Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Toronto, City (C)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	2,794,356	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	2,731,571	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	1,253,238	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	1,160,892	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	4,427.8	...	...	4,427.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	631.10	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	2,794,355	1,350,865	1,443,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	384,295	197,395	186,900	13.8	14.6	12.9
0 to 4 years	123,550	63,380	60,170	4.4	4.7	4.2
5 to 9 years	129,040	66,350	62,690	4.6	4.9	4.3
10 to 14 years	131,710	67,665	64,040	4.7	5.0	4.4
15 to 64 years	1,933,075	945,475	987,600	69.2	70.0	68.4
15 to 19 years	134,810	69,135	65,675	4.8	5.1	4.5
20 to 24 years	185,650	93,740	91,915	6.6	6.9	6.4
25 to 29 years	243,955	121,370	122,585	8.7	9.0	8.5
30 to 34 years	246,785	122,845	123,935	8.8	9.1	8.6
35 to 39 years	213,810	105,070	108,740	7.7	7.8	7.5
40 to 44 years	185,820	88,905	96,910	6.6	6.6	6.7
45 to 49 years	175,875	82,600	93,275	6.3	6.1	6.5
50 to 54 years	184,060	87,130	96,925	6.6	6.4	6.7
55 to 59 years	191,380	92,710	98,665	6.8	6.9	6.8
60 to 64 years	170,935	81,960	88,970	6.1	6.1	6.2
65 years and over	476,985	207,995	268,990	17.1	15.4	18.6
65 to 69 years	141,550	65,525	76,025	5.1	4.9	5.3
70 to 74 years	118,910	53,985	64,930	4.3	4.0	4.5
75 to 79 years	81,880	36,035	45,850	2.9	2.7	3.2
80 to 84 years	62,790	26,000	36,785	2.2	1.9	2.5
85 years and over	71,855	26,455	45,400	2.6	2.0	3.1
85 to 89 years	42,430	16,995	25,435	1.5	1.3	1.8
90 to 94 years	22,155	7,545	14,610	0.8	0.6	1.0
95 to 99 years	6,400	1,720	4,675	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	875	195	680	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.8	14.6	12.9	13.8	14.6	12.9
15 to 64 years	69.2	70.0	68.4	69.2	70.0	68.4
65 years and over	17.1	15.4	18.6	17.1	15.4	18.6
85 years and over	2.6	2.0	3.1	2.6	2.0	3.1
Average age of the population	41.5	40.3	42.6	41.5	40.3	42.6
Median age of the population	39.6	38.4	41.2	39.6	38.4	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	1,160,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	270,490	...	...	23.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	71,955	...	...	6.2	...	...
Row house	62,915	...	...	5.4	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	47,810	...	...	4.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	162,245	...	...	14.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	542,625	...	...	46.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	2,770	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	85	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	1,160,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	385,765	...	...	33.2	...	...
2 persons	353,415	...	...	30.4	...	...
3 persons	178,225	...	...	15.4	...	...
4 persons	147,360	...	...	12.7	...	...
5 or more persons	96,120	...	...	8.3	...	...
Number of persons in private households	2,761,285	1,336,430	1,424,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	2,410,060	1,153,470	1,256,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	1,213,410	610,400	603,015	50.3	52.9	48.0
Married	1,020,980	511,485	509,505	42.4	44.3	40.5
Living common-law	192,430	98,920	93,510	8.0	8.6	7.4
Living common law - Never married	155,085	79,230	75,855	6.4	6.9	6.0
Living common law - Separated	5,745	3,350	2,400	0.2	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	29,020	15,200	13,825	1.2	1.3	1.1
Living common law - Widowed	2,580	1,145	1,440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	1,196,645	543,075	653,575	49.7	47.1	52.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	853,580	437,820	415,760	35.4	38.0	33.1
Not married and not living common law - Separated	67,320	27,225	40,095	2.8	2.4	3.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	154,535	55,725	98,805	6.4	4.8	7.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	121,210	22,300	98,910	5.0	1.9	7.9
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	733,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	362,160	...	...	49.4	...	...
3 persons	174,070	...	...	23.7	...	...
4 persons	141,635	...	...	19.3	...	...
5 or more persons	55,360	...	...	7.6	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	733,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	580,590	...	...	79.2	...	...
Married couples	484,435	...	...	66.1	...	...
With children⁶	288,375	...	...	39.3	...	...
Without children	196,060	...	...	26.7	...	...
Common-law couples	96,155	...	...	13.1	...	...
With children⁶	24,805	...	...	3.4	...	...
Without children	71,350	...	...	9.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	152,635	...	...	20.8	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	127,560	...	...	17.4	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	25,075	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	2,761,290	1,336,430	1,424,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	2,108,975	1,030,460	1,078,515	76.4	77.1	75.7
Married spouses or common-law partners	1,161,175	584,390	576,785	42.1	43.7	40.5
Parents in one-parent families	152,635	25,075	127,560	5.5	1.9	9.0
Children⁶	795,165	420,995	374,170	28.8	31.5	26.3
In a two-parent family	560,345	295,780	264,560	20.3	22.1	18.6
In a one-parent family	234,820	125,210	109,615	8.5	9.4	7.7
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	652,310	305,970	346,345	23.6	22.9	24.3
Living alone	385,765	172,230	213,540	14.0	12.9	15.0
Living with other relatives⁷	93,005	36,350	56,655	3.4	2.7	4.0
Living with non-relatives only	173,540	97,395	76,150	6.3	7.3	5.3
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	1,160,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	608,930	...	...	52.5	...	...
Couple-family households	493,770	...	...	42.5	...	...
With children⁶	265,950	...	...	22.9	...	...
Without children	227,825	...	...	19.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	115,160	...	...	9.9	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	40,515	...	...	3.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	9,920	...	...	0.9	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	41,030	...	...	3.5	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	74,730	...	...	6.4	...	...
One-person households	385,765	...	...	33.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	2,377,950	1,139,545	1,238,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,267,990	1,084,035	1,183,950	95.4	95.1	95.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	42,000	37,200	39,200	42,000	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,268,960	1,084,545	1,184,415	95.4	95.2	95.6
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	38,000	34,400	36,000	38,000	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,971,475	961,465	1,010,015	82.9	84.4	81.6
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	40,400	31,600	35,600	40,400	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,628,895	818,820	810,075	68.5	71.9	65.4
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	42,800	34,800	38,800	42,800	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,073,950	980,850	1,093,100	87.2	86.1	88.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	6,600	9,900	8,500	6,600	9,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	215,780	93,240	122,550	9.1	8.2	9.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,520	5,600	5,560	5,520	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	751,475	369,900	381,575	31.6	32.5	30.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000	10,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	2,377,950	1,139,355	1,238,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,268,720	1,084,315	1,184,405	95.4	95.2	95.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,050	71,900	53,000	62,050	71,900	53,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,269,665	1,084,780	1,184,885	95.4	95.2	95.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,080	54,800	43,880	49,080	54,800	43,880
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,972,460	962,230	1,010,235	82.9	84.5	81.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,300	71,400	49,720	60,300	71,400	49,720
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,628,885	818,905	809,980	68.5	71.9	65.4
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,100	70,100	50,040	60,100	70,100	50,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,074,670	981,145	1,093,525	87.2	86.1	88.3
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,500	9,390	11,490	10,500	9,390	11,490
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	214,715	93,140	121,570	9.0	8.2	9.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,470	5,970	6,840	6,470	5,970	6,840
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	751,260	370,340	380,925	31.6	32.5	30.8
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,060	10,090	10,030	10,060	10,090	10,030
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	2,377,945	1,139,355	1,238,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	764,215	409,545	354,675	32.1	35.9	28.6
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	69,500	74,000	65,500	69,500	74,000	65,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	95,900	107,900	82,000	95,900	107,900	82,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	628,025	294,775	333,255	26.4	25.9	26.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,200	18,200	16,400	17,200	18,200	16,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,080	35,560	27,160	31,080	35,560	27,160
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.6	88.2	80.0	84.6	88.2	80.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.6	73.6	64.6	69.6	73.6	64.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.5	11.8	20.0	15.5	11.8	20.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.3	1.0	0.7	1.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.9	5.1	6.9	5.9	5.1	6.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.4	4.8	6.1	5.4	4.8	6.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	2,377,950	1,139,540	1,238,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	109,960	55,505	54,450	4.6	4.9	4.4
With total income	2,267,990	1,084,035	1,183,955	95.4	95.1	95.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	211,890	95,345	116,545	9.3	8.8	9.8
$10,000 to $19,999	278,135	128,640	149,490	12.3	11.9	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	383,760	173,415	210,345	16.9	16.0	17.8
$30,000 to $39,999	278,910	123,895	155,015	12.3	11.4	13.1
$40,000 to $49,999	221,305	99,630	121,675	9.8	9.2	10.3
$50,000 to $59,999	177,155	80,720	96,430	7.8	7.4	8.1
$60,000 to $69,999	138,600	65,425	73,180	6.1	6.0	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	111,165	54,305	56,865	4.9	5.0	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	90,210	47,155	43,055	4.0	4.3	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	73,405	38,500	34,900	3.2	3.6	2.9
$100,000 and over	303,450	176,995	126,450	13.4	16.3	10.7
$100,000 to $149,999	174,940	95,315	79,625	7.7	8.8	6.7
$150,000 and over	128,510	81,685	46,825	5.7	7.5	4.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	2,377,950	1,139,540	1,238,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	108,985	54,995	53,995	4.6	4.8	4.4
With after-tax income	2,268,965	1,084,545	1,184,420	95.4	95.2	95.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	219,695	98,860	120,830	9.7	9.1	10.2
$10,000 to $19,999	290,385	135,125	155,265	12.8	12.5	13.1
$20,000 to $29,999	427,315	192,875	234,435	18.8	17.8	19.8
$30,000 to $39,999	317,215	143,540	173,680	14.0	13.2	14.7
$40,000 to $49,999	254,390	116,075	138,315	11.2	10.7	11.7
$50,000 to $59,999	191,895	89,410	102,485	8.5	8.2	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	144,175	71,035	73,140	6.4	6.5	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	107,625	56,265	51,360	4.7	5.2	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	85,860	43,655	42,210	3.8	4.0	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	54,710	29,750	24,955	2.4	2.7	2.1
$100,000 and over	175,685	107,950	67,735	7.7	10.0	5.7
$100,000 to $124,999	72,650	41,585	31,060	3.2	3.8	2.6
$125,000 and over	103,035	66,370	36,670	4.5	6.1	3.1
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	2,377,950	1,139,540	1,238,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	749,060	320,720	428,335	31.5	28.1	34.6
With employment income	1,628,890	818,815	810,070	68.5	71.9	65.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	233,535	111,890	121,640	14.3	13.7	15.0
$5,000 to $9,999	149,810	68,255	81,550	9.2	8.3	10.1
$10,000 to $19,999	182,800	85,935	96,860	11.2	10.5	12.0
$20,000 to $29,999	134,370	63,055	71,310	8.2	7.7	8.8
$30,000 to $39,999	131,130	63,285	67,845	8.1	7.7	8.4
$40,000 to $49,999	128,965	61,660	67,305	7.9	7.5	8.3
$50,000 to $59,999	117,230	56,800	60,430	7.2	6.9	7.5
$60,000 to $69,999	98,370	49,625	48,745	6.0	6.1	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	81,720	41,950	39,765	5.0	5.1	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	69,910	38,470	31,440	4.3	4.7	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	61,540	32,370	29,175	3.8	4.0	3.6
$100,000 and over	239,510	145,510	94,000	14.7	17.8	11.6
$100,000 to $124,999	94,895	52,690	42,210	5.8	6.4	5.2
$125,000 and over	144,610	92,825	51,790	8.9	11.3	6.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	2,377,950	1,139,545	1,238,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,210,875	1,054,040	1,156,835	93.0	92.5	93.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	39,600	33,600	36,400	39,600	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,211,340	1,054,160	1,157,180	93.0	92.5	93.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	36,000	31,400	33,600	36,000	31,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,937,590	943,240	994,350	81.5	82.8	80.3
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	41,600	33,600	37,200	41,600	33,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,619,820	811,895	807,930	68.1	71.2	65.2
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	42,800	36,000	39,200	42,800	36,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,945,410	918,155	1,027,255	81.8	80.6	82.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,300	870	2,440	1,300	870	2,440
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	112,960	44,865	68,095	4.8	3.9	5.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,080	5,640	6,400	6,080	5,640	6,400
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	2,377,950	1,139,355	1,238,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,211,540	1,054,250	1,157,290	93.0	92.5	93.4
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,500	70,400	49,480	59,500	70,400	49,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,211,955	1,054,335	1,157,620	93.0	92.5	93.5
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,960	53,600	40,920	46,960	53,600	40,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,937,680	943,545	994,135	81.5	82.8	80.3
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	61,500	73,700	49,960	61,500	73,700	49,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,620,165	812,015	808,145	68.1	71.3	65.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,200	70,700	49,760	60,200	70,700	49,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,946,775	919,240	1,027,530	81.9	80.7	83.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,335	5,108	7,430	6,335	5,108	7,430
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	113,735	44,895	68,835	4.8	3.9	5.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,670	6,680	8,310	7,670	6,680	8,310
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	2,377,945	1,139,355	1,238,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	753,570	403,225	350,345	31.7	35.4	28.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,000	68,000	60,000	64,000	68,000	60,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,200	103,200	75,200	90,200	103,200	75,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	585,965	275,395	310,575	24.6	24.2	25.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	25,800	23,400	24,400	25,800	23,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	38,040	43,120	33,520	38,040	43,120	33,520
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.6	93.6	86.6	90.6	93.6	86.6
Employment income (%)	74.2	77.2	70.2	74.2	77.2	70.2
