Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Edmonton WestMore information: Alberta [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	134,194	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	121,869	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	10.1	...	...	10.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	52,576	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	50,071	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,283.7	...	...	1,283.7	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	104.54	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	134,195	65,610	68,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	25,560	13,085	12,475	19.0	19.9	18.2
0 to 4 years	8,165	4,275	3,885	6.1	6.5	5.7
5 to 9 years	8,905	4,470	4,440	6.6	6.8	6.5
10 to 14 years	8,485	4,340	4,145	6.3	6.6	6.0
15 to 64 years	90,100	44,215	45,880	67.1	67.4	66.9
15 to 19 years	7,625	3,915	3,710	5.7	6.0	5.4
20 to 24 years	8,005	4,060	3,940	6.0	6.2	5.7
25 to 29 years	8,760	4,360	4,400	6.5	6.6	6.4
30 to 34 years	10,040	4,915	5,125	7.5	7.5	7.5
35 to 39 years	11,350	5,455	5,895	8.5	8.3	8.6
40 to 44 years	10,490	5,195	5,295	7.8	7.9	7.7
45 to 49 years	9,115	4,465	4,645	6.8	6.8	6.8
50 to 54 years	8,215	3,995	4,220	6.1	6.1	6.2
55 to 59 years	8,375	3,995	4,380	6.2	6.1	6.4
60 to 64 years	8,120	3,850	4,270	6.1	5.9	6.2
65 years and over	18,540	8,305	10,230	13.8	12.7	14.9
65 to 69 years	6,505	3,105	3,400	4.8	4.7	5.0
70 to 74 years	4,735	2,225	2,515	3.5	3.4	3.7
75 to 79 years	2,895	1,255	1,635	2.2	1.9	2.4
80 to 84 years	2,115	905	1,210	1.6	1.4	1.8
85 years and over	2,290	820	1,475	1.7	1.2	2.2
85 to 89 years	1,380	555	830	1.0	0.8	1.2
90 to 94 years	680	220	460	0.5	0.3	0.7
95 to 99 years	200	40	160	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19.0	19.9	18.2	19.0	19.9	18.2
15 to 64 years	67.1	67.4	66.9	67.1	67.4	66.9
65 years and over	13.8	12.7	14.9	13.8	12.7	14.9
85 years and over	1.7	1.2	2.2	1.7	1.2	2.2
Average age of the population	38.6	37.6	39.6	38.6	37.6	39.6
Median age of the population	38.0	37.2	38.8	38.0	37.2	38.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	50,075	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	27,540	...	...	55.0	...	...
Semi-detached house	4,045	...	...	8.1	...	...
Row house	6,895	...	...	13.8	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	390	...	...	0.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	9,055	...	...	18.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,800	...	...	3.6	...	...
Other single-attached house	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	345	...	...	0.7	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	50,070	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	12,075	...	...	24.1	...	...
2 persons	15,825	...	...	31.6	...	...
3 persons	8,490	...	...	17.0	...	...
4 persons	8,325	...	...	16.6	...	...
5 or more persons	5,355	...	...	10.7	...	...
Number of persons in private households	132,390	64,890	67,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	108,635	52,520	56,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	62,565	31,195	31,375	57.6	59.4	55.9
Married	53,050	26,430	26,615	48.8	50.3	47.4
Living common-law	9,515	4,760	4,755	8.8	9.1	8.5
Living common law - Never married	7,040	3,530	3,510	6.5	6.7	6.3
Living common law - Separated	415	205	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Living common law - Divorced	1,895	960	935	1.7	1.8	1.7
Living common law - Widowed	170	65	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	46,070	21,330	24,745	42.4	40.6	44.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	31,850	16,860	14,985	29.3	32.1	26.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,755	1,095	1,665	2.5	2.1	3.0
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,675	2,415	4,255	6.1	4.6	7.6
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,790	955	3,835	4.4	1.8	6.8
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	36,870	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	16,700	...	...	45.3	...	...
3 persons	8,380	...	...	22.7	...	...
4 persons	8,140	...	...	22.1	...	...
5 or more persons	3,645	...	...	9.9	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	36,870	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	30,420	...	...	82.5	...	...
Married couples	25,665	...	...	69.6	...	...
With children⁶	15,760	...	...	42.7	...	...
Without children	9,900	...	...	26.9	...	...
Common-law couples	4,755	...	...	12.9	...	...
With children⁶	1,805	...	...	4.9	...	...
Without children	2,950	...	...	8.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,450	...	...	17.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,095	...	...	13.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,355	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	132,390	64,890	67,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	110,575	54,630	55,950	83.5	84.2	82.9
Married spouses or common-law partners	60,830	30,370	30,465	45.9	46.8	45.1
Parents in one-parent families	6,455	1,360	5,100	4.9	2.1	7.6
Children⁶	43,295	22,905	20,390	32.7	35.3	30.2
In a two-parent family	33,110	17,425	15,685	25.0	26.9	23.2
In a one-parent family	10,180	5,485	4,700	7.7	8.5	7.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	21,815	10,265	11,550	16.5	15.8	17.1
Living alone	12,080	5,375	6,700	9.1	8.3	9.9
Living with other relatives⁷	3,965	1,605	2,365	3.0	2.5	3.5
Living with non-relatives only	5,770	3,285	2,485	4.4	5.1	3.7
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	50,075	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	31,065	...	...	62.0	...	...
Couple-family households	26,280	...	...	52.5	...	...
With children⁶	15,190	...	...	30.3	...	...
Without children	11,090	...	...	22.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,785	...	...	9.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,720	...	...	3.4	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	435	...	...	0.9	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,300	...	...	4.6	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,480	...	...	5.0	...	...
One-person households	12,075	...	...	24.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	106,845	51,815	55,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	101,505	49,190	52,320	95.0	94.9	95.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	52,400	41,200	45,600	52,400	41,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	101,555	49,215	52,340	95.0	95.0	95.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	45,600	37,200	41,200	45,600	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	91,350	45,085	46,265	85.5	87.0	84.1
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	49,600	33,600	41,200	49,600	33,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,775	39,170	38,605	72.8	75.6	70.1
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,200	51,200	36,400	43,200	51,200	36,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	90,135	42,655	47,475	84.4	82.3	86.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,700	6,800	10,100	8,700	6,800	10,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	14,055	6,885	7,170	13.2	13.3	13.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,640	5,600	5,600	5,640	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	34,700	16,440	18,260	32.5	31.7	33.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	8,000	9,000	9,000	8,000	9,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	106,725	51,815	54,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	101,380	49,180	52,200	95.0	94.9	95.1
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	58,400	68,300	49,000	58,400	68,300	49,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	101,420	49,200	52,225	95.0	95.0	95.1
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,600	55,200	42,400	48,600	55,200	42,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	91,090	45,140	45,950	85.4	87.1	83.7
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,300	65,400	43,320	54,300	65,400	43,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,665	39,445	38,220	72.8	76.1	69.6
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,150	64,100	43,960	54,150	64,100	43,960
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,960	42,740	47,220	84.3	82.5	86.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,830	9,490	12,040	10,830	9,490	12,040
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	14,180	7,045	7,135	13.3	13.6	13.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,790	6,365	7,220	6,790	6,365	7,220
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	34,505	16,215	18,295	32.3	31.3	33.3
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,350	9,220	9,460	9,350	9,220	9,460
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	106,725	51,810	54,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	36,360	19,920	16,435	34.1	38.4	29.9
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	67,500	74,000	60,800	67,500	74,000	60,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	80,700	91,100	68,000	80,700	91,100	68,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	32,040	14,910	17,130	30.0	28.8	31.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,800	27,000	19,600	22,800	27,000	19,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,960	39,280	27,440	32,960	39,280	27,440
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.6	88.0	77.8	83.6	88.0	77.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	71.0	75.2	65.6	71.0	75.2	65.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.5	12.1	22.2	16.5	12.1	22.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.3	2.0	1.6	1.3	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.0	4.8	7.7	6.0	4.8	7.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.5	4.5	6.8	5.5	4.5	6.8
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	106,850	51,815	55,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	5,345	2,625	2,715	5.0	5.1	4.9
With total income	101,505	49,190	52,315	95.0	94.9	95.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,595	3,220	4,370	7.5	6.5	8.4
$10,000 to $19,999	8,830	3,760	5,070	8.7	7.6	9.7
$20,000 to $29,999	14,890	6,460	8,430	14.7	13.1	16.1
$30,000 to $39,999	12,735	5,160	7,575	12.5	10.5	14.5
$40,000 to $49,999	11,320	4,920	6,400	11.2	10.0	12.2
$50,000 to $59,999	9,950	4,615	5,335	9.8	9.4	10.2
$60,000 to $69,999	8,545	4,190	4,355	8.4	8.5	8.3
$70,000 to $79,999	6,370	3,435	2,930	6.3	7.0	5.6
$80,000 to $89,999	4,880	2,795	2,085	4.8	5.7	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	3,980	2,315	1,665	3.9	4.7	3.2
$100,000 and over	12,420	8,315	4,105	12.2	16.9	7.8
$100,000 to $149,999	8,665	5,525	3,140	8.5	11.2	6.0
$150,000 and over	3,750	2,785	965	3.7	5.7	1.8
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	106,850	51,815	55,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	5,295	2,600	2,695	5.0	5.0	4.9
With after-tax income	101,555	49,220	52,340	95.0	95.0	95.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,890	3,330	4,555	7.8	6.8	8.7
$10,000 to $19,999	9,195	3,935	5,260	9.1	8.0	10.0
$20,000 to $29,999	17,080	7,440	9,640	16.8	15.1	18.4
$30,000 to $39,999	15,160	6,375	8,790	14.9	13.0	16.8
$40,000 to $49,999	13,575	6,230	7,340	13.4	12.7	14.0
$50,000 to $59,999	11,525	5,585	5,940	11.3	11.3	11.3
$60,000 to $69,999	8,045	4,335	3,720	7.9	8.8	7.1
