French	955	465	490	0.9	0.9	0.9
Non-official languages	43,455	20,355	23,100	40.1	37.8	42.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	43,435	20,345	23,090	40.0	37.8	42.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	735	400	335	0.7	0.7	0.6
Berber languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	705	385	320	0.6	0.7	0.6
Amharic	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	580	315	265	0.5	0.6	0.5
Aramaic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,120	505	620	1.0	0.9	1.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,090	490	600	1.0	0.9	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,750	655	1,090	1.6	1.2	2.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	105	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	195	85	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,295	480	820	1.2	0.9	1.5
Waray-Waray	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	245	130	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	16,355	8,020	8,335	15.1	14.9	15.2
Albanian	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	3,330	1,530	1,800	3.1	2.8	3.3
Baltic languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,295	1,515	1,780	3.0	2.8	3.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Macedonian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	450	205	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	1,040	465	575	1.0	0.9	1.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,235	585	650	1.1	1.1	1.2
Bosnian	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	820	365	455	0.8	0.7	0.8
Serbian	330	180	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,220	615	605	1.1	1.1	1.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	760	375	385	0.7	0.7	0.7
German	720	360	365	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	285	145	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	190	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	175	95	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Danish	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	195	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	5,145	2,600	2,545	4.7	4.8	4.7
Indo-Aryan languages	2,330	1,180	1,150	2.1	2.2	2.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	155	90	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	420	205	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hindi	515	275	240	0.5	0.5	0.4
Kacchi	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	745	365	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	205	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,820	1,420	1,395	2.6	2.6	2.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	2,690	1,350	1,340	2.5	2.5	2.5
Dari	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	2,310	1,150	1,160	2.1	2.1	2.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	255	140	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,240	3,070	3,175	5.8	5.7	5.8
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,580	1,270	1,315	2.4	2.4	2.4
Portuguese	1,085	525	560	1.0	1.0	1.0
Romanian	305	160	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	2,255	1,105	1,150	2.1	2.1	2.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	950	330	615	0.9	0.6	1.1
Korean	2,975	1,305	1,670	2.7	2.4	3.1
Mongolian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	18,500	8,620	9,880	17.1	16.0	18.1
Chinese languages	18,465	8,600	9,870	17.0	16.0	18.0
Hakka	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	7,565	3,530	4,040	7.0	6.6	7.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	480	220	265	0.4	0.4	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	115	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	10,070	4,690	5,380	9.3	8.7	9.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	105	30	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	90	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	235	130	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	190	115	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	275	120	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
Estonian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	220	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,175	2,490	2,680	4.8	4.6	4.9
English and French	380	180	200	0.4	0.3	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	4,155	2,040	2,115	3.8	3.8	3.9
French and non-official language(s)	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	475	200	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	108,465	53,780	54,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	64,280	32,950	31,335	59.3	61.3	57.3
French	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	13,970	6,415	7,550	12.9	11.9	13.8
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13,965	6,415	7,550	12.9	11.9	13.8
English and French	955	460	495	0.9	0.9	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	27,300	13,040	14,260	25.2	24.2	26.1
French and non-official language(s)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	605	285	320	0.6	0.5	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	1,115	515	600	1.0	1.0	1.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	108,465	53,780	54,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	103,110	51,205	51,905	95.1	95.2	94.9
Official languages	77,785	39,335	38,445	71.7	73.1	70.3
English	77,440	39,165	38,275	71.4	72.8	70.0
French	345	170	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official languages	25,325	11,875	13,450	23.3	22.1	24.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	25,325	11,870	13,450	23.3	22.1	24.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	390	195	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	380	195	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Amharic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	330	165	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	620	275	345	0.6	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	610	270	340	0.6	0.5	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	735	330	405	0.7	0.6	0.7
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	580	260	320	0.5	0.5	0.6
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Telugu	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	7,645	3,730	3,920	7.0	6.9	7.2
Albanian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,545	750	795	1.4	1.4	1.5
Baltic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,540	750	795	1.4	1.4	1.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	165	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Russian	675	325	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	495	235	255	0.5	0.4	0.5
Bosnian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	290	135	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	165	85	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	170	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Afrikaans	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	3,105	1,535	1,575	2.9	2.9	2.9
Indo-Aryan languages	1,120	550	575	1.0	1.0	1.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	195	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	230	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	350	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	120	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,985	980	1,000	1.8	1.8	1.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Parsi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,910	940	970	1.8	1.7	1.8
Dari	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	1,630	800	830	1.5	1.5	1.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	190	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,635	1,275	1,365	2.4	2.4	2.5
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	705	315	390	0.6	0.6	0.7
Portuguese	610	305	305	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	1,210	590	615	1.1	1.1	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	460	195	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Korean	2,285	990	1,295	2.1	1.8	2.4
Mongolian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	12,740	5,945	6,795	11.7	11.1	12.4
Chinese languages	12,730	5,940	6,790	11.7	11.0	12.4
Hakka	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	5,880	2,755	3,125	5.4	5.1	5.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	215	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	6,490	3,015	3,475	6.0	5.6	6.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,355	2,575	2,780	4.9	4.8	5.1
English and French	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	5,010	2,415	2,590	4.6	4.5	4.7
French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	170	80	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	108,465	53,780	54,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	82,980	41,640	41,340	76.5	77.4	75.6
English	9,210	4,470	4,740	8.5	8.3	8.7
French	830	395	440	0.8	0.7	0.8
Non-official language	12,475	5,885	6,590	11.5	10.9	12.1
Indigenous³⁹	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous	12,420	5,865	6,560	11.5	10.9	12.0
