Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Mississauga--MaltonMore information: Ontario [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	116,908	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	118,240	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	- 1.1	...	...	- 1.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	36,563	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	34,829	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,203.8	...	...	1,203.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	97.11	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	116,905	57,860	59,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17,535	8,795	8,740	15.0	15.2	14.8
0 to 4 years	4,915	2,430	2,485	4.2	4.2	4.2
5 to 9 years	5,880	2,950	2,930	5.0	5.1	5.0
10 to 14 years	6,740	3,410	3,330	5.8	5.9	5.6
15 to 64 years	83,275	41,510	41,770	71.2	71.7	70.7
15 to 19 years	7,935	4,135	3,800	6.8	7.1	6.4
20 to 24 years	10,880	5,950	4,930	9.3	10.3	8.3
25 to 29 years	10,495	5,560	4,930	9.0	9.6	8.3
30 to 34 years	8,050	4,040	4,010	6.9	7.0	6.8
35 to 39 years	7,325	3,490	3,835	6.3	6.0	6.5
40 to 44 years	7,000	3,205	3,795	6.0	5.5	6.4
45 to 49 years	7,295	3,290	4,000	6.2	5.7	6.8
50 to 54 years	8,295	3,910	4,390	7.1	6.8	7.4
55 to 59 years	8,600	4,205	4,395	7.4	7.3	7.4
60 to 64 years	7,410	3,725	3,690	6.3	6.4	6.2
65 years and over	16,095	7,555	8,540	13.8	13.1	14.5
65 to 69 years	5,465	2,715	2,755	4.7	4.7	4.7
70 to 74 years	4,275	2,025	2,250	3.7	3.5	3.8
75 to 79 years	2,740	1,285	1,455	2.3	2.2	2.5
80 to 84 years	1,850	870	985	1.6	1.5	1.7
85 years and over	1,760	660	1,100	1.5	1.1	1.9
85 to 89 years	1,100	450	650	0.9	0.8	1.1
90 to 94 years	475	170	305	0.4	0.3	0.5
95 to 99 years	155	35	120	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.0	15.2	14.8	15.0	15.2	14.8
15 to 64 years	71.2	71.7	70.7	71.2	71.7	70.7
65 years and over	13.8	13.1	14.5	13.8	13.1	14.5
85 years and over	1.5	1.1	1.9	1.5	1.1	1.9
Average age of the population	39.2	38.4	40.0	39.2	38.4	40.0
Median age of the population	37.6	35.6	39.2	37.6	35.6	39.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	34,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	12,195	...	...	35.0	...	...
Semi-detached house	5,115	...	...	14.7	...	...
Row house	5,535	...	...	15.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,410	...	...	6.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	4,955	...	...	14.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	4,570	...	...	13.1	...	...
Other single-attached house	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	30	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	34,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	4,610	...	...	13.2	...	...
2 persons	8,005	...	...	23.0	...	...
3 persons	6,955	...	...	20.0	...	...
4 persons	7,895	...	...	22.7	...	...
5 or more persons	7,370	...	...	21.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	116,270	57,670	58,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	99,370	49,065	50,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	53,305	26,645	26,660	53.6	54.3	53.0
Married	50,250	25,110	25,145	50.6	51.2	50.0
Living common-law	3,055	1,535	1,515	3.1	3.1	3.0
Living common law - Never married	2,110	1,045	1,070	2.1	2.1	2.1
Living common law - Separated	190	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	680	355	325	0.7	0.7	0.6
Living common law - Widowed	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	46,070	22,420	23,645	46.4	45.7	47.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	35,305	19,220	16,085	35.5	39.2	32.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,290	870	1,420	2.3	1.8	2.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,200	1,505	2,695	4.2	3.1	5.4
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,275	825	3,450	4.3	1.7	6.9
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	31,450	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	11,575	...	...	36.8	...	...
3 persons	8,000	...	...	25.4	...	...
4 persons	8,235	...	...	26.2	...	...
5 or more persons	3,635	...	...	11.6	...	...
Average size of census families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	31,445	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	25,325	...	...	80.5	...	...
Married couples	23,805	...	...	75.7	...	...
With children⁶	16,490	...	...	52.4	...	...
Without children	7,320	...	...	23.3	...	...
Common-law couples	1,520	...	...	4.8	...	...
With children⁶	730	...	...	2.3	...	...
Without children	790	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,120	...	...	19.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,030	...	...	16.0	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,090	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	116,270	57,670	58,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	99,600	49,030	50,575	85.7	85.0	86.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	50,650	25,320	25,330	43.6	43.9	43.2
Parents in one-parent families	6,125	1,095	5,030	5.3	1.9	8.6
Children⁶	42,830	22,620	20,215	36.8	39.2	34.5
In a two-parent family	32,895	17,390	15,500	28.3	30.2	26.5
In a one-parent family	9,940	5,230	4,715	8.5	9.1	8.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	16,665	8,640	8,025	14.3	15.0	13.7
Living alone	4,610	2,150	2,455	4.0	3.7	4.2
Living with other relatives⁷	5,015	1,995	3,015	4.3	3.5	5.1
Living with non-relatives only	7,045	4,495	2,550	6.1	7.8	4.4
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	34,830	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	21,750	...	...	62.4	...	...
Couple-family households	17,845	...	...	51.2	...	...
With children⁶	12,845	...	...	36.9	...	...
Without children	4,995	...	...	14.3	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,910	...	...	11.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	3,495	...	...	10.0	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	870	...	...	2.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,115	...	...	6.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,990	...	...	5.7	...	...
One-person households	4,605	...	...	13.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	98,740	48,875	49,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	92,620	45,810	46,810	93.8	93.7	93.9
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	37,600	32,800	34,800	37,600	32,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	92,655	45,830	46,825	93.8	93.8	93.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,400	34,400	30,600	32,400	34,400	30,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,010	40,875	39,135	81.0	83.6	78.5
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,400	34,000	24,600	29,400	34,000	24,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	68,790	35,885	32,900	69.7	73.4	66.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	37,200	29,000	32,800	37,200	29,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,465	42,035	43,435	86.6	86.0	87.1
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,750	6,000	9,600	7,750	6,000	9,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,835	4,185	5,650	10.0	8.6	11.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,520	5,480	5,480	5,520	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	35,250	17,800	17,450	35.7	36.4	35.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	8,000	9,500	9,000	8,000	9,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	98,635	48,870	49,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	92,600	45,930	46,670	93.9	94.0	93.8
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,920	49,400	40,520	44,920	49,400	40,520
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	92,625	45,935	46,685	93.9	94.0	93.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,640	41,720	35,600	38,640	41,720	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	79,905	40,990	38,915	81.0	83.9	78.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,080	46,280	35,560	41,080	46,280	35,560
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	68,765	36,165	32,595	69.7	74.0	65.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,880	47,480	37,720	42,880	47,480	37,720
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,675	42,100	43,575	86.9	86.1	87.6
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,240	8,820	11,610	10,240	8,820	11,610
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,000	4,205	5,795	10.1	8.6	11.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,220	5,845	6,490	6,220	5,845	6,490
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	35,190	17,580	17,605	35.7	36.0	35.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,670	9,560	9,770	9,670	9,560	9,770
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	98,640	48,870	49,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	30,580	17,255	13,330	31.0	35.3	26.8
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	59,200	62,400	55,200	59,200	62,400	55,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,700	72,100	62,050	67,700	72,100	62,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,845	13,400	13,440	27.2	27.4	27.0
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400	17,800	14,900	16,400	17,800	14,900
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,840	27,040	22,660	24,840	27,040	22,660
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.0	83.6	73.2	79.0	83.6	73.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.8	75.8	65.0	70.8	75.8	65.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	21.1	16.4	26.8	21.1	16.4	26.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.1	2.0	1.5	1.1	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	9.0	7.9	10.3	9.0	7.9	10.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	8.2	7.4	9.1	8.2	7.4	9.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	98,735	48,875	49,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	6,115	3,065	3,055	6.2	6.3	6.1
With total income	92,620	45,810	46,810	93.8	93.7	93.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,170	4,505	5,665	11.0	9.8	12.1
$10,000 to $19,999	13,215	6,165	7,050	14.3	13.5	15.1
$20,000 to $29,999	16,535	7,755	8,785	17.9	16.9	18.8
$30,000 to $39,999	12,410	5,730	6,685	13.4	12.5	14.3
$40,000 to $49,999	9,735	4,650	5,085	10.5	10.2	10.9
$50,000 to $59,999	7,820	3,870	3,955	8.4	8.4	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	5,790	2,950	2,835	6.3	6.4	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	4,190	2,260	1,930	4.5	4.9	4.1
$80,000 to $89,999	3,120	1,815	1,305	3.4	4.0	2.8
$90,000 to $99,999	2,320	1,360	960	2.5	3.0	2.1
$100,000 and over	7,310	4,755	2,560	7.9	10.4	5.5
$100,000 to $149,999	5,465	3,440	2,030	5.9	7.5	4.3
$150,000 and over	1,845	1,315	530	2.0	2.9	1.1
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	98,735	48,875	49,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	6,085	3,045	3,035	6.2	6.2	6.1
With after-tax income	92,655	45,830	46,825	93.8	93.8	93.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	10,355	4,595	5,760	11.2	10.0	12.3
$10,000 to $19,999	13,760	6,430	7,330	14.9	14.0	15.7
$20,000 to $29,999	18,345	8,615	9,730	19.8	18.8	20.8
$30,000 to $39,999	14,220	6,670	7,550	15.3	14.6	16.1
$40,000 to $49,999	11,270	5,600	5,670	12.2	12.2	12.1