$70,000 to $79,999	5,760	3,300	2,455	5.7	6.7	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	4,170	2,410	1,755	4.1	4.9	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	2,895	1,825	1,075	2.9	3.7	2.1
$100,000 and over	6,260	4,445	1,810	6.2	9.0	3.5
$100,000 to $124,999	3,250	2,215	1,030	3.2	4.5	2.0
$125,000 and over	3,015	2,230	780	3.0	4.5	1.5
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	106,850	51,815	55,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	29,075	12,645	16,425	27.2	24.4	29.8
With employment income	77,780	39,170	38,605	72.8	75.6	70.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,535	3,860	4,675	11.0	9.9	12.1
$5,000 to $9,999	5,770	2,405	3,360	7.4	6.1	8.7
$10,000 to $19,999	8,625	3,690	4,940	11.1	9.4	12.8
$20,000 to $29,999	6,800	2,915	3,885	8.7	7.4	10.1
$30,000 to $39,999	6,810	3,015	3,795	8.8	7.7	9.8
$40,000 to $49,999	6,845	3,280	3,560	8.8	8.4	9.2
$50,000 to $59,999	6,945	3,365	3,585	8.9	8.6	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	6,045	3,105	2,940	7.8	7.9	7.6
$70,000 to $79,999	4,695	2,625	2,065	6.0	6.7	5.3
$80,000 to $89,999	3,710	2,205	1,500	4.8	5.6	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	3,285	1,945	1,345	4.2	5.0	3.5
$100,000 and over	9,710	6,760	2,955	12.5	17.3	7.7
$100,000 to $124,999	4,965	3,145	1,820	6.4	8.0	4.7
$125,000 and over	4,745	3,620	1,130	6.1	9.2	2.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	106,845	51,815	55,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	99,635	48,190	51,450	93.3	93.0	93.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,200	53,200	39,200	45,200	53,200	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	99,660	48,195	51,470	93.3	93.0	93.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	46,000	36,000	40,400	46,000	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	90,820	44,750	46,065	85.0	86.4	83.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	52,800	36,800	44,400	52,800	36,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	78,560	39,510	39,050	73.5	76.3	71.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,000	54,000	39,200	46,000	54,000	39,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,625	40,655	44,970	80.1	78.5	81.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,640	1,000	3,960	1,640	1,000	3,960
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	8,485	4,110	4,380	7.9	7.9	8.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,280	5,520	7,350	6,280	5,520	7,350
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	106,725	51,815	54,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	99,600	48,245	51,355	93.3	93.1	93.5
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,700	68,900	47,160	57,700	68,900	47,160
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	99,625	48,245	51,375	93.3	93.1	93.6
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,640	55,200	40,520	47,640	55,200	40,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	90,645	44,835	45,810	84.9	86.5	83.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,200	69,400	45,280	57,200	69,400	45,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	78,560	39,755	38,805	73.6	76.7	70.7
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,200	68,200	45,920	57,200	68,200	45,920
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,275	40,570	44,700	79.9	78.3	81.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,610	5,305	7,800	6,610	5,305	7,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	8,475	4,045	4,430	7.9	7.8	8.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,100	6,920	9,180	8,100	6,920	9,180
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	106,725	51,810	54,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	36,220	19,865	16,355	33.9	38.3	29.8
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,000	72,500	58,400	65,000	72,500	58,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	78,900	90,300	65,100	78,900	90,300	65,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	30,550	14,225	16,330	28.6	27.5	29.7
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,800	38,000	28,400	31,800	38,000	28,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	41,680	49,960	34,480	41,680	49,960	34,480
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.2	93.6	85.6	90.2	93.6	85.6
Employment income (%)	78.2	81.6	73.6	78.2	81.6	73.6
Government transfers (%)	9.8	6.5	14.4	9.8	6.5	14.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.8	1.7	1.2	0.8	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	50,070	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	12,075	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,600	...	...	49,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,600	...	...	43,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	37,995	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	49,985	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	118,400	...	...	118,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	98,600	...	...	98,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	12,020	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	57,950	...	...	57,950	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,880	...	...	48,880	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	37,970	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	137,600	...	...	137,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	114,300	...	...	114,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	50,070	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	420	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	200	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	285	...	...	0.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	455	...	...	0.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,315	...	...	2.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,375	...	...	2.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,200	...	...	2.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,350	...	...	2.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,500	...	...	3.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,590	...	...	3.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,175	...	...	6.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,380	...	...	6.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,185	...	...	6.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,245	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,010	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	24,390	...	...	48.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,800	...	...	13.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,220	...	...	10.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	6,565	...	...	13.1	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,805	...	...	11.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	50,070	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	475	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	205	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	290	...	...	0.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	495	...	...	1.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,430	...	...	2.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,500	...	...	3.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,440	...	...	2.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,610	...	...	3.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,860	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,880	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,965	...	...	7.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,950	...	...	7.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,875	...	...	7.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,795	...	...	7.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,575	...	...	7.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,725	...	...	39.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	7,005	...	...	14.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,880	...	...	9.7	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,840	...	...	15.7	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	36,315	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,500	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	17,590	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,000	...	...	137,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,895	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...	67,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	17,845	8,660	9,180	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,200	46,800	43,200	45,200	46,800	43,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000	41,200	39,200	40,000	41,200	39,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	36,255	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	137,200	...	...	137,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,700	...	...	113,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,445	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	137,200	...	...	137,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	109,500	...	...	109,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	17,625	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	156,600	...	...	156,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,600	...	...	130,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,825	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,600	...	...	81,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,700	...	...	72,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	17,850	8,540	9,310	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	53,050	55,900	50,480	53,050	55,900	50,480
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,200	46,840	43,680	45,200	46,840	43,680
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	132,390	64,895	67,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	30,165	15,465	14,695	22.8	23.8	21.8
0 to 5 years	9,955	5,150	4,800	7.5	7.9	7.1
18 to 64 years	84,890	41,495	43,400	64.1	63.9	64.3
65 years and over	17,340	7,935	9,405	13.1	12.2	13.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	10,565	4,890	5,675	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,075	1,520	1,545	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,110	530	580	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,850	2,760	3,085	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,645	605	1,040	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.0	7.5	8.4	8.0	7.5	8.4
0 to 17 years (%)	10.2	9.9	10.5	10.2	9.9	10.5
0 to 5 years (%)	11.1	10.3	12.0	11.1	10.3	12.0
18 to 64 years (%)	6.9	6.7	7.1	6.9	6.7	7.1
65 years and over (%)	9.5	7.7	11.1	9.5	7.7	11.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	132,390	64,890	67,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	30,160	15,465	14,695	22.8	23.8	21.8
0 to 5 years	9,955	5,155	4,800	7.5	7.9	7.1
18 to 64 years	84,885	41,490	43,395	64.1	63.9	64.3
65 years and over	17,340	7,935	9,405	13.1	12.2	13.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,385	3,125	3,260	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,635	770	865	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	550	255	300	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,225	2,120	2,105	...	...	...