Government transfers (%)	9.4	6.3	13.3	9.4	6.3	13.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.0	0.7	0.4	1.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	1,160,895	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...	74,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	385,765	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,200	...	...	45,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400	...	...	40,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	775,125	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	1,160,890	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	121,200	...	...	121,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	385,525	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	63,850	...	...	63,850	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,200	...	...	51,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	775,365	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	149,800	...	...	149,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,300	...	...	118,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	1,160,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	21,975	...	...	1.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	10,700	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	18,325	...	...	1.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	23,970	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	52,135	...	...	4.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	40,010	...	...	3.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	38,210	...	...	3.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	39,540	...	...	3.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	39,320	...	...	3.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	39,335	...	...	3.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	78,920	...	...	6.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	77,155	...	...	6.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	72,540	...	...	6.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	68,900	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	62,465	...	...	5.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	477,390	...	...	41.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	126,785	...	...	10.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	90,785	...	...	7.8	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	112,045	...	...	9.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	147,770	...	...	12.7	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	1,160,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	24,205	...	...	2.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	10,965	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	18,670	...	...	1.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	25,555	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	55,350	...	...	4.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	44,335	...	...	3.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	43,080	...	...	3.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	45,405	...	...	3.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	46,380	...	...	4.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	47,410	...	...	4.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	94,635	...	...	8.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	90,850	...	...	7.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	84,155	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	76,730	...	...	6.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	65,450	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	387,715	...	...	33.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	125,030	...	...	10.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	84,425	...	...	7.3	...	...
$150,000 and over	178,260	...	...	15.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	723,990	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	238,385	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	313,995	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...	133,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	138,855	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	559,305	269,620	289,685	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	38,800	39,600	39,200	38,800	39,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	35,200	36,000	35,600	35,200	36,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	723,485	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	151,400	...	...	151,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,700	...	...	118,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	238,080	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	142,400	...	...	142,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,100	...	...	110,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	314,490	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	189,000	...	...	189,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,600	...	...	145,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	138,050	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,200	...	...	89,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,100	...	...	77,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	558,720	268,480	290,245	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	55,950	57,400	54,600	55,950	57,400	54,600
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,680	46,200	45,240	45,680	46,200	45,240
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	2,761,285	1,336,425	1,424,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	461,810	237,260	224,550	16.7	17.8	15.8
0 to 5 years	148,485	76,170	72,320	5.4	5.7	5.1
18 to 64 years	1,842,580	897,600	944,980	66.7	67.2	66.3
65 years and over	456,895	201,570	255,325	16.5	15.1	17.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	363,955	170,110	193,845	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	67,725	34,800	32,925	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	22,175	11,260	10,910	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	218,825	104,895	113,925	...	...	...
65 years and over	77,410	30,410	47,005	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.2	12.7	13.6	13.2	12.7	13.6
0 to 17 years (%)	14.7	14.7	14.7	14.7	14.7	14.7
0 to 5 years (%)	14.9	14.8	15.1	14.9	14.8	15.1
18 to 64 years (%)	11.9	11.7	12.1	11.9	11.7	12.1
65 years and over (%)	16.9	15.1	18.4	16.9	15.1	18.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	2,761,290	1,336,430	1,424,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	461,805	237,255	224,550	16.7	17.8	15.8
0 to 5 years	148,485	76,165	72,315	5.4	5.7	5.1
18 to 64 years	1,842,585	897,605	944,975	66.7	67.2	66.3
65 years and over	456,895	201,565	255,330	16.5	15.1	17.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	241,110	122,080	119,030	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	35,500	18,215	17,290	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	11,610	5,845	5,765	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	179,925	92,890	87,040	...	...	...
65 years and over	25,685	10,980	14,705	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	8.7	9.1	8.4	8.7	9.1	8.4
0 to 17 years (%)	7.7	7.7	7.7	7.7	7.7	7.7
0 to 5 years (%)	7.8	7.7	8.0	7.8	7.7	8.0
18 to 64 years (%)	9.8	10.4	9.2	9.8	10.4	9.2
65 years and over (%)	5.6	5.5	5.8	5.6	5.5	5.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	2,761,285	1,336,425	1,424,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	1,385,785	657,800	727,980	50.2	49.2	51.1
In bottom decile	348,260	169,275	178,980	12.6	12.7	12.6
In second decile	287,815	133,480	154,340	10.4	10.0	10.8
In third decile	265,075	124,965	140,110	9.6	9.4	9.8
In fourth decile	245,925	116,600	129,330	8.9	8.7	9.1
In fifth decile	238,700	113,485	125,215	8.6	8.5	8.8
In top half of the distribution	1,375,505	678,625	696,880	49.8	50.8	48.9
In sixth decile	234,350	112,690	121,660	8.5	8.4	8.5
In seventh decile	236,815	114,510	122,300	8.6	8.6	8.6
In eighth decile	245,465	120,335	125,125	8.9	9.0	8.8
In ninth decile	268,615	133,080	135,530	9.7	10.0	9.5
In top decile	390,265	198,000	192,265	14.1	14.8	13.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	2,761,290	...	...	2,761,290	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.437	...	...	0.437	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.555	...	...	0.555	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.371	...	...	0.371	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.7	...	...	4.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	2,772,630	1,341,750	1,430,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	2,409,655	1,187,180	1,222,480	86.9	88.5	85.4
French only	2,555	1,125	1,430	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	236,915	104,325	132,595	8.5	7.8	9.3
Neither English nor French	123,505	49,120	74,380	4.5	3.7	5.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	2,772,630	1,341,750	1,430,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	2,590,345	1,265,255	1,325,090	93.4	94.3	92.6
French	38,695	18,240	20,460	1.4	1.4	1.4
English and French	22,190	10,120	12,070	0.8	0.8	0.8
Neither English nor French	121,390	48,135	73,260	4.4	3.6	5.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	2,772,630	1,341,750	1,430,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	2,588,520	1,253,850	1,334,665	93.4	93.4	93.3
Official languages	1,425,805	711,505	714,295	51.4	53.0	49.9
English	1,391,685	695,305	696,380	50.2	51.8	48.7
French	34,115	16,200	17,920	1.2	1.2	1.3
Non-official languages	1,162,715	542,350	620,370	41.9	40.4	43.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	265	130	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	225	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	140	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,162,445	542,225	620,225	41.9	40.4	43.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	70,715	35,165	35,550	2.6	2.6	2.5
Berber languages	115	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	30	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	205	135	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	190	125	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	12,110	5,465	6,645	0.4	0.4	0.5
Bilen	130	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	875	420	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	11,020	4,925	6,100	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	58,240	29,480	28,765	2.1	2.2	2.0
Amharic	7,465	3,405	4,065	0.3	0.3	0.3
Arabic	32,985	17,385	15,600	1.2	1.3	1.1
Aramaic languages	5,335	2,555	2,785	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	4,195	1,975	2,220	0.2	0.1	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	945	475	470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	195	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	700	310	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	4,210	2,280	1,930	0.2	0.2	0.1
Maltese	1,090	525	570	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	6,310	2,950	3,360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	28,750	12,695	16,050	1.0	0.9	1.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,230	540	685	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	27,445	12,125	15,320	1.0	0.9	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	102,870	41,175	61,695	3.7	3.1	4.3
Bikol	330	145	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,385	580	810	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	2,750	1,095	1,660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	2,140	840	1,305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	9,165	3,735	5,430	0.3	0.3	0.4
Indonesian	1,905	850	1,055	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	245	110	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	185	75	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	875	400	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	450	180	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	82,185	32,660	49,530	3.0	2.4	3.5
Waray-Waray	270	105	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	755	305	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	2,720	1,235	1,480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	720	315	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	565	265	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	765	350	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	420	200	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	67,995	34,355	33,640	2.5	2.6	2.4
Kannada	1,185	600	575	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	7,290	4,225	3,065	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tamil	52,905	25,655	27,250	1.9	1.9	1.9
Telugu	6,450	3,790	2,660	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tulu	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	1,095	590	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	571,820	274,720	297,095	20.6	20.5	20.8
Albanian	9,195	4,540	4,660	0.3	0.3	0.3
Armenian	7,615	3,645	3,970	0.3	0.3	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	105,980	47,080	58,905	3.8	3.5	4.1
Baltic languages	2,645	1,030	1,610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	1,165	450	715	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	1,480	585	895	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages	103,340	46,045	57,290	3.7	3.4	4.0
Belarusian	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	3,830	1,780	2,050	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	2,410	1,075	1,335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	5,090	2,400	2,690	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	20,795	8,965	11,835	0.8	0.7	0.8
Russian	33,770	14,690	19,080	1.2	1.1	1.3
Rusyn	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	19,275	9,060	10,210	0.7	0.7	0.7
Bosnian	1,295	620	675	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	4,990	2,220	2,775	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	12,630	6,055	6,575	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	365	170	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	2,765	1,290	1,475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,425	575	850	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	13,740	6,100	7,640	0.5	0.5	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	195	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	17,060	7,825	9,230	0.6	0.6	0.6
Frisian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	12,605	5,640	6,970	0.5	0.4	0.5
German	10,700	4,765	5,930	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pennsylvania German	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	305	130	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	1,600	735	865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,005	1,520	1,480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	450	245	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	2,430	1,215	1,210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,375	625	755	0.0	0.0	0.1
Danish	535	235	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	190	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	610	285	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	23,540	11,110	12,435	0.8	0.8	0.9
Indo-Iranian languages	207,390	106,275	101,105	7.5	7.9	7.1
Indo-Aryan languages	150,130	77,905	72,230	5.4	5.8	5.0
Assamese	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	31,335	16,040	15,290	1.1	1.2	1.1
Gujarati	27,090	14,195	12,895	1.0	1.1	0.9
Hindi	22,300	12,140	10,165	0.8	0.9	0.7
Kacchi	1,575	675	900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	745	365	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	3,025	1,605	1,415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	3,275	1,670	1,605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	495	275	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	305	170	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	190	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	21,230	11,065	10,170	0.8	0.8	0.7
Rohingya	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	550	285	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	3,260	1,605	1,655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	34,460	17,555	16,905	1.2	1.3	1.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	575	320	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	57,210	28,350	28,860	2.1	2.1	2.0
Baluchi	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,865	1,085	780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	125	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	4,390	2,285	2,105	0.2	0.2	0.1
Persian languages	50,490	24,715	25,770	1.8	1.8	1.8
Dari	10,715	5,190	5,525	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian Persian	34,575	16,910	17,665	1.2	1.3	1.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,200	2,620	2,585	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	245	140	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	200,780	94,110	106,665	7.2	7.0	7.5