$50,000 to $59,999	7,995	4,050	3,950	8.6	8.8	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	5,405	2,885	2,525	5.8	6.3	5.4
$70,000 to $79,999	3,645	2,120	1,530	3.9	4.6	3.3
$80,000 to $89,999	2,820	1,635	1,185	3.0	3.6	2.5
$90,000 to $99,999	1,645	1,000	650	1.8	2.2	1.4
$100,000 and over	3,190	2,230	955	3.4	4.9	2.0
$100,000 to $124,999	1,890	1,295	590	2.0	2.8	1.3
$125,000 and over	1,295	935	365	1.4	2.0	0.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	98,735	48,875	49,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	29,945	12,985	16,965	30.3	26.6	34.0
With employment income	68,785	35,890	32,900	69.7	73.4	66.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,705	4,635	5,065	14.1	12.9	15.4
$5,000 to $9,999	7,025	3,215	3,805	10.2	9.0	11.6
$10,000 to $19,999	9,180	4,485	4,690	13.3	12.5	14.3
$20,000 to $29,999	6,500	3,270	3,230	9.4	9.1	9.8
$30,000 to $39,999	6,440	3,185	3,260	9.4	8.9	9.9
$40,000 to $49,999	6,195	3,110	3,085	9.0	8.7	9.4
$50,000 to $59,999	5,450	2,895	2,560	7.9	8.1	7.8
$60,000 to $69,999	4,395	2,410	1,980	6.4	6.7	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	3,215	1,825	1,390	4.7	5.1	4.2
$80,000 to $89,999	2,580	1,570	1,010	3.8	4.4	3.1
$90,000 to $99,999	2,030	1,230	795	3.0	3.4	2.4
$100,000 and over	6,075	4,045	2,030	8.8	11.3	6.2
$100,000 to $124,999	3,310	2,060	1,255	4.8	5.7	3.8
$125,000 and over	2,765	1,985	775	4.0	5.5	2.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	98,740	48,875	49,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	89,530	44,110	45,415	90.7	90.3	91.1
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,600	35,200	28,800	31,600	35,200	28,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	89,540	44,110	45,425	90.7	90.3	91.1
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,800	32,800	27,400	29,800	32,800	27,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	78,075	39,845	38,225	79.1	81.5	76.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,000	36,000	28,600	32,000	36,000	28,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	67,895	35,365	32,530	68.8	72.4	65.2
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	38,400	31,400	34,800	38,400	31,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,330	38,720	40,610	80.3	79.2	81.4
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,250	820	2,820	1,250	820	2,820
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,065	1,950	3,120	5.1	4.0	6.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,800	5,600	5,960	5,800	5,600	5,960
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	98,635	48,870	49,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	89,450	44,140	45,310	90.7	90.3	91.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,480	46,240	36,840	41,480	46,240	36,840
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	89,460	44,140	45,315	90.7	90.3	91.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,640	39,000	32,320	35,640	39,000	32,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,970	39,825	38,145	79.0	81.5	76.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,680	47,040	36,120	41,680	47,040	36,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	68,030	35,660	32,370	69.0	73.0	65.0
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,160	47,720	38,160	43,160	47,720	38,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,655	38,775	40,875	80.8	79.3	82.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,755	4,320	7,120	5,755	4,320	7,120
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,150	1,895	3,255	5.2	3.9	6.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,400	6,570	7,880	7,400	6,570	7,880
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	98,640	48,870	49,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	30,125	16,995	13,135	30.5	34.8	26.4
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	55,200	58,400	50,800	55,200	58,400	50,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	63,700	68,000	58,250	63,700	68,000	58,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,855	12,380	12,475	25.2	25.3	25.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,800	24,200	21,000	22,800	24,200	21,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,960	32,800	27,160	29,960	32,800	27,160
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	87.6	91.8	82.6	87.6	91.8	82.6
Employment income (%)	79.2	83.4	74.0	79.2	83.4	74.0
Government transfers (%)	12.4	8.2	17.4	12.4	8.2	17.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.6	1.5	1.0	0.6	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	34,830	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	4,605	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,800	...	...	40,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200	...	...	37,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,225	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	34,765	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	119,600	...	...	119,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	102,900	...	...	102,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	4,595	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,050	...	...	52,050	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,960	...	...	43,960	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,170	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...	130,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,900	...	...	111,900	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	34,825	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	290	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	130	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	270	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	385	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	785	...	...	2.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	725	...	...	2.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	815	...	...	2.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	930	...	...	2.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	890	...	...	2.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	880	...	...	2.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,045	...	...	5.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,175	...	...	6.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,125	...	...	6.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,070	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,060	...	...	5.9	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,250	...	...	52.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,590	...	...	13.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,790	...	...	10.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,180	...	...	14.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,690	...	...	13.5	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	34,825	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	325	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	135	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	275	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	400	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	825	...	...	2.4	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	820	...	...	2.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	925	...	...	2.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	985	...	...	2.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,050	...	...	3.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,075	...	...	3.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,430	...	...	7.0	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,485	...	...	7.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,565	...	...	7.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,510	...	...	7.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,340	...	...	6.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	15,680	...	...	45.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,040	...	...	14.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,850	...	...	11.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	6,790	...	...	19.5	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	29,215	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	5,615	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	17,145	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...	134,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...	118,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.3	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,015	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	11,650	6,645	5,005	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	29,800	30,000	29,600	29,800	30,000	29,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	28,400	28,400	28,400	28,400	28,400	28,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	29,170	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...	127,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,100	...	...	109,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,560	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,500	...	...	80,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	17,110	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	148,400	...	...	148,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...	127,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,060	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,800	...	...	80,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	11,700	6,735	4,960	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,840	39,160	38,400	38,840	39,160	38,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,720	33,880	33,520	33,720	33,880	33,520
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	116,270	57,670	58,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,155	11,180	10,970	19.1	19.4	18.7
0 to 5 years	6,025	2,985	3,035	5.2	5.2	5.2
18 to 64 years	78,530	39,065	39,460	67.5	67.7	67.3
65 years and over	15,590	7,420	8,165	13.4	12.9	13.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	10,310	4,955	5,355	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,650	1,375	1,275	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	810	415	395	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,925	2,850	3,080	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,730	735	1,000	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.9	8.6	9.1	8.9	8.6	9.1
0 to 17 years (%)	12.0	12.3	11.6	12.0	12.3	11.6
0 to 5 years (%)	13.4	13.8	13.0	13.4	13.8	13.0
18 to 64 years (%)	7.5	7.3	7.8	7.5	7.3	7.8
65 years and over (%)	11.1	9.9	12.2	11.1	9.9	12.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	116,270	57,670	58,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,150	11,185	10,970	19.1	19.4	18.7
0 to 5 years	6,030	2,990	3,040	5.2	5.2	5.2
18 to 64 years	78,530	39,065	39,465	67.5	67.7	67.3
65 years and over	15,590	7,425	8,165	13.4	12.9	13.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	7,835	4,195	3,645	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,340	675	665	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	385	190	200	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,910	3,255	2,660	...	...	...