65 years and over	520	230	290	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.8	4.8
0 to 17 years (%)	5.4	5.0	5.9	5.4	5.0	5.9
0 to 5 years (%)	5.6	5.0	6.2	5.6	5.0	6.2
18 to 64 years (%)	5.0	5.1	4.9	5.0	5.1	4.9
65 years and over (%)	3.0	2.9	3.1	3.0	2.9	3.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	132,395	64,895	67,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	59,165	28,370	30,795	44.7	43.7	45.6
In bottom decile	9,755	4,705	5,050	7.4	7.3	7.5
In second decile	11,100	5,055	6,040	8.4	7.8	8.9
In third decile	12,140	5,825	6,310	9.2	9.0	9.3
In fourth decile	12,620	6,160	6,465	9.5	9.5	9.6
In fifth decile	13,545	6,620	6,925	10.2	10.2	10.3
In top half of the distribution	73,225	36,520	36,705	55.3	56.3	54.4
In sixth decile	13,945	6,805	7,140	10.5	10.5	10.6
In seventh decile	14,565	7,185	7,380	11.0	11.1	10.9
In eighth decile	15,195	7,545	7,645	11.5	11.6	11.3
In ninth decile	15,200	7,645	7,555	11.5	11.8	11.2
In top decile	14,325	7,345	6,980	10.8	11.3	10.3
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	132,390	...	...	132,390	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.325	...	...	0.325	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.428	...	...	0.428	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.287	...	...	0.287	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.5	...	...	3.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	132,995	65,135	67,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	123,380	60,780	62,595	92.8	93.3	92.2
French only	125	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	7,410	3,455	3,960	5.6	5.3	5.8
Neither English nor French	2,085	845	1,240	1.6	1.3	1.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	132,995	65,135	67,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	128,280	62,975	65,300	96.5	96.7	96.2
French	1,980	1,010	975	1.5	1.6	1.4
English and French	705	335	370	0.5	0.5	0.5
Neither English nor French	2,025	815	1,210	1.5	1.3	1.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	132,995	65,135	67,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	125,570	61,660	63,910	94.4	94.7	94.2
Official languages	87,355	43,785	43,570	65.7	67.2	64.2
English	85,460	42,825	42,635	64.3	65.7	62.8
French	1,890	950	935	1.4	1.5	1.4
Non-official languages	38,215	17,870	20,340	28.7	27.4	30.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	270	105	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquian languages	215	85	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Blackfoot	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	205	80	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	205	80	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	135	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	37,950	17,770	20,180	28.5	27.3	29.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,595	1,290	1,305	2.0	2.0	1.9
Berber languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	305	130	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	225	90	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,260	1,145	1,120	1.7	1.8	1.7
Amharic	190	75	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Arabic	1,730	905	830	1.3	1.4	1.2
Aramaic languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	180	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,030	455	570	0.8	0.7	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	975	425	550	0.7	0.7	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	11,835	5,295	6,545	8.9	8.1	9.6
Bikol	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	180	70	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cebuano	475	230	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Fijian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	220	90	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ilocano	810	355	455	0.6	0.5	0.7
Indonesian	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinaray-a	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	9,640	4,320	5,320	7.2	6.6	7.8
Waray-Waray	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	165	90	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	55	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	925	475	445	0.7	0.7	0.7
Kannada	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	605	305	305	0.5	0.5	0.4
Tamil	200	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Telugu	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	13,525	6,455	7,070	10.2	9.9	10.4
Albanian	370	195	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Armenian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,580	2,150	2,425	3.4	3.3	3.6
Baltic languages	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,520	2,120	2,395	3.4	3.3	3.5
Belarusian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	795	370	425	0.6	0.6	0.6
Russian	1,985	915	1,065	1.5	1.4	1.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	530	265	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	210	120	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Serbian	285	125	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	85	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	850	395	450	0.6	0.6	0.7
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,210	540	675	0.9	0.8	1.0
Frisian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	705	305	400	0.5	0.5	0.6
German	670	285	385	0.5	0.4	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	400	195	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	325	150	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	155	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	4,245	2,070	2,170	3.2	3.2	3.2
Indo-Aryan languages	3,160	1,525	1,635	2.4	2.3	2.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	225	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	330	160	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	755	350	410	0.6	0.5	0.6
Kacchi	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	760	370	385	0.6	0.6	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	185	90	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	575	285	290	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,075	540	535	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	870	430	440	0.7	0.7	0.6
Dari	450	220	235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	290	150	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,910	1,390	1,530	2.2	2.1	2.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	215	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	215	90	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romanian	530	255	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	1,940	925	1,015	1.5	1.4	1.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	85	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	330	150	180	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	895	420	475	0.7	0.6	0.7
Akan (Twi)	160	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	70	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	60	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Shona	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	110	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dinka	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,390	2,525	2,870	4.1	3.9	4.2
Chinese languages	5,375	2,515	2,860	4.0	3.9	4.2
Hakka	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,250	1,040	1,210	1.7	1.6	1.8
Min Dong	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,890	1,355	1,530	2.2	2.1	2.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	60	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	775	415	360	0.6	0.6	0.5
Azerbaijani	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	690	380	315	0.5	0.6	0.5
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	130	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,425	3,480	3,945	5.6	5.3	5.8
English and French	565	280	280	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	6,000	2,815	3,190	4.5	4.3	4.7
French and non-official language(s)	180	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	585	255	330	0.4	0.4	0.5
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	132,995	65,135	67,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	89,330	44,480	44,855	67.2	68.3	66.1
French	390	185	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	9,845	4,640	5,205	7.4	7.1	7.7
Indigenous³⁹	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,830	4,635	5,195	7.4	7.1	7.7
English and French	1,155	540	620	0.9	0.8	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	30,235	14,345	15,895	22.7	22.0	23.4
French and non-official language(s)	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	790	375	420	0.6	0.6	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	1,160	535	625	0.9	0.8	0.9
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	132,995	65,135	67,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	124,935	61,320	63,620	93.9	94.1	93.8
Official languages	102,245	50,490	51,750	76.9	77.5	76.3
English	101,660	50,210	51,445	76.4	77.1	75.8
French	590	285	305	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official languages	22,690	10,825	11,870	17.1	16.6	17.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	22,640	10,800	11,840	17.0	16.6	17.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,420	690	735	1.1	1.1	1.1
Berber languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	180	80	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	135	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,210	595	615	0.9	0.9	0.9
Amharic	75	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Arabic	960	485	475	0.7	0.7	0.7
Aramaic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	75	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	630	285	345	0.5	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	610	275	330	0.5	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	7,595	3,565	4,025	5.7	5.5	5.9
Bikol	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	310	150	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	505	235	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indonesian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	70	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pangasinan	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	6,315	2,975	3,335	4.7	4.6	4.9
Waray-Waray	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	655	335	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kannada	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	435	220	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	7,080	3,405	3,670	5.3	5.2	5.4
Albanian	185	95	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,450	1,180	1,265	1.8	1.8	1.9
Baltic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,425	1,170	1,255	1.8	1.8	1.8
Belarusian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Czech	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	320	150	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Russian	1,390	670	720	1.0	1.0	1.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	250	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	315	160	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	70	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
German	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,695	1,295	1,405	2.0	2.0	2.1
Indo-Aryan languages	2,025	960	1,065	1.5	1.5	1.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	170	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	520	245	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	515	245	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	370	180	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	670	330	340	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	540	265	280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	250	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	205	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,550	745	805	1.2	1.1	1.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	275	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	1,130	545	585	0.8	0.8	0.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	215	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	400	175	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	80	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,760	1,780	1,985	2.8	2.7	2.9
Chinese languages	3,755	1,775	1,975	2.8	2.7	2.9
Hakka	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,735	850	890	1.3	1.3	1.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,925	885	1,040	1.4	1.4	1.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	565	300	265	0.4	0.5	0.4
Azerbaijani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	520	280	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,060	3,820	4,240	6.1	5.9	6.2
English and French	290	125	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	7,435	3,540	3,895	5.6	5.4	5.7