English and French	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,230	570	665	1.1	1.1	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	355	175	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,290	610	680	1.2	1.1	1.2
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	107,490	53,325	54,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	102,970	51,465	51,505	95.8	96.5	95.1
English	102,930	51,455	51,470	95.8	96.5	95.0
French	7,645	3,400	4,240	7.1	6.4	7.8
Non-official languages	55,010	26,040	28,975	51.2	48.8	53.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	54,930	26,005	28,925	51.1	48.8	53.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,230	690	540	1.1	1.3	1.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,215	680	535	1.1	1.3	1.0
Amharic	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	930	530	400	0.9	1.0	0.7
Aramaic languages	65	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	175	95	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,275	575	705	1.2	1.1	1.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,275	575	700	1.2	1.1	1.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,530	935	1,600	2.4	1.8	3.0
Bikol	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	170	55	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	240	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,155	765	1,390	2.0	1.4	2.6
Waray-Waray	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	75	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	435	245	190	0.4	0.5	0.4
Kannada	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	265	150	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Telugu	85	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	23,055	11,310	11,745	21.4	21.2	21.7
Albanian	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	210	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	4,405	2,140	2,260	4.1	4.0	4.2
Baltic languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages	4,375	2,130	2,245	4.1	4.0	4.1
Belarusian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	220	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	760	370	390	0.7	0.7	0.7
Russian	1,465	720	740	1.4	1.4	1.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,615	795	815	1.5	1.5	1.5
Bosnian	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,120	530	590	1.0	1.0	1.1
Serbian	475	250	225	0.4	0.5	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovene (Slovenian)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	450	230	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	50	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Irish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,435	1,225	1,210	2.3	2.3	2.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,585	805	780	1.5	1.5	1.4
German	1,560	790	765	1.5	1.5	1.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Yiddish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	670	350	320	0.6	0.7	0.6
Afrikaans	330	180	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dutch	340	175	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	325	155	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	85	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	265	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	7,225	3,615	3,605	6.7	6.8	6.7
Indo-Aryan languages	4,110	2,045	2,070	3.8	3.8	3.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	185	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	690	315	375	0.6	0.6	0.7
Hindi	1,865	935	935	1.7	1.8	1.7
Kacchi	275	105	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,475	760	720	1.4	1.4	1.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	530	280	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,205	1,630	1,575	3.0	3.1	2.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	125	85	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	3,100	1,570	1,530	2.9	2.9	2.8
Dari	290	145	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	2,580	1,305	1,270	2.4	2.4	2.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	255	145	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,365	4,485	4,885	8.7	8.4	9.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,675	1,710	1,965	3.4	3.2	3.6
Portuguese	1,295	680	615	1.2	1.3	1.1
Romanian	415	200	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	4,460	2,120	2,340	4.1	4.0	4.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,805	775	1,030	1.7	1.5	1.9
Korean	3,420	1,485	1,935	3.2	2.8	3.6
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	435	220	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	205	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	150	45	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	135	40	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	21,980	10,475	11,505	20.4	19.6	21.2
Chinese languages	21,945	10,460	11,490	20.4	19.6	21.2
Hakka	205	75	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mandarin	11,990	5,705	6,285	11.2	10.7	11.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	985	460	530	0.9	0.9	1.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	150	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	12,975	6,080	6,895	12.1	11.4	12.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	115	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	415	235	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Azerbaijani	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	345	200	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	325	140	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	255	100	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,485	53,320	54,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,695	1,225	1,465	2.5	2.3	2.7
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	2,595	1,170	1,425	2.4	2.2	2.6
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,835	825	1,005	1.7	1.5	1.9
Métis	755	345	410	0.7	0.6	0.8
Inuk (Inuit)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	104,795	52,095	52,695	97.5	97.7	97.3
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,485	53,320	54,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,350	605	750	1.3	1.1	1.4
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	106,135	52,720	53,415	98.7	98.9	98.6
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	43,840	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	28,700	...	...	65.5	...	...
Renter	15,115	...	...	34.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	43,840	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	15,770	...	...	36.0	...	...
Not condominium	28,075	...	...	64.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	43,840	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	520	...	...	1.2	...	...
1 bedroom	7,945	...	...	18.1	...	...
2 bedrooms	12,745	...	...	29.1	...	...
3 bedrooms	9,970	...	...	22.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,660	...	...	28.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	43,840	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	18,370	...	...	41.9	...	...
5 rooms	5,925	...	...	13.5	...	...
6 rooms	4,545	...	...	10.4	...	...
7 rooms	4,040	...	...	9.2	...	...
8 or more rooms	10,955	...	...	25.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.7	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	43,840	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	42,640	...	...	97.3	...	...
More than one person per room	1,200	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	43,840	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	41,105	...	...	93.8	...	...
Not suitable	2,735	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	43,840	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	5,260	...	...	12.0	...	...
1961 to 1980	13,235	...	...	30.2	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,720	...	...	17.6	...	...
1991 to 2000	4,850	...	...	11.1	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,430	...	...	5.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,820	...	...	6.4	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,275	...	...	5.2	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	5,260	...	...	12.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	43,840	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	41,425	...	...	94.5	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,410	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	43,840	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	21,075	...	...	48.1	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,700	...	...	44.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,065	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	43,840	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,585	...	...	3.6	...	...
25 to 34 years	6,080	...	...	13.9	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,950	...	...	18.1	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,140	...	...	18.6	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,385	...	...	19.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,360	...	...	14.5	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,730	...	...	8.5	...	...