65 years and over	580	265	315	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.7	7.3	6.2	6.7	7.3	6.2
0 to 17 years (%)	6.0	6.0	6.1	6.0	6.0	6.1
0 to 5 years (%)	6.4	6.4	6.5	6.4	6.4	6.5
18 to 64 years (%)	7.5	8.3	6.7	7.5	8.3	6.7
65 years and over (%)	3.7	3.6	3.9	3.7	3.6	3.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	116,270	57,670	58,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	56,615	28,015	28,605	48.7	48.6	48.8
In bottom decile	11,380	5,885	5,500	9.8	10.2	9.4
In second decile	10,885	5,265	5,620	9.4	9.1	9.6
In third decile	11,360	5,575	5,780	9.8	9.7	9.9
In fourth decile	11,490	5,655	5,835	9.9	9.8	10.0
In fifth decile	11,505	5,630	5,875	9.9	9.8	10.0
In top half of the distribution	59,655	29,655	29,995	51.3	51.4	51.2
In sixth decile	11,615	5,760	5,860	10.0	10.0	10.0
In seventh decile	12,480	6,145	6,330	10.7	10.7	10.8
In eighth decile	12,745	6,255	6,490	11.0	10.8	11.1
In ninth decile	12,725	6,360	6,370	10.9	11.0	10.9
In top decile	10,085	5,140	4,945	8.7	8.9	8.4
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	116,270	...	...	116,270	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.295	...	...	0.295	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.414	...	...	0.414	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.262	...	...	0.262	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	116,390	57,715	58,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	105,275	53,280	51,995	90.5	92.3	88.6
French only	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	6,135	2,570	3,560	5.3	4.5	6.1
Neither English nor French	4,905	1,825	3,080	4.2	3.2	5.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	116,390	57,715	58,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	109,700	55,110	54,590	94.3	95.5	93.0
French	855	370	485	0.7	0.6	0.8
English and French	1,010	445	565	0.9	0.8	1.0
Neither English nor French	4,830	1,790	3,040	4.1	3.1	5.2
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	116,390	57,715	58,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	105,425	52,360	53,070	90.6	90.7	90.4
Official languages	46,125	23,095	23,030	39.6	40.0	39.2
English	45,450	22,795	22,655	39.0	39.5	38.6
French	675	300	375	0.6	0.5	0.6
Non-official languages	59,300	29,260	30,045	50.9	50.7	51.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	59,300	29,260	30,045	50.9	50.7	51.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,025	2,005	2,025	3.5	3.5	3.5
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	225	90	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	215	85	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,785	1,900	1,885	3.3	3.3	3.2
Amharic	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,260	1,635	1,620	2.8	2.8	2.8
Aramaic languages	270	140	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	190	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrigna	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,770	1,255	1,510	2.4	2.2	2.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	2,740	1,240	1,505	2.4	2.1	2.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,790	1,615	2,180	3.3	2.8	3.7
Bikol	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	80	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pangasinan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,220	1,375	1,835	2.8	2.4	3.1
Waray-Waray	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	165	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Haitian Creole	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	4,700	2,355	2,345	4.0	4.1	4.0
Kannada	135	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	1,045	545	500	0.9	0.9	0.9
Tamil	2,835	1,375	1,455	2.4	2.4	2.5
Telugu	665	355	310	0.6	0.6	0.5
Tulu	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	37,360	18,965	18,395	32.1	32.9	31.3
Albanian	180	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,320	1,545	1,780	2.9	2.7	3.0
Baltic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,305	1,535	1,770	2.8	2.7	3.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	1,705	795	910	1.5	1.4	1.6
Russian	285	120	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	675	325	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Bosnian	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	355	170	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	370	170	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	180	85	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	130	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Afrikaans	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	260	125	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	27,530	14,390	13,135	23.7	24.9	22.4
Indo-Aryan languages	26,855	14,060	12,795	23.1	24.4	21.8
Assamese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	745	360	385	0.6	0.6	0.7
Gujarati	2,660	1,360	1,300	2.3	2.4	2.2
Hindi	3,075	1,620	1,455	2.6	2.8	2.5
Kacchi	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	195	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Marathi	335	165	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepali	595	320	275	0.5	0.6	0.5
Oriya languages	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Odia	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	11,885	6,400	5,485	10.2	11.1	9.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	125	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	265	125	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Urdu	6,770	3,440	3,335	5.8	6.0	5.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	660	330	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baluchi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	500	250	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	270	135	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	215	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,850	2,720	3,135	5.0	4.7	5.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,870	880	990	1.6	1.5	1.7
Portuguese	1,730	820	910	1.5	1.4	1.6
Romanian	215	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	2,035	905	1,130	1.7	1.6	1.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	395	180	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	510	235	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
Akan (Twi)	225	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,160	2,385	2,770	4.4	4.1	4.7
Chinese languages	5,100	2,355	2,745	4.4	4.1	4.7
Hakka	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mandarin	2,350	1,105	1,250	2.0	1.9	2.1
Min Dong	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	145	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,445	1,115	1,330	2.1	1.9	2.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Burmese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	180	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	170	90	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,960	5,355	5,605	9.4	9.3	9.6
English and French	310	140	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	9,500	4,675	4,830	8.2	8.1	8.2
French and non-official language(s)	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	230	95	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	790	395	395	0.7	0.7	0.7
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	116,390	57,715	58,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	46,295	23,230	23,065	39.8	40.2	39.3
French	215	90	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	18,125	8,780	9,345	15.6	15.2	15.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	18,125	8,780	9,345	15.6	15.2	15.9
English and French	790	320	470	0.7	0.6	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	47,515	23,705	23,815	40.8	41.1	40.6
French and non-official language(s)	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,355	570	785	1.2	1.0	1.3
Multiple non-official languages	2,020	980	1,040	1.7	1.7	1.8
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	116,390	57,715	58,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	102,700	50,950	51,755	88.2	88.3	88.2
Official languages	63,585	31,615	31,965	54.6	54.8	54.5
English	63,225	31,475	31,755	54.3	54.5	54.1
French	355	145	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official languages	39,120	19,330	19,790	33.6	33.5	33.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	39,120	19,330	19,790	33.6	33.5	33.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,220	1,085	1,135	1.9	1.9	1.9
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,130	1,045	1,080	1.8	1.8	1.8
Amharic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,845	905	940	1.6	1.6	1.6
Aramaic languages	175	85	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,035	925	1,110	1.7	1.6	1.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	2,035	920	1,110	1.7	1.6	1.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,045	915	1,135	1.8	1.6	1.9
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,790	800	990	1.5	1.4	1.7
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	3,255	1,580	1,675	2.8	2.7	2.9
Kannada	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	730	360	370	0.6	0.6	0.6
Tamil	2,010	945	1,065	1.7	1.6	1.8
Telugu	415	225	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Tulu	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	24,865	12,645	12,225	21.4	21.9	20.8
Albanian	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,815	855	960	1.6	1.5	1.6
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,815	855	960	1.6	1.5	1.6
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	970	445	525	0.8	0.8	0.9
Russian	195	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	320	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	145	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	230	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	19,905	10,370	9,540	17.1	18.0	16.3
Indo-Aryan languages	19,555	10,200	9,360	16.8	17.7	16.0
Assamese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	455	210	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	1,750	855	895	1.5	1.5	1.5
Hindi	2,090	1,090	1,000	1.8	1.9	1.7
Kacchi	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	195	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	380	200	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Oriya languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	9,485	5,125	4,365	8.1	8.9	7.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	4,850	2,435	2,420	4.2	4.2	4.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	345	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Persian languages	270	130	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,925	1,310	1,610	2.5	2.3	2.7
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	730	315	415	0.6	0.5	0.7
Portuguese	740	350	395	0.6	0.6	0.7
Romanian	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	1,320	585	735	1.1	1.0	1.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	315	145	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	220	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,845	1,780	2,065	3.3	3.1	3.5
Chinese languages	3,800	1,755	2,045	3.3	3.0	3.5
Hakka	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,840	860	980	1.6	1.5	1.7
Min Dong	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,815	825	990	1.6	1.4	1.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	13,685	6,760	6,925	11.8	11.7	11.8