French and non-official language(s)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	95	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	190	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	132,995	65,140	67,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	106,195	52,465	53,735	79.8	80.5	79.2
English	10,210	4,925	5,290	7.7	7.6	7.8
French	905	425	480	0.7	0.7	0.7
Non-official language	12,175	5,640	6,530	9.2	8.7	9.6
Indigenous³⁹	205	85	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-Indigenous	11,965	5,560	6,405	9.0	8.5	9.4
English and French	125	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,685	810	870	1.3	1.2	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	335	155	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,335	635	695	1.0	1.0	1.0
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	132,220	64,865	67,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	129,965	63,915	66,055	98.3	98.5	98.1
English	129,835	63,860	65,970	98.2	98.5	97.9
French	7,470	3,440	4,030	5.6	5.3	6.0
Non-official languages	52,075	24,545	27,530	39.4	37.8	40.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	550	255	290	0.4	0.4	0.4
Algonquian languages	430	235	195	0.3	0.4	0.3
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	415	220	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	405	220	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	170	90	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	160	100	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	40	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Assiniboine	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	51,555	24,305	27,255	39.0	37.5	40.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,315	2,215	2,105	3.3	3.4	3.1
Berber languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	75	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	540	270	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	125	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	420	200	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,780	1,955	1,830	2.9	3.0	2.7
Amharic	325	170	155	0.2	0.3	0.2
Arabic	2,580	1,370	1,210	2.0	2.1	1.8
Aramaic languages	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	690	350	345	0.5	0.5	0.5
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	255	135	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,585	775	805	1.2	1.2	1.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,495	725	765	1.1	1.1	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	15,870	7,175	8,695	12.0	11.1	12.9
Bikol	60	40	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	260	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cebuano	680	315	365	0.5	0.5	0.5
Fijian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	295	105	190	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ilocano	1,470	615	855	1.1	0.9	1.3
Indonesian	110	30	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	125	25	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	235	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pangasinan	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15,205	6,895	8,310	11.5	10.6	12.3
Waray-Waray	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	445	215	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Creole languages	450	220	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian Creole	180	100	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	45	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	75	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,245	625	615	0.9	1.0	0.9
Kannada	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	750	360	395	0.6	0.6	0.6
Tamil	485	255	230	0.4	0.4	0.3
Telugu	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	19,080	9,105	9,980	14.4	14.0	14.8
Albanian	475	230	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Armenian	65	35	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	5,705	2,690	3,015	4.3	4.1	4.5
Baltic languages	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages	5,665	2,675	2,985	4.3	4.1	4.4
Belarusian	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,050	495	550	0.8	0.8	0.8
Russian	3,120	1,480	1,640	2.4	2.3	2.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	670	350	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bosnian	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	270	160	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	480	230	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,320	570	745	1.0	0.9	1.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,880	880	1,005	1.4	1.4	1.5
Frisian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,175	590	585	0.9	0.9	0.9
German	1,135	560	580	0.9	0.9	0.9
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	615	265	350	0.5	0.4	0.5
Afrikaans	225	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	355	140	215	0.3	0.2	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	260	125	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	6,640	3,215	3,430	5.0	5.0	5.1
Indo-Aryan languages	5,160	2,445	2,715	3.9	3.8	4.0
Assamese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	290	145	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	715	340	375	0.5	0.5	0.6
Hindi	2,320	1,110	1,215	1.8	1.7	1.8
Kacchi	145	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	170	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	125	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,435	730	705	1.1	1.1	1.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	340	165	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Urdu	1,180	585	590	0.9	0.9	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,600	810	790	1.2	1.2	1.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	230	145	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	200	80	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Persian languages	1,255	640	615	0.9	1.0	0.9
Dari	640	320	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian Persian	375	205	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	240	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,675	2,255	2,420	3.5	3.5	3.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	465	215	250	0.4	0.3	0.4
Portuguese	390	190	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	755	380	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Spanish	3,240	1,555	1,685	2.5	2.4	2.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	295	150	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	365	155	215	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,900	910	990	1.4	1.4	1.5
Akan (Twi)	310	140	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Éwé	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	190	85	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Rundi (Kirundi)	125	80	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	395	210	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	80	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yoruba	260	130	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	300	135	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	70	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	250	85	165	0.2	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	235	70	170	0.2	0.1	0.3
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,945	3,280	3,665	5.3	5.1	5.4
Chinese languages	6,930	3,275	3,655	5.2	5.0	5.4
Hakka	65	35	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mandarin	4,010	1,870	2,140	3.0	2.9	3.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	155	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	3,975	1,860	2,110	3.0	2.9	3.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	130	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Thai	70	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,185	660	530	0.9	1.0	0.8
Azerbaijani	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,105	625	480	0.8	1.0	0.7
Uyghur	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	165	95	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	130	85	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	132,220	64,865	67,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	7,885	3,810	4,075	6.0	5.9	6.1
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	7,640	3,675	3,965	5.8	5.7	5.9
First Nations (North American Indian)	4,255	2,035	2,220	3.2	3.1	3.3
Métis	3,300	1,605	1,695	2.5	2.5	2.5
Inuk (Inuit)	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	145	85	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	124,335	61,050	63,285	94.0	94.1	94.0
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	132,220	64,865	67,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,710	1,745	1,960	2.8	2.7	2.9
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	128,510	63,120	65,395	97.2	97.3	97.1
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	49,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	36,050	...	...	72.1	...	...
Renter	13,935	...	...	27.9	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	49,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	12,170	...	...	24.3	...	...
Not condominium	37,815	...	...	75.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	49,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	180	...	...	0.4	...	...
1 bedroom	3,990	...	...	8.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	11,165	...	...	22.3	...	...
3 bedrooms	20,635	...	...	41.3	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	14,020	...	...	28.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	49,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	13,935	...	...	27.9	...	...
5 rooms	9,040	...	...	18.1	...	...
6 rooms	7,840	...	...	15.7	...	...
7 rooms	5,965	...	...	11.9	...	...
8 or more rooms	13,200	...	...	26.4	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.1	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	49,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	48,335	...	...	96.7	...	...
More than one person per room	1,655	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	49,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	47,065	...	...	94.2	...	...
Not suitable	2,925	...	...	5.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	49,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	3,035	...	...	6.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	12,975	...	...	26.0	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,080	...	...	14.2	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,965	...	...	11.9	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,450	...	...	8.9	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,730	...	...	9.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	5,690	...	...	11.4	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	6,060	...	...	12.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	49,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	47,760	...	...	95.5	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,225	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	49,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	23,305	...	...	46.6	...	...
Two-maintainer household	23,225	...	...	46.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,455	...	...	6.9	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	49,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,170	...	...	2.3	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,580	...	...	15.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	11,390	...	...	22.8	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,690	...	...	19.4	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,440	...	...	18.9	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,715	...	...	13.4	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,880	...	...	5.8	...	...
85 years and over	1,130	...	...	2.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	49,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	38,555	...	...	77.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,260	...	...	22.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,350	...	...	20.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	49,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	15,135	...	...	30.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	10,140	...	...	20.3	...	...
Not suitable only	2,325	...	...	4.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,445	...	...	2.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	445	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	630	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	110	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	45	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	34,855	...	...	69.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	48,905	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	5,070	...	...	10.4	...	...