85 years and over	1,605	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	42,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	30,430	...	...	71.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	12,045	...	...	28.4	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,745	...	...	22.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	43,840	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	15,590	...	...	35.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	10,650	...	...	24.3	...	...
Not suitable only	1,850	...	...	4.2	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,565	...	...	3.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	680	...	...	1.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	640	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	135	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	70	...	...	0.2	...	...
Acceptable housing	28,245	...	...	64.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	40,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,150	...	...	15.3	...	...
Not in core need	34,030	...	...	84.7	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	27,705	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	52.8	...	...	52.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	21.7	...	...	21.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	9.8	...	...	9.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,320	...	...	1,320	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,864	...	...	1,864	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,380,000	...	...	1,380,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,344,000	...	...	1,344,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	14,955	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.5	...	...	10.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.8	...	...	40.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	26.2	...	...	26.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,580	...	...	1,580	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,634	...	...	1,634	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	20	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	208	...	...	208	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	160	...	...	160	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	107,485	53,320	54,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	920	420	500	0.9	0.8	0.9
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	915	415	505	0.9	0.8	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	810	370	435	0.8	0.7	0.8
Métis single ancestry	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,135	1,025	1,110	2.0	1.9	2.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,085	1,010	1,075	1.9	1.9	2.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,535	750	785	1.4	1.4	1.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	540	255	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	55	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	104,425	51,875	52,550	97.2	97.3	97.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	107,490	53,325	54,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	92,295	45,805	46,490	85.9	85.9	85.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	16,705	8,745	7,965	15.5	16.4	14.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	75,585	37,065	38,525	70.3	69.5	71.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	15,195	7,515	7,675	14.1	14.1	14.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	107,490	53,325	54,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	60,060	30,885	29,170	55.9	57.9	53.9
Immigrants⁸¹	41,780	19,470	22,310	38.9	36.5	41.2
Before 1980	8,805	4,095	4,710	8.2	7.7	8.7
1980 to 1990	5,540	2,615	2,925	5.2	4.9	5.4
1991 to 2000	9,930	4,560	5,365	9.2	8.6	9.9
2001 to 2010	8,180	3,820	4,355	7.6	7.2	8.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	9,330	4,380	4,950	8.7	8.2	9.1
2011 to 2015	4,225	1,985	2,240	3.9	3.7	4.1
2016 to 2021	5,105	2,390	2,710	4.7	4.5	5.0
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,650	2,965	2,685	5.3	5.6	5.0
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	41,775	19,470	22,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,465	1,815	1,650	8.3	9.3	7.4
5 to 14 years	6,865	3,495	3,375	16.4	18.0	15.1
15 to 24 years	7,665	3,530	4,140	18.3	18.1	18.6
25 to 44 years	19,375	8,550	10,825	46.4	43.9	48.5
45 years and over	4,405	2,085	2,325	10.5	10.7	10.4
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	41,775	19,470	22,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,415	1,565	1,850	8.2	8.0	8.3
Brazil	420	215	200	1.0	1.1	0.9
Colombia	135	50	90	0.3	0.3	0.4
El Salvador	130	65	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyana	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	15	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Jamaica	100	45	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexico	410	165	245	1.0	0.8	1.1
Peru	150	70	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
Trinidad and Tobago	60	35	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
United States of America	1,190	515	670	2.8	2.6	3.0
Other places of birth in Americas	755	380	375	1.8	2.0	1.7
Europe	9,035	4,455	4,580	21.6	22.9	20.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	225	125	105	0.5	0.6	0.5
Croatia	565	280	290	1.4	1.4	1.3
France	200	115	85	0.5	0.6	0.4
Germany	490	255	240	1.2	1.3	1.1
Greece	110	45	65	0.3	0.2	0.3
Hungary	140	65	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	1,730	845	890	4.1	4.3	4.0
Netherlands	195	80	115	0.5	0.4	0.5
Poland	450	195	250	1.1	1.0	1.1
Portugal	235	135	105	0.6	0.7	0.5
Romania	290	145	145	0.7	0.7	0.7
Russian Federation	445	180	260	1.1	0.9	1.2
Serbia⁸⁶	160	80	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ukraine	320	175	145	0.8	0.9	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,140	1,090	1,050	5.1	5.6	4.7
Other places of birth in Europe	1,335	650	685	3.2	3.3	3.1
Africa	1,870	880	995	4.5	4.5	4.5
Algeria	20	10	15	0.0	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	100	70	35	0.2	0.4	0.2
Eritrea	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ethiopia	60	20	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Morocco	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nigeria	140	65	80	0.3	0.3	0.4
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	595	320	270	1.4	1.6	1.2
Other places of birth in Africa	885	355	525	2.1	1.8	2.4
Asia	26,725	12,210	14,510	64.0	62.7	65.1
Afghanistan	210	120	95	0.5	0.6	0.4
Iran⁸⁸	2,055	1,035	1,020	4.9	5.3	4.6
Iraq	100	65	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Lebanon	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	170	80	90	0.4	0.4	0.4
Turkey	120	70	50	0.3	0.4	0.2
China⁹⁰	8,310	3,720	4,595	19.9	19.1	20.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	4,095	2,000	2,095	9.8	10.3	9.4
Korea, South⁹²	2,330	1,030	1,305	5.6	5.3	5.9
Taiwan	1,765	830	935	4.2	4.3	4.2
Philippines	2,180	795	1,385	5.2	4.1	6.2
Viet Nam	1,130	485	650	2.7	2.5	2.9
Bangladesh	75	35	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	1,425	750	675	3.4	3.9	3.0
Pakistan	280	155	125	0.7	0.8	0.6
Sri Lanka	115	55	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	2,315	970	1,350	5.5	5.0	6.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	735	360	375	1.8	1.8	1.7