English and French	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	13,030	6,450	6,580	11.2	11.2	11.2
French and non-official language(s)	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	140	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	245	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	116,390	57,715	58,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	75,210	37,315	37,900	64.6	64.7	64.6
English	15,925	8,035	7,885	13.7	13.9	13.4
French	855	345	510	0.7	0.6	0.9
Non-official language	17,855	8,785	9,065	15.3	15.2	15.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	17,850	8,790	9,065	15.3	15.2	15.4
English and French	210	85	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	3,150	1,585	1,565	2.7	2.7	2.7
French and non-official language(s)	565	230	330	0.5	0.4	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,580	1,310	1,265	2.2	2.3	2.2
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	116,240	57,640	58,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	111,240	55,725	55,515	95.7	96.7	94.7
English	111,155	55,680	55,475	95.6	96.6	94.7
French	6,305	2,685	3,615	5.4	4.7	6.2
Non-official languages	79,465	39,125	40,350	68.4	67.9	68.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	79,460	39,115	40,340	68.4	67.9	68.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	6,040	3,130	2,910	5.2	5.4	5.0
Berber languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages	315	120	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	300	120	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	5,685	2,980	2,705	4.9	5.2	4.6
Amharic	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	5,195	2,720	2,475	4.5	4.7	4.2
Aramaic languages	360	195	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	245	125	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	180	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tigrigna	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,800	1,815	1,985	3.3	3.1	3.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Vietnamese	3,750	1,790	1,970	3.2	3.1	3.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,040	2,140	2,905	4.3	3.7	5.0
Bikol	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	170	50	120	0.1	0.1	0.2
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	85	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	230	95	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pangasinan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	4,680	1,960	2,720	4.0	3.4	4.6
Waray-Waray	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	120	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	505	215	290	0.4	0.4	0.5
Haitian Creole	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	190	85	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	185	75	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dravidian languages	6,995	3,405	3,585	6.0	5.9	6.1
Kannada	480	230	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Malayalam	1,485	715	775	1.3	1.2	1.3
Tamil	4,375	2,110	2,265	3.8	3.7	3.9
Telugu	1,280	715	565	1.1	1.2	1.0
Tulu	120	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	51,835	26,140	25,695	44.6	45.4	43.9
Albanian	260	120	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,145	1,910	2,240	3.6	3.3	3.8
Baltic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,140	1,910	2,230	3.6	3.3	3.8
Belarusian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	230	95	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	2,275	1,050	1,225	2.0	1.8	2.1
Russian	600	275	325	0.5	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	830	380	445	0.7	0.7	0.8
Bosnian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	565	260	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbian	325	155	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	115	40	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	480	205	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	500	255	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	405	215	195	0.3	0.4	0.3
German	405	215	195	0.3	0.4	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Afrikaans	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Danish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	445	215	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	39,010	20,195	18,810	33.6	35.0	32.1
Indo-Aryan languages	38,300	19,845	18,460	32.9	34.4	31.5
Assamese	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,375	650	720	1.2	1.1	1.2
Gujarati	4,000	2,040	1,955	3.4	3.5	3.3
Hindi	16,110	8,300	7,810	13.9	14.4	13.3
Kacchi	145	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kashmiri	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Konkani	535	220	315	0.5	0.4	0.5
Marathi	1,045	545	505	0.9	0.9	0.9
Nepali	755	390	365	0.6	0.7	0.6
Oriya languages	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Odia	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Punjabi (Panjabi)	17,935	9,630	8,305	15.4	16.7	14.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	300	175	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	465	205	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Urdu	10,610	5,300	5,315	9.1	9.2	9.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	125	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	880	425	445	0.8	0.7	0.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	225	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	645	315	330	0.6	0.5	0.6
Dari	420	200	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
Iranian Persian	230	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages	8,060	3,750	4,310	6.9	6.5	7.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,780	1,305	1,475	2.4	2.3	2.5
Portuguese	2,200	1,055	1,145	1.9	1.8	2.0
Romanian	255	125	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	3,175	1,420	1,755	2.7	2.5	3.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	495	220	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,520	690	830	1.3	1.2	1.4
Akan (Twi)	380	155	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	130	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Éwé	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ganda	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	280	135	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	395	185	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,250	3,000	3,250	5.4	5.2	5.5
Chinese languages	6,145	2,945	3,205	5.3	5.1	5.5
Hakka	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mandarin	3,705	1,745	1,960	3.2	3.0	3.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	275	140	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	3,195	1,545	1,650	2.7	2.7	2.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	45	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	340	185	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	315	170	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	160	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	35	35	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	116,235	57,640	58,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	255	110	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	250	110	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian)	140	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Métis	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuk (Inuit)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	115,985	57,530	58,450	99.8	99.8	99.8
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	116,235	57,640	58,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	116,175	57,620	58,555	99.9	100.0	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	34,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	25,120	...	...	72.3	...	...
Renter	9,645	...	...	27.7	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	34,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	6,975	...	...	20.1	...	...
Not condominium	27,785	...	...	79.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	34,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	140	...	...	0.4	...	...
1 bedroom	2,805	...	...	8.1	...	...
2 bedrooms	5,430	...	...	15.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,645	...	...	36.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	13,740	...	...	39.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	34,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	9,800	...	...	28.2	...	...
5 rooms	5,980	...	...	17.2	...	...
6 rooms	6,205	...	...	17.9	...	...
7 rooms	4,615	...	...	13.3	...	...
8 or more rooms	8,165	...	...	23.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	34,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	31,685	...	...	91.2	...	...
More than one person per room	3,075	...	...	8.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	34,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	29,600	...	...	85.2	...	...
Not suitable	5,170	...	...	14.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	34,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	1,920	...	...	5.5	...	...
1961 to 1980	7,770	...	...	22.4	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,865	...	...	14.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	10,010	...	...	28.8	...	...
2001 to 2005	5,435	...	...	15.6	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,240	...	...	6.4	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,285	...	...	3.7	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,245	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	34,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	33,140	...	...	95.3	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,620	...	...	4.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	34,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	14,340	...	...	41.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	15,260	...	...	43.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	5,165	...	...	14.9	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	34,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	775	...	...	2.2	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,480	...	...	10.0	...	...
35 to 44 years	5,810	...	...	16.7	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,860	...	...	22.6	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,845	...	...	25.4	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,115	...	...	14.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,255	...	...	6.5	...	...
85 years and over	625	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	34,635	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	25,515	...	...	73.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,120	...	...	26.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	8,285	...	...	23.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	34,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	13,925	...	...	40.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	7,460	...	...	21.5	...	...
Not suitable only	3,695	...	...	10.6	...	...
Major repairs needed only	855	...	...	2.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,155	...	...	3.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	450	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	260	...	...	0.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	60	...	...	0.2	...	...