Not in core need	43,830	...	...	89.6	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	36,045	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	67.8	...	...	67.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.6	...	...	17.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	5.7	...	...	5.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,760	...	...	1,760	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,752	...	...	1,752	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	400,000	...	...	400,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	411,200	...	...	411,200	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	13,935	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.6	...	...	8.6	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.5	...	...	35.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	22.8	...	...	22.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,340	...	...	1,340	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,388	...	...	1,388	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	132,220	64,865	67,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	3,840	1,855	1,985	2.9	2.9	2.9
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	3,660	1,800	1,860	2.8	2.8	2.8
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	2,930	1,425	1,505	2.2	2.2	2.2
Métis single ancestry	690	360	330	0.5	0.6	0.5
Inuit single ancestry	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	180	60	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	165	50	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	5,360	2,515	2,850	4.1	3.9	4.2
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	5,160	2,410	2,745	3.9	3.7	4.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,095	1,475	1,620	2.3	2.3	2.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,020	920	1,105	1.5	1.4	1.6
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	200	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	185	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	123,020	60,500	62,520	93.0	93.3	92.8
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	132,220	64,865	67,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	114,860	56,545	58,315	86.9	87.2	86.6
Canadian citizens aged under 18	27,490	13,965	13,530	20.8	21.5	20.1
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	87,365	42,580	44,785	66.1	65.6	66.5
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	17,360	8,320	9,040	13.1	12.8	13.4
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	132,220	64,865	67,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	84,865	42,180	42,685	64.2	65.0	63.4
Immigrants⁸¹	45,630	21,815	23,815	34.5	33.6	35.4
Before 1980	4,205	2,115	2,090	3.2	3.3	3.1
1980 to 1990	4,085	1,950	2,135	3.1	3.0	3.2
1991 to 2000	5,975	2,750	3,230	4.5	4.2	4.8
2001 to 2010	11,150	5,330	5,825	8.4	8.2	8.6
2011 to 2021⁸²	20,210	9,665	10,545	15.3	14.9	15.7
2011 to 2015	10,640	5,185	5,450	8.0	8.0	8.1
2016 to 2021	9,570	4,480	5,090	7.2	6.9	7.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,725	870	855	1.3	1.3	1.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	45,630	21,815	23,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,430	1,840	1,590	7.5	8.4	6.7
5 to 14 years	7,815	4,185	3,625	17.1	19.2	15.2
15 to 24 years	7,880	3,775	4,110	17.3	17.3	17.3
25 to 44 years	21,990	9,960	12,035	48.2	45.7	50.5
45 years and over	4,510	2,050	2,460	9.9	9.4	10.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	45,630	21,815	23,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,705	1,765	1,940	8.1	8.1	8.1
Brazil	105	40	65	0.2	0.2	0.3
Colombia	330	160	175	0.7	0.7	0.7
El Salvador	175	65	110	0.4	0.3	0.5
Guyana	95	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	135	80	50	0.3	0.4	0.2
Jamaica	600	285	315	1.3	1.3	1.3
Mexico	290	155	135	0.6	0.7	0.6
Peru	125	45	80	0.3	0.2	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	165	80	85	0.4	0.4	0.4
United States of America	795	370	430	1.7	1.7	1.8
Other places of birth in Americas	885	440	445	1.9	2.0	1.9
Europe	7,720	3,810	3,910	16.9	17.5	16.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	185	95	90	0.4	0.4	0.4
Croatia	165	75	90	0.4	0.3	0.4
France	65	40	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Germany	505	260	245	1.1	1.2	1.0
Greece	115	65	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
Hungary	55	35	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Italy	100	60	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
Netherlands	295	150	145	0.6	0.7	0.6
Poland	695	320	380	1.5	1.5	1.6
Portugal	75	35	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Romania	470	230	240	1.0	1.1	1.0
Russian Federation	765	335	430	1.7	1.5	1.8
Serbia⁸⁶	130	65	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	940	405	530	2.1	1.9	2.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,390	745	640	3.0	3.4	2.7
Other places of birth in Europe	1,785	890	895	3.9	4.1	3.8
Africa	4,370	2,165	2,205	9.6	9.9	9.3
Algeria	40	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	100	50	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	240	130	110	0.5	0.6	0.5
Eritrea	140	70	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ethiopia	270	130	140	0.6	0.6	0.6
Morocco	115	70	45	0.3	0.3	0.2
Nigeria	790	405	385	1.7	1.9	1.6
Somalia	255	130	130	0.6	0.6	0.5
South Africa, Republic of	340	170	170	0.7	0.8	0.7
Other places of birth in Africa	2,075	985	1,085	4.5	4.5	4.6
Asia	29,355	13,850	15,500	64.3	63.5	65.1
Afghanistan	575	275	295	1.3	1.3	1.2
Iran⁸⁸	390	215	180	0.9	1.0	0.8
Iraq	230	115	110	0.5	0.5	0.5
Lebanon	455	245	215	1.0	1.1	0.9
Syria⁸⁹	390	220	170	0.9	1.0	0.7
Turkey	675	430	245	1.5	2.0	1.0
China⁹⁰	3,115	1,405	1,710	6.8	6.4	7.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,115	555	560	2.4	2.5	2.4
Korea, South⁹²	245	110	135	0.5	0.5	0.6
Taiwan	90	25	65	0.2	0.1	0.3
Philippines	15,045	6,845	8,195	33.0	31.4	34.4
Viet Nam	1,180	560	620	2.6	2.6	2.6
Bangladesh	185	95	90	0.4	0.4	0.4
India	2,610	1,245	1,365	5.7	5.7	5.7
Pakistan	765	380	380	1.7	1.7	1.6
Sri Lanka	385	195	190	0.8	0.9	0.8
Other places of birth in Asia	1,905	930	975	4.2	4.3	4.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	480	220	255	1.1	1.0	1.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	9,570	4,475	5,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	760	370	390	7.9	8.3	7.7
Brazil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombia	105	55	55	1.1	1.2	1.1
Haiti	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	180	100	80	1.9	2.2	1.6
Mexico	120	70	50	1.3	1.6	1.0
United States of America	110	50	60	1.1	1.1	1.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	45	25	25	0.5	0.6	0.5
Other places of birth in Americas	175	60	110	1.8	1.3	2.2
Europe	1,010	490	515	10.6	10.9	10.1
France	20	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	20	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	55	30	25	0.6	0.7	0.5
Italy	25	15	10	0.3	0.3	0.2
Russian Federation	130	50	85	1.4	1.1	1.7
Ukraine	130	60	75	1.4	1.3	1.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	100	65	30	1.0	1.5	0.6
Other places of birth in Europe	525	255	270	5.5	5.7	5.3
Africa	1,180	580	600	12.3	13.0	11.8
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	90	65	25	0.9	1.5	0.5
Cameroon	40	15	25	0.4	0.3	0.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.3
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	75	45	35	0.8	1.0	0.7
Eritrea	35	10	25	0.4	0.2	0.5
Ethiopia	75	45	30	0.8	1.0	0.6
Morocco	50	20	30	0.5	0.4	0.6
Nigeria	350	175	180	3.7	3.9	3.5
Somalia	80	40	40	0.8	0.9	0.8
South Africa, Republic of	25	15	15	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sudan⁹⁷	70	20	50	0.7	0.4	1.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	265	125	140	2.8	2.8	2.7
Asia	6,585	3,015	3,565	68.8	67.4	70.0
Afghanistan	90	50	40	0.9	1.1	0.8
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	470	195	270	4.9	4.4	5.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	55	25	25	0.6	0.6	0.5
India	575	260	310	6.0	5.8	6.1
Iran⁸⁸	55	30	20	0.6	0.7	0.4
Iraq	65	35	25	0.7	0.8	0.5
Israel	45	10	30	0.5	0.2	0.6
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	25	0	20	0.3	0.0	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	60	20	45	0.6	0.4	0.9
Lebanon	55	35	25	0.6	0.8	0.5
Nepal	65	35	25	0.7	0.8	0.5
Pakistan	140	50	85	1.5	1.1	1.7
Philippines	4,030	1,800	2,225	42.1	40.2	43.7
Saudi Arabia	20	20	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Sri Lanka	95	45	50	1.0	1.0	1.0
Syria⁸⁹	325	200	125	3.4	4.5	2.5
Turkey	160	95	70	1.7	2.1	1.4
United Arab Emirates	55	30	25	0.6	0.7	0.5
Viet Nam	75	20	50	0.8	0.4	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	125	45	80	1.3	1.0	1.6
Oceania and other⁹³	45	25	25	0.5	0.6	0.5
Australia	20	25	0	0.2	0.6	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	0	20	0.2	0.0	0.4
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	132,220	64,865	67,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	48,310	23,160	25,155	36.5	35.7	37.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	27,290	13,485	13,805	20.6	20.8	20.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	56,615	28,220	28,400	42.8	43.5	42.2
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	41,425	19,695	21,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	25,335	12,355	12,980	61.2	62.7	59.7
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	10,125	5,200	4,925	24.4	26.4	22.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	15,210	7,155	8,055	36.7	36.3	37.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	10,465	4,320	6,145	25.3	21.9	28.3
Refugees¹⁰⁸	5,190	2,770	2,425	12.5	14.1	11.2
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	430	245	185	1.0	1.2	0.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	41,425	19,695	21,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,545	920	620	3.7	4.7	2.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	7,480	3,050	4,430	18.1	15.5	20.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,225	720	505	3.0	3.7	2.3
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,675	810	860	4.0	4.1	4.0
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	155	45	110	0.4	0.2	0.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	29,345	14,145	15,200	70.8	71.8	69.9
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	132,220	64,865	67,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	53,485	25,865	27,625	40.5	39.9	41.0
South Asian	7,390	3,585	3,805	5.6	5.5	5.6
Chinese	7,695	3,700	3,995	5.8	5.7	5.9
Black	7,280	3,655	3,620	5.5	5.6	5.4
Filipino	18,960	8,855	10,100	14.3	13.7	15.0
Arab	2,725	1,445	1,285	2.1	2.2	1.9
Latin American	1,975	980	995	1.5	1.5	1.5
Southeast Asian	2,450	1,155	1,295	1.9	1.8	1.9
West Asian	1,645	800	845	1.2	1.2	1.3
Korean	425	200	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japanese	200	125	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	565	250	315	0.4	0.4	0.5
Multiple visible minorities	2,175	1,105	1,070	1.6	1.7	1.6
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	78,735	39,005	39,730	59.5	60.1	59.0
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	132,220	64,865	67,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	11,730	6,200	5,530	8.9	9.6	8.2
English	17,870	8,770	9,100	13.5	13.5	13.5
Irish	13,865	6,540	7,325	10.5	10.1	10.9
Scottish	15,130	7,365	7,765	11.4	11.4	11.5
French, n.o.s.¹²²	9,730	4,760	4,970	7.4	7.3	7.4
German	14,950	6,950	8,000	11.3	10.7	11.9
Chinese	8,625	4,175	4,455	6.5	6.4	6.6
Italian	2,135	1,115	1,020	1.6	1.7	1.5
Indian (India)	4,305	2,105	2,200	3.3	3.2	3.3
Ukrainian	11,745	5,555	6,185	8.9	8.6	9.2
Dutch	4,530	2,120	2,410	3.4	3.3	3.6
Polish	5,655	2,685	2,975	4.3	4.1	4.4
Québécois	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,070	1,645	1,430	2.3	2.5	2.1