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,100	2,395	2,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	710	345	360	13.9	14.4	13.3
Brazil	280	140	145	5.5	5.8	5.4
Colombia	25	10	15	0.5	0.4	0.6
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	90	40	45	1.8	1.7	1.7
United States of America	200	90	110	3.9	3.8	4.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	15	10	0.5	0.6	0.4
Other places of birth in Americas	75	40	30	1.5	1.7	1.1
Europe	700	345	355	13.7	14.4	13.1
France	25	15	15	0.5	0.6	0.6
Germany	20	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.6
Ireland⁹⁶	40	15	25	0.8	0.6	0.9
Italy	65	35	25	1.3	1.5	0.9
Russian Federation	60	20	40	1.2	0.8	1.5
Ukraine	100	55	45	2.0	2.3	1.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	175	95	80	3.4	4.0	3.0
Other places of birth in Europe	220	105	115	4.3	4.4	4.2
Africa	260	120	140	5.1	5.0	5.2
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	25	20	0	0.5	0.8	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	25	15	15	0.5	0.6	0.6
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	85	40	45	1.7	1.7	1.7
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	55	25	30	1.1	1.0	1.1
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	50	15	35	1.0	0.6	1.3
Asia	3,350	1,535	1,820	65.7	64.1	67.2
Afghanistan	50	30	20	1.0	1.3	0.7
Bangladesh	20	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.4
China⁹⁰	1,040	435	610	20.4	18.2	22.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	95	50	50	1.9	2.1	1.8
India	455	260	190	8.9	10.9	7.0
Iran⁸⁸	345	170	170	6.8	7.1	6.3
Iraq	45	35	15	0.9	1.5	0.6
Israel	25	15	0	0.5	0.6	0.0
Japan	85	35	50	1.7	1.5	1.8
Jordan	30	15	10	0.6	0.6	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	270	110	165	5.3	4.6	6.1
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	85	50	35	1.7	2.1	1.3
Philippines	315	110	205	6.2	4.6	7.6
Saudi Arabia	20	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sri Lanka	15	10	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	100	50	50	2.0	2.1	1.8
Turkey	45	25	20	0.9	1.0	0.7
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	55	25	35	1.1	1.0	1.3
Other places of birth in Asia	245	105	145	4.8	4.4	5.4
Oceania and other⁹³	80	45	35	1.6	1.9	1.3
Australia	65	30	30	1.3	1.3	1.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	10	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	107,485	53,325	54,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	48,925	23,180	25,750	45.5	43.5	47.5
Second generation¹⁰¹	27,945	14,175	13,780	26.0	26.6	25.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	30,610	15,975	14,635	28.5	30.0	27.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	32,975	15,375	17,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	20,875	10,225	10,650	63.3	66.5	60.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	8,160	4,930	3,235	24.7	32.1	18.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	12,715	5,300	7,415	38.6	34.5	42.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,535	3,335	5,200	25.9	21.7	29.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,960	1,545	1,415	9.0	10.0	8.0
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	600	265	330	1.8	1.7	1.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	32,975	15,375	17,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	965	540	425	2.9	3.5	2.4
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,315	1,330	1,980	10.1	8.7	11.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,515	760	760	4.6	4.9	4.3
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,335	1,075	1,265	7.1	7.0	7.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	150	70	80	0.5	0.5	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	24,690	11,600	13,090	74.9	75.4	74.4
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	107,485	53,325	54,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	52,065	25,125	26,935	48.4	47.1	49.7
South Asian	5,315	2,655	2,660	4.9	5.0	4.9
Chinese	26,005	12,725	13,285	24.2	23.9	24.5
Black	1,525	815	715	1.4	1.5	1.3
Filipino	3,065	1,245	1,820	2.9	2.3	3.4
Arab	615	305	310	0.6	0.6	0.6
Latin American	2,320	1,145	1,175	2.2	2.1	2.2
Southeast Asian	1,980	920	1,065	1.8	1.7	2.0
West Asian	3,130	1,610	1,525	2.9	3.0	2.8
Korean	3,540	1,585	1,955	3.3	3.0	3.6
Japanese	1,770	740	1,030	1.6	1.4	1.9
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	470	235	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	2,325	1,155	1,170	2.2	2.2	2.2
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	55,425	28,195	27,230	51.6	52.9	50.3
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	107,490	53,325	54,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	7,275	3,815	3,460	6.8	7.2	6.4
English	15,400	7,975	7,425	14.3	15.0	13.7
Irish	10,310	5,165	5,140	9.6	9.7	9.5
Scottish	12,010	6,005	6,010	11.2	11.3	11.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	4,505	2,285	2,220	4.2	4.3	4.1
German	7,555	3,770	3,790	7.0	7.1	7.0
Chinese	24,285	11,880	12,405	22.6	22.3	22.9
Italian	8,925	4,545	4,380	8.3	8.5	8.1
Indian (India)	3,595	1,725	1,870	3.3	3.2	3.5
Ukrainian	3,515	1,835	1,680	3.3	3.4	3.1
Dutch	2,395	1,205	1,190	2.2	2.3	2.2
Polish	2,480	1,150	1,330	2.3	2.2	2.5
Québécois	120	75	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,860	1,985	1,870	3.6	3.7	3.5
Filipino	3,175	1,325	1,850	3.0	2.5	3.4
French Canadian	655	310	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,545	805	745	1.4	1.5	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,025	480	545	1.0	0.9	1.0
Métis	695	315	380	0.6	0.6	0.7
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,965	955	1,005	1.8	1.8	1.9
Russian	2,130	1,025	1,105	2.0	1.9	2.0
Norwegian	1,775	870	910	1.7	1.6	1.7
Welsh	1,565	800	765	1.5	1.5	1.4
Portuguese	1,230	650	585	1.1	1.2	1.1
American	1,225	680	550	1.1	1.3	1.0
Spanish	1,380	615	765	1.3	1.2	1.4
Swedish	1,550	835	715	1.4	1.6	1.3
Hungarian	915	395	515	0.9	0.7	1.0
Acadian	105	75	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	390	200	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	465	230	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jewish	825	425	405	0.8	0.8	0.7
Punjabi	500	260	245	0.5	0.5	0.5
Vietnamese	2,125	1,030	1,095	2.0	1.9	2.0
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	230	130	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Greek	675	340	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jamaican	255	165	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,520	730	795	1.4	1.4	1.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	220	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	3,465	1,530	1,935	3.2	2.9	3.6
Romanian	635	310	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	215	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	2,230	1,150	1,080	2.1	2.2	2.0
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	325	165	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	930	460	470	0.9	0.9	0.9
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	350	195	155	0.3	0.4	0.3
Sikh	320	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austrian	910	430	480	0.8	0.8	0.9
Belgian	235	125	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	190	120	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mexican	905	460	450	0.8	0.9	0.8
Mennonite	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	385	220	165	0.4	0.4	0.3
Finnish	610	310	300	0.6	0.6	0.6
Sri Lankan	145	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Croatian	1,705	780	925	1.6	1.5	1.7