Acceptable housing	20,835	...	...	59.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	33,800	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	4,775	...	...	14.1	...	...
Not in core need	29,020	...	...	85.9	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	25,120	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	66.6	...	...	66.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.7	...	...	23.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.0	...	...	10.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,920	...	...	1,920	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,962	...	...	1,962	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	...	...	900,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	932,000	...	...	932,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,645	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	17.5	...	...	17.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.2	...	...	33.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	25.1	...	...	25.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,470	...	...	1,470	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,560	...	...	1,560	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	116,240	57,645	58,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis single ancestry	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	315	155	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	310	150	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	250	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	115,875	57,475	58,400	99.7	99.7	99.7
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	116,240	57,640	58,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	93,140	45,695	47,445	80.1	79.3	81.0
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,485	9,740	9,745	16.8	16.9	16.6
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	73,655	35,950	37,700	63.4	62.4	64.3
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	23,100	11,950	11,145	19.9	20.7	19.0
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	116,240	57,640	58,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	40,750	20,670	20,080	35.1	35.9	34.3
Immigrants⁸¹	67,895	32,530	35,365	58.4	56.4	60.3
Before 1980	8,400	3,965	4,435	7.2	6.9	7.6
1980 to 1990	8,420	4,030	4,390	7.2	7.0	7.5
1991 to 2000	16,210	7,650	8,560	13.9	13.3	14.6
2001 to 2010	18,230	8,715	9,515	15.7	15.1	16.2
2011 to 2021⁸²	16,635	8,170	8,465	14.3	14.2	14.4
2011 to 2015	7,950	3,710	4,235	6.8	6.4	7.2
2016 to 2021	8,690	4,460	4,230	7.5	7.7	7.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	7,590	4,440	3,150	6.5	7.7	5.4
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	67,895	32,530	35,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	5,200	2,615	2,585	7.7	8.0	7.3
5 to 14 years	10,345	5,350	4,995	15.2	16.4	14.1
15 to 24 years	14,030	6,005	8,025	20.7	18.5	22.7
25 to 44 years	30,755	14,880	15,875	45.3	45.7	44.9
45 years and over	7,565	3,675	3,885	11.1	11.3	11.0
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	67,895	32,530	35,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	10,200	4,580	5,615	15.0	14.1	15.9
Brazil	95	55	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Colombia	330	130	195	0.5	0.4	0.6
El Salvador	150	75	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyana	2,245	1,035	1,215	3.3	3.2	3.4
Haiti	50	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	3,275	1,380	1,900	4.8	4.2	5.4
Mexico	190	100	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Peru	145	65	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	1,135	535	600	1.7	1.6	1.7
United States of America	750	370	375	1.1	1.1	1.1
Other places of birth in Americas	1,825	800	1,025	2.7	2.5	2.9
Europe	7,520	3,455	4,060	11.1	10.6	11.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	165	80	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatia	295	120	170	0.4	0.4	0.5
France	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	155	65	90	0.2	0.2	0.3
Greece	215	95	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hungary	30	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Italy	1,305	610	690	1.9	1.9	2.0
Netherlands	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	1,605	695	910	2.4	2.1	2.6
Portugal	1,255	630	625	1.8	1.9	1.8
Romania	215	90	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian Federation	150	65	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbia⁸⁶	125	55	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	250	110	140	0.4	0.3	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	805	375	425	1.2	1.2	1.2
Other places of birth in Europe	855	385	475	1.3	1.2	1.3
Africa	3,890	1,850	2,040	5.7	5.7	5.8
Algeria	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	895	505	390	1.3	1.6	1.1
Eritrea	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	50	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nigeria	680	340	340	1.0	1.0	1.0
Somalia	145	50	95	0.2	0.2	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	110	55	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	1,810	795	1,015	2.7	2.4	2.9
Asia	46,205	22,600	23,610	68.1	69.5	66.8
Afghanistan	395	185	205	0.6	0.6	0.6
Iran⁸⁸	195	110	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iraq	1,030	535	500	1.5	1.6	1.4
Lebanon	325	175	150	0.5	0.5	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	580	275	305	0.9	0.8	0.9
Turkey	110	70	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	2,655	1,220	1,435	3.9	3.8	4.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,005	490	510	1.5	1.5	1.4
Korea, South⁹²	375	170	210	0.6	0.5	0.6
Taiwan	135	50	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Philippines	4,700	2,060	2,640	6.9	6.3	7.5
Viet Nam	2,790	1,315	1,475	4.1	4.0	4.2
Bangladesh	735	370	360	1.1	1.1	1.0
India	19,070	9,560	9,515	28.1	29.4	26.9
Pakistan	6,000	3,010	2,995	8.8	9.3	8.5
Sri Lanka	2,330	1,065	1,265	3.4	3.3	3.6
Other places of birth in Asia	3,770	1,945	1,825	5.6	6.0	5.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	85	50	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	8,690	4,460	4,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	845	425	425	9.7	9.5	10.1
Brazil	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Colombia	55	15	45	0.6	0.3	1.1
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	285	165	115	3.3	3.7	2.7
Mexico	70	40	30	0.8	0.9	0.7
United States of America	150	75	75	1.7	1.7	1.8
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	270	120	150	3.1	2.7	3.6
Europe	195	115	75	2.2	2.6	1.8
France	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	20	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	25	15	10	0.3	0.3	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	50	25	25	0.6	0.6	0.6
Other places of birth in Europe	85	55	35	1.0	1.2	0.8
Africa	560	275	285	6.4	6.2	6.7
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	50	25	20	0.6	0.6	0.5
Egypt	60	40	25	0.7	0.9	0.6
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	250	135	110	2.9	3.0	2.6
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	155	60	95	1.8	1.3	2.2
Asia	7,080	3,640	3,435	81.5	81.6	81.3
Afghanistan	15	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.4
Bangladesh	145	70	75	1.7	1.6	1.8
China⁹⁰	305	120	180	3.5	2.7	4.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.4
India	4,015	2,255	1,755	46.2	50.6	41.5
Iran⁸⁸	25	15	10	0.3	0.3	0.2
Iraq	305	155	155	3.5	3.5	3.7
Israel	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	15	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	45	15	30	0.5	0.3	0.7
Lebanon	35	20	15	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nepal	115	65	55	1.3	1.5	1.3
Pakistan	630	310	320	7.2	7.0	7.6
Philippines	395	180	215	4.5	4.0	5.1
Saudi Arabia	125	50	70	1.4	1.1	1.7
Sri Lanka	105	45	65	1.2	1.0	1.5
Syria⁸⁹	315	160	160	3.6	3.6	3.8
Turkey	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
United Arab Emirates	155	60	95	1.8	1.3	2.2
Viet Nam	150	45	105	1.7	1.0	2.5
Other places of birth in Asia	120	60	60	1.4	1.3	1.4
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	116,235	57,640	58,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	76,240	37,335	38,905	65.6	64.8	66.4
Second generation¹⁰¹	32,310	16,460	15,850	27.8	28.6	27.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	7,690	3,850	3,840	6.6	6.7	6.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	59,495	28,565	30,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	29,730	15,395	14,335	50.0	53.9	46.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	12,055	8,165	3,895	20.3	28.6	12.6
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	17,675	7,230	10,440	29.7	25.3	33.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	21,465	8,690	12,775	36.1	30.4	41.3
Refugees¹⁰⁸	7,555	4,145	3,405	12.7	14.5	11.0
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	750	335	410	1.3	1.2	1.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	59,495	28,565	30,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,595	2,040	1,560	6.0	7.1	5.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,925	2,050	1,870	6.6	7.2	6.0
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	880	450	425	1.5	1.6	1.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,360	1,205	1,155	4.0	4.2	3.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	325	150	175	0.5	0.5	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	48,420	22,665	25,745	81.4	79.3	83.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	116,235	57,640	58,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	94,450	46,805	47,640	81.3	81.2	81.3
South Asian	49,805	25,680	24,125	42.8	44.6	41.2
Chinese	6,515	3,145	3,370	5.6	5.5	5.8
Black	12,735	5,730	7,005	11.0	9.9	12.0
Filipino	6,400	2,915	3,485	5.5	5.1	5.9
Arab	4,400	2,310	2,095	3.8	4.0	3.6
Latin American	2,455	1,115	1,345	2.1	1.9	2.3
Southeast Asian	4,150	2,035	2,115	3.6	3.5	3.6
West Asian	1,210	615	605	1.0	1.1	1.0
Korean	515	250	265	0.4	0.4	0.5
Japanese	90	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	3,195	1,580	1,615	2.7	2.7	2.8
Multiple visible minorities	2,975	1,420	1,555	2.6	2.5	2.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	21,790	10,835	10,955	18.7	18.8	18.7
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	116,240	57,640	58,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	5,145	2,560	2,575	4.4	4.4	4.4
English	2,550	1,290	1,260	2.2	2.2	2.2
Irish	2,180	985	1,195	1.9	1.7	2.0
Scottish	1,855	925	925	1.6	1.6	1.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	930	365	560	0.8	0.6	1.0
German	1,100	570	535	0.9	1.0	0.9
Chinese	7,485	3,690	3,790	6.4	6.4	6.5
Italian	5,030	2,465	2,570	4.3	4.3	4.4
Indian (India)	25,580	13,150	12,435	22.0	22.8	21.2
Ukrainian	1,055	510	545	0.9	0.9	0.9
Dutch	410	195	215	0.4	0.3	0.4
Polish	2,855	1,305	1,545	2.5	2.3	2.6
Québécois	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	730	395	335	0.6	0.7	0.6
Filipino	6,135	2,825	3,310	5.3	4.9	5.6
French Canadian	195	85	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	475	230	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	140	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	485	250	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	415	195	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Norwegian	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	3,470	1,705	1,765	3.0	3.0	3.0