Catalan	120	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	50,995	23,065	27,930	1.8	1.7	2.0
Portuguese	60,360	28,845	31,510	2.2	2.1	2.2
Romanian	10,510	4,765	5,740	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	78,575	37,275	41,295	2.8	2.8	2.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	225	100	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	6,740	2,170	4,570	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	32,805	14,550	18,250	1.2	1.1	1.3
Mongolian	310	145	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	14,070	6,585	7,485	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	3,640	1,685	1,955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	550	210	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	125	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	205	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	165	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	645	300	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	150	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	790	410	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	325	135	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	215	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	240	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	370	175	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	155	90	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	100	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	2,255	1,050	1,210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	2,495	1,195	1,295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,220	575	645	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	360	190	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	240	120	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	430	225	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	365	185	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	233,845	104,960	128,890	8.4	7.8	9.0
Chinese languages	227,685	101,945	125,740	8.2	7.6	8.8
Hakka	2,475	1,125	1,355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	112,620	50,370	62,245	4.1	3.8	4.4
Min Dong	485	245	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,475	1,985	2,490	0.2	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,750	775	975	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	103,530	46,375	57,150	3.7	3.5	4.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,240	1,010	1,230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	6,080	2,980	3,100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burmese	540	260	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	215	100	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5,155	2,535	2,620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	165	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,745	650	1,100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	600	295	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,065	330	730	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	75	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	13,515	7,230	6,290	0.5	0.5	0.4
Azerbaijani	1,280	705	570	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	11,225	6,040	5,190	0.4	0.5	0.4
Uyghur	265	115	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	395	200	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	12,495	5,505	6,990	0.5	0.4	0.5
Estonian	1,495	610	885	0.1	0.0	0.1
Finnish	1,090	405	685	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	9,915	4,490	5,415	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	170	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	184,110	87,895	96,215	6.6	6.6	6.7
English and French	12,390	5,945	6,450	0.4	0.4	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	149,250	71,920	77,330	5.4	5.4	5.4
French and non-official language(s)	3,630	1,625	2,000	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,875	1,795	2,080	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	14,965	6,610	8,355	0.5	0.5	0.6
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	2,772,630	1,341,750	1,430,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,485,800	737,765	748,035	53.6	55.0	52.3
French	9,195	4,355	4,835	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-official language	369,860	169,255	200,610	13.3	12.6	14.0
Indigenous³⁹	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	369,820	169,240	200,580	13.3	12.6	14.0
English and French	33,080	15,330	17,750	1.2	1.1	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	809,180	385,785	423,400	29.2	28.8	29.6
French and non-official language(s)	2,020	870	1,150	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	27,745	12,255	15,495	1.0	0.9	1.1
Multiple non-official languages	35,750	16,140	19,610	1.3	1.2	1.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	2,772,630	1,341,750	1,430,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	2,569,065	1,245,330	1,323,735	92.7	92.8	92.5
Official languages	1,855,810	912,035	943,770	66.9	68.0	66.0
English	1,839,730	904,470	935,265	66.4	67.4	65.4
French	16,070	7,565	8,510	0.6	0.6	0.6
Non-official languages	713,255	333,295	379,960	25.7	24.8	26.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	713,175	333,260	379,915	25.7	24.8	26.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	39,890	18,995	20,900	1.4	1.4	1.5
Berber languages	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	115	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	7,140	3,190	3,955	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bilen	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	495	230	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	6,515	2,895	3,625	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	32,565	15,700	16,865	1.2	1.2	1.2
Amharic	3,940	1,755	2,185	0.1	0.1	0.2
Arabic	18,060	8,910	9,150	0.7	0.7	0.6
Aramaic languages	4,345	2,080	2,265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	3,485	1,655	1,825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	730	355	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	385	170	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,630	845	790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	275	125	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	3,870	1,795	2,075	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	19,895	8,890	11,000	0.7	0.7	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	730	315	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	19,130	8,560	10,570	0.7	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	62,525	26,740	35,790	2.3	2.0	2.5
Bikol	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	735	305	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,575	670	905	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,235	535	700	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5,385	2,385	2,995	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	685	320	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	455	210	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	160	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	51,355	21,815	29,535	1.9	1.6	2.1
Waray-Waray	120	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	395	175	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,485	650	830	0.1	0.0	0.1
Haitian Creole	400	165	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	430	205	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	350	155	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	49,945	24,780	25,165	1.8	1.8	1.8
Kannada	520	270	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	4,505	2,545	1,960	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamil	40,825	19,600	21,225	1.5	1.5	1.5
Telugu	4,055	2,345	1,710	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	765	405	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	319,375	152,430	166,945	11.5	11.4	11.7
Albanian	4,390	2,170	2,225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	5,090	2,395	2,690	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	53,790	24,470	29,325	1.9	1.8	2.0
Baltic languages	705	280	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	285	115	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	425	170	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	53,085	24,185	28,900	1.9	1.8	2.0
Belarusian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,940	915	1,025	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	805	360	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	2,275	1,050	1,225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	8,710	3,875	4,835	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	21,060	9,415	11,645	0.8	0.7	0.8
Rusyn	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	9,715	4,605	5,110	0.4	0.3	0.4
Bosnian	595	265	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	1,815	815	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	7,150	3,455	3,695	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,475	735	740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	335	130	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	6,720	3,075	3,640	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,160	1,015	1,145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,530	700	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	1,290	590	695	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	185	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	430	220	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	290	145	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	11,130	4,965	6,165	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	134,850	67,805	67,045	4.9	5.1	4.7
Indo-Aryan languages	96,005	49,180	46,825	3.5	3.7	3.3
Assamese	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	20,505	10,255	10,250	0.7	0.8	0.7
Gujarati	18,045	9,355	8,690	0.7	0.7	0.6
Hindi	12,995	6,990	6,000	0.5	0.5	0.4
Kacchi	770	335	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	190	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	1,470	760	710	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nepali	2,235	1,150	1,085	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	270	145	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	170	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	14,450	7,555	6,890	0.5	0.6	0.5
Rohingya	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	240	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,750	875	870	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	22,650	11,320	11,325	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	340	180	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	38,835	18,610	20,225	1.4	1.4	1.4
Baluchi	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,045	570	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	3,230	1,655	1,575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	34,250	16,225	18,025	1.2	1.2	1.3
Dari	7,145	3,340	3,810	0.3	0.2	0.3
Iranian Persian	23,600	11,195	12,405	0.9	0.8	0.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	3,500	1,685	1,810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	170	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	107,915	49,595	58,320	3.9	3.7	4.1
Catalan	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	21,040	8,375	12,665	0.8	0.6	0.9
Portuguese	35,625	17,105	18,520	1.3	1.3	1.3
Romanian	4,755	2,150	2,600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	46,355	21,900	24,455	1.7	1.6	1.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	3,105	1,280	1,825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	23,115	10,510	12,605	0.8	0.8	0.9
Mongolian	185	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	5,745	2,605	3,140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	1,925	835	1,090	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	135	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	200	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	215	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	95	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	85	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,005	455	555	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	935	425	510	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	355	180	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	125	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	860	500	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	635	385	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	225	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	172,010	78,390	93,615	6.2	5.8	6.5
Chinese languages	167,280	76,080	91,200	6.0	5.7	6.4
Hakka	1,075	475	600	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	86,150	39,880	46,265	3.1	3.0	3.2
Min Dong	330	160	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,270	1,000	1,265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,130	515	615	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	74,845	33,360	41,490	2.7	2.5	2.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,430	655	770	0.1	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	4,700	2,305	2,400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Burmese	330	155	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	145	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	4,120	2,030	2,090	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	100	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	770	340	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	275	135	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	450	190	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	8,360	4,310	4,045	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	690	350	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	7,155	3,705	3,455	0.3	0.3	0.2
Uyghur	185	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	225	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	4,940	2,240	2,700	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	325	115	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	4,460	2,050	2,410	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	203,565	96,420	107,150	7.3	7.2	7.5
English and French	7,520	3,465	4,055	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	188,260	89,520	98,740	6.8	6.7	6.9
French and non-official language(s)	1,050	460	595	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,630	1,175	1,455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	4,100	1,800	2,305	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	2,772,630	1,341,750	1,430,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	2,031,410	990,095	1,041,310	73.3	73.8	72.8
English	269,945	129,305	140,645	9.7	9.6	9.8
French	26,595	12,125	14,470	1.0	0.9	1.0
Non-official language	341,655	160,845	180,805	12.3	12.0	12.6
Indigenous³⁹	325	150	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	341,325	160,695	180,630	12.3	12.0	12.6
English and French	3,695	1,680	2,015	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	43,120	21,070	22,050	1.6	1.6	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	13,575	5,895	7,675	0.5	0.4	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	895	445	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	41,745	20,285	21,455	1.5	1.5	1.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	2,761,290	1,336,390	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	2,637,775	1,287,455	1,350,320	95.5	96.3	94.8
English	2,635,255	1,286,345	1,348,915	95.4	96.3	94.7
French	238,505	104,650	133,855	8.6	7.8	9.4
Non-official languages	1,536,605	724,300	812,305	55.6	54.2	57.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	870	385	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	715	300	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	190	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	185	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	500	215	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	480	215	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	385	175	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,535,860	723,970	811,890	55.6	54.2	57.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	119,095	59,300	59,800	4.3	4.4	4.2
Berber languages	305	185	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	180	105	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	115	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	610	325	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	560	300	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	215	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	19,090	8,780	10,315	0.7	0.7	0.7