Japanese	2,355	1,030	1,325	2.2	1.9	2.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	285	140	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	485	210	280	0.5	0.4	0.5
Muslim	350	155	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Egyptian	190	85	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	430	170	260	0.4	0.3	0.5
Tamil	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	335	175	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombian	220	80	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Moroccan	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	450	225	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syrian	150	80	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Guyanese	65	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Afghan	335	155	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	150	85	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbian	590	315	275	0.5	0.6	0.5
Ojibway	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	30	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	1,575	810	770	1.5	1.5	1.4
Ontarian	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian	950	500	445	0.9	0.9	0.8
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	275	140	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	120	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	555	305	250	0.5	0.6	0.5
Nigerian	130	85	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Armenian	275	130	140	0.3	0.2	0.3
Slovak	470	235	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	340	165	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	1,580	735	845	1.5	1.4	1.6
Iraqi	70	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	290	125	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	200	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	120	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	395	195	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Australian	585	300	285	0.5	0.6	0.5
Palestinian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	260	130	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	165	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Yoruba	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	115	75	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovenian	170	75	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	65	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Eritrean	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	55	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	135	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ghanaian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	75	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	155	95	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tunisian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	230	130	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Venezuelan	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	65	60	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	215	95	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Laotian	55	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	320	175	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ecuadorian	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	105	75	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	315	135	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jatt	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	135	35	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Dominican	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	70	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Igbo	45	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Byelorussian	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	130	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	50	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	245	125	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	70	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Buddhist	65	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	160	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kenyan	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Manitoban	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Burmese	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	90	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	107,485	53,320	54,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,865	1,190	1,670	2.7	2.2	3.1
Christian	39,600	18,135	21,465	36.8	34.0	39.6
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,865	4,065	4,800	8.2	7.6	8.9
Anabaptist	300	155	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Anglican	2,090	840	1,250	1.9	1.6	2.3
Baptist	770	335	435	0.7	0.6	0.8
Catholic	19,575	9,205	10,370	18.2	17.3	19.1
Christian Orthodox	1,840	860	970	1.7	1.6	1.8
Jehovah's Witness	430	185	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	120	75	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	590	260	330	0.5	0.5	0.6
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	240	95	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	435	200	245	0.4	0.4	0.5
Presbyterian	680	310	365	0.6	0.6	0.7
Reformed	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
United Church	2,125	850	1,270	2.0	1.6	2.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,490	675	815	1.4	1.3	1.5
Hindu	1,415	765	655	1.3	1.4	1.2
Jewish	520	275	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Muslim	4,345	2,135	2,205	4.0	4.0	4.1
Sikh	1,220	580	645	1.1	1.1	1.2
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	965	435	530	0.9	0.8	1.0
No religion and secular perspectives	56,430	29,740	26,690	52.5	55.8	49.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	106,590	52,795	53,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	91,120	44,985	46,140	85.5	85.2	85.8
Movers	15,465	7,810	7,660	14.5	14.8	14.2
Non-migrants	7,905	4,035	3,870	7.4	7.6	7.2
Migrants	7,565	3,775	3,790	7.1	7.2	7.0
Internal migrants	5,855	2,895	2,965	5.5	5.5	5.5
Intraprovincial migrants	4,830	2,320	2,510	4.5	4.4	4.7
Interprovincial migrants	1,025	575	455	1.0	1.1	0.8
External migrants	1,710	885	825	1.6	1.7	1.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	103,010	50,945	52,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	62,025	30,355	31,670	60.2	59.6	60.8
Movers	40,985	20,590	20,400	39.8	40.4	39.2
Non-migrants	12,930	6,520	6,410	12.6	12.8	12.3
Migrants	28,055	14,070	13,985	27.2	27.6	26.9
Internal migrants	19,785	9,940	9,840	19.2	19.5	18.9
Intraprovincial migrants	16,745	8,335	8,410	16.3	16.4	16.2
Interprovincial migrants	3,035	1,605	1,430	2.9	3.2	2.7
External migrants	8,270	4,130	4,140	8.0	8.1	8.0
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	92,390	45,465	46,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,750	5,490	5,265	11.6	12.1	11.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	81,640	39,975	41,660	88.4	87.9	88.8