American	170	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Spanish	1,335	585	755	1.1	1.0	1.3
Swedish	90	65	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungarian	260	135	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Acadian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistani	7,370	3,705	3,665	6.3	6.4	6.3
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,465	1,215	1,245	2.1	2.1	2.1
Jewish	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Punjabi	4,975	2,690	2,290	4.3	4.7	3.9
Vietnamese	3,890	1,905	1,980	3.3	3.3	3.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,950	975	975	1.7	1.7	1.7
Greek	720	365	360	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jamaican	4,335	1,880	2,460	3.7	3.3	4.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,945	910	1,035	1.7	1.6	1.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	500	235	265	0.4	0.4	0.5
Romanian	245	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanese	560	285	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian	260	130	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	825	370	455	0.7	0.6	0.8
Danish	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sikh	3,355	1,795	1,555	2.9	3.1	2.7
Austrian	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian	55	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	3,220	1,735	1,485	2.8	3.0	2.5
Mexican	295	145	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Finnish	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	2,190	1,030	1,165	1.9	1.8	2.0
Croatian	670	340	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Japanese	160	50	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,535	1,340	1,195	2.2	2.3	2.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	2,145	1,105	1,035	1.8	1.9	1.8
Egyptian	955	525	430	0.8	0.9	0.7
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	520	245	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
Tamil	1,775	855	920	1.5	1.5	1.6
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	415	170	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Moroccan	100	30	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Syrian	580	305	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Guyanese	1,980	955	1,025	1.7	1.7	1.7
Afghan	750	365	385	0.6	0.6	0.7
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,270	590	675	1.1	1.0	1.2
Serbian	310	145	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	55	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	335	125	210	0.3	0.2	0.4
Ontarian	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	240	150	85	0.2	0.3	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	955	435	525	0.8	0.8	0.9
Turkish	430	240	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	520	250	265	0.4	0.4	0.5
Algerian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	135	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	470	245	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Armenian	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	360	150	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Taiwanese	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	695	345	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Salvadorean	120	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	975	425	550	0.8	0.7	0.9
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	500	225	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	385	205	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	690	305	385	0.6	0.5	0.7
Algonquin	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	1,250	605	640	1.1	1.0	1.1
Lithuanian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	85	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	690	390	295	0.6	0.7	0.5
Chilean	170	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	80	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nova Scotian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	280	145	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Peruvian	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	345	175	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cambodian (Khmer)	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Berber	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	305	140	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Maltese	400	205	195	0.3	0.4	0.3
Macedonian	270	115	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slovenian	230	95	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	680	330	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Eritrean	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
African Canadian	295	145	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Israeli	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	485	255	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Barbadian	350	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
African American	190	70	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tunisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	190	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	145	55	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bosnian	120	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	120	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	350	160	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cameroonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	90	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	250	70	180	0.2	0.1	0.3
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Jatt	365	220	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	365	215	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Thai	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	575	280	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	285	165	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Igbo	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Byelorussian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mauritian	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	190	85	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jordanian	155	95	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	205	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Malayali	255	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chaldean	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhalese	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mayan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Flemish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	75	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malay	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	380	170	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	125	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yemeni	185	100	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	155	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	140	85	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Singaporean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tajik	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	116,235	57,640	58,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	3,385	1,620	1,760	2.9	2.8	3.0
Christian	46,770	21,935	24,840	40.2	38.1	42.4
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	9,525	4,360	5,160	8.2	7.6	8.8
Anabaptist	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	1,130	515	610	1.0	0.9	1.0
Baptist	865	420	445	0.7	0.7	0.8
Catholic	27,450	12,975	14,480	23.6	22.5	24.7
Christian Orthodox	2,340	1,150	1,190	2.0	2.0	2.0
Jehovah's Witness	410	205	205	0.4	0.4	0.3
Latter Day Saints	60	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	200	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,135	980	1,150	1.8	1.7	2.0
Presbyterian	555	265	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Reformed	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	485	245	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,415	615	795	1.2	1.1	1.4
Hindu	17,180	8,785	8,395	14.8	15.2	14.3
Jewish	90	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Muslim	19,915	10,015	9,900	17.1	17.4	16.9
Sikh	13,945	7,480	6,465	12.0	13.0	11.0
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	605	270	335	0.5	0.5	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	14,345	7,510	6,835	12.3	13.0	11.7
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	115,370	57,250	58,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	103,460	51,140	52,320	89.7	89.3	90.0
Movers	11,910	6,110	5,805	10.3	10.7	10.0
Non-migrants	6,420	3,290	3,125	5.6	5.7	5.4
Migrants	5,490	2,820	2,675	4.8	4.9	4.6
Internal migrants	3,020	1,530	1,485	2.6	2.7	2.6
Intraprovincial migrants	2,605	1,330	1,285	2.3	2.3	2.2
Interprovincial migrants	410	205	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
External migrants	2,475	1,285	1,185	2.1	2.2	2.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	111,390	55,305	56,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	75,080	36,465	38,615	67.4	65.9	68.9
Movers	36,310	18,840	17,470	32.6	34.1	31.1
Non-migrants	14,380	7,175	7,205	12.9	13.0	12.8
Migrants	21,925	11,665	10,265	19.7	21.1	18.3
Internal migrants	9,365	4,780	4,590	8.4	8.6	8.2
Intraprovincial migrants	8,280	4,210	4,070	7.4	7.6	7.3
Interprovincial migrants	1,085	570	515	1.0	1.0	0.9
External migrants	12,560	6,885	5,675	11.3	12.4	10.1
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	98,635	48,870	49,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	16,215	7,635	8,580	16.4	15.6	17.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	82,420	41,235	41,190	83.6	84.4	82.8
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	64,395	31,365	33,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,705	3,250	3,450	10.4	10.4	10.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	57,695	28,115	29,580	89.6	89.6	89.6
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	98,640	48,870	49,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	15,390	7,175	8,215	15.6	14.7	16.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	26,930	13,810	13,120	27.3	28.3	26.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	56,325	27,880	28,440	57.1	57.0	57.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,355	11,365	10,995	22.7	23.3	22.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,600	2,425	1,170	3.6	5.0	2.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,150	1,360	790	2.2	2.8	1.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,450	1,070	380	1.5	2.2	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,410	7,395	8,015	15.6	15.1	16.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,345	1,540	1,805	3.4	3.2	3.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,970	16,525	17,445	34.4	33.8	35.1
Bachelor's degree	22,560	10,700	11,860	22.9	21.9	23.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,985	1,055	925	2.0	2.2	1.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	915	380	530	0.9	0.8	1.1