Bilen	175	105	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	1,725	840	885	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	17,155	7,790	9,370	0.6	0.6	0.7
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	225	125	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	101,800	51,415	50,385	3.7	3.8	3.5
Amharic	13,295	6,275	7,020	0.5	0.5	0.5
Arabic	59,680	31,035	28,645	2.2	2.3	2.0
Aramaic languages	7,625	3,755	3,875	0.3	0.3	0.3
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	6,015	2,905	3,115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	1,380	715	665	0.0	0.1	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	350	195	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	1,090	490	595	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	19,995	10,000	9,995	0.7	0.7	0.7
Maltese	1,620	795	825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrigna	9,440	4,465	4,975	0.3	0.3	0.3
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	285	185	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40,125	18,090	22,035	1.5	1.4	1.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,830	760	1,075	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	38,420	17,385	21,035	1.4	1.3	1.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	143,975	57,795	86,190	5.2	4.3	6.0
Bikol	730	315	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	1,845	730	1,115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	4,725	1,855	2,870	0.2	0.1	0.2
Fijian	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	3,700	1,470	2,230	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ilocano	16,205	6,315	9,890	0.6	0.5	0.7
Indonesian	2,890	1,305	1,585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	380	155	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	1,720	800	925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	1,620	675	950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	860	355	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	135,600	53,930	81,670	4.9	4.0	5.7
Waray-Waray	920	360	560	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	3,135	1,305	1,830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	9,055	3,840	5,210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Haitian Creole	1,995	865	1,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	1,175	435	740	0.0	0.0	0.1
Krio	220	90	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	1,540	725	815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	3,305	1,330	1,980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,235	560	675	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	98,850	50,540	48,310	3.6	3.8	3.4
Kannada	3,625	1,880	1,750	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	11,165	6,325	4,835	0.4	0.5	0.3
Tamil	77,785	38,640	39,145	2.8	2.9	2.7
Telugu	11,850	6,900	4,955	0.4	0.5	0.3
Tulu	320	160	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	240	95	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	1,355	670	680	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	801,510	390,560	410,955	29.0	29.2	28.8
Albanian	11,050	5,615	5,430	0.4	0.4	0.4
Armenian	9,595	4,680	4,910	0.3	0.4	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	132,695	60,545	72,155	4.8	4.5	5.1
Baltic languages	3,550	1,500	2,055	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	1,655	715	940	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	1,905	785	1,120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages	129,955	59,410	70,545	4.7	4.4	5.0
Belarusian	485	185	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	4,900	2,350	2,550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	3,625	1,665	1,960	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	7,660	3,560	4,105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Polish	27,850	12,460	15,390	1.0	0.9	1.1
Russian	52,840	23,965	28,870	1.9	1.8	2.0
Rusyn	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	25,500	12,155	13,345	0.9	0.9	0.9
Bosnian	3,320	1,625	1,695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	9,415	4,365	5,055	0.3	0.3	0.4
Serbian	18,040	8,705	9,335	0.7	0.7	0.7
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	715	355	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	3,675	1,740	1,930	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	1,900	810	1,090	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	21,345	9,400	11,945	0.8	0.7	0.8
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	85	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	1,350	745	605	0.0	0.1	0.0
Irish	990	565	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	135	55	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	95	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	39,895	19,365	20,530	1.4	1.4	1.4
Frisian	55	40	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	31,620	15,385	16,235	1.1	1.2	1.1
German	27,540	13,390	14,145	1.0	1.0	1.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	575	275	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	3,915	1,905	2,010	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	6,385	3,260	3,125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	2,095	1,140	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	4,115	2,055	2,055	0.1	0.2	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	2,975	1,310	1,670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	1,020	435	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	535	215	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	1,530	700	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	95	65	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	36,620	17,545	19,070	1.3	1.3	1.3
Indo-Iranian languages	302,620	156,380	146,235	11.0	11.7	10.3
Indo-Aryan languages	236,745	123,180	113,565	8.6	9.2	8.0
Assamese	230	125	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	41,750	21,390	20,355	1.5	1.6	1.4
Gujarati	42,425	22,190	20,235	1.5	1.7	1.4
Hindi	107,170	56,950	50,220	3.9	4.3	3.5
Kacchi	3,300	1,400	1,900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	280	130	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	2,005	940	1,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Marathi	8,290	4,325	3,970	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepali	5,580	2,850	2,725	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oriya languages	1,010	535	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	605	340	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	410	200	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	41,430	22,070	19,365	1.5	1.7	1.4
Rohingya	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	1,355	740	615	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	7,370	3,830	3,540	0.3	0.3	0.2
Urdu	65,035	33,230	31,805	2.4	2.5	2.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	1,665	950	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	70,200	35,455	34,740	2.5	2.7	2.4
Baluchi	160	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	3,275	1,870	1,410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	230	155	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	7,095	3,795	3,300	0.3	0.3	0.2
Persian languages	62,515	31,290	31,225	2.3	2.3	2.2
Dari	14,995	7,475	7,520	0.5	0.6	0.5
Iranian Persian	42,785	21,270	21,510	1.5	1.6	1.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5,490	2,915	2,575	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	450	225	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	420	230	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	296,705	139,660	157,045	10.7	10.5	11.0
Catalan	335	195	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	84,335	38,730	45,605	3.1	2.9	3.2
Portuguese	80,170	38,850	41,325	2.9	2.9	2.9
Romanian	12,920	5,785	7,140	0.5	0.4	0.5
Spanish	138,770	66,085	72,685	5.0	4.9	5.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	725	390	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	250	130	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	14,220	6,085	8,130	0.5	0.5	0.6
Korean	38,895	17,235	21,665	1.4	1.3	1.5
Mongolian	415	180	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	32,875	15,155	17,720	1.2	1.1	1.2
Akan (Twi)	6,410	2,830	3,580	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bamanankan	240	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	1,305	525	780	0.0	0.0	0.1
Éwé	345	190	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	305	175	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	520	185	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	1,490	615	875	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gikuyu	365	135	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	2,020	935	1,080	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	655	245	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	1,665	765	900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	175	65	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	150	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	210	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	540	260	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	715	315	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	245	155	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	270	110	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	7,620	3,630	3,990	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wojenaka	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	485	240	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	7,235	3,365	3,865	0.3	0.3	0.3
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	3,620	1,785	1,835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	555	290	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	490	245	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	305	145	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	2,860	1,240	1,620	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	2,575	1,080	1,490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	370	185	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	275,670	125,525	150,150	10.0	9.4	10.5
Chinese languages	267,745	121,665	146,080	9.7	9.1	10.3
Hakka	3,630	1,695	1,935	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	162,950	72,885	90,065	5.9	5.5	6.3
Min Dong	645	295	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	7,830	3,510	4,320	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	2,730	1,225	1,505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	134,810	61,065	73,745	4.9	4.6	5.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	2,245	1,050	1,195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	200	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	8,080	3,925	4,150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Burmese	875	435	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	225	100	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	6,655	3,265	3,385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	445	205	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	220	90	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	2,865	1,195	1,670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	1,045	480	565	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,840	735	1,100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	170	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	20,920	11,110	9,815	0.8	0.8	0.7
Azerbaijani	2,425	1,320	1,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	325	150	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	18,110	9,650	8,455	0.7	0.7	0.6
Uyghur	240	95	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	790	390	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	370	170	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	14,670	6,580	8,095	0.5	0.5	0.6
Estonian	1,680	675	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	1,405	495	910	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	11,650	5,430	6,220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	575	260	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	22,925	10,785	12,135	0.8	0.8	0.9
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	21,475	10,085	11,385	0.8	0.8	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	13,800	6,590	7,215	0.5	0.5	0.5
Métis	7,440	3,400	4,035	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	240	100	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	645	275	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	800	420	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	2,738,365	1,325,610	1,412,760	99.2	99.2	99.1
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	7,730	3,705	4,025	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	2,753,555	1,332,685	1,420,870	99.7	99.7	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	1,160,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	602,925	...	...	51.9	...	...
Renter	557,970	...	...	48.1	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	1,160,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	353,215	...	...	30.4	...	...
Not condominium	807,670	...	...	69.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	1,160,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	28,765	...	...	2.5	...	...
1 bedroom	330,340	...	...	28.5	...	...
2 bedrooms	334,320	...	...	28.8	...	...
3 bedrooms	268,505	...	...	23.1	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	198,960	...	...	17.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	1,160,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	617,005	...	...	53.1	...	...
5 rooms	152,950	...	...	13.2	...	...
6 rooms	113,715	...	...	9.8	...	...
7 rooms	90,775	...	...	7.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	186,440	...	...	16.1	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.9	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	1,160,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,093,085	...	...	94.2	...	...
More than one person per room	67,805	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	1,160,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	1,016,350	...	...	87.5	...	...
Not suitable	144,545	...	...	12.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	1,160,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	340,185	...	...	29.3	...	...
1961 to 1980	333,990	...	...	28.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	109,780	...	...	9.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	92,985	...	...	8.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	58,975	...	...	5.1	...	...
2006 to 2010	63,995	...	...	5.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	75,980	...	...	6.5	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	85,005	...	...	7.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	1,160,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	1,086,415	...	...	93.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	74,480	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	1,160,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	634,725	...	...	54.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	447,155	...	...	38.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	79,010	...	...	6.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	1,160,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	34,350	...	...	3.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	202,225	...	...	17.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	210,570	...	...	18.1	...	...
45 to 54 years	204,790	...	...	17.6	...	...
55 to 64 years	215,740	...	...	18.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	158,850	...	...	13.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	90,900	...	...	7.8	...	...
85 years and over	43,455	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	1,151,795	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	777,835	...	...	67.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	373,965	...	...	32.5	...	...
30% to less than 100%	321,675	...	...	27.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	1,160,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	522,150	...	...	45.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	315,735	...	...	27.2	...	...
Not suitable only	98,270	...	...	8.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	39,905	...	...	3.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	33,670	...	...	2.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	21,965	...	...	1.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10,015	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	2,595	...	...	0.2	...	...
Acceptable housing	638,740	...	...	55.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	1,099,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	215,225	...	...	19.6	...	...