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	60,485	29,800	30,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,355	1,915	1,440	5.5	6.4	4.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	57,130	27,890	29,245	94.5	93.6	95.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	92,390	45,470	46,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,685	4,800	4,880	10.5	10.6	10.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	24,395	11,965	12,430	26.4	26.3	26.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	58,315	28,700	29,615	63.1	63.1	63.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	23,530	11,965	11,565	25.5	26.3	24.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,355	3,900	1,455	5.8	8.6	3.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,450	1,435	1,010	2.7	3.2	2.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,905	2,465	440	3.1	5.4	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,570	6,550	8,020	15.8	14.4	17.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,605	1,515	2,090	3.9	3.3	4.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	34,785	16,735	18,050	37.7	36.8	38.5
Bachelor's degree	22,975	10,915	12,055	24.9	24.0	25.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,295	960	1,340	2.5	2.1	2.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	745	365	375	0.8	0.8	0.8
Master's degree	7,415	3,685	3,735	8.0	8.1	8.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,355	805	550	1.5	1.8	1.2
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	60,490	29,805	30,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,770	1,565	1,205	4.6	5.3	3.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,430	6,395	6,035	20.5	21.5	19.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	45,290	21,840	23,445	74.9	73.3	76.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,950	8,525	8,425	28.0	28.6	27.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,470	2,585	885	5.7	8.7	2.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,565	935	630	2.6	3.1	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,905	1,650	260	3.1	5.5	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,845	4,870	5,975	17.9	16.3	19.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,630	1,075	1,555	4.3	3.6	5.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,340	13,315	15,025	46.9	44.7	49.0
Bachelor's degree	18,585	8,710	9,880	30.7	29.2	32.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,795	710	1,085	3.0	2.4	3.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	610	280	330	1.0	0.9	1.1
Master's degree	6,250	3,015	3,240	10.3	10.1	10.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,095	605	490	1.8	2.0	1.6
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	92,390	45,465	46,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	34,075	16,770	17,310	36.9	36.9	36.9
Education	3,550	800	2,745	3.8	1.8	5.8
13. Education	3,550	800	2,745	3.8	1.8	5.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,550	1,635	1,925	3.8	3.6	4.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	415	310	100	0.4	0.7	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	3,140	1,320	1,820	3.4	2.9	3.9
Humanities	3,350	1,145	2,205	3.6	2.5	4.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	535	110	425	0.6	0.2	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	930	235	695	1.0	0.5	1.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,070	410	660	1.2	0.9	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	150	85	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	165	110	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	380	175	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	85	10	75	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,180	3,030	5,145	8.9	6.7	11.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	135	35	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,040	365	675	1.1	0.8	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	730	65	670	0.8	0.1	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	1,305	435	865	1.4	1.0	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	200	55	145	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	1,490	375	1,110	1.6	0.8	2.4
45. Social sciences	3,270	1,705	1,565	3.5	3.8	3.3
Business, management and public administration	13,590	6,180	7,410	14.7	13.6	15.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	465	110	360	0.5	0.2	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,110	6,070	7,040	14.2	13.4	15.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,260	1,740	1,510	3.5	3.8	3.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,310	590	725	1.4	1.3	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	680	375	305	0.7	0.8	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,115	750	365	1.2	1.6	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	75	15	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,640	2,605	1,040	3.9	5.7	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,980	2,290	695	3.2	5.0	1.5
25. Library science	95	10	90	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	465	250	215	0.5	0.5	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,040	8,670	1,370	10.9	19.1	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	510	320	195	0.6	0.7	0.4
14. Engineering	3,975	3,115	860	4.3	6.9	1.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,960	1,750	210	2.1	3.8	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,740	1,695	45	1.9	3.7	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,200	1,160	35	1.3	2.6	0.1
48. Precision production	650	625	25	0.7	1.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	950	465	490	1.0	1.0	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	560	245	320	0.6	0.5	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	395	220	175	0.4	0.5	0.4
Health and related fields	6,125	1,470	4,650	6.6	3.2	9.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	645	355	290	0.7	0.8	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,235	970	4,260	5.7	2.1	9.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	240	145	90	0.3	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,050	950	1,105	2.2	2.1	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,475	490	985	1.6	1.1	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	210	145	65	0.2	0.3	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	360	310	50	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	60,485	29,800	30,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	15,195	7,955	7,240	25.1	26.7	23.6
Education	2,370	525	1,845	3.9	1.8	6.0
13. Education	2,370	525	1,845	3.9	1.8	6.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,840	1,290	1,550	4.7	4.3	5.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	320	240	75	0.5	0.8	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,520	1,050	1,475	4.2	3.5	4.8
Humanities	2,595	870	1,725	4.3	2.9	5.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	430	80	350	0.7	0.3	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	695	155	535	1.1	0.5	1.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	835	330	510	1.4	1.1	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	140	80	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	115	75	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
54. History	285	135	155	0.5	0.5	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	70	10	60	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,650	2,365	4,280	11.0	7.9	13.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	105	20	85	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	865	275	585	1.4	0.9	1.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	555	50	505	0.9	0.2	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	1,095	325	770	1.8	1.1	2.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	170	45	125	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	1,185	275	910	2.0	0.9	3.0