Master's degree	7,970	4,030	3,940	8.1	8.2	7.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	550	360	185	0.6	0.7	0.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	64,400	31,360	33,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,220	3,025	3,190	9.7	9.6	9.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	14,605	7,510	7,095	22.7	23.9	21.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	43,575	20,830	22,745	67.7	66.4	68.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	15,945	7,675	8,265	24.8	24.5	25.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,470	1,615	855	3.8	5.1	2.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,490	895	595	2.3	2.9	1.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	975	715	255	1.5	2.3	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,180	5,015	6,170	17.4	16.0	18.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,300	1,055	1,250	3.6	3.4	3.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	27,630	13,150	14,480	42.9	41.9	43.8
Bachelor's degree	17,715	8,265	9,455	27.5	26.4	28.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,515	785	730	2.4	2.5	2.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	820	335	480	1.3	1.1	1.5
Master's degree	7,145	3,505	3,640	11.1	11.2	11.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	435	265	175	0.7	0.8	0.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	98,640	48,870	49,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	42,315	20,985	21,335	42.9	42.9	42.9
Education	1,895	335	1,555	1.9	0.7	3.1
13. Education	1,895	335	1,555	1.9	0.7	3.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,345	545	795	1.4	1.1	1.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	155	110	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,190	435	760	1.2	0.9	1.5
Humanities	3,430	1,015	2,415	3.5	2.1	4.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	310	50	265	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	730	150	580	0.7	0.3	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,790	520	1,275	1.8	1.1	2.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	175	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	85	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	235	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	65	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,115	2,000	4,115	6.2	4.1	8.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	60	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	595	190	405	0.6	0.4	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,005	160	845	1.0	0.3	1.7
22. Legal professions and studies	970	375	600	1.0	0.8	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	95	15	80	0.1	0.0	0.2
42. Psychology	745	180	565	0.8	0.4	1.1
45. Social sciences	2,645	1,075	1,570	2.7	2.2	3.2
Business, management and public administration	15,500	7,420	8,080	15.7	15.2	16.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	575	110	465	0.6	0.2	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,910	7,310	7,600	15.1	15.0	15.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,535	1,475	2,060	3.6	3.0	4.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,280	455	825	1.3	0.9	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,200	475	725	1.2	1.0	1.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	80	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	845	470	370	0.9	1.0	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	135	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,430	2,825	1,610	4.5	5.8	3.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,795	2,525	1,270	3.8	5.2	2.6
25. Library science	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	515	245	275	0.5	0.5	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,005	9,580	1,420	11.2	19.6	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	440	310	130	0.4	0.6	0.3
14. Engineering	5,635	4,680	955	5.7	9.6	1.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,110	1,830	280	2.1	3.7	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	945	915	25	1.0	1.9	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,290	1,270	15	1.3	2.6	0.0
48. Precision production	600	580	15	0.6	1.2	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	525	290	235	0.5	0.6	0.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	375	210	160	0.4	0.4	0.3
03. Natural resources and conservation	150	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	6,380	1,355	5,025	6.5	2.8	10.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	310	195	120	0.3	0.4	0.2
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,895	1,095	4,805	6.0	2.2	9.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	145	55	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,160	1,050	1,110	2.2	2.1	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,225	365	865	1.2	0.7	1.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	615	410	200	0.6	0.8	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	295	255	45	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	64,395	31,365	33,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	20,820	10,530	10,285	32.3	33.6	31.1
Education	1,415	210	1,205	2.2	0.7	3.6
13. Education	1,415	210	1,205	2.2	0.7	3.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,035	425	610	1.6	1.4	1.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	125	100	25	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	910	320	585	1.4	1.0	1.8
Humanities	2,695	740	1,955	4.2	2.4	5.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	230	35	195	0.4	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	605	100	505	0.9	0.3	1.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,380	370	1,020	2.1	1.2	3.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	140	85	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	185	90	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	55	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,640	1,480	3,160	7.2	4.7	9.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	50	0	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	475	150	325	0.7	0.5	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	685	95	590	1.1	0.3	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	810	300	510	1.3	1.0	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	70	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
42. Psychology	580	145	440	0.9	0.5	1.3
45. Social sciences	1,970	780	1,190	3.1	2.5	3.6
Business, management and public administration	12,180	5,625	6,560	18.9	17.9	19.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	465	90	375	0.7	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,700	5,535	6,170	18.2	17.6	18.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,525	980	1,545	3.9	3.1	4.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	905	295	600	1.4	0.9	1.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	845	335	510	1.3	1.1	1.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	70	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
40. Physical sciences	610	300	310	0.9	1.0	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	100	30	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,765	2,335	1,430	5.8	7.4	4.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,255	2,120	1,135	5.1	6.8	3.4
25. Library science	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	395	165	225	0.6	0.5	0.7
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,150	6,995	1,155	12.7	22.3	3.5
04. Architecture and related services	300	205	95	0.5	0.7	0.3
14. Engineering	4,465	3,640	825	6.9	11.6	2.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,510	1,300	210	2.3	4.1	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	630	620	10	1.0	2.0	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	835	835	0	1.3	2.7	0.0
48. Precision production	405	395	15	0.6	1.3	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	390	215	170	0.6	0.7	0.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	265	150	115	0.4	0.5	0.3
03. Natural resources and conservation	125	60	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	5,120	1,050	4,070	8.0	3.3	12.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	170	110	65	0.3	0.4	0.2
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,815	895	3,920	7.5	2.9	11.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	120	40	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,655	760	890	2.6	2.4	2.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	970	270	700	1.5	0.9	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	465	305	160	0.7	1.0	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	205	175	35	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	64,395	31,365	33,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	20,820	10,530	10,285	32.3	33.6	31.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	43,580	20,830	22,745	67.7	66.4	68.9
Location of study inside Canada	22,825	10,930	11,900	35.4	34.8	36.0
Same as province or territory of residence	21,670	10,235	11,440	33.7	32.6	34.6
Different than province or territory of residence	1,155	695	460	1.8	2.2	1.4
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	20,755	9,900	10,850	32.2	31.6	32.8
Americas	1,765	940	830	2.7	3.0	2.5
United States of America	875	510	365	1.4	1.6	1.1
Mexico	105	45	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cuba	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	170	80	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Brazil	50	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	115	30	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Peru	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	365	200	160	0.6	0.6	0.5
Europe	1,925	1,025	900	3.0	3.3	2.7
Belgium	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	45	40	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Germany	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	355	155	200	0.6	0.5	0.6
Romania	120	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	55	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ukraine	175	70	110	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	760	445	315	1.2	1.4	1.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Italy	35	30	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	240	135	105	0.4	0.4	0.3
Africa	1,085	535	550	1.7	1.7	1.7
Nigeria	275	155	120	0.4	0.5	0.4
Algeria	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	475	220	255	0.7	0.7	0.8
South Africa, Republic of	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	280	125	155	0.4	0.4	0.5
Asia	15,835	7,300	8,535	24.6	23.3	25.8
Iran⁸⁸	45	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iraq	340	155	185	0.5	0.5	0.6
Israel	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	115	55	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	105	50	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkey	45	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	745	340	400	1.2	1.1	1.2
Taiwan	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	75	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Japan	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	115	45	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Philippines	1,920	715	1,210	3.0	2.3	3.7
Viet Nam	165	55	105	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bangladesh	235	95	140	0.4	0.3	0.4
Sri Lanka	305	120	185	0.5	0.4	0.6
India	8,895	4,325	4,570	13.8	13.8	13.8
Pakistan	2,050	970	1,080	3.2	3.1	3.3
Other locations of study in Asia	615	285	330	1.0	0.9	1.0
Oceania	130	100	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
Australia	115	85	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
New Zealand	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	98,640	48,870	49,770	...	...	...