Not in core need	884,285	...	...	80.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	602,915	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.6	...	...	56.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.6	...	...	25.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	10.8	...	...	10.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,740	...	...	1,740	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,038	...	...	2,038	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	...	...	900,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,131,000	...	...	1,131,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	557,975	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	14.2	...	...	14.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	40.0	...	...	40.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	29.3	...	...	29.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,500	...	...	1,500	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,562	...	...	1,562	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	6,060	2,720	3,345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	5,870	2,660	3,215	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	4,835	2,175	2,655	0.2	0.2	0.2
Métis single ancestry	975	450	525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	190	65	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	170	65	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	24,150	11,520	12,635	0.9	0.9	0.9
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	23,505	11,250	12,255	0.9	0.8	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	17,670	8,505	9,165	0.6	0.6	0.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	5,665	2,665	2,995	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	170	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	645	270	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	605	255	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	2,731,070	1,322,155	1,408,920	98.9	98.9	98.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	2,761,285	1,336,395	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	2,284,055	1,102,560	1,181,495	82.7	82.5	82.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	413,995	213,200	200,795	15.0	16.0	14.1
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,870,055	889,360	980,700	67.7	66.5	68.8
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	477,230	233,830	243,400	17.3	17.5	17.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	2,761,285	1,336,395	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,329,905	666,890	663,015	48.2	49.9	46.5
Immigrants⁸¹	1,286,140	593,225	692,915	46.6	44.4	48.6
Before 1980	222,935	100,655	122,280	8.1	7.5	8.6
1980 to 1990	156,460	73,005	83,455	5.7	5.5	5.9
1991 to 2000	273,985	124,465	149,520	9.9	9.3	10.5
2001 to 2010	290,400	132,935	157,470	10.5	9.9	11.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	342,360	162,170	180,195	12.4	12.1	12.6
2011 to 2015	144,320	66,410	77,910	5.2	5.0	5.5
2016 to 2021	198,040	95,755	102,285	7.2	7.2	7.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	145,240	76,280	68,965	5.3	5.7	4.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,286,140	593,220	692,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	91,030	45,045	45,985	7.1	7.6	6.6
5 to 14 years	203,840	101,550	102,295	15.8	17.1	14.8
15 to 24 years	247,955	110,365	137,595	19.3	18.6	19.9
25 to 44 years	605,575	276,620	328,960	47.1	46.6	47.5
45 years and over	137,730	59,650	78,080	10.7	10.1	11.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,286,140	593,220	692,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	210,980	92,905	118,075	16.4	15.7	17.0
Brazil	10,175	4,815	5,355	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombia	8,695	3,905	4,795	0.7	0.7	0.7
El Salvador	6,495	3,135	3,360	0.5	0.5	0.5
Guyana	31,025	13,325	17,700	2.4	2.2	2.6
Haiti	1,660	740	915	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	42,650	17,285	25,370	3.3	2.9	3.7
Mexico	9,340	4,355	4,985	0.7	0.7	0.7
Peru	4,105	1,820	2,280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidad and Tobago	18,280	7,865	10,415	1.4	1.3	1.5
United States of America	25,220	12,190	13,030	2.0	2.1	1.9
Other places of birth in Americas	53,330	23,465	29,865	4.1	4.0	4.3
Europe	266,210	124,220	141,995	20.7	20.9	20.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,910	2,325	2,585	0.4	0.4	0.4
Croatia	4,200	1,925	2,280	0.3	0.3	0.3
France	5,820	2,895	2,920	0.5	0.5	0.4
Germany	8,915	4,110	4,805	0.7	0.7	0.7
Greece	16,510	7,720	8,795	1.3	1.3	1.3
Hungary	6,135	2,795	3,335	0.5	0.5	0.5
Italy	37,700	17,310	20,395	2.9	2.9	2.9
Netherlands	2,130	1,055	1,070	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	18,245	8,015	10,230	1.4	1.4	1.5
Portugal	34,360	16,435	17,925	2.7	2.8	2.6
Romania	11,200	4,900	6,305	0.9	0.8	0.9
Russian Federation	15,820	6,555	9,260	1.2	1.1	1.3
Serbia⁸⁶	7,740	3,605	4,135	0.6	0.6	0.6
Ukraine	15,845	7,000	8,840	1.2	1.2	1.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	35,585	17,855	17,735	2.8	3.0	2.6
Other places of birth in Europe	41,100	19,715	21,380	3.2	3.3	3.1
Africa	88,020	42,020	46,005	6.8	7.1	6.6
Algeria	940	475	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	2,130	925	1,210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	6,420	3,415	3,010	0.5	0.6	0.4
Eritrea	6,485	3,170	3,315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ethiopia	10,900	4,980	5,915	0.8	0.8	0.9
Morocco	2,385	1,070	1,315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigeria	10,015	5,010	5,005	0.8	0.8	0.7
Somalia	10,190	4,390	5,795	0.8	0.7	0.8
South Africa, Republic of	6,000	3,050	2,955	0.5	0.5	0.4
Other places of birth in Africa	32,555	15,535	17,020	2.5	2.6	2.5
Asia	716,885	331,980	384,910	55.7	56.0	55.5
Afghanistan	12,920	6,475	6,445	1.0	1.1	0.9
Iran⁸⁸	37,190	18,570	18,620	2.9	3.1	2.7
Iraq	11,350	5,720	5,630	0.9	1.0	0.8
Lebanon	6,490	3,460	3,035	0.5	0.6	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	8,240	4,150	4,085	0.6	0.7	0.6
Turkey	8,500	4,590	3,910	0.7	0.8	0.6
China⁹⁰	129,755	56,810	72,940	10.1	9.6	10.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	36,850	16,655	20,200	2.9	2.8	2.9
Korea, South⁹²	27,505	12,310	15,200	2.1	2.1	2.2
Taiwan	7,985	3,350	4,635	0.6	0.6	0.7
Philippines	132,980	53,880	79,100	10.3	9.1	11.4
Viet Nam	31,675	14,230	17,445	2.5	2.4	2.5
Bangladesh	27,135	13,795	13,335	2.1	2.3	1.9
India	102,155	52,455	49,700	7.9	8.8	7.2
Pakistan	34,140	17,275	16,865	2.7	2.9	2.4
Sri Lanka	47,895	22,985	24,905	3.7	3.9	3.6
Other places of birth in Asia	54,130	25,260	28,865	4.2	4.3	4.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	4,045	2,105	1,940	0.3	0.4	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	198,040	95,760	102,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	25,025	11,935	13,090	12.6	12.5	12.8
Brazil	4,200	2,015	2,190	2.1	2.1	2.1
Colombia	1,195	485	715	0.6	0.5	0.7
Haiti	275	150	120	0.1	0.2	0.1
Jamaica	3,145	1,570	1,580	1.6	1.6	1.5
Mexico	2,330	1,075	1,260	1.2	1.1	1.2
United States of America	5,125	2,610	2,520	2.6	2.7	2.5
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,535	740	790	0.8	0.8	0.8
Other places of birth in Americas	7,215	3,290	3,925	3.6	3.4	3.8
Europe	20,690	10,515	10,175	10.4	11.0	9.9
France	1,940	985	955	1.0	1.0	0.9
Germany	650	355	300	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	1,365	870	495	0.7	0.9	0.5
Italy	835	480	355	0.4	0.5	0.3
Russian Federation	2,240	855	1,385	1.1	0.9	1.4
Ukraine	2,490	1,155	1,335	1.3	1.2	1.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,615	1,560	1,055	1.3	1.6	1.0
Other places of birth in Europe	8,550	4,260	4,290	4.3	4.4	4.2
Africa	18,720	9,485	9,240	9.5	9.9	9.0
Algeria	210	95	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burundi	125	35	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cameroon	500	265	240	0.3	0.3	0.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	360	150	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Côte d'Ivoire	235	100	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	995	520	475	0.5	0.5	0.5
Eritrea	2,775	1,495	1,280	1.4	1.6	1.3
Ethiopia	1,955	910	1,045	1.0	1.0	1.0
Morocco	520	245	280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigeria	4,535	2,280	2,255	2.3	2.4	2.2
Somalia	1,575	895	685	0.8	0.9	0.7
South Africa, Republic of	675	350	325	0.3	0.4	0.3
Sudan⁹⁷	480	250	230	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tunisia	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	3,650	1,830	1,815	1.8	1.9	1.8
Asia	132,735	63,325	69,410	67.0	66.1	67.9
Afghanistan	3,180	1,580	1,600	1.6	1.6	1.6
Bangladesh	4,760	2,465	2,290	2.4	2.6	2.2
China⁹⁰	18,525	7,360	11,170	9.4	7.7	10.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	655	240	410	0.3	0.3	0.4
India	40,200	21,455	18,745	20.3	22.4	18.3
Iran⁸⁸	5,225	2,485	2,745	2.6	2.6	2.7
Iraq	2,265	1,130	1,130	1.1	1.2	1.1
Israel	640	345	295	0.3	0.4	0.3
Japan	860	215	645	0.4	0.2	0.6
Jordan	385	225	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	3,120	1,185	1,935	1.6	1.2	1.9
Lebanon	960	510	455	0.5	0.5	0.4
Nepal	1,235	640	600	0.6	0.7	0.6
Pakistan	5,740	2,925	2,820	2.9	3.1	2.8
Philippines	24,905	10,720	14,190	12.6	11.2	13.9
Saudi Arabia	1,870	1,070	800	0.9	1.1	0.8
Sri Lanka	2,710	1,295	1,415	1.4	1.4	1.4
Syria⁸⁹	4,680	2,425	2,260	2.4	2.5	2.2
Turkey	2,670	1,515	1,150	1.3	1.6	1.1
United Arab Emirates	940	460	480	0.5	0.5	0.5
Viet Nam	2,395	885	1,510	1.2	0.9	1.5
Other places of birth in Asia	4,810	2,195	2,620	2.4	2.3	2.6
Oceania and other⁹³	875	505	370	0.4	0.5	0.4
Australia	720	410	310	0.4	0.4	0.3
Other places of birth⁹⁸	160	95	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,462,090	684,355	777,735	52.9	51.2	54.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	741,035	372,030	369,010	26.8	27.8	25.9
Third generation or more¹⁰²	558,160	280,005	278,155	20.2	21.0	19.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	1,063,205	492,575	570,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	532,155	254,780	277,375	50.1	51.7	48.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	240,950	128,285	112,665	22.7	26.0	19.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	291,205	126,495	164,710	27.4	25.7	28.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	323,950	131,385	192,565	30.5	26.7	33.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	186,825	97,565	89,265	17.6	19.8	15.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	20,280	8,845	11,435	1.9	1.8	2.0
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	1,063,205	492,575	570,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	102,210	53,850	48,355	9.6	10.9	8.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	111,095	46,175	64,920	10.4	9.4	11.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	24,490	11,975	12,510	2.3	2.4	2.2
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	65,870	27,080	38,790	6.2	5.5	6.8
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	5,180	1,985	3,195	0.5	0.4	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	754,355	351,500	402,865	71.0	71.4	70.6
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,537,285	732,690	804,595	55.7	54.8	56.5
South Asian	385,440	198,065	187,375	14.0	14.8	13.2
Chinese	296,225	137,460	158,765	10.7	10.3	11.1
Black	265,005	122,060	142,950	9.6	9.1	10.0
Filipino	170,355	72,915	97,440	6.2	5.5	6.8
Arab	42,040	22,085	19,955	1.5	1.7	1.4
Latin American	92,455	44,590	47,865	3.3	3.3	3.4
Southeast Asian	53,905	24,980	28,925	2.0	1.9	2.0
West Asian	69,320	34,925	34,395	2.5	2.6	2.4
Korean	42,190	19,485	22,705	1.5	1.5	1.6
Japanese	13,210	5,365	7,845	0.5	0.4	0.6
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	42,435	19,845	22,585	1.5	1.5	1.6
Multiple visible minorities	64,700	30,915	33,785	2.3	2.3	2.4
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,224,000	603,700	620,300	44.3	45.2	43.5
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	2,761,290	1,336,390	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	165,640	84,370	81,270	6.0	6.3	5.7
English	244,995	122,460	122,530	8.9	9.2	8.6
Irish	226,865	109,935	116,930	8.2	8.2	8.2
Scottish	211,175	103,555	107,625	7.6	7.7	7.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	85,715	41,845	43,865	3.1	3.1	3.1
German	107,475	52,985	54,495	3.9	4.0	3.8
Chinese	297,725	138,260	159,465	10.8	10.3	11.2
Italian	167,460	82,010	85,450	6.1	6.1	6.0
Indian (India)	182,115	93,540	88,580	6.6	7.0	6.2
Ukrainian	61,560	29,005	32,550	2.2	2.2	2.3
Dutch	34,360	16,410	17,955	1.2	1.2	1.3
Polish	85,255	41,015	44,235	3.1	3.1	3.1
Québécois	2,620	1,225	1,390	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	66,395	32,770	33,630	2.4	2.5	2.4
Filipino	161,495	69,185	92,310	5.8	5.2	6.5
French Canadian	15,450	7,195	8,255	0.6	0.5	0.6
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	32,230	16,160	16,075	1.2	1.2	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	9,350	4,380	4,970	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis	7,420	3,435	3,985	0.3	0.3	0.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	35,895	17,620	18,270	1.3	1.3	1.3
Russian	56,130	25,725	30,405	2.0	1.9	2.1
Norwegian	8,670	4,100	4,565	0.3	0.3	0.3
Welsh	23,795	11,125	12,675	0.9	0.8	0.9
Portuguese	85,165	41,805	43,360	3.1	3.1	3.0
American	21,905	10,885	11,015	0.8	0.8	0.8
Spanish	44,625	20,895	23,730	1.6	1.6	1.7
Swedish	9,415	4,405	5,005	0.3	0.3	0.4
Hungarian	25,910	12,385	13,530	0.9	0.9	0.9
Acadian	3,935	1,775	2,160	0.1	0.1	0.2
Pakistani	41,705	21,145	20,555	1.5	1.6	1.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	50,400	23,975	26,425	1.8	1.8	1.9
Jewish	74,080	37,140	36,940	2.7	2.8	2.6
Punjabi	11,980	6,345	5,635	0.4	0.5	0.4
Vietnamese	42,190	19,685	22,510	1.5	1.5	1.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	18,385	9,645	8,740	0.7	0.7	0.6
Greek	51,985	26,040	25,945	1.9	1.9	1.8
Jamaican	62,015	28,165	33,850	2.2	2.1	2.4
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	39,880	18,735	21,145	1.4	1.4	1.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,380	695	680	0.0	0.1	0.0
Korean	42,195	19,625	22,575	1.5	1.5	1.6
Romanian	20,010	9,315	10,695	0.7	0.7	0.8
Lebanese	11,530	5,790	5,745	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian	37,895	19,030	18,865	1.4	1.4	1.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	15,030	7,120	7,910	0.5	0.5	0.6
Danish	7,120	3,525	3,595	0.3	0.3	0.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	3,925	1,845	2,085	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	4,850	2,575	2,270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	11,700	5,695	6,010	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belgian	4,575	2,255	2,320	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian	2,820	1,285	1,530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindu	26,510	13,990	12,515	1.0	1.0	0.9
Mexican	15,440	7,570	7,870	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mennonite	1,740	820	920	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	6,710	3,305	3,405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	7,710	3,550	4,165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lankan	43,495	21,320	22,170	1.6	1.6	1.6
Croatian	12,420	5,930	6,495	0.4	0.4	0.5
Japanese	17,115	7,165	9,950	0.6	0.5	0.7
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	25,660	13,120	12,540	0.9	1.0	0.9