45. Social sciences	2,665	1,370	1,300	4.4	4.6	4.2
Business, management and public administration	10,945	4,880	6,060	18.1	16.4	19.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	345	80	260	0.6	0.3	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,595	4,795	5,795	17.5	16.1	18.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,550	1,345	1,205	4.2	4.5	3.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,050	455	595	1.7	1.5	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	515	295	220	0.9	1.0	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	880	580	305	1.5	1.9	1.0
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	0	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,045	2,195	850	5.0	7.4	2.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,560	1,975	585	4.2	6.6	1.9
25. Library science	65	0	60	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	330	160	170	0.5	0.5	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85	55	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,325	6,180	1,140	12.1	20.7	3.7
04. Architecture and related services	415	240	175	0.7	0.8	0.6
14. Engineering	3,160	2,415	745	5.2	8.1	2.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,360	1,210	150	2.2	4.1	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,205	1,165	40	2.0	3.9	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	785	765	20	1.3	2.6	0.1
48. Precision production	395	380	15	0.7	1.3	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	745	355	395	1.2	1.2	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	430	180	250	0.7	0.6	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	315	175	140	0.5	0.6	0.5
Health and related fields	4,700	1,140	3,555	7.8	3.8	11.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	475	250	225	0.8	0.8	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,020	785	3,240	6.6	2.6	10.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	185	105	75	0.3	0.4	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,510	695	820	2.5	2.3	2.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,090	360	730	1.8	1.2	2.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	160	110	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	250	215	30	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	60,485	29,800	30,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	15,195	7,955	7,240	25.1	26.7	23.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	45,290	21,845	23,450	74.9	73.3	76.4
Location of study inside Canada	32,370	15,965	16,410	53.5	53.6	53.5
Same as province or territory of residence	26,995	13,200	13,795	44.6	44.3	45.0
Different than province or territory of residence	5,380	2,765	2,615	8.9	9.3	8.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	12,915	5,875	7,040	21.4	19.7	22.9
Americas	2,720	1,315	1,405	4.5	4.4	4.6
United States of America	1,645	830	815	2.7	2.8	2.7
Mexico	295	130	170	0.5	0.4	0.6
Cuba	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	400	200	195	0.7	0.7	0.6
Colombia	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Peru	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	175	65	110	0.3	0.2	0.4
Europe	2,665	1,370	1,295	4.4	4.6	4.2
Belgium	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	170	95	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
Germany	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Netherlands	65	50	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
Switzerland	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	25	15	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	125	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	225	90	130	0.4	0.3	0.4
Ukraine	170	95	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,045	570	475	1.7	1.9	1.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	90	50	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	300	140	160	0.5	0.5	0.5
Africa	380	165	215	0.6	0.6	0.7
Nigeria	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algeria	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	40	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	220	100	125	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other locations of study in Africa	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Asia	6,800	2,830	3,970	11.2	9.5	12.9
Iran⁸⁸	810	390	420	1.3	1.3	1.4
Iraq	40	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Israel	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	90	50	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	2,010	845	1,165	3.3	2.8	3.8
Taiwan	335	130	205	0.6	0.4	0.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	430	220	215	0.7	0.7	0.7
Japan	270	80	190	0.4	0.3	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	915	295	615	1.5	1.0	2.0
Philippines	825	270	555	1.4	0.9	1.8
Viet Nam	55	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	575	285	285	1.0	1.0	0.9
Pakistan	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	280	140	140	0.5	0.5	0.5
Oceania	350	195	155	0.6	0.7	0.5
Australia	320	175	140	0.5	0.6	0.5
New Zealand	30	15	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	92,390	45,470	46,925	...	...	...
In the labour force	60,275	31,490	28,785	...	...	...
Employed	54,965	28,800	26,170	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,305	2,695	2,610	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	32,115	13,975	18,140	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.2	69.3	61.3	65.2	69.3	61.3
Employment rate	59.5	63.3	55.8	59.5	63.3	55.8
Unemployment rate	8.8	8.6	9.1	8.8	8.6	9.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	92,390	45,465	46,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	32,400	14,265	18,135	35.1	31.4	38.6
Worked	59,995	31,205	28,790	64.9	68.6	61.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	31,925	18,215	13,715	34.6	40.1	29.2
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	28,065	12,990	15,075	30.4	28.6	32.1
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.9	41.8	39.9	40.9	41.8	39.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	60,275	31,490	28,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,320	690	630	2.2	2.2	2.2
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	58,955	30,805	28,150	97.8	97.8	97.8
Employee	48,905	24,700	24,210	81.1	78.4	84.1
Permanent position	40,390	20,640	19,760	67.0	65.5	68.6
Temporary position	8,515	4,065	4,450	14.1	12.9	15.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,105	1,495	1,610	5.2	4.7	5.6
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,405	2,565	2,840	9.0	8.1	9.9
Self-employed¹⁹²	10,050	6,105	3,945	16.7	19.4	13.7
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	60,275	31,490	28,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,320	690	630	2.2	2.2	2.2
All occupations¹⁹¹	58,955	30,805	28,150	97.8	97.8	97.8
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,125	800	325	1.9	2.5	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,940	3,890	8,050	19.8	12.4	28.0
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,995	5,310	1,690	11.6	16.9	5.9
3 Health occupations	3,720	950	2,770	6.2	3.0	9.6
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,670	2,655	5,010	12.7	8.4	17.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,650	1,895	1,745	6.1	6.0	6.1
6 Sales and service occupations	14,090	6,820	7,265	23.4	21.7	25.2