Filipino	17,805	8,390	9,415	13.5	12.9	14.0
French Canadian	740	360	385	0.6	0.6	0.6
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,935	1,015	915	1.5	1.6	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,255	1,035	1,220	1.7	1.6	1.8
Métis	3,085	1,425	1,660	2.3	2.2	2.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,765	970	800	1.3	1.5	1.2
Russian	3,580	1,725	1,860	2.7	2.7	2.8
Norwegian	3,365	1,585	1,785	2.5	2.4	2.7
Welsh	1,885	890	995	1.4	1.4	1.5
Portuguese	680	315	365	0.5	0.5	0.5
American	1,360	665	695	1.0	1.0	1.0
Spanish	1,640	720	920	1.2	1.1	1.4
Swedish	2,040	990	1,055	1.5	1.5	1.6
Hungarian	1,335	685	650	1.0	1.1	1.0
Acadian	220	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	810	375	435	0.6	0.6	0.6
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,785	900	885	1.4	1.4	1.3
Jewish	1,385	740	650	1.0	1.1	1.0
Punjabi	420	220	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Vietnamese	1,990	1,015	975	1.5	1.6	1.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	855	470	385	0.6	0.7	0.6
Greek	580	285	295	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jamaican	880	455	425	0.7	0.7	0.6
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,805	865	940	1.4	1.3	1.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,970	970	995	1.5	1.5	1.5
Korean	450	205	240	0.3	0.3	0.4
Romanian	1,250	640	610	0.9	1.0	0.9
Lebanese	1,170	560	610	0.9	0.9	0.9
Iranian	380	195	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	375	160	215	0.3	0.2	0.3
Danish	1,160	560	600	0.9	0.9	0.9
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,115	550	565	0.8	0.8	0.8
Sikh	210	125	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Austrian	1,190	595	595	0.9	0.9	0.9
Belgian	785	395	395	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haitian	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	650	305	350	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mexican	480	245	235	0.4	0.4	0.3
Mennonite	255	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Swiss	315	205	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Finnish	365	160	205	0.3	0.2	0.3
Sri Lankan	315	115	195	0.2	0.2	0.3
Croatian	420	255	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Japanese	415	240	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	200	115	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	240	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	615	285	330	0.5	0.4	0.5
Muslim	410	160	245	0.3	0.2	0.4
Egyptian	370	200	165	0.3	0.3	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	410	210	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	420	245	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Colombian	370	190	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Moroccan	155	90	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	555	235	320	0.4	0.4	0.5
Syrian	410	220	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyanese	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	910	415	500	0.7	0.6	0.7
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	315	190	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Serbian	510	230	285	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ojibway	135	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	220	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hong Konger	420	230	190	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ontarian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	325	170	150	0.2	0.3	0.2
Turkish	1,020	605	410	0.8	0.9	0.6
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	170	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	105	30	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Brazilian	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	540	270	270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Armenian	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovak	265	135	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	315	145	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Somali	370	180	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Taiwanese	85	30	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iraqi	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	260	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	115	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	410	200	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	255	165	95	0.2	0.3	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	270	120	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	225	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	240	135	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Palestinian	115	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	215	120	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Congolese	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	215	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	130	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	205	75	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Yoruba	190	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	175	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	465	235	225	0.4	0.4	0.3
Maltese	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	45	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slovenian	115	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Brunswicker	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	265	155	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mohawk	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	245	120	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bulgarian	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	490	265	225	0.4	0.4	0.3
Ghanaian	285	140	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Barbadian	95	30	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
African American	220	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	205	95	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	180	110	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Cuban	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cameroonian	125	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	210	85	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Laotian	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	520	225	295	0.4	0.3	0.4
Northern Irish	55	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ecuadorian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	275	160	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	240	90	150	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	75	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	215	115	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Byelorussian	390	195	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	125	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	85	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	240	110	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudanese	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	65	40	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malaysian	130	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	175	100	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Buddhist	70	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	160	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	70	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	115	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nicaraguan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kenyan	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	70	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Grenadian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malay	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	105	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oromo	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tanzanian	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yemeni	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	330	160	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	110	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	75	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	132,220	64,865	67,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,675	735	935	1.3	1.1	1.4
Christian	69,630	32,620	37,010	52.7	50.3	54.9
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	13,190	6,125	7,060	10.0	9.4	10.5
Anabaptist	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	2,810	1,240	1,575	2.1	1.9	2.3
Baptist	1,455	695	755	1.1	1.1	1.1
Catholic	34,290	16,350	17,935	25.9	25.2	26.6
Christian Orthodox	4,025	1,935	2,090	3.0	3.0	3.1
Jehovah's Witness	500	180	325	0.4	0.3	0.5
Latter Day Saints	610	330	280	0.5	0.5	0.4
Lutheran	1,945	940	1,010	1.5	1.4	1.5
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	200	85	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,025	920	1,105	1.5	1.4	1.6
Presbyterian	560	280	280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Reformed	570	235	340	0.4	0.4	0.5
United Church	3,305	1,360	1,945	2.5	2.1	2.9
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	4,035	1,895	2,140	3.1	2.9	3.2
Hindu	2,555	1,210	1,350	1.9	1.9	2.0
Jewish	1,730	845	885	1.3	1.3	1.3
Muslim	7,545	3,725	3,820	5.7	5.7	5.7
Sikh	925	470	455	0.7	0.7	0.7
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	360	165	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other religions and spiritual traditions	885	400	475	0.7	0.6	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	46,920	24,695	22,220	35.5	38.1	33.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	130,780	64,100	66,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	112,205	55,135	57,070	85.8	86.0	85.6
Movers	18,570	8,965	9,605	14.2	14.0	14.4
Non-migrants	14,320	7,025	7,295	10.9	11.0	10.9
Migrants	4,255	1,940	2,315	3.3	3.0	3.5
Internal migrants	3,305	1,515	1,790	2.5	2.4	2.7
Intraprovincial migrants	2,135	1,005	1,135	1.6	1.6	1.7
Interprovincial migrants	1,170	515	650	0.9	0.8	1.0
External migrants	945	425	525	0.7	0.7	0.8
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	124,160	60,580	63,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	70,265	34,100	36,160	56.6	56.3	56.9
Movers	53,900	26,480	27,415	43.4	43.7	43.1
Non-migrants	35,380	17,680	17,700	28.5	29.2	27.8
Migrants	18,520	8,795	9,725	14.9	14.5	15.3
Internal migrants	12,695	6,100	6,590	10.2	10.1	10.4
Intraprovincial migrants	8,120	3,995	4,125	6.5	6.6	6.5
Interprovincial migrants	4,575	2,105	2,465	3.7	3.5	3.9
External migrants	5,825	2,695	3,130	4.7	4.4	4.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	106,725	51,810	54,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	17,050	8,775	8,275	16.0	16.9	15.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	89,675	43,035	46,640	84.0	83.1	84.9
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	73,840	36,090	37,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,035	4,355	3,675	10.9	12.1	9.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	65,810	31,735	34,075	89.1	87.9	90.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	106,725	51,815	54,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	15,110	7,600	7,510	14.2	14.7	13.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	30,700	15,435	15,265	28.8	29.8	27.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	60,915	28,775	32,135	57.1	55.5	58.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	31,180	15,710	15,470	29.2	30.3	28.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,695	5,905	1,795	7.2	11.4	3.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,530	1,425	1,105	2.4	2.8	2.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	5,170	4,475	690	4.8	8.6	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	19,020	7,960	11,060	17.8	15.4	20.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,465	1,845	2,615	4.2	3.6	4.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	29,735	13,065	16,665	27.9	25.2	30.3