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	2,195	995	1,200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	4,345	2,185	2,160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	15,950	8,065	7,880	0.6	0.6	0.6
Egyptian	9,725	5,120	4,605	0.4	0.4	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	17,735	8,680	9,060	0.6	0.6	0.6
Tamil	35,070	17,375	17,695	1.3	1.3	1.2
Icelandic	2,560	1,305	1,255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	10,340	4,845	5,490	0.4	0.4	0.4
Moroccan	3,905	1,895	2,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	7,745	3,630	4,115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syrian	6,785	3,285	3,495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	27,780	12,870	14,910	1.0	1.0	1.0
Afghan	18,760	9,300	9,460	0.7	0.7	0.7
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	22,590	9,570	13,030	0.8	0.7	0.9
Serbian	17,775	8,655	9,120	0.6	0.6	0.6
Ojibway	2,405	1,185	1,225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	3,370	1,640	1,735	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	12,835	6,050	6,785	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ontarian	4,725	2,365	2,360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian	15,215	7,895	7,330	0.6	0.6	0.5
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	17,350	8,165	9,180	0.6	0.6	0.6
Turkish	15,770	8,275	7,490	0.6	0.6	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	285	110	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	26,650	13,640	13,010	1.0	1.0	0.9
Algerian	1,290	610	680	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	14,860	7,215	7,640	0.5	0.5	0.5
Nigerian	10,870	5,165	5,700	0.4	0.4	0.4
Armenian	11,885	5,830	6,055	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slovak	7,065	3,435	3,630	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	11,345	5,360	5,990	0.4	0.4	0.4
Somali	19,810	9,465	10,345	0.7	0.7	0.7
Taiwanese	7,955	3,510	4,445	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iraqi	7,490	3,690	3,800	0.3	0.3	0.3
Salvadorean	7,195	3,480	3,715	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Caribbean	15,300	6,390	8,910	0.6	0.5	0.6
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	13,395	6,145	7,250	0.5	0.5	0.5
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	7,875	4,175	3,705	0.3	0.3	0.3
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	14,565	6,230	8,335	0.5	0.5	0.6
Algonquin	625	295	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	14,825	6,495	8,330	0.5	0.5	0.6
Lithuanian	8,190	3,890	4,300	0.3	0.3	0.3
South African	5,505	2,790	2,715	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australian	3,480	1,850	1,630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	4,020	2,010	2,015	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chilean	5,165	2,405	2,755	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	2,705	1,235	1,465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	1,170	585	585	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	11,065	5,170	5,895	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	7,945	3,730	4,220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Peruvian	5,235	2,510	2,720	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	5,395	2,800	2,595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,800	1,250	1,555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	505	265	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	12,250	6,200	6,050	0.4	0.5	0.4
Maltese	6,400	3,110	3,295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	11,600	5,800	5,805	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slovenian	4,805	2,310	2,495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,575	1,275	1,305	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	525	215	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	6,650	3,465	3,190	0.2	0.3	0.2
Eritrean	8,355	3,975	4,380	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Canadian	6,015	2,910	3,105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Israeli	7,415	3,890	3,525	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mohawk	1,275	600	675	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,750	790	960	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	5,830	2,845	2,980	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	165	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	7,550	3,545	4,005	0.3	0.3	0.3
Barbadian	6,340	2,785	3,550	0.2	0.2	0.2
African American	4,410	2,080	2,330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	2,855	1,260	1,590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	485	255	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	4,710	2,265	2,450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	4,760	2,310	2,450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	3,255	1,670	1,585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	4,130	1,930	2,195	0.1	0.1	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	4,915	2,355	2,550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	9,230	4,795	4,435	0.3	0.4	0.3
Cameroonian	1,020	470	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	2,980	1,465	1,515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	3,330	1,490	1,845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	1,670	735	930	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	6,220	2,805	3,415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern Irish	2,625	1,440	1,185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	2,180	1,085	1,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	165	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	8,450	4,020	4,430	0.3	0.3	0.3
Franco Ontarian	795	430	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	4,015	2,030	1,980	0.1	0.2	0.1
Estonian	3,840	1,745	2,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	3,825	2,195	1,630	0.1	0.2	0.1
Fijian	545	250	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	660	340	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	1,050	530	515	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	1,645	835	810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	2,220	890	1,335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	3,140	1,465	1,675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	3,310	1,665	1,645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	4,055	1,975	2,085	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	2,025	955	1,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	2,725	1,330	1,395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	55	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	265	135	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	45	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	1,170	580	590	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	300	145	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	1,235	600	635	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	2,195	1,075	1,115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	750	350	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	2,720	1,225	1,500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,080	535	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	150	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	2,880	1,390	1,485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	330	185	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	3,390	1,560	1,835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	495	200	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	130	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	560	265	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	435	210	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	2,450	1,225	1,220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nicaraguan	2,135	935	1,200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	1,430	695	740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	2,195	960	1,235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	4,130	1,700	2,430	0.1	0.1	0.2
Jordanian	1,365	755	615	0.0	0.1	0.0
Manitoban	170	65	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	285	140	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	630	285	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	5,060	2,125	2,930	0.2	0.2	0.2
Malayali	1,850	1,015	840	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	1,270	685	585	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sinhalese	2,320	1,115	1,200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	1,250	620	625	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	1,040	510	530	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	305	160	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	2,975	1,320	1,655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Flemish	470	250	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	800	410	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	300	160	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	2,375	1,210	1,160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sicilian	1,005	485	525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	1,755	965	790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	1,715	815	895	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	2,105	970	1,135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	940	420	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	6,335	3,145	3,190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Zimbabwean	745	340	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	1,220	555	665	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	1,255	530	720	0.0	0.0	0.1
Azorean	1,470	660	810	0.1	0.0	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	315	165	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	2,765	1,150	1,615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ugandan	2,190	995	1,190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oromo	1,785	945	840	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tanzanian	1,810	815	990	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yemeni	1,635	790	845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central African	155	105	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	575	310	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	355	215	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	1,475	755	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	1,125	585	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	1,390	635	750	0.1	0.0	0.1
Igorot	1,125	445	675	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	400	225	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	290	165	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	2,450	1,020	1,430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Prince Edward Islander	315	135	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	470	200	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	1,440	840	595	0.1	0.1	0.0
Roma	1,500	815	685	0.1	0.1	0.0
Costa Rican	890	440	455	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	570	215	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	135	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	890	390	495	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	860	390	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	265	120	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	1,250	630	625	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	1,545	760	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amhara	1,985	990	995	0.1	0.1	0.1
Paraguayan	205	75	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	2,761,285	1,336,390	1,424,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	62,475	27,945	34,530	2.3	2.1	2.4
Christian	1,274,450	580,640	693,810	46.2	43.4	48.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	230,275	105,035	125,240	8.3	7.9	8.8
Anabaptist	1,415	685	730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anglican	66,495	29,145	37,350	2.4	2.2	2.6
Baptist	22,180	9,535	12,645	0.8	0.7	0.9
Catholic	669,320	309,400	359,920	24.2	23.2	25.3
Christian Orthodox	110,665	52,095	58,565	4.0	3.9	4.1
Jehovah's Witness	8,550	3,400	5,155	0.3	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	1,855	920	940	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	10,485	4,615	5,870	0.4	0.3	0.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	5,080	2,140	2,940	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	32,900	13,615	19,280	1.2	1.0	1.4
Presbyterian	24,760	11,085	13,670	0.9	0.8	1.0
Reformed	1,175	560	615	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	43,465	18,265	25,195	1.6	1.4	1.8
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	45,840	20,140	25,705	1.7	1.5	1.8
Hindu	171,980	88,440	83,540	6.2	6.6	5.9
Jewish	99,390	48,285	51,105	3.6	3.6	3.6
Muslim	264,155	133,135	131,025	9.6	10.0	9.2
Sikh	21,545	10,985	10,565	0.8	0.8	0.7
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	935	425	510	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	20,730	9,250	11,480	0.8	0.7	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	845,615	437,290	408,325	30.6	32.7	28.7
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	2,736,910	1,324,065	1,412,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	2,382,090	1,148,830	1,233,265	87.0	86.8	87.3
Movers	354,820	175,235	179,585	13.0	13.2	12.7
Non-migrants	261,975	129,440	132,540	9.6	9.8	9.4
Migrants	92,845	45,800	47,045	3.4	3.5	3.3
Internal migrants	52,170	25,705	26,465	1.9	1.9	1.9
Intraprovincial migrants	42,095	20,635	21,460	1.5	1.6	1.5
Interprovincial migrants	10,070	5,065	5,005	0.4	0.4	0.4
External migrants	40,675	20,095	20,580	1.5	1.5	1.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	2,637,900	1,273,360	1,364,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,664,210	792,965	871,240	63.1	62.3	63.8
Movers	973,695	480,390	493,300	36.9	37.7	36.2
Non-migrants	530,780	259,585	271,200	20.1	20.4	19.9
Migrants	442,910	220,810	222,105	16.8	17.3	16.3
Internal migrants	200,725	97,915	102,810	7.6	7.7	7.5
Intraprovincial migrants	157,040	76,340	80,700	6.0	6.0	5.9
Interprovincial migrants	43,685	21,575	22,115	1.7	1.7	1.6
External migrants	242,185	122,895	119,295	9.2	9.7	8.7
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,377,945	1,139,355	1,238,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	364,050	174,890	189,165	15.3	15.3	15.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	2,013,895	964,460	1,049,430	84.7	84.6	84.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,602,620	776,280	826,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	151,430	78,530	72,905	9.4	10.1	8.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,451,180	697,755	753,435	90.6	89.9	91.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,377,950	1,139,355	1,238,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	339,500	161,330	178,165	14.3	14.2	14.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	555,590	281,045	274,545	23.4	24.7	22.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,482,860	696,980	785,885	62.4	61.2	63.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	506,235	237,545	268,695	21.3	20.8	21.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	80,935	51,140	29,800	3.4	4.5	2.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	46,255	26,680	19,575	1.9	2.3	1.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	34,680	24,460	10,225	1.5	2.1	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	356,760	156,325	200,435	15.0	13.7	16.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	68,545	30,085	38,460	2.9	2.6	3.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	976,620	459,435	517,190	41.1	40.3	41.8