In the labour force	64,175	34,390	29,785	...	...	...
Employed	54,340	29,875	24,460	...	...	...
Unemployed	9,835	4,510	5,325	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	34,465	14,480	19,985	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.1	70.4	59.8	65.1	70.4	59.8
Employment rate	55.1	61.1	49.1	55.1	61.1	49.1
Unemployment rate	15.3	13.1	17.9	15.3	13.1	17.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	98,640	48,870	49,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	38,175	16,480	21,695	38.7	33.7	43.6
Worked	60,465	32,390	28,075	61.3	66.3	56.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	31,635	17,940	13,690	32.1	36.7	27.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	28,830	14,445	14,385	29.2	29.6	28.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.6	40.5	38.6	39.6	40.5	38.6
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	64,170	34,390	29,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,675	1,135	1,545	4.2	3.3	5.2
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	61,495	33,255	28,235	95.8	96.7	94.8
Employee	53,390	27,510	25,880	83.2	80.0	86.9
Permanent position	43,780	22,855	20,925	68.2	66.5	70.3
Temporary position	9,605	4,655	4,955	15.0	13.5	16.6
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,310	1,580	1,730	5.2	4.6	5.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,295	3,070	3,220	9.8	8.9	10.8
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,105	5,750	2,360	12.6	16.7	7.9
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	64,170	34,390	29,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,675	1,135	1,545	4.2	3.3	5.2
All occupations¹⁹¹	61,495	33,255	28,235	95.8	96.7	94.8
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	435	330	105	0.7	1.0	0.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,730	4,935	7,795	19.8	14.4	26.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,090	5,345	1,740	11.0	15.5	5.8
3 Health occupations	3,615	730	2,885	5.6	2.1	9.7
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	4,785	1,445	3,345	7.5	4.2	11.2
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,025	470	555	1.6	1.4	1.9
6 Sales and service occupations	15,715	7,150	8,560	24.5	20.8	28.7
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	11,130	9,810	1,320	17.3	28.5	4.4
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	315	245	75	0.5	0.7	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	4,650	2,795	1,855	7.2	8.1	6.2
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	64,170	34,390	29,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,675	1,135	1,545	4.2	3.3	5.2
All industries¹⁹¹	61,495	33,255	28,235	95.8	96.7	94.8
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	100	40	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	60	55	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
22 Utilities	285	180	100	0.4	0.5	0.3
23 Construction	3,300	2,805	500	5.1	8.2	1.7
31-33 Manufacturing	7,015	4,695	2,320	10.9	13.7	7.8
41 Wholesale trade	2,925	1,715	1,205	4.6	5.0	4.0
44-45 Retail trade	7,415	3,670	3,750	11.6	10.7	12.6
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	7,020	5,215	1,805	10.9	15.2	6.1
51 Information and cultural industries	1,360	810	545	2.1	2.4	1.8
52 Finance and insurance	4,525	2,115	2,410	7.1	6.2	8.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,235	710	525	1.9	2.1	1.8
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,020	3,600	2,420	9.4	10.5	8.1
55 Management of companies and enterprises	300	115	185	0.5	0.3	0.6
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,410	1,855	1,555	5.3	5.4	5.2
61 Educational services	3,280	1,030	2,250	5.1	3.0	7.6
62 Health care and social assistance	5,465	985	4,480	8.5	2.9	15.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	520	265	255	0.8	0.8	0.9
72 Accommodation and food services	3,460	1,475	1,985	5.4	4.3	6.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,045	1,085	965	3.2	3.2	3.2
91 Public administration	1,755	850	905	2.7	2.5	3.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	67,595	36,070	31,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	60,850	32,430	28,425	90.0	89.9	90.2
French	75	20	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	940	525	410	1.4	1.5	1.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	940	525	410	1.4	1.5	1.3
English and French	695	230	465	1.0	0.6	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	4,880	2,775	2,100	7.2	7.7	6.7
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	50	35	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	67,595	36,070	31,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	66,350	35,395	30,955	98.2	98.1	98.2
Official languages	64,545	34,365	30,175	95.5	95.3	95.7
English	64,385	34,310	30,070	95.3	95.1	95.4
French	155	55	105	0.2	0.2	0.3
Non-official languages	1,805	1,025	775	2.7	2.8	2.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,805	1,025	775	2.7	2.8	2.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	200	90	105	0.3	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	200	90	105	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	40	0	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	40	0	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	35	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,040	640	400	1.5	1.8	1.3
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	95	55	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	95	55	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	785	505	280	1.2	1.4	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages	785	505	280	1.2	1.4	0.9
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	565	390	180	0.8	1.1	0.6
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	120	75	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	150	65	85	0.2	0.2	0.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	85	25	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	25	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	340	185	150	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese languages	340	185	150	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	225	105	120	0.3	0.3	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	110	80	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	1,250	675	570	1.8	1.9	1.8
English and French	215	65	145	0.3	0.2	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	990	590	400	1.5	1.6	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	67,595	36,070	31,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	62,865	33,530	29,335	93.0	93.0	93.1
English	800	430	375	1.2	1.2	1.2
French	430	145	285	0.6	0.4	0.9
Non-official language	2,615	1,515	1,095	3.9	4.2	3.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,615	1,515	1,095	3.9	4.2	3.5
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	120	75	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	710	345	365	1.1	1.0	1.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	54,340	29,880	24,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	14,300	6,950	7,350	26.3	23.3	30.0
Worked outside Canada	350	260	90	0.6	0.9	0.4
No fixed workplace address	7,245	5,245	1,995	13.3	17.6	8.2
Usual place of work	32,445	17,425	15,020	59.7	58.3	61.4
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	32,445	17,425	15,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	17,895	8,970	8,930	55.2	51.5	59.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	3,940	2,300	1,640	12.1	13.2	10.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	10,525	6,100	4,425	32.4	35.0	29.5
Commute to a different province or territory	85	60	25	0.3	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	39,690	22,675	17,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	32,460	19,550	12,910	81.8	86.2	75.9
Car, truck or van - as a driver	28,815	18,380	10,435	72.6	81.1	61.3
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	3,640	1,165	2,470	9.2	5.1	14.5
Public transit	5,390	2,270	3,125	13.6	10.0	18.4
Walked	850	335	515	2.1	1.5	3.0
Bicycle	115	105	10	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other method	875	410	460	2.2	1.8	2.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	39,690	22,675	17,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	7,745	4,015	3,730	19.5	17.7	21.9
15 to 29 minutes	16,115	9,225	6,885	40.6	40.7	40.5
30 to 44 minutes	9,050	5,565	3,485	22.8	24.5	20.5
45 to 59 minutes	3,165	1,880	1,285	8.0	8.3	7.6
60 minutes and over	3,615	1,980	1,630	9.1	8.7	9.6
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	39,690	22,675	17,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,670	1,875	795	6.7	8.3	4.7
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,475	3,950	2,530	16.3	17.4	14.9
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,865	4,335	3,530	19.8	19.1	20.7
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,860	4,100	3,760	19.8	18.1	22.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,370	3,435	2,935	16.0	15.1	17.2
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	8,450	4,980	3,475	21.3	22.0	20.4
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,700	11,460	11,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,845	890	955	8.1	7.8	8.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	20,860	10,575	10,285	91.9	92.3	91.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	17,405	8,830	8,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,510	725	785	8.7	8.2	9.1
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,020	475	545	5.9	5.4	6.3
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	485	250	235	2.8	2.8	2.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,900	8,100	7,800	91.4	91.7	90.9

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 2, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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