Bachelor's degree	21,615	9,050	12,565	20.3	17.5	22.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,595	655	940	1.5	1.3	1.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	920	475	445	0.9	0.9	0.8
Master's degree	4,865	2,405	2,460	4.6	4.6	4.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	740	475	265	0.7	0.9	0.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	73,845	36,090	37,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,740	3,625	3,115	9.1	10.0	8.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	18,015	9,505	8,510	24.4	26.3	22.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	49,085	22,955	26,130	66.5	63.6	69.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	24,255	12,305	11,945	32.8	34.1	31.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,775	4,475	1,300	7.8	12.4	3.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,840	1,045	790	2.5	2.9	2.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,940	3,425	515	5.3	9.5	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,035	6,410	8,625	20.4	17.8	22.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,440	1,425	2,015	4.7	3.9	5.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	24,825	10,650	14,180	33.6	29.5	37.6
Bachelor's degree	18,210	7,480	10,730	24.7	20.7	28.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,245	520	725	1.7	1.4	1.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	745	345	405	1.0	1.0	1.1
Master's degree	4,120	2,000	2,120	5.6	5.5	5.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	510	305	205	0.7	0.8	0.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	106,725	51,815	54,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	45,815	23,040	22,780	42.9	44.5	41.5
Education	4,060	950	3,110	3.8	1.8	5.7
13. Education	4,060	950	3,110	3.8	1.8	5.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,455	595	860	1.4	1.1	1.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	245	155	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,205	435	770	1.1	0.8	1.4
Humanities	2,255	875	1,380	2.1	1.7	2.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	255	40	220	0.2	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	370	105	260	0.3	0.2	0.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	705	245	460	0.7	0.5	0.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	175	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	395	250	145	0.4	0.5	0.3
54. History	260	125	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	60	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,805	1,765	4,040	5.4	3.4	7.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	110	30	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	715	225	490	0.7	0.4	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	945	85	865	0.9	0.2	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	980	300	675	0.9	0.6	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	80	15	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
42. Psychology	1,115	280	835	1.0	0.5	1.5
45. Social sciences	1,855	830	1,025	1.7	1.6	1.9
Business, management and public administration	13,795	5,430	8,360	12.9	10.5	15.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	695	165	535	0.7	0.3	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,060	5,255	7,805	12.2	10.1	14.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,480	1,155	1,320	2.3	2.2	2.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	950	380	565	0.9	0.7	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	780	385	395	0.7	0.7	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	570	340	230	0.5	0.7	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	155	45	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,610	1,705	905	2.4	3.3	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,230	1,555	680	2.1	3.0	1.2
25. Library science	115	20	100	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	225	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	13,800	12,190	1,610	12.9	23.5	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	425	260	175	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	4,100	3,315	785	3.8	6.4	1.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,215	2,845	375	3.0	5.5	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,755	2,625	130	2.6	5.1	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,900	1,830	65	1.8	3.5	0.1
48. Precision production	1,395	1,310	85	1.3	2.5	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	925	480	450	0.9	0.9	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	655	300	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	270	180	95	0.3	0.3	0.2
Health and related fields	10,945	2,200	8,745	10.3	4.2	15.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	575	275	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,075	1,760	8,310	9.4	3.4	15.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	290	160	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,790	1,435	1,355	2.6	2.8	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,665	575	1,095	1.6	1.1	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	580	365	215	0.5	0.7	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	505	470	40	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	73,840	36,085	37,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	24,755	13,130	11,620	33.5	36.4	30.8
Education	2,930	665	2,265	4.0	1.8	6.0
13. Education	2,930	665	2,265	4.0	1.8	6.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,185	475	715	1.6	1.3	1.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	175	110	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,010	365	645	1.4	1.0	1.7
Humanities	1,815	710	1,110	2.5	2.0	2.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	220	35	190	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	285	95	190	0.4	0.3	0.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	590	205	385	0.8	0.6	1.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	145	65	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	300	195	105	0.4	0.5	0.3
54. History	205	100	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,685	1,335	3,350	6.3	3.7	8.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	105	25	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	585	175	415	0.8	0.5	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	725	80	645	1.0	0.2	1.7
22. Legal professions and studies	800	200	595	1.1	0.6	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	80	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.2
42. Psychology	855	185	670	1.2	0.5	1.8
45. Social sciences	1,540	655	885	2.1	1.8	2.3
Business, management and public administration	11,510	4,540	6,975	15.6	12.6	18.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
44. Public administration and social service professions	560	125	435	0.8	0.3	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,925	4,405	6,520	14.8	12.2	17.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,925	870	1,055	2.6	2.4	2.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	755	295	460	1.0	0.8	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	600	285	315	0.8	0.8	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	445	260	185	0.6	0.7	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	115	30	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,255	1,470	785	3.1	4.1	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,975	1,370	610	2.7	3.8	1.6
25. Library science	80	20	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	165	65	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,935	9,560	1,375	14.8	26.5	3.6
04. Architecture and related services	315	185	130	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	3,395	2,680	715	4.6	7.4	1.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,600	2,305	300	3.5	6.4	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,180	2,075	110	3.0	5.8	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,415	1,365	55	1.9	3.8	0.1
48. Precision production	1,020	955	65	1.4	2.6	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	745	360	385	1.0	1.0	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	515	210	305	0.7	0.6	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	230	155	80	0.3	0.4	0.2
Health and related fields	8,855	1,775	7,080	12.0	4.9	18.8
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	460	225	235	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	8,180	1,445	6,735	11.1	4.0	17.8
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	205	100	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,235	1,195	1,045	3.0	3.3	2.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,270	440	830	1.7	1.2	2.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	495	315	185	0.7	0.9	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	450	420	30	0.6	1.2	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	73,840	36,085	37,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	24,755	13,130	11,620	33.5	36.4	30.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	49,085	22,955	26,130	66.5	63.6	69.2
Location of study inside Canada	33,170	15,910	17,255	44.9	44.1	45.7
Same as province or territory of residence	27,525	13,135	14,390	37.3	36.4	38.1
Different than province or territory of residence	5,640	2,775	2,865	7.6	7.7	7.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	15,915	7,040	8,875	21.6	19.5	23.5
Americas	1,640	840	800	2.2	2.3	2.1
United States of America	965	550	415	1.3	1.5	1.1
Mexico	150	80	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haiti	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	130	45	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Brazil	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	100	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Peru	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	150	70	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	2,615	1,235	1,370	3.5	3.4	3.6
Belgium	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	115	50	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Poland	180	70	110	0.2	0.2	0.3
Romania	185	65	120	0.3	0.2	0.3
Russian Federation	305	145	165	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ukraine	420	190	230	0.6	0.5	0.6
Ireland⁹⁶	55	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	485	255	230	0.7	0.7	0.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	60	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	470	225	245	0.6	0.6	0.6
Africa	955	475	480	1.3	1.3	1.3
Nigeria	300	150	150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Algeria	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	125	75	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	350	165	185	0.5	0.5	0.5
Asia	10,520	4,380	6,140	14.2	12.1	16.3
Iran⁸⁸	110	55	60	0.1	0.2	0.2
Iraq	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	155	85	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	825	335	485	1.1	0.9	1.3
Taiwan	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	115	35	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Philippines	6,800	2,735	4,055	9.2	7.6	10.7
Viet Nam	60	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	85	25	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sri Lanka	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	1,320	645	675	1.8	1.8	1.8
Pakistan	215	100	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other locations of study in Asia	375	130	240	0.5	0.4	0.6
Oceania	190	105	85	0.3	0.3	0.2
Australia	145	85	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	106,725	51,815	54,915	...	...	...