Bachelor's degree	615,160	284,465	330,695	25.9	25.0	26.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	62,665	28,715	33,955	2.6	2.5	2.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	24,940	12,115	12,820	1.0	1.1	1.0
Master's degree	238,415	114,030	124,385	10.0	10.0	10.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	35,445	20,110	15,330	1.5	1.8	1.2
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,602,615	776,280	826,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	137,130	71,175	65,950	8.6	9.2	8.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	304,135	163,550	140,590	19.0	21.1	17.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,161,345	541,550	619,795	72.5	69.8	75.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	370,020	173,795	196,220	23.1	22.4	23.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	53,060	33,500	19,560	3.3	4.3	2.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	30,330	17,550	12,780	1.9	2.3	1.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	22,730	15,950	6,785	1.4	2.1	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	268,055	118,975	149,080	16.7	15.3	18.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	48,905	21,325	27,575	3.1	2.7	3.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	791,330	367,755	423,575	49.4	47.4	51.3
Bachelor's degree	491,215	226,820	264,395	30.7	29.2	32.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	49,305	21,930	27,375	3.1	2.8	3.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	19,385	8,515	10,870	1.2	1.1	1.3
Master's degree	204,360	96,085	108,270	12.8	12.4	13.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	27,070	14,400	12,670	1.7	1.9	1.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,377,945	1,139,350	1,238,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	895,085	442,375	452,710	37.6	38.8	36.6
Education	67,760	14,880	52,875	2.8	1.3	4.3
13. Education	67,760	14,880	52,875	2.8	1.3	4.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	87,485	38,700	48,785	3.7	3.4	3.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	7,235	4,900	2,335	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	80,250	33,795	46,450	3.4	3.0	3.8
Humanities	100,310	36,665	63,645	4.2	3.2	5.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	12,225	2,715	9,510	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	29,600	9,275	20,325	1.2	0.8	1.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	25,940	8,620	17,325	1.1	0.8	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	2,610	950	1,660	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	8,140	4,720	3,415	0.3	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,915	2,875	2,040	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	13,460	6,855	6,600	0.6	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	3,420	650	2,775	0.1	0.1	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	235,830	88,040	147,790	9.9	7.7	11.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,165	955	3,210	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	33,725	13,160	20,570	1.4	1.2	1.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	26,820	2,950	23,870	1.1	0.3	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	41,920	17,845	24,075	1.8	1.6	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	5,720	2,055	3,670	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	31,470	7,995	23,475	1.3	0.7	1.9
45. Social sciences	92,005	43,085	48,915	3.9	3.8	3.9
Business, management and public administration	361,525	167,130	194,400	15.2	14.7	15.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	550	185	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	24,100	5,445	18,655	1.0	0.5	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	336,875	161,495	175,380	14.2	14.2	14.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	72,985	33,565	39,420	3.1	2.9	3.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	34,380	13,670	20,705	1.4	1.2	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	15,710	6,790	8,920	0.7	0.6	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	2,105	620	1,485	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	18,470	11,680	6,790	0.8	1.0	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	2,325	805	1,520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	94,200	60,675	33,530	4.0	5.3	2.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	70,775	48,840	21,935	3.0	4.3	1.8
25. Library science	3,770	655	3,115	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	16,295	9,155	7,145	0.7	0.8	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	3,355	2,020	1,335	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	223,100	181,895	41,205	9.4	16.0	3.3
04. Architecture and related services	20,870	12,275	8,590	0.9	1.1	0.7
14. Engineering	108,445	83,425	25,020	4.6	7.3	2.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	38,525	32,730	5,795	1.6	2.9	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	23,760	23,195	560	1.0	2.0	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	21,430	20,795	640	0.9	1.8	0.1
48. Precision production	10,040	9,465	575	0.4	0.8	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	17,550	8,375	9,175	0.7	0.7	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	10,125	4,905	5,215	0.4	0.4	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	7,430	3,470	3,960	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	171,920	42,815	129,100	7.2	3.8	10.4
30.37 Design for human health	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	13,175	6,990	6,185	0.6	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	150,945	31,730	119,210	6.3	2.8	9.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	435	155	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	7,340	3,940	3,405	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	49,840	24,160	25,680	2.1	2.1	2.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	32,100	11,215	20,885	1.3	1.0	1.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	210	185	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	255	220	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	10,390	6,860	3,530	0.4	0.6	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,885	5,685	1,200	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	355	80	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,602,615	776,280	826,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	441,270	234,730	206,540	27.5	30.2	25.0
Education	46,545	10,355	36,190	2.9	1.3	4.4
13. Education	46,545	10,355	36,190	2.9	1.3	4.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	70,870	31,695	39,175	4.4	4.1	4.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	5,650	3,835	1,815	0.4	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	65,220	27,860	37,360	4.1	3.6	4.5
Humanities	74,315	26,970	47,345	4.6	3.5	5.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	8,900	1,850	7,045	0.6	0.2	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	22,195	6,935	15,255	1.4	0.9	1.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	19,740	6,600	13,130	1.2	0.9	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,840	655	1,190	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	6,305	3,650	2,650	0.4	0.5	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	3,215	1,955	1,255	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	9,965	4,950	5,015	0.6	0.6	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,165	370	1,795	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	189,885	69,450	120,435	11.8	8.9	14.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,445	770	2,675	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	28,960	11,160	17,800	1.8	1.4	2.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	20,265	2,110	18,160	1.3	0.3	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	34,535	13,690	20,845	2.2	1.8	2.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	4,755	1,725	3,030	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	24,385	6,120	18,265	1.5	0.8	2.2
45. Social sciences	73,530	33,880	39,655	4.6	4.4	4.8
Business, management and public administration	293,645	135,030	158,615	18.3	17.4	19.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	435	140	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	19,060	4,280	14,770	1.2	0.6	1.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	274,155	130,605	143,550	17.1	16.8	17.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	53,685	24,305	29,380	3.3	3.1	3.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	26,230	10,580	15,645	1.6	1.4	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	11,360	4,770	6,590	0.7	0.6	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,585	495	1,085	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	12,950	7,950	5,000	0.8	1.0	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,565	505	1,055	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	79,160	51,430	27,735	4.9	6.6	3.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	61,940	42,630	19,305	3.9	5.5	2.3
25. Library science	2,225	460	1,765	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	12,265	6,690	5,575	0.8	0.9	0.7
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	2,730	1,645	1,085	0.2	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	168,335	134,005	34,325	10.5	17.3	4.2
04. Architecture and related services	16,260	9,110	7,155	1.0	1.2	0.9
14. Engineering	86,455	64,980	21,475	5.4	8.4	2.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	28,170	23,820	4,350	1.8	3.1	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	16,935	16,435	495	1.1	2.1	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	14,425	13,970	455	0.9	1.8	0.1
48. Precision production	6,060	5,685	375	0.4	0.7	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	13,890	6,370	7,520	0.9	0.8	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	7,600	3,515	4,090	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	6,285	2,860	3,430	0.4	0.4	0.4
Health and related fields	132,700	33,030	99,670	8.3	4.3	12.1
30.37 Design for human health	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	10,095	5,380	4,720	0.6	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	116,830	24,900	91,920	7.3	3.2	11.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	375	115	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	5,385	2,640	2,745	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	38,050	18,845	19,210	2.4	2.4	2.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	24,395	8,670	15,725	1.5	1.1	1.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	150	130	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	125	110	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	8,240	5,480	2,760	0.5	0.7	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	5,140	4,455	690	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	260	70	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	1,602,615	776,280	826,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	441,270	234,730	206,540	27.5	30.2	25.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	1,161,345	541,555	619,795	72.5	69.8	75.0
Location of study inside Canada	776,130	362,085	414,040	48.4	46.6	50.1
Same as province or territory of residence	707,130	328,080	379,050	44.1	42.3	45.9
Different than province or territory of residence	69,005	34,010	34,995	4.3	4.4	4.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	385,220	179,465	205,750	24.0	23.1	24.9
Americas	72,910	36,500	36,415	4.5	4.7	4.4
United States of America	39,810	21,035	18,770	2.5	2.7	2.3
Mexico	5,370	2,555	2,820	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cuba	1,325	685	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	2,585	1,290	1,290	0.2	0.2	0.2
Brazil	8,995	4,170	4,825	0.6	0.5	0.6
Colombia	3,340	1,475	1,865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	970	385	590	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	2,055	875	1,180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	8,310	3,960	4,355	0.5	0.5	0.5
Europe	74,860	37,145	37,705	4.7	4.8	4.6
Belgium	530	255	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	5,560	2,925	2,635	0.3	0.4	0.3
Germany	2,035	1,125	915	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	990	540	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	810	415	400	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungary	1,035	515	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	525	230	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	3,140	1,400	1,740	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	4,040	1,965	2,080	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian Federation	6,665	2,950	3,720	0.4	0.4	0.5
Ukraine	6,705	3,040	3,670	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	3,470	2,030	1,435	0.2	0.3	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	22,330	11,445	10,885	1.4	1.5	1.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	950	420	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	1,695	885	810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	2,530	1,215	1,310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Europe	11,840	5,800	6,035	0.7	0.7	0.7
Africa	16,935	8,615	8,315	1.1	1.1	1.0
Nigeria	4,375	2,115	2,265	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algeria	355	180	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	620	285	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	2,370	1,275	1,100	0.1	0.2	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	1,630	855	775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	7,420	3,830	3,590	0.5	0.5	0.4
Asia	214,675	94,285	120,390	13.4	12.1	14.6
Iran⁸⁸	12,745	5,630	7,120	0.8	0.7	0.9
Iraq	1,590	805	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	1,820	940	880	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	1,600	765	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	1,330	600	730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	3,375	1,875	1,495	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	28,050	12,205	15,840	1.8	1.6	1.9
Taiwan	1,445	415	1,035	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,390	915	1,475	0.1	0.1	0.2
Japan	3,195	1,005	2,190	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	8,180	3,015	5,165	0.5	0.4	0.6
Philippines	54,175	18,860	35,315	3.4	2.4	4.3
Viet Nam	1,950	670	1,280	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bangladesh	10,280	4,740	5,540	0.6	0.6	0.7
Sri Lanka	4,275	1,905	2,375	0.3	0.2	0.3
India	57,290	29,835	27,460	3.6	3.8	3.3
Pakistan	10,330	5,065	5,260	0.6	0.7	0.6
Other locations of study in Asia	10,655	5,045	5,615	0.7	0.6	0.7
Oceania	5,840	2,920	2,920	0.4	0.4	0.4
Australia	5,000	2,490	2,510	0.3	0.3	0.3
New Zealand	795	410	385	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	2,377,950	1,139,355	1,238,590	...	...	...