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,915	7,105	810	13.1	22.6	2.8
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	640	475	160	1.1	1.5	0.6
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,215	895	325	2.0	2.8	1.1
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	60,275	31,490	28,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,320	690	630	2.2	2.2	2.2
All industries¹⁹¹	58,955	30,805	28,150	97.8	97.8	97.8
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	220	115	105	0.4	0.4	0.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	170	120	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
22 Utilities	405	260	145	0.7	0.8	0.5
23 Construction	4,525	3,815	710	7.5	12.1	2.5
31-33 Manufacturing	2,580	1,755	825	4.3	5.6	2.9
41 Wholesale trade	2,350	1,555	800	3.9	4.9	2.8
44-45 Retail trade	6,055	3,035	3,020	10.0	9.6	10.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,445	1,810	630	4.1	5.7	2.2
51 Information and cultural industries	3,000	1,880	1,120	5.0	6.0	3.9
52 Finance and insurance	3,130	1,475	1,655	5.2	4.7	5.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,670	895	770	2.8	2.8	2.7
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	7,885	4,560	3,325	13.1	14.5	11.6
55 Management of companies and enterprises	210	110	105	0.3	0.3	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,365	1,310	1,055	3.9	4.2	3.7
61 Educational services	5,510	1,990	3,515	9.1	6.3	12.2
62 Health care and social assistance	6,075	1,265	4,810	10.1	4.0	16.7
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,665	940	730	2.8	3.0	2.5
72 Accommodation and food services	3,540	1,675	1,860	5.9	5.3	6.5
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,340	925	1,415	3.9	2.9	4.9
91 Public administration	2,820	1,320	1,505	4.7	4.2	5.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	64,600	33,435	31,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	58,245	30,350	27,895	90.2	90.8	89.5
French	55	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	1,430	740	685	2.2	2.2	2.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,430	740	685	2.2	2.2	2.2
English and French	430	160	270	0.7	0.5	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	4,295	2,105	2,190	6.6	6.3	7.0
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	95	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	64,600	33,435	31,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	63,575	32,935	30,640	98.4	98.5	98.3
Official languages	61,030	31,655	29,375	94.5	94.7	94.2
English	60,910	31,635	29,270	94.3	94.6	93.9
French	125	20	105	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official languages	2,545	1,285	1,260	3.9	3.8	4.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,545	1,275	1,260	3.9	3.8	4.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	315	145	165	0.5	0.4	0.5
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	45	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	45	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	35	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	110	70	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	100	60	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	100	60	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	140	55	90	0.2	0.2	0.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	100	35	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	75	20	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	325	160	160	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,765	925	840	2.7	2.8	2.7
Chinese languages	1,765	925	840	2.7	2.8	2.7
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	840	415	420	1.3	1.2	1.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	920	505	415	1.4	1.5	1.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,025	495	530	1.6	1.5	1.7
English and French	70	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	935	470	465	1.4	1.4	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	64,600	33,435	31,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	60,530	31,495	29,035	93.7	94.2	93.2
English	920	405	515	1.4	1.2	1.7
French	300	145	155	0.5	0.4	0.5
Non-official language	2,280	1,130	1,150	3.5	3.4	3.7
Indigenous³⁹	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,250	1,105	1,140	3.5	3.3	3.7
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	180	100	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	35	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	355	145	210	0.5	0.4	0.7
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	54,970	28,800	26,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	17,270	8,605	8,660	31.4	29.9	33.1
Worked outside Canada	275	205	70	0.5	0.7	0.3
No fixed workplace address	7,135	5,370	1,770	13.0	18.6	6.8
Usual place of work	30,290	14,620	15,675	55.1	50.8	59.9
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	30,290	14,620	15,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	11,220	5,180	6,035	37.0	35.4	38.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	18,655	9,175	9,480	61.6	62.8	60.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	315	190	125	1.0	1.3	0.8
Commute to a different province or territory	100	75	30	0.3	0.5	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	37,425	19,990	17,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	29,015	16,175	12,840	77.5	80.9	73.6
Car, truck or van - as a driver	26,820	15,440	11,375	71.7	77.2	65.2
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,200	735	1,465	5.9	3.7	8.4
Public transit	5,660	2,405	3,255	15.1	12.0	18.7
Walked	1,645	745	900	4.4	3.7	5.2
Bicycle	495	350	140	1.3	1.8	0.8
Other method	610	315	300	1.6	1.6	1.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	37,425	19,990	17,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	7,010	3,420	3,590	18.7	17.1	20.6
15 to 29 minutes	13,645	7,150	6,495	36.5	35.8	37.2
30 to 44 minutes	10,895	6,350	4,550	29.1	31.8	26.1
45 to 59 minutes	3,390	1,795	1,595	9.1	9.0	9.1
60 minutes and over	2,480	1,270	1,210	6.6	6.4	6.9
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	37,425	19,990	17,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,805	1,295	515	4.8	6.5	3.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,415	3,580	1,835	14.5	17.9	10.5
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,435	5,030	4,405	25.2	25.2	25.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,940	4,140	4,795	23.9	20.7	27.5
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,120	3,345	3,775	19.0	16.7	21.6
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,710	2,600	2,115	12.6	13.0	12.1
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	18,745	9,750	8,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,145	580	565	6.1	5.9	6.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,600	9,170	8,430	93.9	94.1	93.7
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	14,020	7,285	6,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	865	425	440	6.2	5.8	6.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	455	210	245	3.2	2.9	3.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	410	215	195	2.9	3.0	2.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,160	6,855	6,300	93.9	94.1	93.5

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed June 30, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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