In the labour force	73,870	38,160	35,710	...	...	...
Employed	64,740	33,435	31,310	...	...	...
Unemployed	9,130	4,725	4,405	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	32,855	13,655	19,200	...	...	...
Participation rate	69.2	73.6	65.0	69.2	73.6	65.0
Employment rate	60.7	64.5	57.0	60.7	64.5	57.0
Unemployment rate	12.4	12.4	12.3	12.4	12.4	12.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	106,725	51,815	54,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	35,295	15,170	20,125	33.1	29.3	36.6
Worked	71,430	36,640	34,790	66.9	70.7	63.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	37,440	20,595	16,845	35.1	39.7	30.7
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	33,990	16,050	17,945	31.8	31.0	32.7
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.7	41.4	40.1	40.7	41.4	40.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	73,870	38,160	35,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,540	1,200	1,340	3.4	3.1	3.8
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	71,330	36,960	34,375	96.6	96.9	96.2
Employee	62,725	31,605	31,120	84.9	82.8	87.1
Permanent position	52,915	26,900	26,015	71.6	70.5	72.8
Temporary position	9,805	4,700	5,105	13.3	12.3	14.3
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,210	1,460	1,740	4.3	3.8	4.9
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,595	3,235	3,365	8.9	8.5	9.4
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,610	5,360	3,250	11.7	14.0	9.1
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	73,870	38,160	35,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,540	1,200	1,340	3.4	3.1	3.8
All occupations¹⁹¹	71,330	36,960	34,375	96.6	96.9	96.2
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	585	380	205	0.8	1.0	0.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,465	4,075	8,390	16.9	10.7	23.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,905	4,575	1,325	8.0	12.0	3.7
3 Health occupations	7,040	1,310	5,730	9.5	3.4	16.0
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,170	2,220	4,955	9.7	5.8	13.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,405	635	770	1.9	1.7	2.2
6 Sales and service occupations	20,045	8,930	11,115	27.1	23.4	31.1
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	13,575	12,320	1,255	18.4	32.3	3.5
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	920	740	180	1.2	1.9	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,225	1,775	450	3.0	4.7	1.3
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	73,870	38,160	35,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,540	1,200	1,340	3.4	3.1	3.8
All industries¹⁹¹	71,330	36,960	34,375	96.6	96.9	96.2
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	270	160	110	0.4	0.4	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,030	880	150	1.4	2.3	0.4
22 Utilities	540	355	180	0.7	0.9	0.5
23 Construction	7,280	6,135	1,145	9.9	16.1	3.2
31-33 Manufacturing	3,860	2,905	955	5.2	7.6	2.7
41 Wholesale trade	3,255	2,210	1,040	4.4	5.8	2.9
44-45 Retail trade	9,135	4,395	4,735	12.4	11.5	13.3
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,525	2,695	825	4.8	7.1	2.3
51 Information and cultural industries	855	550	305	1.2	1.4	0.9
52 Finance and insurance	2,420	965	1,455	3.3	2.5	4.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,725	1,025	700	2.3	2.7	2.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,120	2,920	2,195	6.9	7.7	6.1
55 Management of companies and enterprises	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,855	1,670	1,185	3.9	4.4	3.3
61 Educational services	4,225	1,305	2,920	5.7	3.4	8.2
62 Health care and social assistance	10,810	2,135	8,675	14.6	5.6	24.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,325	635	685	1.8	1.7	1.9
72 Accommodation and food services	5,490	2,380	3,110	7.4	6.2	8.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,465	1,630	1,835	4.7	4.3	5.1
91 Public administration	4,075	1,950	2,125	5.5	5.1	5.9
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	77,320	39,615	37,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	73,920	38,090	35,830	95.6	96.2	95.0
French	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	490	215	270	0.6	0.5	0.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	490	215	270	0.6	0.5	0.7
English and French	535	180	355	0.7	0.5	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	2,200	1,060	1,145	2.8	2.7	3.0
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	45	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	77,320	39,615	37,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	76,865	39,385	37,475	99.4	99.4	99.4
Official languages	75,995	38,980	37,010	98.3	98.4	98.2
English	75,840	38,940	36,895	98.1	98.3	97.9
French	155	45	115	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official languages	870	400	470	1.1	1.0	1.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	860	400	465	1.1	1.0	1.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	30	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	55	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	55	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	180	65	110	0.2	0.2	0.3
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	80	20	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	80	20	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	50	0	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	380	175	205	0.5	0.4	0.5
Chinese languages	380	175	205	0.5	0.4	0.5
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	205	90	115	0.3	0.2	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	55	55	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	55	55	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	455	225	230	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and French	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	335	175	155	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	77,320	39,615	37,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	74,880	38,515	36,365	96.8	97.2	96.4
English	370	155	210	0.5	0.4	0.6
French	375	145	230	0.5	0.4	0.6
Non-official language	1,440	655	785	1.9	1.7	2.1
Indigenous³⁹	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,395	630	770	1.8	1.6	2.0
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	165	105	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	64,745	33,430	31,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	11,990	5,335	6,650	18.5	16.0	21.2
Worked outside Canada	145	95	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
No fixed workplace address	9,475	7,170	2,305	14.6	21.4	7.4
Usual place of work	43,140	20,835	22,305	66.6	62.3	71.2
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	43,140	20,835	22,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	37,065	16,775	20,290	85.9	80.5	91.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	4,945	3,200	1,745	11.5	15.4	7.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	835	665	170	1.9	3.2	0.8
Commute to a different province or territory	290	195	100	0.7	0.9	0.4
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	52,615	28,000	24,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	46,110	25,390	20,720	87.6	90.7	84.2
Car, truck or van - as a driver	42,265	24,195	18,065	80.3	86.4	73.4
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,845	1,190	2,650	7.3	4.3	10.8
Public transit	3,780	1,390	2,400	7.2	5.0	9.8
Walked	1,305	480	825	2.5	1.7	3.4
Bicycle	185	110	80	0.4	0.4	0.3
Other method	1,225	635	595	2.3	2.3	2.4
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	52,615	28,000	24,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	12,270	5,375	6,895	23.3	19.2	28.0
15 to 29 minutes	24,515	13,005	11,510	46.6	46.4	46.8
30 to 44 minutes	11,135	6,790	4,345	21.2	24.3	17.7
45 to 59 minutes	2,435	1,450	980	4.6	5.2	4.0
60 minutes and over	2,260	1,375	880	4.3	4.9	3.6
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	52,615	28,000	24,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,370	2,390	980	6.4	8.5	4.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	9,155	5,585	3,565	17.4	19.9	14.5
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	14,130	7,530	6,600	26.9	26.9	26.8
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,545	4,695	4,855	18.1	16.8	19.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,175	2,975	4,205	13.6	10.6	17.1
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	9,240	4,825	4,410	17.6	17.2	17.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	30,675	15,720	14,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,405	1,160	1,245	7.8	7.4	8.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	28,265	14,565	13,700	92.1	92.7	91.7
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	21,935	11,170	10,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,785	835	950	8.1	7.5	8.8
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	925	455	470	4.2	4.1	4.4
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	865	385	480	3.9	3.4	4.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,145	10,330	9,815	91.8	92.5	91.2

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 2, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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