In the labour force	1,518,420	776,175	742,245	...	...	...
Employed	1,308,110	675,505	632,610	...	...	...
Unemployed	210,305	100,670	109,635	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	859,530	363,180	496,350	...	...	...
Participation rate	63.9	68.1	59.9	63.9	68.1	59.9
Employment rate	55.0	59.3	51.1	55.0	59.3	51.1
Unemployment rate	13.9	13.0	14.8	13.9	13.0	14.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	2,377,945	1,139,350	1,238,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	905,995	390,250	515,745	38.1	34.3	41.6
Worked	1,471,950	749,100	722,850	61.9	65.7	58.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	791,335	426,490	364,845	33.3	37.4	29.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	680,620	322,610	358,010	28.6	28.3	28.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.2	41.0	39.4	40.2	41.0	39.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	1,518,420	776,170	742,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835	25,700	29,135	3.6	3.3	3.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	1,463,580	750,475	713,110	96.4	96.7	96.1
Employee	1,223,655	603,235	620,425	80.6	77.7	83.6
Permanent position	1,020,130	508,550	511,585	67.2	65.5	68.9
Temporary position	203,525	94,685	108,835	13.4	12.2	14.7
Fixed term (1 year or more)	82,620	37,450	45,170	5.4	4.8	6.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	120,905	57,235	63,670	8.0	7.4	8.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	239,925	147,240	92,690	15.8	19.0	12.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	1,518,420	776,170	742,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835	25,700	29,135	3.6	3.3	3.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	1,463,580	750,475	713,110	96.4	96.7	96.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	24,775	16,880	7,895	1.6	2.2	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	315,270	123,350	191,920	20.8	15.9	25.9
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	159,770	114,560	45,210	10.5	14.8	6.1
3 Health occupations	105,465	25,500	79,965	6.9	3.3	10.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	181,940	62,415	119,525	12.0	8.0	16.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	83,130	40,595	42,535	5.5	5.2	5.7
6 Sales and service occupations	350,245	166,460	183,780	23.1	21.4	24.8
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	175,505	157,380	18,120	11.6	20.3	2.4
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	8,350	6,800	1,550	0.5	0.9	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	59,140	36,535	22,610	3.9	4.7	3.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	1,518,420	776,170	742,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	54,835	25,700	29,135	3.6	3.3	3.9
All industries¹⁹¹	1,463,580	750,475	713,110	96.4	96.7	96.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,565	1,480	1,085	0.2	0.2	0.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,985	1,335	660	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	6,115	4,075	2,040	0.4	0.5	0.3
23 Construction	83,035	72,070	10,965	5.5	9.3	1.5
31-33 Manufacturing	97,580	63,450	34,135	6.4	8.2	4.6
41 Wholesale trade	45,380	27,730	17,650	3.0	3.6	2.4
44-45 Retail trade	141,575	68,155	73,420	9.3	8.8	9.9
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	67,330	51,520	15,810	4.4	6.6	2.1
51 Information and cultural industries	60,845	34,705	26,140	4.0	4.5	3.5
52 Finance and insurance	123,495	63,060	60,435	8.1	8.1	8.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	41,040	22,165	18,880	2.7	2.9	2.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	205,880	114,915	90,965	13.6	14.8	12.3
55 Management of companies and enterprises	9,175	4,465	4,715	0.6	0.6	0.6
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	75,095	40,480	34,610	4.9	5.2	4.7
61 Educational services	107,480	37,805	69,670	7.1	4.9	9.4
62 Health care and social assistance	163,465	37,860	125,610	10.8	4.9	16.9
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	33,405	17,430	15,975	2.2	2.2	2.2
72 Accommodation and food services	82,155	40,030	42,130	5.4	5.2	5.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	61,015	23,190	37,825	4.0	3.0	5.1
91 Public administration	54,970	24,565	30,400	3.6	3.2	4.1
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	1,602,165	814,875	787,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,449,315	741,665	707,650	90.5	91.0	89.9
French	3,430	1,010	2,420	0.2	0.1	0.3
Non-official language	26,500	13,755	12,735	1.7	1.7	1.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	26,495	13,755	12,735	1.7	1.7	1.6
English and French	29,995	12,340	17,655	1.9	1.5	2.2
English and non-official language(s)	87,670	43,410	44,255	5.5	5.3	5.6
French and non-official language(s)	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,010	1,500	1,515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	2,175	1,160	1,020	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	1,602,165	814,875	787,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,580,025	804,355	775,670	98.6	98.7	98.5
Official languages	1,533,090	780,510	752,575	95.7	95.8	95.6
English	1,525,910	778,320	747,595	95.2	95.5	95.0
French	7,180	2,195	4,980	0.4	0.3	0.6
Non-official languages	46,940	23,845	23,095	2.9	2.9	2.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,925	23,845	23,085	2.9	2.9	2.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,075	620	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	120	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	950	565	385	0.1	0.1	0.0
Amharic	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	570	330	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	155	115	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	120	95	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	35	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,305	590	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,285	585	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	880	405	470	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	790	370	420	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,310	625	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,260	600	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	35	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	14,165	7,610	6,555	0.9	0.9	0.8
Albanian	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,190	1,010	1,185	0.1	0.1	0.2
Baltic languages	50	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,145	1,000	1,145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	385	175	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	1,100	500	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	120	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	440	215	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	245	100	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	195	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	150	55	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	230	130	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	3,580	1,930	1,650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	1,935	1,035	905	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	325	155	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	305	160	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	585	380	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	455	220	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,640	895	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	40	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,540	830	710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	115	80	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,305	665	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	120	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,675	4,335	3,340	0.5	0.5	0.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	425	175	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	3,740	2,330	1,410	0.2	0.3	0.2
Romanian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	3,460	1,800	1,655	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	695	260	435	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	2,715	1,325	1,395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	23,815	11,910	11,905	1.5	1.5	1.5
Chinese languages	23,730	11,870	11,865	1.5	1.5	1.5
Hakka	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	14,385	7,265	7,120	0.9	0.9	0.9
Min Dong	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	9,100	4,500	4,600	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	145	55	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	95	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	460	245	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	440	240	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	22,140	10,515	11,625	1.4	1.3	1.5
English and French	4,655	1,835	2,820	0.3	0.2	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	16,820	8,365	8,450	1.0	1.0	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	240	125	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	420	190	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	1,602,165	814,875	787,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,498,610	765,630	732,975	93.5	94.0	93.1
English	19,980	9,170	10,810	1.2	1.1	1.4
French	22,095	9,555	12,540	1.4	1.2	1.6
Non-official language	48,965	24,500	24,465	3.1	3.0	3.1
Indigenous³⁹	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	48,905	24,475	24,430	3.1	3.0	3.1
English and French	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	2,320	1,055	1,260	0.1	0.1	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	2,260	1,125	1,135	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	7,875	3,790	4,085	0.5	0.5	0.5
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	1,308,110	675,505	632,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	510,240	245,515	264,720	39.0	36.3	41.8
Worked outside Canada	6,395	3,990	2,410	0.5	0.6	0.4
No fixed workplace address	142,290	102,345	39,945	10.9	15.2	6.3
Usual place of work	649,185	323,655	325,525	49.6	47.9	51.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	649,185	323,655	325,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	514,695	239,280	275,405	79.3	73.9	84.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	132,960	83,500	49,460	20.5	25.8	15.2
Commute to a different province or territory	1,530	870	665	0.2	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	791,470	426,000	365,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	482,480	293,140	189,340	61.0	68.8	51.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	424,985	273,250	151,745	53.7	64.1	41.5
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	57,490	19,890	37,595	7.3	4.7	10.3
Public transit	207,680	84,505	123,170	26.2	19.8	33.7
Walked	60,615	26,845	33,770	7.7	6.3	9.2
Bicycle	15,750	10,310	5,445	2.0	2.4	1.5
Other method	24,945	11,195	13,750	3.2	2.6	3.8
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	791,470	426,000	365,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	130,355	65,125	65,225	16.5	15.3	17.8
15 to 29 minutes	251,795	135,775	116,025	31.8	31.9	31.7
30 to 44 minutes	222,015	126,665	95,345	28.1	29.7	26.1
45 to 59 minutes	88,655	46,465	42,190	11.2	10.9	11.5
60 minutes and over	98,655	51,970	46,690	12.5	12.2	12.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	791,470	426,000	365,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	43,645	31,190	12,445	5.5	7.3	3.4
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	113,320	69,900	43,420	14.3	16.4	11.9
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	167,655	86,135	81,520	21.2	20.2	22.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	181,860	87,770	94,085	23.0	20.6	25.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	148,245	73,580	74,670	18.7	17.3	20.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	136,755	77,420	59,330	17.3	18.2	16.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	471,030	241,970	229,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	45,395	23,075	22,320	9.6	9.5	9.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	425,635	218,895	206,740	90.4	90.5	90.3
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	339,085	174,355	164,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	34,720	17,580	17,140	10.2	10.1	10.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	22,430	11,100	11,330	6.6	6.4	6.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	12,290	6,480	5,810	3.6	3.7	3.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	304,365	156,775	147,590	89.8	89.9	89.6

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed July 4, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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